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{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668975 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\cf6\insrsid668975\charrsid2884756 [Editor\rquote s note: This opinion has been amended by [2009] GUSC 4]}{\insrsid668975\charrsid2884756 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid668975 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid668975 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16059652 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 THE PEOPLE OF GUAM,
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Plaintiff-Appellee,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 v.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 DOYLE LAMONT PERRY,
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Defendant-Appellant.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10758498\charrsid7148545 Supreme Court Case No.: CRA07-006
\par Superior Court Case No.: CF0230-06
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10758498\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 OPINION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8077457 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8077457 Filed: December 31, 2008}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8077457\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Cite as: 2008 Guam }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211348 24}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2890134\charrsid7148545 ubmitted on}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  May 13, 2008
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7148545 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 Marianne Wolo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 schuk, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Esq.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par Prosecution Division
\par 287 W O\rquote Brien Dr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 U}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 96910\cell }{
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par Howard Trapp, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Esq.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 200 Saylor Bldg}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10758498 139 Chalan Santo Papa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 U}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  96910
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow 
\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 BE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2384300\charrsid7148545 FORE:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2384300\charrsid7148545 ROBERT J. TORRES}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\dxfrtext90\dfrmtxtx90\dfrmtxty90\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 MARAMAN, J.:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10758498\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Plaintiff-Appellant Doyle Lamont Perry appeals from conviction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 f}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
 assault, terrorizing, and multiple counts of criminal sexual conduc}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 t in various degrees.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 He argues}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  that the court committed error in its final jury instructions in reciting the allegations of the indictment}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  on one hand}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  and instructing that the government needed to prove at least one act for each charge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  on the other hand}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 Perry concludes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  that the effect of the jury instructions was fail}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 ure}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  to clearly instruct that all essential elements of the crime must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Although we agree that the jury instructions were flawed, the error did not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1448997\charrsid7148545 
amount to plain error}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  and the verdict must be affirmed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9007754\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9007754 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid990251\charrsid7148545 
 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9007754\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab Perry was indicted on six charges: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 1) three counts of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (\'93CSC\'94); }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 2) three counts of Second Degree CSC; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
3) three counts of Third Degree CSC; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 4) Assault with Intent to Commit CSC; }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 5) Aggravated Assault, and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 6) Terrorizing.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa180\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6881439 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623 \chftn }{\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623  9 GCA \'a7}
{\insrsid9920249 \'a7}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623  25.15(a)(6) and (b)}{\insrsid9920249  (2005)}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623  (1st degree CSC); 9 GCA \'a7}{\insrsid9920249 \'a7}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623  25.20(a)(6) and (b)}{
\insrsid9920249  (2005)}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623  (2d degree CSC); 9 GCA \'a7}{\insrsid9920249 \'a7}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623  25.25(a)(2) and (b)}{\insrsid9920249  (2005) (3d degree CSC); 9 GCA \'a7}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623 
 25.35}{\insrsid9920249  (2005)}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623  (assault with intent to commit CSC); 9 GCA \'a7}{\insrsid9920249 \'a7}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623  19.20(a)(1) and (b)}{\insrsid9920249  (2005)}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623 
 (aggravated assault); 9 GCA \'a7}{\insrsid9920249 \'a7}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623  19.60(a) and (b)}{\insrsid9920249  (2005)}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid10254623  (terrorizing). }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 For each CSC charged, the first count alleged vaginal contact or penetration, the second count alleged rectal contact or penetration, and the third count alleged oral contact or penetration.}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 At trial, the jury returned verdicts of guilty on all charges and counts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab The trial court instructed the jury as to the essential elements of each charge and count.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 Because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 the instructions }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 are nearly identical}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , a representative instruction from the transcript suffice}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  to demonstrat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 e}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  the trial court\rquote s method.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 For e
xample, as to the first count of First Degree CSC, the court instructed the jury:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
Ladies and gentlemen, now the essential elements of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, as a First Degree Felony, Count One, okay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3153054 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 It is alleged here that on or about May
 27, 2006, in Guam, Defendant, Doyle Lamont Perry, did intentionally engage in sexual penetration with another, to wit, Defendant caused his penis to enter}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545  the vaginal area of Su Young T}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 ompkins, and used force and coercion to accomplish the sexual penetration, causing personal injury to Su Young Tompkins.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3153054 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (\'93}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 \'94)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  at 48}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545  (Amended Transcript, Feb. 1, 2008)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The jury }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 also took }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
a written version of this jury instruction into the deliberation room.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
The written jury instructions more clearly enumerated the individual elements for the crimes, for example:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 7A
\par ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF
\par FIRST DEGREE CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT
\par (As a First Degree Felony)
\par (Count 1)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3153054 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3153054 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15227777\charrsid7148545 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 ON OR ABOUT MAY 27, 2006;
\par 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15227777\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 IN GUAM
\par 3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15227777\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 DEFENDANT, DOYLE LAMONT PERRY,
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 4. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15227777\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 DID INTE}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 NTIONALLY ENGAGE IN SEXUAL PENETRATION WITH ANOTHER, TO WIT: DEFENDANT CAUSED HIS PENIS TO ENTER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 
 THE VAGINAL AREA OF SU YOUNG T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 OMPKINS,
\par 5.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15227777\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 AND USED FORCE AND COERCION TO ACCOMPLISH THE SEXUAL PENETRATION
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8354859\charrsid7148545 6.\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 CAUSING PERSONAL INJURY TO SU YOU}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 NG T}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 OMPKINS}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3153054 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Supplemental Excerpts of Record (\'93SER\'94) at 63 (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 Jury Instruction No. 7A, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Mar. 13, 2008).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Just before reciting the elements of the second count of first degree CSC, the court also made the following comment: \'93
keep in mind, with these essential elements it goes without saying that the Government must meet the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545  .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545  at}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  34 (Transcript}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 , Apr. 23, 2007}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 ).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Nowhere, however, was the jury instructed that it must find that each and every element of the crime was proven beyond a reasonable doubt.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab Perry requested a unanimity instruction, which was given as follows:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
The defendant is charged with FIRST DEGREE CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT (as a 1st Degree Felony) (3 counts); SECOND DEGREE CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT (as a 1st Degree Felony) (3 Counts); THIRD DEGREE CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT (as a 2nd Degree Felony) (3 Count}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
); ASSAULT WITH INTENT TO COMMIT CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT (as a 3rd Degree Felony); AGGRAVATED ASSAULT (as a 2nd Degree Felony); and TERRORIZING (as a 3rd Degree Felony) sometime during the period of May 27, 2006.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3153054 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The People have presented eviden
ce of more than one act to prove that the defendant committed each offense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
You must not find the defendant guilty unless you all agree that the People have proved that the defendant committed at least one of the acts for each charge and you all agree on which act he committed for each charge.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3153054 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  at 45.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 No objection was made to the unanimity instruction at trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3153054 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab Finally, the court gave an instruction on the sufficiency of the circumstantial evidence:
\par Further, each fact which is essential to complete a set of circumstances necessary to establish the defendant\rquote s guilt must be . . . proven beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 In other words, before an inference essential to establish guilt may be found to have been
 proved beyond a reasonable doubt, each fact or circumstance on which the inference necessarily rests must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545  at 19;}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 accord}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  SER at 29 (Jury Instruction No. 3I).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab 
Judgment was entered on November 14, 2007 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid7148545 Perry timely filed a notice of appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3153054 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid990251\charrsid7148545 
 JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3153054 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab 
This court has jurisdiction over this appeal from a final judgment of conviction pursuant to 48 U}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545 .S.C. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (2007);}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545  and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 3108(a)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545  (2005);}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  and 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 130.10,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1408782\charrsid7148545  and}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 130.15(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab Because no objection to the jury instructions was made at trial, }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13330335\charrsid7148545 the defendant has the burden of showing \'93(1) that there has been a violation of a legal rule, not waived by [the defendant], during court proceedings; 
(2) the error must be plain in that it is \lquote clear\rquote  or \lquote obvious\rquote  under current law; and (3) the plain error must have affected }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid7148545 [defendant\rquote s] }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13330335\charrsid7148545 substantial rights.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13330335\charrsid7148545 People v. Van Bui}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13330335\charrsid7148545 , 2008 Guam 8 \'b6 10.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid7148545 Once a defendant has shown that there 
was a clear error affecting the defendant\rquote s substantial rights, this court may, within its sound discretion, find that plain error has occurred.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid7148545 United States v. Olano}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid7148545 , 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid7148545 However, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13330335\charrsid7148545 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid7148545 [s]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 uch error will be found only where necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice or to maintain the integrity of the judicial process.\'94 }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid7148545 People v. Campbell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid7148545 , 2006 Guam 14 \'b6 34}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid7148545 People v. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Perez}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 21).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3153054 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid990251\charrsid7148545  DISCUSSION}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 A. }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2172319\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
The Constitutional Requirement that Each and Every Element be Proved}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab Under Guam law, \'93
[n]o person may be convicted of an offense unless each element of the offense is proved beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 8 GCA \'a7 90.21}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545 (a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545  (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 
Section 90.21 was first adopted by the Guam Legislature in 1977.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 
 Guam Crim. Proc. Code \'a7 90.21(a) (1977).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 
The language is nearly identical to section 1.12 of the Model Penal Code, although the Model Code contains the additional sentence: \'93In the absence of such proof, the innocence of the defendant is assumed.\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 Model Penal Code \'a7 1.12 (1985).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 According to the explanatory note to the Model Penal Code:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 [Section 1.12\rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid7148545 
]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545  basic pre}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid7148545 mise . . . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 
is that the state must establish every element of the offense . . . beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 
This requirement is now constitutionally mandated}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 , though the [United States] Supreme Court\rquote s definition of \'93element,\'94
 which is still evolving, appears to be substantially narrower than that of the [Model Penal] Code.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 ,}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 EXPLANATORY NOTE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid7148545  (emphasis added)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid7148545 Indeed, the United States Supreme Court has }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid7148545 used language substantially similar to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid7148545  section 1.12 of the Model Penal Code in the context of a defendant\rquote 
s due process rights}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid7148545  under the federal constitution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid7148545 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
Lest there remain any doubt about the constitutional stature of the reasonable-doubt standard, we explicitly hold that the Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3153054 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3153054\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 In re Winship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970) (emphasis added); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 accord}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
United States v. Booker}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , 543 U.S. 220, 230 (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid7148545 
The Due Process Clause of both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution apply equally to Guam defendants by virtual of the Organic Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid7148545 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1421b(u) (Westlaw 2008)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid7148545 .}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid7148545 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa180\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6881439 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid9920249\charrsid14620582 \chftn }{\insrsid9920249\charrsid14620582 
 }{\i\insrsid9920249\charrsid14620582 See also id.}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid14620582  \'a7 1421b(e) (\'93No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.\'94); }{\i\insrsid9920249\charrsid14620582 People v. Angoco}{
\insrsid9920249\charrsid14620582 , 2006 Guam 18 \'b6 1 n.2; }{\i\insrsid9920249\charrsid14620582 Guam Soc\rquote y of Obstetricians & Gynecologists v. Ada}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid14620582 , 962 F}{\insrsid9920249 .2d 1366, 1370 (9th Cir. 1992).}}}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid7148545 We are therefore required to interpret 8 GCA \'a7 90.21(a) in such
 a way as to provide defendants with at least the minimum due process they would enjoy under the federal constitution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid7148545 
See People v. Guerrero}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid7148545 , 290 F.3d 2010, 1217 (9th Cir. 2002) (\'93
Not even a sovereign State may interpret a federal statute or constitutional provision in a way contrary to the interpretation given it by the U.S. Supreme Court.\'94); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid7148545 People v. Root}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid7148545 , 2005 Guam 16 \'b6 13 (relying on United States Supreme Court precedent for the proposition that a jury must determine that the defendant is guilty of every element of the crime wi}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid7148545 th which a defendant is charged}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid7148545 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4613504\charrsid7148545 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid7148545 The }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1189443\charrsid7148545 United States Supreme }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid7148545 Court has made clear that due process requires the jury to use the correct standard of proof.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid7148545 \'93T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
he prosecution bears the burden of proving all elements of the offense charged and must persuade the factfinder \lquote beyond a reasonable doubt\rquote  of the facts necessary to establish each of those elements.\'94 }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Sullivan v. Louisiana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , 508 U.S. 275, 277-278 (1993) (citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Thus, in a jury trial, \'93
[t]he Constitution gives a criminal defendant the right to have a jury determine, beyond a reasonable doubt, his guilt of every element of the crime with which he is charged.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 United States v. Gaudin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , 515 U.S. 506, 522-23 (1995).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid7148545 Although it is clear that a jury must determine guilt of every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid7148545 id.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid7148545 , the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1189443\charrsid7148545  United States Supreme}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7625430\charrsid7148545 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid7148545 ourt has not reached the question of whether that instruction need be given explicitly, or whether the instructions \'93
considered and reviewed as a whole\'94 can convey the required standard of proof implicitly.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid7148545 People v. Jones}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid7148545 , 2006, Guam 13 \'b6 28.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15285462\charrsid7148545 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 Federal case law}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid7148545  offer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid7148545 
 little guidance in answering this question, possibly because the federal courts typically give an each-and-every-element instruction as a matter of course.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid7148545 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid7148545 1A Fed. Jury Prac. & Instr. \'a7 10:01 (5th ed.) (\'93The burden or obligation, as you will be told m
any times during the course of this trial, is always on the government to prove each and every element of the offense[s] charged beyond reasonable doubt.\'94).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 However, the Eighth Circuit did consider a somewhat analogous situation in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 United States v. Ali}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 , 63 F.3d 710 (8th Cir. 1995).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 
There, the trial court neglected to instruct the jury \'93that the government had to prove each and every element beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545  at 714.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 However, the court did provide the instruction during deliberation after receiving an unrelated question from a juror.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 
In dicta, the court declared that had the each-and-every-element instruction not been given, the result would have been clear error under the plain error test.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545  at 715.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 Nevertheless, because the instruction was eventually given, the court determined that no plain error had occurred.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15285462\charrsid7148545 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1189443\charrsid7148545 For further guidance}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid7148545 , we look to state due process requirements, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075583\charrsid7148545 mindful }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid7148545 
that state courts may }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid7148545 give greater due process rights to defendants under state constitutional law than required under the federal constitution}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid7148545 As the Supreme Court of Utah observed:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid7148545 
This court, not the United States Supreme Court, has the authority and obligation to interpret Utah}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2630758\charrsid7148545 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid7148545 
s constitutional guarantees, including the scope of due process, and we owe federal law no more deference in that regard than we do sister state interpretation of identical state language.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid7148545 Furthermore, it is part of the inherent logic of federalism that state law be interpreted independently and prior to consideration of federal questions.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid7148545 
This is so because the State cannot, conceptually, deny rights guaranteed by the federal constitution if the state action complained of is unlawful as a matter of state l
aw. Thus, if state statutes, rules, or constitutional principles preclude the state action in question, there is no need to assess the federal constitutionality of that action. . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid7148545 We have, however, historically relied on other approaches, usually because of the way in which such issues have been framed by the parties . . . .
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402894\charrsid7148545 . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402894\charrsid7148545 The federal law on this question will serve only as a contingent rule in Utah until this court has settled the primary question of state law, and all parties, including the S
tate, are well-advised to assist this court in its obligations to interpret that law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402894\charrsid7148545 State v. Teidemann}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402894\charrsid7148545 
, 2007 UT 49, \'b6\'b6 33, 38, 162 P.3d 1106 (citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8329348\charrsid7148545 Even so, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid7148545 
federal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid7148545 \'93[c]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11419193\charrsid7148545 onstitutional law is not the exclusive province of the federal courts}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid7148545  . . . .\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11419193\charrsid7148545 Caspari v. Bohlen}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11419193\charrsid7148545 , 510 U.S. 383, 395 (1994)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid7148545 To the extent that states court interpretations of constitutional issues are dominated by \'93[f]ederal constitutional discourse and vocabulary,\'94 }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid7148545 Teidemann}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid7148545 , 2007 UT 49, \'b6 34}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4000815\charrsid7148545 
, and purport to rely on federal constitutional law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid7148545 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid7148545 
they are helpful in filling in the gaps}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid7148545  in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid7148545 existing United States Supreme Court precedent.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2784407\charrsid7148545 See id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2784407\charrsid7148545 \'b6\'b6
 42-43 (relying on both state and federal interpretations of due process in determining when dismissal is required after evidence is destroyed).}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5648209\charrsid7148545 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa180\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6881439 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid9920249\charrsid14620582 \chftn }{\insrsid9920249\charrsid14620582 
 We do not reach the issue of whether this court may interpret 8 GCA 90.21(a) to give greater due process righ
t to defendants than they would enjoy under the federal constitution.  Instead, we conclude that the instructions given in the present case do not meet even the minimum requirements to the federal Due Process Clause as incorporated in Guam by the Organic 
Act.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11419193 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15285462\charrsid7148545 [14]}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid7148545 
We begin by examining the two substantive cases cited by the People, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid7148545 City o}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 f Billings v. Briner}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2630758\charrsid7148545 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2630758\charrsid7148545 744 P.2d 877, 878 (Mont. 1987)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4662007\charrsid7148545 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2630758\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 and }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Duke v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8982085\charrsid7148545 , 2004 WY 120, \'b6\'b6 6-9, 99 P.3d 928, 934 (Wyo. 2004)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
City of Billings v. Briner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  a defendant was convicted of driving fifty miles per hour where the posted speed limit was twenty-five miles per hour.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 744 P.2d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4662007\charrsid7148545 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  878.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 In its jury instructions, the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 court simply defined the reasonable doubt standard and described the violation of speeding based on
 the wording of the relevant statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The defendant argued that he was not given an instruction that the jury was required to prove each and every element of the offense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The Montana Supreme Court responded simply that \'93
[t]aken together[, the] instruction[s] properly apprise[]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545  the jury of the prosecutor\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
s burden and the elements of the offense of speeding.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The conviction was affirmed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  at 879.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15285462\charrsid7148545 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab We find the holding of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 City of Billings}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  to be less than persuasive for a number of reasons.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 F
irst, ordinance violations }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid7148545 may}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  not trigger the same full spectrum of procedural rights as a felony conviction.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 See, e.g., }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 8 GCA \'a7 130.10}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545  (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  (no right of appeal for violations).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid7148545 Second, in Montana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5648209\charrsid7148545 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
 Sixth Amendment protections may not apply at all to such a relatively minor violation of the traffic laws.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 See }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Mont. Code Ann. 61-8-725(2)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545  (2007)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
 (stating that speeding is not a criminal offense for certain purposes).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \'93Not surprisingly, there is little law on this subject.\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 City of Billings}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , 744 P.2d at 879.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15285462\charrsid7148545 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab The second case cited by the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 People}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Duke v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid267643\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 involved an appeal of a first degree murder conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK2}2004 WY 120, \'b6\'b6 6-9, 99 P.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4662007\charrsid7148545 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  934}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4662007\charrsid7148545 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2}.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Duke}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  the de
fendant objected to a jury instruction that enumerated the elements of first degree murder then followed with the statement that \'93[i]f you find from your consideration of all the evidence that }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 any}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  of these elements has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then you should find the defendant guilty.\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  \'b6 92, 99 P.3d at 955 (emphasis added).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 However, the paragraph immediately following this incorrect instruction }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
did}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  correctly state the law as follows:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 If, on the other hand, you find from your consideratio
n of all the evidence that each of these elements has not been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then you should find the defendant not guilty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The court read the instructions as a whole and found that the second correct statement cured the first incorrect one.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  \'b6 95, 99 P.3d at 955.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Thus, the mistake did not rise to the level of a plain error requiring a new trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  \'b6 98, 99 P.3d at 956.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 As Perry points out, the present case involves not a defective each-and-every-element instruction, but the absence of any such instruction at all.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 For this reason, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Duke}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  is inapposite.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab Perry does not cite to any analogous cases, although he might have found it useful to consult California law, }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545 because}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  many of our statutes and jury instructions derive from there}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7551950\charrsid7148545 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 For example, the definition of \'93reasonable doubt\'94 used by the trial court was taken directly from 8 GCA \'a7 90.23:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 Reasonable doubt is defined as follows: \'93It is not}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545  a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 
 mere possible doubt because everything relating to human affairs, and depending on moral evidence, is open to some possible or imaginary doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 It is that state of t
he case, which, after the entire comparison and consideration of all the evidence, leaves the mind of the trier of fact in that condition that he cannot say he feels an abiding conviction to a moral certainty, of the truth of the charge.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 8 GCA \'a7 90.23}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545 (a)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545  (2005); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 accord}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545  ER at 11 (Transcript).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 This definition was at one time identical to that found in section 1096 of the California Penal Code.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545  Cal. Penal Code \'a7 1096, 1995 Amendment}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545  (Westlaw 2008)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 California\rquote s current version lacks the archaic phrases \'93depending on moral evid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid7148545 ence\'94 and \'93to a moral certainty
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 
Compare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545  8 GCA \'a7 90.23 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid7148545 Cal. Penal Code \'a7 1096.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545 
The 1995 Amendment removing these phrases was probably in response to criticism from the United States Supreme Court, which reviewed this particular jury instruction in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545 Victor v. Nebraska}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545 , 511 U.S. 1, 16 (1994) (finding constitutionally sufficient, but not condoni}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid7148545 ng}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545  the phrase \'93moral certainty\'94).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545 Cf.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545  1995 Cal. Stat., c. 46, \'a7 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545 \tab Although }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545 Victor}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545  begins with the phrase \'93[t]he government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt every element of a charged offense,\'94 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545 
511 U.S.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545 at 5, the substance of the opinion concerns the specific language of the reasonable doubt instruction itself.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545  at 5-18.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545 Nowhere does the Court consider the question of whether the instructions as a whole properly indicate that each and every element of the crimes alleged must be proved b
eyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid7148545 However, t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 he }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 California }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid7148545 courts }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 have }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid7148545 had occasion to address th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5648209\charrsid7148545 is very issue}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545 See }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 People v. Reed}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , 240 P.2d 590, 595 (Cal. 1952); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 People v. Orchard}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
, 95 Cal. Rptr. 66, 71 (Ct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid7148545  App. 1971).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 People v. Reed}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , the defendant objected that the jury }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid7148545 was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
 not given instructions that each element must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 240 P.2d at 595.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The court\rquote s only response was that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5648209\charrsid7148545 the law}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  expressly allows the court to read the reasonable doubt instruction from section 1096 of the California Probate Code, and that \'93
[c]onsidering all of the instructions, it appears that the jury was fully and fairly instructed as to all of the rules of law applicable to the evidence.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The court }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 People v. Orchard }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 made a similar attempt to view the instructions as a whole:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
The court did instruct upon the presumption of innocence and reasonable doubt as defined in Penal Code, section 1096, compared the standards of proof in civil and criminal cases, and defined all essentia
l terms of the crime charged. In these circumstances }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 an instruction respecting proof of each element beyond a reasonable doubt need not have been given}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 95 Cal. Rptr. at 71 (emphasis added)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11867122\charrsid7148545  (citations omitted)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8482418\charrsid7148545 However, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8482418\charrsid7148545 Orchard }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8482418\charrsid7148545 was issued only a year after }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8482418\charrsid7148545 In re Winship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid7148545  and makes n}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8482418\charrsid7148545 
o reference to the United States Supreme Court\rquote s adoption of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid7148545 each-and-every-element requirement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid7148545 See In re Winship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid7148545 , 397 U.S. at 364}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5406426\charrsid7148545 ; Model Penal Code \'a7
 1.12, EXPLANATORY NOTE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid7148545 In the years since, th
e California Supreme Court has not had occasion to decide whether omission of an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5406426\charrsid7148545 explicit }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid7148545 
each-and-every-element instruction is constitutional error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5406426\charrsid7148545 Looking}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  beyond California, it appears that a significant number of states and the federal government
 include a standard instruction that each and every element of a crime be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa180\widctlpar
\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6881439 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\fs20\super\insrsid9920249\charrsid12076931 
\chftn }{\fs20\insrsid9920249\charrsid12076931  1A Fed. Jury Prac. & Instr. \'a7 10:01 (5th ed.) (\'93The burden or obligation, as you will be told many times during the course of this trial, is alway
s on the government to prove each and every element of the offense[s] charged beyond reasonable doubt.\'94); Colo. Jury Instr., Criminal 3:04 (\'93
If you find from the evidence that each and every element has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt, you will find the defendant guilty.\'94); Mass. Super. Ct. Criminal Practice Jury Instr. \'a7 1.2 (\'93
The defendant is presumed to be innocent until and unless you the jury decide unanimously that the Commonwealth has proved the defendant guilty of each and every element of each charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94
); 4 Ohio Jury Instructions 409.67 (2006) (\'93The prosecution must prove each and every element of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94); Texas Crim. Jury Charges \'a7 1:440 (2006) (\'93The prosecution has th
e burden of proving the defendant guilty, and it must do so by proving each and every element of the offense charged beyond a reasonable doubt, and, if it fails to do so, you must acquit the defendant.\'94
); 11 Wash. Prac., Pattern Jury Instr. Crim. WPIC 1.01 (2d ed}{\fs20\insrsid9920249 .}{\fs20\insrsid9920249\charrsid12076931 ) (\'93
The plea of not guilty means that you, the jury, must decide whether the [State] [City] [County] has proved every element of [the] [each] crime charged.\'94)}{\fs20\insrsid9920249 .}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 In cases where trial courts neglected to include an each-and-every-element instruction, many states have reversed the resulting convictions.}{
\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa180\widctlpar
\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6881439 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\fs20\super\insrsid9920249\charrsid13436724 
\chftn }{\fs20\insrsid9920249\charrsid13436724  }{\i\fs20\insrsid9920249 See, e.g., }{\i\fs20\insrsid9920249\charrsid13436724 State v. McArthur}{\fs20\insrsid9920249\charrsid13436724 , 651 S.E.2d 256, 258 (N.C. Ct. App. 2007) (\'93
In light of controlling [North Carolina] Supreme Court precedent, we are required to award defendant a new t}{\fs20\insrsid9920249 rial because of the trial court\rquote }{\fs20\insrsid9920249\charrsid13436724 
s failure to include a specific instruction directing the jury to enter a verdict of not guilty if it found that the State had failed to prove any of the elements of the charged crimes beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94); }{
\i\fs20\insrsid9920249\charrsid13436724 Commonwealth v. Bishop}{\fs20\insrsid9920249\charrsid13436724 , 372 A.2d 794, 796 (}{\fs20\insrsid9920249 Pa. }{\fs20\insrsid9920249\charrsid13436724 1977) (\'93
The defense had an absolute right to have the jury instructed not only as to the quantum of proof required to establish guilt but also that the requirement extended to each of the mate}{\fs20\insrsid9920249 rial elements of the offense.\'94); }{
\i\fs20\insrsid9920249\charrsid13436724 State v. Castle}{\fs20\insrsid9920249\charrsid13436724 ,  935 P.2d 656, 657 (Wash. App. Div. 1997) (\'93
In a criminal case, the jury must be instructed that the State has the burden to prove each essential element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. It is reversible error if the instructions reli}{\fs20\insrsid9920249 eve the State of that burden.\'94).
}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 For example, in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Commonwealth v. Shoats}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13042090\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 a tri}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid7148545 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
l court neglected to instruct a jury that the government has the burden of proving each and every element beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
443 A.2d 814, 815 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1982).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The court rejected the dissent\rquote 
s view that the trial court could satisfy Pennsylvania law by instructing on the elements of each charge and on reasonable doubt generally.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  at 816 n.2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Instead, the court reasoned that \'93[i]t has never been the law in Pennsylvania that a court may satisfy its duty to correctly charge the jury on reasonable doubt based on implication.\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
The right to an each-and-every element instruction, it reasoned, was \'93an absolute right.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  at 817 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Commonwealth v. Bishop}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
, 372 A.2d 794, 796 (Pa. 1977)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab We do not find it necessary to decide the issue of whether an }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 explicit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  each-and-every-element instruction is constitutionally required.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Even assuming, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 arguendo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
, that an implied instruction would be constitutionally sufficient, we find that the instructions given in the present case did not, even implicitly, convey the required information regarding the prosecution\rquote 
s burden of proving each and every element beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sa180\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1448997 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid9920249\charrsid3544618 \chftn }{\insrsid9920249\charrsid3544618 
 Although we do not reach the issue of whether implied instructions can ever pass constitutional muster, we expect that today\rquote s opinion will strongly encourage our Superior Court colleagues to make such instructions explicit in the future.}}}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 B.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2172319\charrsid7148545 \tab }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The Instructions Do Not }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid7148545 Explain that the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
Correct Standard of Proof}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2172319\charrsid7148545  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2172319\charrsid7148545 Applies to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid156108\charrsid7148545 E}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid7148545 ach Element.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2172319\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
The Sufficiency of the Circumstantial Evidence Instruction}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab 
A few of the instructions given in the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid7148545  trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  court came tantalizingly close to conveying the required information.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 For example, the jury was instructed that \'93
each fact which is essential to complete a set of circumstances necessary to establish the defendant\rquote s guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 SER at 29 (Jury Instruction No. 3I), }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 accord }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
ER at 19 (Transcript).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 In addition, the court instructed that \'93
before an inference essential to establish guilt may be found to have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, each fact or circumstance on which the inference necessarily rests must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
However, the instruction is titled \'93Sufficiency of the Circumstantial Evidence Generally\'94, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 ,}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 and might be interpreted in context as applying only to circumstantial evidence or inferences.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 There is no explicit instruction that such a burden of proof would apply to direct evidence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab More importantly, the instruction only refers to \'93a set of circumstances necessary to establish the defendant
\rquote s guilt\'94 and \'93an inference essential to establish guilt.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Neither of these phrases explains }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 which}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
 circumstances or inferences are necessary to establish guilt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
Even if a juror were savvy enough to equate circumstance or inference with an individual element of a crime, that juror may still be confused as to which }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 elements}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  need be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
As written, the instruction appears to be saying on
ly that if an element of the crime requires multiple facts to establish (e.g. Perry is the owner of a car, a witness identifies the car at the crime scene, therefore Perry was at the scene), then each one of those }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 facts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 It makes no statement as to how many }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 elements}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
 of the crime need be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The correct answer, of course, is all of them.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 2.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4138877\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The \'93Essential Elements\'94 Instructions}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid7148545 The People contend that \'93
instructions should be considered and reviewed as a whole . . . .\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid7148545 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 5}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4138877\charrsid7148545  (Mar. 13, 200}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7477683\charrsid7148545 8}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4138877\charrsid7148545 )}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid7148545  (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid7148545 Jones}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid7148545 , 2006 Guam 13 \'b6 28).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid7148545 The People also argue that use of the phrase \'93essential elements\'94
 before the description of each offense conveyed the meaning that each and every element of the offense was essential to a guilty conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid7148545 The People point to the dictionary definitions of \'93of the utmost importance,\'94 \'93indispensable,\'94 and \'93necessary\'94 to suggest the meaning conveyed.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid7148545  at 11.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid7148545 \tab The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 People have}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  a valid argument that a reasonable person would assume that because the elements are essential, there must be a 
\'93finding\'94 of that element.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 However, one can argue that merely indicating that the elements of a charge are \'93essential elements\'94
 does not establish the burden of proof for each of those elements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 A juror might find that one element of the crime was }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid156108\charrsid7148545 proven }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
by preponderance of the evidence, but mistakenly assume that because his doubt extended only to one element (out of several) his overall doubt was no longer reasonable with respect to that entire charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Specifically, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1448997\charrsid7148545 a juror}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
 may have had no doubt that vaginal, rectal, or oral penetration occurred, but may have harbored reasonable doubts as to the aggravating factors such as causing personal injury or use of force and coercion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Thus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid7148545 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  a reasonable juror could \'93find\'94 all of the 
\'93essential elements\'94 by a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid7148545 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
 least preponderance of the evidence and still incorrectly assume that the prosecution has proved the overall crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12715647\charrsid7148545 3.\tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The Unanimity Instruction}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab Perry }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 suggests}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  that the wording of the
 unanimity instruction compounds the error of not specifically mentioning that the prosecution has the burden of proving each and every element of each charge and count beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The relevant portion of the unanimity instruction reads as follows:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
The People have presented evidence of more than one act to prove that the defendant committed each offense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
You must not find the defendant guilty unless you all agree that the People have proved that the defendant committed at least one of the acts for each charge and you all agree on which act he committed for each charge.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 ER at 45 (Transcript).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 He argues that \'93[b]y giving two different and conflicting jury instructions\emdash the recitation of the allegations of the indictment on the one hand\emdash and an i
nstruction that the government need prove at least on}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15949800\charrsid7148545 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  act for each charge on the other hand\emdash 
the Superior Court effectively omitted essential elements of the offenses as surely as if it had failed to mention the elements altogether.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Appellant\rquote s B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 r.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  at 12}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12715647\charrsid7148545  (Feb. 12, 2008)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab 
In order to determine how a jury might have interpreted an instruction, one must focus on the plain meaning of the language in the instruction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 See People v. Davis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , 896 P.2d 119, 150 n.18 (Cal. 1995); }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 cf. Francis v. Franklin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , 471 U.S. 307, 323 n.9 (1985) (\'93The Court presumes that jurors . . . attend closely the particu}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545 lar language of the trial court\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 s instructions in a criminal case . . . .\'94).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The words \'93acts\'94 and \'93elements\'94 are not synonymous, and under a plain reading they would not
 have been mistaken as referring to the same idea.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 On the other hand, if the jury instructions contain no explanation of what an \'93element
\'94 is and how the elements relate to the government\rquote s burden of proof, a juror might look to the language of the unanimity instruction to fill in the gaps in his or her}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7477683\charrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 knowledge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 This is essentially Perry\rquote 
s argument that the unanimity instruction and the listing of the essential elements of each charge, taken together, led the jury to believe that only a single act need be proved for each charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab 
Indeed, one could envision a hypothetical situation where a juror disagreed that force or coercion had been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, but had no reasonable doubt as to the act of vaginal penetration.}{
\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa180\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6881439 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
{\cs16\super\insrsid9920249\charrsid15556775 \chftn }{\insrsid9920249\charrsid15556775  }{\insrsid9920249 
One cannot say what actually happened in the present case because the verdict forms only allowed the jurors to report their decisions on each charge and count, not the individual elements thereof.  ER at 55-71 (Verdict Forms).}}}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 9 GCA \'a7 25.15(a)(3)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545  (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
Here, the juror determined that \'93at least one of the acts\'94 for the charge of first degree CSC occurred, and that juror might mistakenly assume that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7477683\charrsid7148545 he or }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 she}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7477683\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 may now find Perry guilty of that charge.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 This is particularly true if the rest of the ju
ry instructions are silent on the requirement that the prosecution must prove each and every element of the charge\emdash including intent and aggravating factors\emdash beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab We agree with Perry that the unanimity instruction comes dangerous
ly close to suggesting that only proof of an act is sufficient to find the defendant guilty of a crime.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
Lack of an explicit instruction to the contrary, such as an each-and-every-element instruction, only serves to compound the problem.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
Thus, there is merit to Perry\rquote s argument that the instructions were defective, and the only remaining question is whether the defect in the jury instructions rises to the level of plain error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15366123\charrsid7148545 C. \tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Whether the Errors amount to Plain Error}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 
Under the plain error analysis, this court must determine whether there was error, whether the error was clear, and whether the error affected Perry\rquote s substantial rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 People v. Van Bui}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 , 2008 Guam 8 \'b6 10.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 If so, we may exercise our sound discretion and order a new trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667528\charrsid7148545 when necessary }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 \'93to prevent a miscarriage of justice or to maintain the integrity of the judicial process.\'94 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 People v. Campbell}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 , 2006 Guam 14 \'b6 34}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 (quoting }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 People v. Perez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 , 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 21).}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15366123\charrsid7148545 1.\tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Clear Error}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab The first inquiry is whether the jury instructions are clearly and obviousl}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid7148545 y defective under current law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid7148545 
Although no United States Supreme Court case has addressed jury instructions }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667528\charrsid7148545 similar to those }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid7148545 
at issue in the present case, a determination of whether an error is \'93clear\'94 for purposes of the plain error analysis does not require the existence of precedent exactly on point.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid7148545 As the Second Circuit Court of Appeals observed: \'93[T]he \lquote plainness\rquote  of the error can depend on well-settled legal principles as much as well-settled legal precedents.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid7148545 
We can, in certain cases, notice plain error in the absence of direct precedent, or even where uniformity among the circuits, or among state courts, is lacking.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid7148545 United States v. Brown}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid7148545 , 352 F.3d 654, 664 (2d Cir. 2003).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid7148545 This rule is particularly appropriate for our jurisdiction, whose case law consists of slightly more than ten years of Guam Supreme Court precedent.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid7148545 It would be unfair to require defendants to demonstrate plain error with a case directly on point given tha
t many issues have not yet been resolved by this court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid7148545 It}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  is a fundamental principle of American jurisprudence that \'93
[t]he Constitution gives a criminal defendant the right to have a jury determine, beyond a reasonable doubt, his guilt of every element of the crime with which he is charged.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Gaudin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , 515 U.S. at 522-23}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12800365\charrsid7148545 ; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 see also }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 8 GCA \'a7 90.21(a).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The instructions as given failed to convey the idea that each and every element must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, and such a failure must be considered \'93
clearly and obviously defective under current law.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Jones}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
, 2006 Guam 13 \'b6 24.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8996246 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 2.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15366123\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Errors Affecting Substantial Rights}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3169421\charrsid7148545 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab In}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  United States v. Olano}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , the United States Supreme Court suggested that the affecting-substantial-rights analysis was the \'93harmless error\'94 analysis with one important difference:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
When the defendant has made a timely objection to an error and Rule 52(a) applies, a court of appeals normally engages in a specific analysis of the district court record}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545 \emdash }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 a so-called \'93harmless error\'94 inquiry}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545 \emdash to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
 determine whether the error was prejudicial. Rule 52(b) normally requires the same kind of inquiry, with one important difference:}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
 It is the defendant rather than the Government who bears the burden of persuasion with respect to prejudice. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 507 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid7148545 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  734 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545 (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The test for harmless error \'93is whether it appears \lquote beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.\rquote \'94 }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Neder v. United States}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , 527 U.S. 1, 15 (1999)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Chapman v. California}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
, 386 U.S. 18 (1967)). Because the harmless error and plain error tests are so intertwined, we are guided by those cases that apply the harmless error analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14767338\charrsid7148545 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab  A threshold question is whether the failure to give an each-and-every-element inst
ruction was so serious an error as to require automatic reversal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The United States Supreme Court has referred to such errors as \'93
structural defects\'94 or \'93structural errors,\'94 because they cannot be excused by applying a harmless error analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 See}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545  Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545 , 508 U.S. at 282; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Ariz}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  v. Fulminante}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
, 499 U.S. 279, 288-295 (1991) (plurality opinion)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Any error \'93
with consequences that are necessarily unquantifiable and indeterminate, unquestionably qualifies as \lquote structural error.\rquote \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545 
Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545 , 508 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 at 282.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 In other words, a harmless error analysis of a structural error is not only unwise, it is impossible.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1448997 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 \chftn }{\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 
 }{\i\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 Johnson}{\i\insrsid9920249  v. United States}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695  list}{\insrsid9920249 s}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695  several examples of structural errors.  }{\insrsid9920249\charrsid13791670 
520 U.S. 461, 469 (1997)}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 .  }{\i\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 See, e.g., Gideon v. Wainwright}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 , 372 U.S. 335 (1963) (a total deprivation of the right to counsel); }{
\i\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 Tumey v. Ohio}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 , 273 U.S. 510 (1927) (lack of an impartial trial judge); }{\i\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 Vasquez v. Hillery}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 
, 474 U.S. 254 (1986) (unlawful exclusion of grand jurors of defendant's race); }{\i\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 McKaskle v. Wiggins}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 , 465 U.S. 168 (1984) (the right to self-representation at trial); }{
\i\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 Waller v. Georgia}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 , 467 U.S. 39 (1984) (the right to a public trial); }{\i\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 Sullivan}{\insrsid9920249\charrsid13240695 
, 508 U.S. 275 (erroneous reasonable-doubt instruction to jury).}{\insrsid9920249   More recently, the Supreme Court found deprivation of the right to choice of counsel to be structural error.  }{\i\insrsid9920249\charrsid14688533 
United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez}{\insrsid9920249 , 548 U.S. 140, 152 (2006).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14767338\charrsid7148545 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab For example, in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Sullivan}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , the Court considered whether an unconstitutional jury instruction defining reasonable doubt could be subjected to harmless error analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 508 U.S. at 277.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The jury instruction in }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  incorrectly defined a reasonable doubt as \'93such doubt as would give rise to a grave uncertainty\'94 and \'93
an actual substantial doubt.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Cage v. Louisiana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
, 498 U.S. 39, 40 (1990) (cited by }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  for the text of the actual jury instructions at issue).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The Court determined that the error required reversal, finding that the 
failure to properly instruct on the standard of reasonable doubt was a structural error not subject to harmless error analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
508 U.S. at 281-82.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14767338\charrsid7148545 [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab The rationale in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Sullivan}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  for defining the jury instruction error as \'93structural\'94
 was that the Sixth Amendment does not allow a court to simply conclude that the jury would have found a defendant guilty despite the flawed instructions:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
The inquiry, in other words, is not whether, in a trial that occurred without the error, a guilty verdict would surely have been rendered, but whether the guilty verdict actually rendered in }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 this}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  trial was surely unattributable to the error. That must be so, because }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 to hypothesize a guilty verdict that was never in fact rendered}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545 \emdash no }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 matter how inescapable the findings to support that verdict might be}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid7148545 \emdash would }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 violate the jury-trial guarantee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
, 508 U.S. at 279 (Scalia, J.) (first emphasis in original, second emphasis added); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 see also }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Benjamin E. Rosenberg, }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 The Effect of Sullivan v. Louisiana on Harmless Error Analysis of Jury Instructions that Omit an Element of the Offense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
, 29 Rutgers L.J. 315, 326-27 (1998) (using a hypothetical to illustrate why flawed jury instructions are a more serious error than errors in the trial itself).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 If application of a harmless error analysis to the present case would result in \'93hypothesiz[ing] a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236460\charrsid7148545 guilty }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 verdict that was never in fact rendered,\'94 then reversal would be mandatory.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 , 508 U.S. at 279.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14767338\charrsid7148545 [37]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab However, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Sullivan }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 can be distinguished from the present case in that the jury in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Sullivan }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 was misinformed as to the definition of reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 There, the jury
\rquote s misunderstanding arose from a direct instruction that actively deceived them as to the correct standard of proof.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Here, the jury }
{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  correctly instructed as to the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid7148545 
 definition of reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid7148545 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
he possibility that a misunderstanding m}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid7148545 ay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  have arisen }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3942807\charrsid7148545 
regarding proof of each and every element }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 must be extrapolated from omissions and ambiguities in the actual instructions given.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Nothing in the jury instructions directly misinformed the jury as to the correct standard of proof.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14767338\charrsid7148545 [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab A more analogous case is }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
Neder v. United States}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 527 U.S. 1 (1999).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Neder}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 the Court declined to extend the ruling of }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  to a failure to allow the jury to determine an essential element of a crime.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14295342\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14295342\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
at 15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 There, the District Court had instructed that the jury \'93\lquote need not consider\rquote  the materiality of any false statements,
\'94 where materiality was an element of the crime charged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 at 6.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 On appeal, the Court agreed that the instructions were given in error but found that failure to instruct on an element of the crime }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  subject to harmless error analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  at 15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Because the defendant \'93did not, and apparently could not, bring forth facts contesting the omitted element [of materiality]\'94 the conviction was affirmed.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 at 19, 25.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 Here, too, it may be possible to determine whether the jury would have reached a different conclusion given the evidence in the record.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14767338\charrsid7148545 [39]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab We therefore conclude that the failure to give a proper each-and-every-element instruction }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079695\charrsid7148545 is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 subject to a harmless error analysis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid920045\charrsid7148545  as part of the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 plain error analysis, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 see Olano}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 ,}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 507 U.S. at 734, which is the standard of review we are required to apply in this case.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115985\charrsid7148545 As the court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115985\charrsid7148545 Olano}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115985\charrsid7148545  stated: \'93Normally, although perhaps not in every case, the defendant must make a specific showing of prejudice to satisfy the \lquote affecting substantial rights\rquote 
 prong [of the plain error analysis].\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115985\charrsid7148545 507 U.S. at 735.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115985\charrsid7148545 Because we have determined that the error in the present case does not require automatic reversal, we look to the Perry\rquote 
s arguments that he was prejudiced and determine whether or not he has met his burden of persuasion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115985\charrsid7148545 Id.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14767338\charrsid7148545 [40]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 \tab We conclude that Perry ha
s not met his burden of showing that the erroneous jury instructions resulted in an error affecting his substantial right}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid7148545 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 His appellate briefs are virtually devoid of any arguments demonstrating that he was prejudiced by the instructions given to the jury.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 
Perry did not provide transcripts to this court, and were it not for the incomplete excerpts provided by the People, we would have no record at all of what transpired during trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 Because \'93failure to provide evidence directly from the transcripts is simply interpreted by this court as absence of the evidence itself,\'94 }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 Lamb v. Hoffman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 , 2008 Guam 2 \'b6
 57, we must assume that the missing transcripts do not demonstrate a reasonable probability that Perry would have received a more favorable verdict absent the error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169530\charrsid7148545 People v}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169530\charrsid7148545 . }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 Moses}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 , 2007 Guam 5 \'b6 36.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 
Our review of the entire record on appeal does not indicate otherwise.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14767338\charrsid7148545 [41]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 \tab Nevertheless, Perry\rquote 
s attorney suggested at oral arguments that the victim may not have testified to the force-and-coercion element of the first vaginal penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 Unfortunately, the excerpts we have before us include only a portion of the victim\rquote s testimony.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545  SER at 95-107 (Transcript).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 The excerpt begins with the prosecutor asking \'93Okay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 
How long did this go on?\'94 and the victim replying \'93About a [sic] hour.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 Id.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545  at 96.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 Whatever it is that went on for an hour, we cannot say.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 The victim then proceeds to testify that Perry vaginally penetrated her.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 at 96-98.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 At one point, when asked \'93Does that mean you had sex or not?\'94 the victim replied \'93So \endash  I meant he had sex forcefully.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545  at 98.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 
If this is indeed the vaginal penetration that Perry\rquote s attorney was referring to at oral arguments, we cannot agree that there was no testimony as to the force-and-coercion element of the crime.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268 

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14767338\charrsid7148545 [42]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 \tab Perry\rquote 
s attorney also suggested that the victim may have mistakenly identified Perry as the perpetrator of the crime.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 
However, the testimony in the record shows that the assault lasted from before midnight until almost dawn, which is a significant amount of time to form an impression of a perpetrator\rquote s identity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 Again, Perry\rquote s argument is unsupported by the record.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 
Therefore, Perry has not satisfied his burden of demonstrating that he was prejudiced by the instructions given to the jury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 See Olano}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 , 507 U.S. at 735.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 Because the error did not affect Perry
\rquote s substantial rights under the plain error analysis, we need not determine whether there was a miscarriage }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 of justice or an error affecting the integrity of the judicial process.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 People v. Campbell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 , 2006 Guam 14 \'b6 34}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 People v. Perez}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 , 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 21).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid7148545 
Indeed, such an analysis would be impossible given that Perry has not provided any significant evidence that the jury\rquote s verdict was in error. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 IV.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid990251\charrsid7148545  CONCLUSION}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7148545 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14767338\charrsid7148545 [43]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
The trial court committed clear error when it failed to properly instruct the jury that each and every element of the charges needed to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1009300\charrsid7148545 Because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 the error was not preserved at trial, it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079695\charrsid7148545 is }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 subject to a plain}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1009300\charrsid7148545  error analysis, and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 
 Perry failed to meet his burden of showing that the error }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid7148545 affected his substantial rights}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1009300\charrsid7148545 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148545  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1009300\charrsid7148545 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 he verdict of the trial court must }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15495061\charrsid7148545 therefore }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 be }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 AFFIRMED}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid7148545 .}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid134893\charrsid7148545  SEQ CHAPTER \\h \\r 1}}{\fldrslt }}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid134893\charrsid7148545 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid1131522 ROBERT J. TORRES
\par Chief Justice
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid1131522 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid134893\charrsid1131522 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO
\par Associate Justice
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid134893\charrsid1131522 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131522 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid1131522 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid134893\charrsid1131522 

\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131522\charrsid1131522 Associate Justice}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid134893\charrsid1131522 
\par }}