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TENNESSEN, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6650695 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Supreme Court Case No.: CRA05-012 \par Superior Court Case No.: CF0292-02 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard\plain \s2\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \b\ulnone\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 OPINION \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4284061\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4284061\charrsid16525146 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4284061\charrsid16525146 December 11, 2008 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Cite as: 2008 Guam }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4284061\charrsid16525146 21}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on May 14, 2007 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid16525146 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \ql \fi-3600\li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3600\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 F. Randall Cunliffe, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Esq. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Cunliffe & Cook, P.C. \par 210 Archbishop Flores Street \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par \cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \ql \fi-7200\li7200\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin7200\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Clyde Lemons, Jr., }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Esq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 .\tab \tab \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Office of the Attorney General \par Prosecution Division \par 287 West O\rquote Brien Drive \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4560 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ql \li-1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-1440\itap0\pararsid16525146 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 BEFORE: F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; ROBERT J. TORRES, Associate Justice;}{ \cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs16\super\insrsid6577228 \chftn }{\insrsid6577228 Prior to the issuance of this Opinion, Justice Robert J. Torres assumed the role of Chief Justice while Chief Justice F. Philip Carbullido assumed the role of Associate Justice. \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 and, RICHARD H. BENSON, Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Pro Tempore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 . \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1602332 {\b\insrsid1600084\charrsid1602332 BENSON, J.: \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 \b\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [1]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab Defendant Gene A. Tennessen appeals a conviction of two counts of Theft and two counts of Official Misconduct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Specifically, Tennessen appeals a motion to dismiss on the grounds that Attorney General Douglas Moylan had a conflict of interest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 While we do not agree that Tennessen\rquote s indictment should have been dismissed due to the conflict of interest, the conflict wall erected around Moylan was clearly ineffective.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 We hold that the trial court abused its discretion in not disqualifying the entire Attorney General\rquote s office in October of 2005.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 For this reason alone, Tennessen\rquote s judgment of conviction must be vacated, and we need not reach the other issues presented in this appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The People\rquote s cross appeal is dismissed as moot.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9532098 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid1600084\charrsid9532098 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [2]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab In 2002, a Grand Jury returned an indictment against Tennessen, charging him with multiple crimes including Theft of a Firearm and Official Misconduct.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Tennessen moved to dismiss the indictment on grounds that Attorney General Douglas Moylan had a conflict of interest.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The alleged conflict of interest resulted from Tennessen being listed as a witness in a criminal case against Moylan.}{ \cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs16\super\insrsid6577228 \chftn }{\insrsid6577228 The criminal action involved an accusation of domestic assault made by Moylan\rquote s former wife. Tennessen advised Moylan\rquote s former wife to file criminal charges after she confided the alleged assault to Tennessen.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Prior to the motion, Moylan discussed the possibility of erecting a conflict wall with his office staff and eventually agreed to do so.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The trial court heard the motion to dismiss, and on March 26, 2004, Judge Unpingco issued a Decision and Order denying Tennessen\rquote s motion but ordering that a conflict wall be erected to screen Moylan from the case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab A month before trial was scheduled to begin, Tennessen renewed his motion to disqualify the entire Office of the Attorney General (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 the AG\rquote s Office}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ) based on a conflict of interest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In a declaration submitted in support of the motion, Tennessen\rquote s counsel described a conversation with Mindy Fothergill from KUAM news that occurred more than nine months earlier.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In that conversation, Fothergill allegedly described an interview with Moylan where he said Tennessen would be subject to new criminal charges.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Three days later, new charges were filed against Tennessen alleging witness tampering in the underlying case against him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 On October 21, 2005, Judge Maraman denied Tennessen\rquote s motion to recuse the AG\rquote s Office but ordered that the conflict wall remain in effect.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab At the end of the trial, a jury convicted Tennessen of two counts of Theft of a Firearm under 9 GCA \'a7 43.20(b) and two counts of Official Misconduct under 9 GCA \'a7 49.90(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Tennessen timely filed a notice of appeal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The People timely cross-appealed, arguing that the trial court erred in merging some of the counts for purposes of sentencing.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 II}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 . }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab This court has jurisdiction to hear appeals of final judgments of convictions entered by the Superior Court.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b) and 3108(a) (2005); 8 GCA \'a7 130.15(a) (2005); 48 U.S.C.A 1424-1(a)(1) (West 2008).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 It is unnecessary to establish our jurisdiction over the cross-appeal, which we dismiss as moot.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab The standard of review for the denial of a motion for vicarious disqualification of an entire prosecutor\rquote s office is an abuse of discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Gatewood v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 880 A.2d 322, 330 (Md. 2005) (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Young v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 465 A.2d 1149 (Md. 1983)).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 III. DISCUSSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [7]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab Although a prosecutor necessarily stands as an adversary to the accused, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [r]ecusal is . . . appropriate where the prosecuting attorney has a personal interest in convicting the accused, since the state\rquote s interest is in attaining impartial justice, not merely a conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 People v. Doyle}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 406 N.W.2d 893, 899 (Mich. Ct. App. 1987); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 see also Young v. United States ex rel. Vuitton et Fils S.A.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 481 U.S. 787, 803 (1987) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The responsibility of a public prosecutor differs from that of the usual advocate; his duty is to seek justice, not merely to convict.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Guam has no specific statute governing recusal of a prosecuting attorney;}{ \cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs16\super\insrsid6577228 \chftn }{\insrsid6577228 Even so, we have no doubt that the Superior Court may appoint a special prosecutor based on its inherent power to supervise its own judicial proceedings. }{\i\insrsid6577228 See People v. Super. Ct. (Greer)}{\insrsid6577228 , 561 P.2d 1164, 1169-71 (Cal. 1977), }{\i\insrsid6577228 superseded by statute as stated in People v. Conner}{\insrsid6577228 , 666 P.2d 5, 8 (Cal. 1983). \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 however, case law from other jurisdictions suggests that the standard is whether prosecution by the conflicted attorney would result in the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 appearance of impropriety.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 People v. Garcia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 698 P.2d 801, 806 (Colo. 1985); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Doyle }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 406 N.W.2d at 899 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 American courts have consistently held that the appearance of impropriety is sufficient to justify disqualification of a prosecuting attorney.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ).}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid6577228 \chftn }{\insrsid6577228 This standard is similar to that applied to judges in Guam; that is, whether a reasonable person, aware of all the relevant facts, would find that a judge had \'93the appearance of bias.\'94 }{\i\insrsid6577228 Van Dox v. Super. Ct. }{ \i\insrsid6577228\charrsid14434554 (Alcorn)}{\insrsid6577228 , 2008 Guam 7 \'b6 32 (quoting }{\i\insrsid6577228 Dizon v. Super. Ct. }{\i\insrsid6577228\charrsid14434554 (People)}{\insrsid6577228 , 1998 Guam 3 \'b6 10 n.3). \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 appearance of impropriety}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 standard means that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [a] defendant need not prove actual bad faith or unethical conduct on the part of the prosecutor and his staff.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab A similar standard guides the decision whether to require vicarious disqualification of an entire prosecutor \rquote s office.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [T]he pertinent inquiry is whether the facts support the court\rquote s conclusion that the \lquote public would perceive continued prosecution by the district attorney\rquote s office, under the particular circumstances here, as improper and unjust, so as to undermine the credibility of the criminal process in our courts.\rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 People v. Palomo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 31 P.3d 879, 882 (Colo. 2001) (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 People v. County Ct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 854 P.2d 1341, 1344-45 (Colo. Ct. App. 1992).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In deciding whether to disqualify the entire office, one must determine }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 whether a reasonable person standing in the shoes of the defendant should be satisfied that his or her interests will not be compromised.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 State v. Gonzales}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 119 P.3d 151, 159 (N.M. 2005) (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 State ex rel. Romley v. Super. Ct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 908 P.2d 37, 42 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1995)).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 9}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab The possible participation of Tennessen as a witness in Moylan\rquote s criminal case would cert ainly suggest to a reasonable person that Moylan might have a vindictive bias against Tennessen, whether or not such bias actually existed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 It would also suggest to a reasonable person that Moylan might be motivated to discredit Tennessen as a witness by actively seeking his conviction.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Tennessen himself might reasonably assume that his chances of obtaining a fair plea agreement would be considerably reduced because of his involvement in Moylan\rquote s case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 For all of these reasons, Moylan was disqualified from participating in Tennessen\rquote s criminal case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 10}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab The more difficult question is whether the trial court abused its discretion in deciding not to disqualify the entire AG\rquote s Office.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 There are two distinct inquiries here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The first is whether Judge Unpingco abused his discretion in declining to disqualify the entire AG\rquote s Office in his March 26, 2004 Decision and Order.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The second is whether Judge Maraman abused her discretion in her October 21, 2005 Decision and Order when she refused to disqualify the entire AG\rquote s Office after Tennessen submitted additional evidence that Moylan may have violated the conflict wall.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 We address each of these questions in turn.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 A. Disqualification of the AG\rquote s Office}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [1}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab The case law discussing the disqualification of prosecutors generally fall under two categories.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 See Doyle}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 406 N.W.2d at 897.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The first category concerns disqualification arising from a conflict of interest based on a professional, attorney-client relationship; for example, where the defendant is a former client of the prosecuting attorney.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 .; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 see}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 e.g.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 State v. Tippecanoe County Ct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 432 N.E.2d 1377 (Ind. 1982); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 People v. Lepe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 211 Cal. Rptr. 432 (Ct. App. 1985); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 State ex rel. Keenan v. Hatcher}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , S.E.2d 361 (W. Va. 2001).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 A second category concerns disqualification arising from a conflict based on a personal interest in the litigation or on a personal relationship with the accused.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Doyle}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 406 N.W.2d at 897-98; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 see}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 e.g.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 People v. Choi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 94 Cal. Rptr. 2d 922 (Ct. App. 2000).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The instant appeal falls within this latter category, and we therefore look to these cases for guidance.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab The court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Doyle}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 suggested that the disqualification of a supervising prosecutor requires disqualification of the entire office:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The general rule is that a conflict of interest involving the elected county prosecutor himself requires recusal of the prosecutor and the entire staff.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Since assistant prosecutors act on behalf of the elected country prosecutor and are supervised by him, the policies of fairness to the defendant and the avoidance of an appearance of impropriety require this result. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Doyle}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 406 N.W.2d at 899.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 However, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Doyle}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 is distinguishable from the present case because the court never considered whether a conflict wall might be used in place of disqualification of the entire office.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In fact, the court\rquote s ruling was based in part on the fact that the prosecutor did not erect a conflict wall at all and instead continued to represent the government against the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Recusal of the entire office is required because [the prosecutor] did not in fact withdraw from the [defendant\rquote s] case and because of [the prosecutor\rquote s] supervisory position in the prosecutor\rquote s office.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab We therefore look to cases that have considered whether a conflict wall may be used in place of disqualification of the entire office.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 State v. Gonzales}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , the Supreme Court of New Mexico considered whether the entire office of the district attorney was disqualified by imputation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Gonzales} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 119 P.3d at 163.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Evidence was presented that the District Attorney in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Gonzales}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 disliked the defendant, a former employee of her office.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 at 154.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The court suggested that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 screening mechanisms commonly utilized in public and private law offices may be effective to \lquote dissipate\rquote the appearance of unfairness, as they were in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Pennington}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{ \cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs16\super\insrsid6577228 \chftn }{\insrsid6577228 Although }{\i\insrsid6577228 Pennington}{\insrsid6577228 is distinguishable based on the fact that the disqualification at issue was the result of an attorney-client relati onship with the defendant, the majority rule in such cases disfavors disqualification of the entire office: \par }\pard \s15\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\insrsid6577228 The great majority of jurisdictions have refused to apply a per se rule disqualifying the entire prosecutor's staff solely on the basis that one mem ber of the staff had been involved in the representation of the defendant in a related matter. In their view the entire staff ordinarily need not be disqualified from prosecuting the defendant if the staff member who had previously worked for the defendan t is isolated from any participation in the prosecution of the defendant}{\i\insrsid6577228 . United States v. Caggiano}{\insrsid6577228 , 660 F.2d 184 (6th Cir. 1981); }{\i\insrsid6577228 United States v. Goot}{\insrsid6577228 , 894 F.2d 231 (7th Cir. 1990); }{\i\insrsid6577228 Jackson v. State}{\insrsid6577228 , 502 So. 2d 858 (Ala. Crim. App. 1986); }{\i\insrsid6577228 Upton v. State}{\insrsid6577228 , 257 Ark. 424, 516 S.W.2d 904 (1974); }{\i\insrsid6577228 People v. Lopez}{ \insrsid6577228 , 155 Cal. App. 3d 813, 202 Cal. Rptr. 333 (1984) (applying new state statute); }{\i\insrsid6577228 State v. Bunkley}{\insrsid6577228 , 202 Conn. 629, 522 A.2d 795 (1987); }{\i\insrsid6577228 State v. Fitzpatrick}{\insrsid6577228 , 464 So. 2d 1185 (Fla.1985); }{\i\insrsid6577228 Frazier v. State}{\insrsid6577228 , 257 Ga. 690, 362 S.E.2d 351 (1987); }{\i\insrsid6577228 State v. Dambrell}{\insrsid6577228 , 120 Idaho 532, 817 P.2d 646 (1991); }{\i\insrsid6577228 State v. McKibben}{ \insrsid6577228 , 239 Kan. 574, 722 P.2d 518 (1986); }{\i\insrsid6577228 Summit v. Mudd}{\insrsid6577228 , 679 S.W.2d 225 (Ky. 1984); }{\i\insrsid6577228 State v. Bell}{\insrsid6577228 , 346 So. 2d 1090 (La. 1977); }{\i\insrsid6577228 Young v. State}{ \insrsid6577228 , 297 Md. 286, 465 A.2d 1149 (1983); }{\i\insrsid6577228 Pisa v. Commonwealth}{\insrsid6577228 , 378 Mass. 724, 393 N.E.2d 386 (1979); }{\i\insrsid6577228 Collier v. Legakes}{\insrsid6577228 , 98 Nev. 307, 646 P.2d 1219 (1982); }{ \i\insrsid6577228 State v. Camacho}{\insrsid6577228 , 329 N.C. 589, 406 S.E.2d 868 (1991); }{\i\insrsid6577228 Commonwealth v. Harris}{\insrsid6577228 , 501 Pa. 178, 460 A.2d 747 (1983); }{\i\insrsid6577228 State v. Cline}{\insrsid6577228 , 122 R.I. 297, 405 A.2d 1192 (1979); }{\i\insrsid6577228 State v. Smart}{\insrsid6577228 , 278 S.C. 515, 299 S.E.2d 686 (1982); }{\i\insrsid6577228 Mattress v. State}{\insrsid6577228 , 564 S.W.2d 678 (Tenn. Crim. App.1977); }{\i\insrsid6577228 State ex rel. Eidson v. Edwards}{\insrsid6577228 , 793 S.W.2d 1 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (en banc); }{\i\insrsid6577228 State v. Miner}{\insrsid6577228 , 128 Vt. 55, 258 A.2d 815 (1969); }{\i\insrsid6577228 see generally }{\insrsid6577228 Annotation, T.J. Griffin, }{\i\insrsid6577228 Disqualification of Prosecuting Attorney on Account of Relationship with Accused}{\insrsid6577228 , 31 A.L.R.3d 953 (1970 & Supp. 1992). \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\i\insrsid6577228 State v. Pennington}{\insrsid6577228 , 851 P.2d 494, 498 (N.M. Ct. App. 1993). \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 (citing }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 State v. Pennington}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 851 P.2d 494, 502 (N.M. Ct. App. 1993)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 However, the District Attorney under scrutiny in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Gonzales}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 made no attempt to screen herself, and the Supreme Court of New Mexico therefore determined that the district court did not abuse its discretion in disqualifying the entire office.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 at 163.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab On the other hand, where conflict walls are effectively implemented, disqualification of the entire office may be unnecessary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 For example, the United States District Court of Puerto Rico considered whether the entire U.S. Attorney\rquote s Office should be disqualified because the U.S. Attorney\rquote s brother was a government witness in a grand jury investigation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In re Grand Jury Proceedings}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 700 F. Supp. 626, 629-30 (D.P.R. 1988).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The U.S. Attorney had recused himself from the proceedings, and the court therefore declined to disqualify the entire office.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 at 630.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The court considered the Model Code of Professional Conduct, Rule DR 5-105(D), which states that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [i]f a lawyer is required to decline employment or to withdraw from employment under a Disciplinary Rule, no partner, or associate, or any other lawyer affiliated with him or his firm, may accept or continue such employment.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 n.1 (quoting Model Code of Prof\rquote l Responsibility DR 5-105(D)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The court was guided by commentary from the ABA Ethics Committee, which suggested that if DR 5-105(D) were construed to apply to government agencies negative consequences would result:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The government\rquote s ability to function would be unreasonably impaired. Necessity dictates that government action not be hampered by such a construction of DR-5-105(D). The relationships among lawyers within a government agency are different from those among partners a nd associates of a law firm. The salaried government employee does not have the financial interest in the success of departmental representation that is inherent in private practice. The important difference in the adversary posture of the government lawy e r is recognized by Canon 7: the duty of the public prosecutor to seek justice, not merely to convict, and the duty of all government lawyers to seek just results rather than the result desired by a client. The channeling of advocacy toward a just result a s opposed to vindication of a particular claim lessens the temptation to circumvent the disciplinary rules through the action of associates. Accordingly, we construe DR 5-105(D) to be inapplicable to other government lawyers associated with a particular go vernment lawyer who is himself disqualified by reason of DR 4-101, DR 5-105, DR 9-101(B), or similar disciplinary rules. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 (quoting ABA Committee on Professional Ethics, Formal Op. 342, 62 A.B.A. J. 57 (1976)).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11538925\charrsid16525146 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11538925\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab We find this reasoning to be persuasive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Prosecutors within the AG \rquote s Office do not have a financial incentive to side with the Attorney General in every instance, as they would in a private law firm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Instead, they are guided by a duty to seek justice rather than a desire to vindicate a particular claim in favor of the AG\rquote s Office.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 While one can argue that an Attorney General\rquote s disqualification coupled with his supervisory power weighs in favor of disqualification of the entire office, we are confident that a non-disqualified prosecutor can effectively dispense justice if protected by an effective conflict wall surrounding his or her supervisor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 To hold that the entire AG \rquote s Office has a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 disqualifying emotional stake in the [case would] stretch the concept of intra-office loyalty to a breaking point.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 at 630-31.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Thus, disqualification of the AG\rquote s Office would only be necessary if the particular conflicted attorney were not properly screened from the case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 B. Judge Unpingco\rquote s March 26, 2004 Decision and Order}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11538925\charrsid16525146 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11538925\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab While Judge Unpingco had the discretion to order erection of a conflict wall rather than disqualifying the entire office, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12189804\charrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 we are not confident that he properly exercised that discretion in analyzing the pertinent facts and law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The present case is extraordinary in that the original prosecutor, Assistant Attorney General James J. Casey, filed a declaration in support of Tennessen\rquote s motion.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In it, he described how he was impeded from finalizing the plea agreement that he and Tennessen\rquote s attorney had agreed to.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Casey also indicated he did not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 believe that this case [could] ever be prosecuted without the influence of Attorney General Moylan having input because the powers that be know the importance of trying to effect [sic] Mr. Tennessen as a witness agai nst the Attorney General in his upcoming criminal case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ), at 26 (Decl. James J. Casey, Mar. 16, 2004).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Casey\rquote s prediction that Moylan would be incapable of avoiding Tennessen\rquote s case should have raised concerns as to the possibility of successfully implementing a conflict wall.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12189804\charrsid16525146 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 7}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12189804\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab Furthermore, Judge Unpingco applied a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 prejudice}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 standard where none was warranted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The misapprehension apparently arose after the People\rquote s inappropriate cite to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In re Appeal of Infotechnology, Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 for the proposition that Tennessen was required to prove by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 clear and convincing evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 the conflict will prejudice the fairness of the proceedings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 582 A.2d 215, 221 (Del. 1990).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 However, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Appeal of Infotechnology}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 involved a party\rquote s standing in a civil suit to challenge the other party\rquote s attorney on the grounds of an alleged conflict of interest.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 at 218.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Similarly, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Dawson v. City of Bartlesville}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 901 F. Supp. 314, 314 (N.D. Okla. 1995), another case cited by the People, also involves a question of standing in a civil suit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 We are unaware of any common law authority that suggests a defendant in a }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 criminal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 case must show prejudice before he or she can challenge a prosecutor\rquote s alleged conflict of interest.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid6577228 \chftn }{\insrsid6577228 California, however, has a recusal standard that is set by statute. Section 1424 of the California Penal Code states that a motion to recuse \'93may not be granted unless the evidence shows that a conflict of interes t exists that would render it unlikely that the defendant would receive a fair trial.\'94 Cal. Penal Code \'a7 1424 (Westlaw 2008). California courts have interpreted this requirement to mean actual prejudice to the defendant as opposed to an appearance of impropriety. }{\i\insrsid6577228 People v. Neely}{\insrsid6577228 , 82 Cal. Rptr. 2d 886, 892 (Ct. App. 1999); }{\i\insrsid6577228 see also People v. Choi}{\insrsid6577228 , 94 Cal. Rptr. 2d 922, 926 (Ct. App. 2000) (finding that the defendant\rquote s right to a fair trial was prejudiced). In fact, section 1424 appears to have been enacted for the purpose of overruling the \'93appearance of impropriety\'94 standard set forth in }{\i\insrsid6577228 People v. Super. Ct. (Greer)}{\insrsid6577228 , 561 P.2d 1164, 1173 (Cal. 1977). }{\i\insrsid6577228 See }{\insrsid6577228 Ryan W. Herrick, }{\i\insrsid6577228 Hurry Up and Get On with It: Judicial Review of Prosecutor Recusal Order by Extraordinary Writ}{\insrsid6577228 , 30 McGeorge L. Rev. 555, 558 (1999). \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 We assume that no such authority exists.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12189804\charrsid16525146 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 8}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12189804\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab Nevertheless, in denying Tennessen\rquote s motion to recuse the entire AG\rquote s Office, Judge Unpingco stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [a]bsent proof that Tennessen is unfairly prejudiced by the conflict, this [c]ourt cannot make a finding that defendant is unable to obtain a fair and impartial trial.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ER, at 42 (Dec. & Order, Mar. 26, 2004).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 This is not the correct standard for determining whether recusal of the entire AG\rquote s Office was necessary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Instead, the court should have considered all the relevant evidence, including Casey\rquote s declaration, and determined whether {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK2} the continued participation of the AG\rquote s Office in the prosecution would result in an appearance of impropriety.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 See Palomo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 31 P.3d at 882.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2}While }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \lquote [a] trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is based on . . . an incorrect legal standard,\rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Carlson v. Perez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 2007 Guam 6 \'b6 15 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Fallini v. Hodel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 783 F.2d 1343, 1345 (9th Cir. 1986)), this court cannot say that on March 26, 2004 it would have necessarily reached a different decision than Judge Unpingco did.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 We therefore look to the events leading up to Judge Maraman\rquote s October 21, 2005 Decision and Order for additional evidence of the conflict wall\rquote s ultimate effectiveness.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 C. Judge Maraman\rquote s October 21, 2005 Decision and Order}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11339213\charrsid16525146 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 9}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11339213\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11339213\charrsid16525146 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The People argued\emdash and Judge Maraman agreed\emdash that the law of the case required the court to deny Tennessen \rquote s renewed motion to disqualify the entire AG\rquote s Office.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 However, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [a] court has discretion to depart from the law of the case where . . . changed circumstances exist.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 People v. Hualde}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 1999 Guam 3 \'b6 13.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 This exception is especially relevant to the present case, because the decision not to disqualify the entire AG\rquote s Office was contingent upon the continuing effectiveness of the conflict wall around Moylan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Evidence that the conflict wall was no longer effective would constitute }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 changed circumstances}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 allowing Judge Maraman to disqualify the entire office without violating the law of the case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1575137\charrsid16525146 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 20}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1575137\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab In a similar case, a trial court disqualified an entire district attorney\rquote s office after initially allowing the District Attorney to isolate himself from the case through a conflict wall.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 People v. Choi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 94 Cal. Rptr. 2d 922, 926 (Ct. App. 2000).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Choi}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , a district attorney\rquote s office was prosecuting a defendant who was suspected of killing the District Attorney\rquote s personal friend.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 at 924.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The defendant was on trial for a different alleged murder and had not yet been charged with killing the District Attorney\rquote s friend.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Nevertheless, a conflict wall was erected around the District Attorney at the inception of the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 at 926.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Subsequ ently, the District Attorney discussed his theory of the case with the media and eventually made an }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ex parte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 motion to lift a gag order so he could publish a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 at 925.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The California appeals court determined that the District Attorney \rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 deep emotional involvement which stemmed from the loss of his close friend . . . prevented him from exercising the discretionary functions of his office in an evenhanded manner.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 at 926.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 As a result, the court held that it was not an abuse of discretion for the lower court to recuse the entire office because it was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 clear that the ethical wall in the district attorney\rquote s office did not prevent [the district attorney] from communicating about the case to others within the office.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 at 928.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12013014\charrsid16525146 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12013014\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Choi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 stands for the proposition that a judge does not abuse his or her discretion in recusing the entire office once a conflict wall has been breached.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 cf. Gonzales}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 119 P.3d at 163 (recusal of the entire office was not an abuse of discretion when no attempt was made to erect a conflict wall).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The case before us presents a slightly different question\emdash whether a judge abuses his or her discretion in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 not}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 recusing the entire office once a conflict wall has been breached.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 While a court might be able to shore up a breached conflict wall through its contempt powers, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 policies of fairness to the defendant and the avoidance of an appearance of impropriety}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 would seem to re quire the more drastic remedy of recusing the entire office in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Doyle}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 406 N.W.2d at 897-98.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 We therefore hold that a court abuses its discretion in not recusing the entire AG\rquote s Office once the conflict wall surrounding the Attorney General has been shown to be ineffective.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12013014\charrsid16525146 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12013014\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12013014\charrsid16525146 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Next, we examine the ultimate effectiveness of the conflict wall erected in the present case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Judge Unpingco\rquote s original order erecting the conflict wall was very specific:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The [c]ourt hereby ORDERS that a conflict wall be in place to shield Moylan from any further participation in the prosecution of this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Moylan shall not discuss this case with anyone, shall not review files concerning this case, shall not have access t o any files or information concerning this case, and shall not obtain or share confidential information concerning this case with anyone. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \par ER at 42 (Dec. & Order).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Not only does the order forbid Moylan from participating in Tennessen\rquote s prosecution, it forb ids him from having access to or sharing any information or files connected with the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Id.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1179918\charrsid16525146 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1179918\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1179918\charrsid16525146 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Tennessen\rquote s counsel presented a declaration in the lower court concerning a conversation with Mindy Fothergill of KUAM news.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 During the conversation, Fothergill recounted an interview with Moylan in which he allegedly indicated that a new case would be filed against Tennessen in the near future.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 A new case against Tennessen was filed three days later.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Later, Assistant Attorney General Lewis W. Littlepage admitted in court that he had informed Moylan of the impending charges against Tennessen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Littlepage\rquote s admission lends credence to the allegation that Moylan communicated with Fothergill regarding Tennessen\rquote s case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The communication with Fothergill, if true, raises serious concerns regarding Moylan\rquote s judgment and ability to maintain the confidentiality of the AG\rquote s Office.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Moreover, Moylan\rquote s discussions with both Littlepage and Fothergill were in direct violation of Judge Unpingco\rquote s order that Moylan }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 shall not discuss the case with anyone, shall not review files concerning the case, shall not have access to any files or information concerning [Tennessen\rquote s] case, and shall not obtain or share confidential information concerning [Tennessen\rquote s] case with anyone.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ER at 42 (Dec. & Order).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Having thus called the conflict wall into question, the burden falls upon the government to show that the conflict wall provided an effective screen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Gonzales}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 119 P.3d at 163.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Attorney R. Anthony Welch, who was assigned the prosecution of Tennessen\rquote s case sometime around September of 2005, declared in an affidavit that the attorney transferring the case to him had informed him of the existence of the conflict wall.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 He indicated that he had no communication with Moylan, with the exception of an incident where Moylan attempted to assign him more work and he refused.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Welch also declared that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 [t]he Attorney General has not been involved in any way in the management or preparation of this matter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Nor has the Attorney General been involved in consideration or decision making concerning any plea offer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ER, at 55 (Decl. of Counsel, Oct. 14, 2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 While Welch\rquote s declaration shows that the conflict wall was effective throughout the month of September, Welch justifies the earlier breach as follows:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The court\rquote s order made clear that the Attorney General was to have no input in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Defendant is now attempting to say that information about another case somehow violates this court\rquote s order.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 That argument is simpl y nonsense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The court order is crystal clear in its repetition of the phrase }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The order required that the Attorney General keep his nose out of this case and there is no evidence that the Attorney General had any participation in the case following the issuance of the order. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \par ER, at 52 (People\rquote s Response in Opp. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 o Defendant\rquote s Mot. to Disqual. & Dismiss, Oct. 14, 2005).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 We disagree.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The case that Moylan discussed with Fothergill involved allegations that Tennessen tampered with witnesses in the underlying criminal case against him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In our view, Moylan would have been conflicted from the witness tampering case for the same reasons he was conflicted from the underlying case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Thus, the undisputed facts lead to the conclusion that Moylan violated Judge Unpingco\rquote s order.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab Finally, the record does not account for the period of time between Casey\rquote s declaration in favor of Tennessen and the date when Welch took over the case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 We can only assume that by March 16, 2004, when Casey provided a declaration in favor of Tennessen, he was no longer assigned to Tennessen \rquote s case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In Welch\rquote s declaration, he indicated that he was assigned Tennessen\rquote s case sometime in September of 2005.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The People provide no information as to who was in charge of the documents relating to Tennessen\rquote s case between March of 2004 and September of 2005.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 At a minimum, the People would be obligated to provide at least }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 some}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 information regarding the status of the conflict wall during that period in order to meet their burden of proving t hat the conflict wall provided an effective screen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 See Gonzales}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 119 P.3d at 163.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 7}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab In the end, Judge Maraman found the evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 insufficient to show that the Defendant [was] prejudiced or that Moylan obtained confidential information regarding this case which could affect the Defendant\rquote s right to a fair trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 ER at 63 (Dec. & Order, Oct. 21, 2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 As with Judge Unpingco\rquote s order, Judge Maraman\rquote s order describes the wrong standard for determining whether recusal of the AG\rquote s Office is necessary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Rather than applying a prejudice standard, the court should have noted the breach of the conflict wall and determined whether continuing prosecution by the AG\rquote s Office would have seemed unfair to the public or to a reasonable person standing in Ten nessen\rquote s shoes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 See Gonzales}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 119 P.3d at 159; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Palomo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 31 P.3d at 882.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Because the facts relating to the issue of disqualification are essentially undisputed, we can apply the correct standard without need to remand. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 8}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14624721\charrsid16525146 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab Tennessen has provided evidence that the conflict wall was not effective in screening Moylan from Tennessen\rquote s case, and the People have failed to meet their burden of proving otherwise.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 A reasonable person in Tennessen\rquote s shoes could have concluded that his interests, especially those related to obtaining a fair plea agreement, had been compromised.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 See Gonzales}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 119 P.3d at 159.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In addition, Moylan\rquote s apparent inability to isolate himself from Tennessen\rquote s prosecution reflected poorly on the AG\rquote s Office as a whole, which may have led to a public perception that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 continued prosecution by the [AG\rquote s Office], under the particular circumstances here, [was] improper and unjust, so as to undermine the credibility of the criminal process in our courts.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Palomo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 31 P.3d at 882 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 People v. County Ct.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 854 P.2d 1341, 1344-45 (Colo. Ct. App. 1992)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 In other words, by October of 2005 participation by the AG\rquote s Office was tainted with an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 appearance of impropriety.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Doyle}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 , 406 N.W.2d at 899.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 At that point, the court had no real option except to recuse the entire office, and failure to do so was an abuse of discretion.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 However, nothing in this opinion should be construed as either mandating or prohibiting recusal of the AG\rquote s Office at the present time, given that Moylan is no longer }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Attorney General of Guam.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Because the only available remedy at this point is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 to}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 vacate Tennessen\rquote s judgment of conviction, we need not reach any of the remaining issues raised by Tennessen on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 IV. CONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16525146 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146\charrsid16525146 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656628\charrsid16525146 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 \tab The trial court abused its discretion in not disqualifying the entire AG\rquote s office once it became clear that the conflict wall was ineffective.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 As a result, we }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 VACATE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 Tennessen\rquote s judgment of conviction and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 REMAND}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 this matter for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16525146 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 The People\rquote s cross-appeal is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 DISMISSED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1600084\charrsid16525146 as moot. \par }}