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Plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9982376\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 -Appellant}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9982376\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 , \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 v. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9982376\charrsid12597208 DOROTHY BRIZILL}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 ,}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 Defendant-Appellee.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12268321\charrsid12597208 OPINION}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9982376\charrsid12597208 Supreme Court Case No. CVA07-021}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 \par S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9982376\charrsid12597208 uperior Court Case No. CV0960-06}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8212251\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136693\charrsid12597208 Filed:}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136693\charrsid12597208 September 11, 2008 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 Cite as: 2008 Guam }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136693\charrsid12597208 13}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6317489\charrsid12597208 May 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 , 2008 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611211\langnp2057\insrsid8212251\delrsid3746225\charrsid12597208 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 \par }\trowd 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\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 : \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6768719\charrsid12597208 Richard A. Pipes, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 Esq}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2311689\charrsid12597208 \par Orlean Pacific Plaza}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6768719\charrsid12597208 , S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2311689\charrsid12597208 te 201 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12532343\charrsid12597208 865 S Marine Corps Dr.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2311689\charrsid12597208 \par Tamuning}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11749836\charrsid12597208 , GU 9691}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2311689\charrsid12597208 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2311689\charrsid12597208 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2311689\charrsid12597208 Pro }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662555\charrsid12597208 Hac Vice}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6768719\charrsid12597208 : }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7610387\charrsid12597208 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6768719\charrsid12597208 Deborah Deitsch Perez}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 , }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 Esq}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6768719\charrsid12597208 \par Lackey Hershman, LLP \par 3102 Oak Lawn Ave}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12532343\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6768719\charrsid12597208 , Ste}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12532343\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6768719\charrsid12597208 777 \par Dallas, TX 75219-4241}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662555\charrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2311689\charrsid12597208 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6768719\charrsid12597208 \cell }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11749836\charrsid12597208 Appearing for Defendant}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 -Appellee: \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6768719\charrsid12597208 Jeffrey A. Cook}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 , }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 Esq}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6768719\charrsid12597208 \par Cunliffe & Cook}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12532343\charrsid12597208 , P.C.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6768719\charrsid12597208 \par 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12532343\charrsid12597208 10 Archbishop F.C. Flores St., Ste. 200}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6768719\charrsid12597208 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7610387\charrsid12597208 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7610387\charrsid12597208 Pro Hac Vice}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7610387\charrsid12597208 : \par Arthur B. Spitzer}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 , }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 Esq}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7610387\charrsid12597208 \par American Civil Liberties Union of the National Capital Area \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12532343\charrsid12597208 1400 20th St.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7610387\charrsid12597208 , N.W., Ste}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12532343\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7610387\charrsid12597208 119 \par Washington, DC 20036}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 \trowd \irow0\irowband0 \ts23\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr \brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid12597208\yts23 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13120835\charrsid12597208 Appearing for }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13120835\charrsid12597208 amicus curiae}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13120835\charrsid12597208 }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 Jacqueline A. Marati and Lina\rquote la Sin Casino:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14222915\charrsid12597208 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 Anita P. Arriola}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 , }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 Esq}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12532343\charrsid12597208 Arriola, Cowan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 & Arriola \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12532343\charrsid12597208 C & A Prof. Bldg. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 259 Martyr St}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12532343\charrsid12597208 .,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 Ste}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12532343\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 201 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par \par Michael F. Phillips}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 , }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 Esq}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 \par 410 W O\rquote Brien Dr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7895971\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 \cell }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 Filing }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 amicus curiae }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 brief }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 for the Attorney General of Guam:}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14222915\charrsid12597208 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 Alberto E. Tolentino}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 , }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 Esq}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 Chief }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 Deputy Attorney General \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5525355\charrsid12597208 Pedro\rquote s Plaza \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5525355\charrsid12597208 87 W}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 O\rquote Brien Dr}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7895971\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354987\charrsid12597208 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14222915\charrsid12597208 \trowd \irow1\irowband1 \ts23\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr \brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid12597208\yts23 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13726980\charrsid12597208 Filing }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13726980\charrsid12597208 amicus curiae}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13726980\charrsid12597208 brief for }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13726980\charrsid12597208 SLAPP Resource Center: \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13726980\charrsid12597208 G. Patrick Civille}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 , }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 Esq}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075014\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13726980\charrsid12597208 \par Civille & Tang, PLLC \par 330 Hernan Cortez Ave}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7895971\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13726980\charrsid12597208 , Ste}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5525355\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13726980\charrsid12597208 200 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14222915\charrsid12597208 \cell \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14222915\charrsid12597208 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\lastrow \ts23\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr \brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611206\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\brdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \brdrbtw\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7610387\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1991616\charrsid12597208 BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, JR., Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice;}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4072839\charrsid12597208 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12704\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3107056\charrsid12597208 \par }{\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid16136920\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16136920\charrsid12597208 CARBULLIDO, J.:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16136920\charrsid12597208 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12704\charrsid12597208 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 [1]}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3349729\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid622372\charrsid12597208 This case involves a summary j }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508721\charrsid12597208 udgment granted by the Superior Court that dismissed claims brought by Plaintiff-Appellant John K. Baldwin and Guam Greyhound, Inc. (}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16077817\charrsid12597208 collectively }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508721\charrsid12597208 \'93Baldwin\'94) against Dorothy Brizill (\'93Brizill\'94)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid622372\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid622372\charrsid12597208 The summary j}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11731586\charrsid12597208 udgment was granted to Brizill}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid622372\charrsid12597208 under}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508721\charrsid12597208 Guam \rquote s Citizen Participation in Government Act (\'93CPGA\'94), 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 17101-17109}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329477\charrsid12597208 (2005)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508721\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11731586\charrsid12597208 For the following reason}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14381079\charrsid12597208 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11731586\charrsid12597208 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid622372\charrsid12597208 we affirm the Superior Court\rquote s grant of summary judgment.}{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid11731586 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611209\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4670682 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4670682 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1005606\charrsid12597208 I}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11731586\charrsid12597208 .}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1005606\charrsid12597208 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND} {\b\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid14508721 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 [2]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508721\charrsid12597208 \tab According to Baldwin, Guam Greyhound, Inc.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355903\charrsid12597208 (\'93Guam Greyhound\'94)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508721\charrsid12597208 is owned by GG Acqui}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4732658\charrsid12597208 sitions II, LLC}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355903\charrsid12597208 (\'93 GG Acquisitions\'94)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4732658\charrsid12597208 , which in turn is primarily owned by John}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14628672\charrsid12597208 K.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4732658\charrsid12597208 Bald}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid30545\charrsid12597208 win.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4732658\charrsid12597208 Guam Gr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7229321\charrsid12597208 eyhound, Inc. conducts dog}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4732658\charrsid12597208 races}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7229321\charrsid12597208 at its}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4732658\charrsid12597208 track located on Guam}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14628672\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid276885\charrsid12597208 In 2006, a ballot initiative was proposed to legalize slot machine gambling at the Guam Greyhound track.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14628672\charrsid12597208 Brizill had previously opposed a slots initiative in Washington, D.C.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10628351\charrsid12597208 On July 31, 2006, Jacqueline A. Marati }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13855958\charrsid12597208 (\'93Marati\'94) }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10628351\charrsid12597208 and Lina\rquote la Sin Casino}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16077817\charrsid12597208 (\'93Lina\rquote la}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13855958\charrsid12597208 \'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8663505\charrsid12597208 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10628351\charrsid12597208 , both of whom filed }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10628351\charrsid12597208 amicus curiae}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10628351\charrsid12597208 briefs in this case, issued a press release that allegedly contained \'93 some . . . defamatory material\'94 provided}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3961659\charrsid12597208 by Brizill.}{\cs18\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8203066\charrsid12597208 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9329477 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\fs24\super\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }\chftn }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } The Attorney General and the SLAPP Resource Center also filed }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }amicus }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }briefs. Brief of }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Amicus Curiae }{ \fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Government of Guam (Feb. 29, 2008); Brief of }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Amicus Curiae }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }SLAPP Resource Center (Feb. 29, 2008). \par }}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16077817\charrsid12597208 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (\'93ER\'94), tab 2 at 6 (Complaint at 4-5) (\'93Complaint\'94).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16077817\charrsid12597208 On August 2, 2006, Brizill made statements on a Guam radio broadcast that allegedly exposed her to liability for defamation.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10628351\charrsid12597208 Baldwin alleges Brizill repeated \'93many of the same false and defamatory statements\'94}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16077817\charrsid12597208 provided to Lina\rquote la}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13855958\charrsid12597208 and Marati in Brizill\rquote s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10628351\charrsid12597208 August}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1526780\charrsid12597208 2nd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7436168\charrsid12597208 radio broadcast.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7436168\charrsid12597208 Complaint at}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10628351\charrsid12597208 5. }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid8663505 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 [3]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6642532\charrsid12597208 \tab }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122524\charrsid12597208 Baldwin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13855958\charrsid12597208 filed his }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122524\charrsid12597208 complaint on August }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13855958\charrsid12597208 4, 2006, alleging that Brizill\rquote s radio broadcast an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16077817\charrsid12597208 d her statements provided to Lina\rquote la}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13855958\charrsid12597208 and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10034876\charrsid12597208 Marati exposed Brizill to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13855958\charrsid12597208 l}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801438\charrsid12597208 iability}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10034876\charrsid12597208 for}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801438\charrsid12597208 defamation.}{ \cs18\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11230484\charrsid12597208 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9329477 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs18\fs24\super\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }\chftn }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } In his Complaint, Baldwin alleges three tort claims against Brizill: (1) defamation, (2) tortious interference with Guam Greyhound\rquote s prospective business advantage, and (3) false light invasion of privacy. Appellants\rquote ER, tab 2, at 10-12 (Complaint at 8-10). The Superior Court granted \'93final judgment as to all claims and parties.\'94 Appellants\rquote ER, tab 19 (Judgment at 2). In his Opening Brief, Baldwin never mentions his false light or tortious interference claims, and he solely discusses and argues his defamation claims. Furthermore, in his Reply Brief, he only menti ons his tortious interference and false light claims in a footnote where he concedes that he is not arguing these claims \'93on this appeal.\'94 Appellants\rquote Reply Brief at 3 n.5 (\'93There is not much to say about [the false light and tortious interference claims] on this appeal . . . .\'94). He does mention the term \'93false light\'94 outside of a footnote in his Reply in a discussion of a Rhode Island Supreme Court case, but he does not include any argument or discussion regarding }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }his}{ \fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } false light claim. Reply Brief at 20. By appealing the summary judgment that dismissed all three claims but not arguing the false light and tortious interference claims on appeal, Baldwin has abandoned these claims. }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Hemlani v. Flaherty}{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }, 2007 Guam 17 \'b6 18 (}{ \fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }\'93[A]lthough Hemlani appealed from the trial court's judgment dismissing the remaining coun t of specific performance, this }{\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }issue}{\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } was not argued in Hemlani's Opening or Reply Briefs and was therefore }{\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }abandoned.\'94). Therefore, this opinion solely refers to his defamation claims.}{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } \par }}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid11230484 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 [4]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 \tab }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid214548\charrsid12597208 The }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122524\charrsid12597208 ballot }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid214548\charrsid12597208 initiative}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122524\charrsid12597208 regarding slots}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid214548\charrsid12597208 was certified for placement on the 2006 General Election Ballot.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9444773\charrsid12597208 The initiative did not pass during the November }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11230484\charrsid12597208 7, 2006 general election.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122524\charrsid12597208 The Superior Court granted Brizill\rquote s motion for summary judgment }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8525733\charrsid12597208 pursuant to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11022124\charrsid12597208 the CPGA}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122524\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122524\charrsid12597208 Baldwin timely }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13787461\charrsid12597208 filed this }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122524\charrsid12597208 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13787461\charrsid12597208 ppeal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122524\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 { \deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid3295911\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\delrsid12597208 }{ \b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid13856815\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \tab }{ \deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid6182101\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810187\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611209\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4670682 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4670682 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2228652\charrsid12597208 II.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1005606\charrsid12597208 JURISDICTION}{\b\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid2701294 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 [5]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 \tab }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10296667\charrsid12597208 This c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328554\charrsid12597208 ourt has jurisdiction over a final judgment of the Superior Court }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434889\charrsid12597208 under}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022565\charrsid12597208 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (West}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid78675\charrsid12597208 law}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022565\charrsid12597208 through P.L. 110-230}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid78675\charrsid12597208 , 2008}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022565\charrsid12597208 ) and }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434889\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108(a)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid534394\charrsid12597208 (2005)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid78675\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid11235789 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611209\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4670682 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4670682 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1005606\charrsid12597208 III}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2228652\charrsid12597208 .}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1005606\charrsid12597208 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{ \b\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid6191450 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 [6]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9860362\charrsid12597208 \tab }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7743888\charrsid12597208 \'93The constitutionality of a statute is a question of law reviewed }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7743888\charrsid12597208 de novo}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7743888\charrsid12597208 .\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7743888\charrsid12597208 People v. Perez}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7743888\charrsid12597208 , 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 6}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10443144\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid78675\charrsid12597208 This court reviews issues of statutory construction }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid78675\charrsid12597208 de novo}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid78675\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid78675\charrsid12597208 People v. Lau,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid78675\charrsid12597208 2007 Guam 4 \'b6 7.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10443144\charrsid12597208 \'93}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10443144\charrsid12597208 A trial court's decision granting a motion for summary judgment is reviewed }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10443144\charrsid12597208 de novo}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10443144\charrsid12597208 .\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10443144\charrsid12597208 Bank of Guam v. Flores, }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10443144\charrsid12597208 2004 Guam 25 \'b6 7.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid9860362 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611210\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4670682 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4670682 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1005606\charrsid12597208 I}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3630286\charrsid12597208 V.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1005606\charrsid12597208 DISCUSSION}{ \b\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid16348877 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 [7]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 \tab }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3630286\charrsid12597208 In his appeal Baldwin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962716\charrsid12597208 makes three}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3630286\charrsid12597208 challenges to the summary judgment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6510033\charrsid12597208 One, h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7615210\charrsid12597208 e claims that the CPGA itself violates his Constitutional right to petition by \'93preventing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid541527\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693357\charrsid12597208 [}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid541527\charrsid12597208 Baldwin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693357\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid541527\charrsid12597208 from petitioning the government by filing and maintaining an objectively reasonable lawsuit.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693357\charrsid12597208 \'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693357\charrsid12597208 Appellants\rquote O}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15039971\charrsid12597208 pening Brief at }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693357\charrsid12597208 2 (Jan. 2, 2008)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11948561\charrsid12597208 .}{\cs18\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16743533\charrsid12597208 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12864800 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\fs24\super\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }\chftn }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } B aldwin provided no argument in his Opening Brief regarding any claim that his right to a jury trial was violated or that his due process rights were violated. Appellant\rquote s Opening Brief at 1-44. He never mentions in this brief any righ t to a jury trial, and, regarding due process, he only mentions in a footnote that \'93[l]aws that would prevent citizens from seeking redress for deprivations of property such as one's reputation - would raise equal protection and due process questions. \'94 Appellant\rquote s Opening Brief at 43 n.155. He provides no legal citation at all in his footnote and mentioning that something would raise \'93questions\'94 is not argument. Generally, \'93[w]}{ \fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }e review only issues which are argued specifically and distinctly in a party's opening brief. We will not manufacture arguments for an appellant, and a bare assertion does not preserve a claim, particularly when, as here, a host of other issues are presented for review.\'94}{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Greenwood v. Federal Aviation Administration}{ \fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }, 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 1994); }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }see also }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Guam R. App. P. 13(a)(9)(A) (\'93 [A]rgument . . . must contain . . . appellant\rquote s contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities . . . on which the appellant relies . . . .\'94). Furthermore, \'93[t]he general rule is that issues raised for the first time in a reply brief are deemed waived.\'94 }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }In re Estate of Concepcion}{ \fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }, 2003 Guam 12 \'b6 10. This c ourt has the discretion to reject issues raised for the first time in a reply brief. }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Id. }{ \fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }\'b6 11. We decline to analyze Baldwin\rquote s other constitutional arguments, because he failed to effectively raise and argue them in his Opening Brief. \par \par }}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6510033\charrsid12597208 Two, h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7615210\charrsid12597208 e }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16540542\charrsid12597208 makes certain statutory construction arguments}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7615210\charrsid12597208 , and, }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6510033\charrsid12597208 three, he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7615210\charrsid12597208 argues that summary judgment was not appropriate}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16540542\charrsid12597208 under the facts in this case}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7615210\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7615210\charrsid12597208 As explained below, we reject all of Baldwin\rquote s challenges}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263251\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 After providing a brief explanation of the CPGA}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263251\charrsid12597208 and the relevant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15623275\charrsid12597208 provisions in this case}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 , w}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9503075\charrsid12597208 e analyze each }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1005606\charrsid12597208 of Baldwin\rquote s }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9503075\charrsid12597208 challenge }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1005606\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9503075\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid3026001 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1005606\charrsid12597208 A. The Citizen Participation in Government Act}{ \b\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid541527 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 [8]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 \tab }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 On December 3, 1998}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6508805\charrsid12597208 , the CPGA }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 was enacted over the Governor\rquote s veto.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 Certification of Passage of an Act for Bill No. 110 (COR); letter dated December 5, 1998, from Governor Carl T.C. Gutierrez to Speaker Antonio R. Unpingco (acknowledging that \'93Bill No. 110 (COR), \lquote An Act to Protect }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid276885\charrsid12597208 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 itizens, Businesses, and Organizations from Civil Lawsuits for exercising their Constitutional Rights of Petition and Public Participation in Government\rquote \'94 was enacted into law over the governor\rquote s veto.).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 The CPGA is nearly identical to a model statute provided in a book by }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16540542\charrsid12597208 Professors }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 George W. Pring and Penelope Canan.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 Compare }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 George W. Pring and Penelope Canan, }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 SLAPPS, Getting Sued for Speaking Out}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 201-05}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15169211\charrsid12597208 (Temple Univ. Press 1996)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15296812\charrsid12597208 , }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 with}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 17101-17109}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15012425\charrsid12597208 (2005)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 . }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid7874343 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 [9]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2300258\charrsid12597208 The CPGA }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1398558\charrsid12597208 was intended to cover }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1398558\charrsid12597208 \'93Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation or SLAPPs.\'94}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1398558\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17102(a)(4)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15012425\charrsid12597208 (2005)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1398558\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7229321\charrsid12597208 According to the Guam Legislature, }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1398558\charrsid12597208 SLAPP suits are lawsuits that are \'93}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755716\charrsid12597208 typically dismissed as unconstitutional, but often not before the defendants are put to great expense, harassment and interruption of their productive activities.\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755716\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17102(a)(4).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755716\charrsid12597208 The Legislature has explained that SLAPP lawsuits \'93are used to censor, chill, intimidate, or punish citizens, businesses and organizations for involving themselves in public affairs.\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755716\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17102(a)(6) (2005).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759665\charrsid12597208 The CPGA is Guam\rquote s anti-SLAPP statute.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759665\charrsid12597208 Twenty-five states and Guam have enacted some form of anti-SLAPP statute.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15093588\charrsid12597208 S}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759665\charrsid12597208 ee}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759665\charrsid12597208 California Anti-SLAPP Project, States and Territories with Anti-SLAPP Statutes, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1641484\charrsid12597208 http://www.casp.net/statutes/menstate.html}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 (last visited Aug. 6}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15093588\charrsid12597208 , 2008).}{ \cs18\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid814942\charrsid12597208 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid814942 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs18\fs24\super\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }\chftn }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }See, e.g.,}{ \cs25\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } Ark. Code Ann. \'a7\'a7 16-63-501 to 508 (West 2005); Cal. Civ. Proc. Code \'a7\'a7 425.16-18 (West 2004 & Supp. 2008); Del. Code Ann. tit. 10, \'a7\'a7 8136-8138 (1999); Fla. Stat. Ann. \'a7 768.295 (West 2005); Ga. Code Ann. \'a7 9-11-11.1 (2006); Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. \'a7\'a7 634F1 to 634F4 (West, Westlaw through 2007, Act 126); Ind. Code Ann. \'a7\'a7 34-7-7-1 to 34-7-7-10 (West 1999); La. Code Civ. Proc. Ann. art. 971 (2005); Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 14, \'a7 556 (2003); Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 231, \'a7 59H (West 20 00); Minn. Stat. Ann. \'a7\'a7 554.01 to 554.05 (West 2000); Mo. Ann. Stat. \'a7 537.528 (West, Westlaw through 2007 First Extraordinary Session of the 94th Gen. Assem.); Neb. Rev. Stat. \'a7\'a7 25,241 to 25,246 (1995); Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. \'a7\'a7 41.650 to 41.670 (LexisNexis 2006); N.M. Stat. Ann. \'a7\'a7 38-2-9.1 to 38-2-9.2 (LexisNexis 1998 & Supp. 2007); N.Y. Civ. Rights Law \'a7\'a7 70-a, 76-a (McKinney Supp. 2008); Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. \'a7\'a7 31.150 to 31.155 (Supp. 2007); 27 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. \'a7\'a7 7707, 8301 to 8305 (Supp. 2007); R.I. Gen. Laws \'a7\'a7 9-33-1 to 9-33-4 (1997); Tenn. Code. Ann. \'a7\'a7 4-21-1001 to 4-21-1004 (2005); Utah Code Ann. \'a7\'a7 78-58-101 to 78-58-105 (2002); Wash. Rev. Code Ann. \'a7\'a7 4.24.500 to 4.24.520 (West 2005).}{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } \par }\pard\plain \s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid814942 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } }}}{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid2300258 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11755264\charrsid12597208 [10]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1398558\charrsid12597208 In this case, t}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3026001\charrsid12597208 he }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263251\charrsid12597208 relevant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15086165\charrsid12597208 provisions of the CPGA}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1398558\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15086165\charrsid12597208 are 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 17104 and 17106.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15086165\charrsid12597208 Section 17104 states that:}{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid15086165 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711398\charrsid12597208 Acts in furtherance of the Constitutional rights to petition, including seeking relief, influencing action, informing, communicating and otherwise participating in th e processes of government, shall be immune from liability, regardless of intent or purpose, except where not aimed at procuring any government or electoral action, result or outcome. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611211\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3746225 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3746225 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711398\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711398\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17104}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 (2005)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711398\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 { \deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid5711398\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711398\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [11]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711398\charrsid12597208 As applied to this case, section 17104 simply provides for a lim}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8087109\charrsid12597208 ited situation where Brizill}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711398\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8087109\charrsid12597208 is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid814942\charrsid12597208 \'93immune from liability\'94 from }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 Baldwin\rquote s defamation claim}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10290796\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711398\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8087109\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17104.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15025397\charrsid12597208 There are two distinct parts of section 17104.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15025397\charrsid12597208 The beginning part which ends with \'93regardless of intent or purpose,\'94 and the ending phrase which states \'93}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15025397\charrsid12597208 except where not aimed at procuring any government or electoral action, result or outcome.\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15025397\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17104.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149453\charrsid12597208 We will refer to the beginning part as the \'93petitioning provision\'94 and the ending phrase as the \'93sham exception.\'94}{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid5711398 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 [12]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 \tab }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032963\charrsid12597208 Section 17106 states:}{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611206\langnp2057\insrsid6510033 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611206\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032963\charrsid12597208 On the filing of any motion as described in \'a7 17105: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611211\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3746225 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3746225 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12734361\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032963\charrsid12597208 (a) the motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment: \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13632028\charrsid12597208 . . . .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032963\charrsid12597208 \par (b) discovery shall be suspended, pending decision on the motion and appeals; \par (c) the responding party shall have the burden of proof, of going forward with the evidence and of persuasion on the motion; \par (d) the court shall make its determination based on the facts contained in pleadings and affidavits filed; \par (e) the court shall grant the motion and dismiss the judicial claim, unless the responding party has produced }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032963\charrsid12597208 clear and convincing }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032963\charrsid12597208 evidence that the acts of the moving party are not immunized from liability by \'a7 17104 . . . . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611206\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032963\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032963\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17106 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 (2005) }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032963\charrsid12597208 (emphasis in original). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611206\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032963\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [1}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 3}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9716046\charrsid12597208 Section 17106 is a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15302178\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3026001\charrsid12597208 statute that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16341892\charrsid12597208 allows certain qualifying cases}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11343148\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16341892\charrsid12597208 to be disposed of under}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11343148\charrsid12597208 special rules of procedure.}{\cs18\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11343148\charrsid12597208 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12864800 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\fs24\super\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }\chftn }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } The procedure embodied in 17106 was implemented by the Legislature prior to this court being granted in 2004 the power to \'93make and promulgate rules governin g the administration of the judiciary and the practice and procedure in the courts of the judicial branch of Guam.\'94 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1424-1(a)(6). Baldwin did not challenge the continued validity of procedural statutes promulgated by the Legislature prior to this court being explicitly granted this power. Because no party or }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }amicus curiae}{ \fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } raised this issue, we express no opinion on it at this time. }}}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid15032963 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 B. Constitutionality of the CPGA}{ \b\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid7691814 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [1}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 4}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11678178\charrsid12597208 Baldwin lumps all of the provisions of the CPGA together when he makes his constitutional }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13065299\charrsid12597208 challenge}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263251\charrsid12597208 to }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11678178\charrsid12597208 the Act.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3281838\charrsid12597208 Baldwin states that \'93 the CPGA cannot be read to prohibit Mr. Baldwin\rquote s objectively reasonable lawsuit, or it unconstitutionally authorizes a }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3281838\charrsid12597208 prior restraint}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3281838\charrsid12597208 on protected petitioning activity.\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3281838\charrsid12597208 Appellants}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3281838\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3281838\charrsid12597208 Opening Brief}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\charrsid12597208 at}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3281838\charrsid12597208 38 (emp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367919\charrsid12597208 hasis added).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367919\charrsid12597208 He further states}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3281838\charrsid12597208 in his Reply that}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 \'93Brizill argues that because Guam could abolish the law of defamation, the CPGA . . . does not violate Baldwin\rquote s right to petition . . . .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 The flaw in this argument is that Guam has }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 not }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 abolished defamation . . . .\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 Appellant}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3281838\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1783019\charrsid12597208 Reply Brief at }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3281838\charrsid12597208 28 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11818700\charrsid12597208 Mar. 28, 2008) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4146083\charrsid12597208 (emphasis in original)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5658279\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263251\charrsid12597208 Baldwin\rquote s basic constitutional challenge is that b ecause Guam has not abolished the tort of defamation, the liability immunity provided by the CPGA unconstitutional}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 ly violates his}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263251\charrsid12597208 right to petition.}{\cs18\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14688676\charrsid12597208 Baldwin}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 \rquote s c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263251\charrsid12597208 onstitutional challenge, however,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14688676\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263251\charrsid12597208 is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9839374\charrsid12597208 based on three}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14688676\charrsid12597208 flawed p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 ropositions; (1) that he has a c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14688676\charrsid12597208 onstitutional right to unfett}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 ered defamation }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9839374\charrsid12597208 claims;}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14688676\charrsid12597208 (2)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1783019\charrsid12597208 that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14688676\charrsid12597208 certain right to petition cases can be applied to render the CPGA unconstitutional}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9839374\charrsid12597208 ; and (3) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1783019\charrsid12597208 that }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9839374\charrsid12597208 the CPGA acts as a prior restraint on petitioning activity}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14688676\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16001673\charrsid12597208 W}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14688676\charrsid12597208 e address his }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1050013\charrsid12597208 arguments after providing an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12933036\charrsid12597208 explanation of the right to petition on Guam}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14688676\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid14688676 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\delrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 1.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 The Right to Petition}{ \b\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid6701796 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [1}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 5}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 The First Amendment to the United States Constitution states that \'93}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 to petition the Government for a redress of grievances}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 .\'94}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 U.S. Const. amend}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4417746\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 I (emphasis added).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 The United States Supreme Court has \'93recognized th[e] right to petition as one of \lquote the most precious of the liberties safeguarded by the Bill of Rights.\rquote \'94 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 BE & K Constr. Co. v. N.L.R.B.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 , 536 U.S. 516, 524 (2002) (quoting }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13332840\charrsid12597208 United }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 Mine Workers}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4936268\charrsid12597208 of Am.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 v. Illinois Bar Assn.,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 389 U.S. 217, 222 (1967)).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 The Court has further \'93explained that the right is implied by \lquote [t]he very idea of a government, republican in form.\rquote \'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4936268\charrsid12597208 BE & K Constr. Co.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4936268\charrsid12597208 , 536 U.S. at 524-25}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 (quoting }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 United States v. Cruikshank,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 92 U.S.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4936268\charrsid12597208 542, 552 (1875}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 ) (alteration in original).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 The Court h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4417746\charrsid12597208 as \'93explicit[ly] [stated] that }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 \lquote the right to petition extends to all departments of the Government.\rquote \'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4936268\charrsid12597208 BE & K Constr. Co.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4936268\charrsid12597208 , 536 U.S. at 525 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 (quoting }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 Cal. Motor Transp. Co. v. Trucking Unlimited}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 , 404 U.S. 508, 510 (1972)).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 The right of access to the courts is one aspect of the right to petition.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 Cal. Motor Transp. Co.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 , 404 U.S.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4936268\charrsid12597208 at 510}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid1050013 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [1}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 6}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 Guam\rquote s Organic Act Bill of Rights, 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1421b, also contains a right to petition, and states that \'93[n] o law shall be enacted in Guam respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 to petition the government for a redress of their grievances}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 .\'94}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1421b(a) (emphasis added).}{\cs18\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1050013\charrsid12597208 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12864800 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\fs24\super\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }\chftn }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } The First Amendment\rquote s right to petition applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }See United Mine Workers of Am.}{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }, 389 U.S. at 221-22 (}{\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }\'93We hold that the freedom of speech, assembly, and petition guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth {\*\bkmkstart Document1zzF00441967129572}{\*\bkmkend Document1zzF00441967129572}Amendments gives petitioner the right to hire attorneys on a salary basis to assist its members in the assertion of their legal rights.\'94 (footnote omitted)).}{ \fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } \par }}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 Guam\rquote s Organic Act Bill of Rights contains an identical phrase regarding the right to petition }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3159879\charrsid12597208 as the First Amendment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3159879\charrsid12597208 Therefore}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7417645\charrsid12597208 , we}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 interpret the Organic Act\rquote s right to petition in the same manner as the United States Supreme Court has interpreted the same right.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 Guam v. Guerrero}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 , 290 F.3d 1210, 1217-18 (9th Cir. 2002) (\'93[A] territorial court lacks the authority to interpret a federal statute or federal constitutional provision contrary to the interpretation the U.S. Supreme Court has given it.\'94).}{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid6701796 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\delrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 2. Baldwin\rquote s Right to a Defamation Claim}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid15940451 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [1}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 7}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid468930\charrsid12597208 Baldwin\rquote s first flawed proposition underpinning his constitutio}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 nal challenge is that he has a c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid468930\charrsid12597208 onstitutional righ}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 t to unfettered defamation }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid468930\charrsid12597208 claims.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1248061\charrsid12597208 In a nutshell,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1248061\charrsid12597208 Baldwin}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid468930\charrsid12597208 argues}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1248061\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 that, by defining what is \'93 immune from liability,\'94 section 17104}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 violates his c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1248061\charrsid12597208 onstitutional or}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Organic Act right to petition by limiting his}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 defamation }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10910136\charrsid12597208 claims}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1248061\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1248061\charrsid12597208 This argument lacks merit, and, u}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 nsurprisingly, Baldwin provides no case citation on point for his ar}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid615020\charrsid12597208 gument that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6508805\charrsid12597208 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid615020\charrsid12597208 Legislature}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 cannot limit defamation }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 claim}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15940451\charrsid12597208 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1248061\charrsid12597208 ith an act like the CPGA}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 It is unclear from his argument whet}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1248061\charrsid12597208 her his suppo}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 sed right to his defamation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 claim}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1248061\charrsid12597208 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 is violated by the Legislatur}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 e modifying his common law right}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1248061\charrsid12597208 or by limitin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 g his statutory right to bring defamation claims}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 We analyze both possibilities.}{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid4661247 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [1}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 8}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 \tab The Guam}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6508805\charrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Legislature has the power to modify the common law.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 S}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 ee}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Liberty Warehouse Co. v. Burley Tobacco Growers}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7996066\charrsid12597208 \rquote Co-Op. Mktg.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Ass\rquote n}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 , 276 U.S. 71, 89 (1928) (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 \'93[T]he present controversy concerns a statute, and a state may freely alter, amend, or abolish the common law within its jurisdiction.\'94); }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Benavente v. Taitano}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 , 2006 Guam 15 \'b6 19}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7996066\charrsid12597208 , 2006 WL 3060030, at *4}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 (\'93[T]he{\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2569}{\*\bkmkstart SearchTerm}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2569} Legislature, in conferring standing, may by statute exem}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 pt litigants from proof of the \lquote special injury\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 required to establish{\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2587} {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2588}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2587}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2588}{\*\bkmkend SearchTerm} common law standing.\'94).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 The}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6508805\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10889920\charrsid12597208 Legislature also has the power to modify }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10889920\charrsid12597208 statutory rights and causes of action.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 \'93}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Under the Organic Act, the legislative }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 power}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 is vested in the \lquote }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Legislature}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 of Guam.\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 The }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2893995\charrsid12597208 Legislature\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 s power }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 \lquote extend[s] to all rightful subjects of legislation not inconsistent with the provisions of .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3300993\charrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3300993\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 . [the Organic Act] and the laws of the United States applicable to Guam.\rquote \'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4407474\charrsid12597208 Villagomez-Pa}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 li}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4407474\charrsid12597208 s}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 son v. Super}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763540\charrsid12597208 . }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 , 2004 Guam 13 \'b6 15 (citation omitted, alteration in original) (quoting 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1423a).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Without question, \'93 it is within the purview of the{\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b7815}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b7815} Legislature to{\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b7817}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b7817} make statutory changes.\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 People v. Villapando}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 , 1999 Guam 31 \'b6 54; s}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 ee also Cory v. Shierloh,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 629 P.2d 8, 12-13 (Cal. 1981) (\'93 It is well settled that the Legislature possesses a broad authority both to establish and to abolish tort causes of action. . . .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Except as the Constitution otherwise provides, the Legislature has complete power to determine the rights of individuals.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 It may create new rights or provide that rights which have previously existed shall no longer arise.\'94 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid4661247 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [1}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 9}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14828444\charrsid12597208 The }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 Legislature has the power to modify both statutory and common law rights and causes of action}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14687299\charrsid12597208 , and it has}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 exercis}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 ed its}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 power in the}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 area}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 defamation}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 claims}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Title 19 GCA \'a7 2101 provides a statutory cause of action for defamation and states that \'93[e]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 very person has, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 subject to the qualifications and restrictions provided by law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 , the right of protection . . . from }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 defamation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 .\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 19 GCA \'a7 2101 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 (2005) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 (emphasi}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14687299\charrsid12597208 s added).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14687299\charrsid12597208 Section 2101 specifically acknowledges}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Legislature can \'93 qualif[y] and restrict[]\'94 statutory defamation, a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 nd the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Legislature has restricted defamation actions in the same chapter that contains section 2101.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 In title 19 GCA \'a7 2105, }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Legislature }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10290796\charrsid12597208 provided a }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5383478\charrsid12597208 privilege}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 of immunity from defamation for publications made \'93[i]n any (1) legislative or (2) judicial proceedings, or (3) in any other official proceeding authorized by law.\'94}{\cs18\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12864800 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\fs24\super\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }\chftn }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } Title 19 GCA \'a7 2105 does qualify the privilege with regard to \'93any pleading or affidavit filed in an action for divorce or an action prosecuted under [19 GCA] \'a7 8402.\'94 19 GCA 2105(b). Title 19 GCA 8402 pertains to alimony and permanent support. 19 GCA 8402 (2005). \par }}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 19 GCA \'a7 2105(b)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 (2005)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid4661247 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 20}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 Section }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 2101 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 specifically explains that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 Legislature may }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 \'93qualif[y] and r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1707348\charrsid12597208 estict[] \'94 defamation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14687299\charrsid12597208 claims}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 19 GCA \'a7 2101, and section 2105 provides an example of how }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 Legislature can eliminate liability for defamation in certain limited}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10290796\charrsid12597208 , qualifying}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 situations.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Furthermore,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 the Guam Code provides other examples where }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Legis}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1707348\charrsid12597208 latur}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 e has restricted defamation}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1707348\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 claims}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627575\charrsid12597208 in certain qualifying situations}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 See }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 19 GCA \'a7 2105(a), (c), (d),}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7895971\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 (e) (providing more situations where a publication would be deemed privileged by statute); 7 GCA \'a7 9107 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 (2005) }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 (immunizing from liability \'93for any action performed in the course of their official duties . .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 . relative to the discipline of attorneys\'94 the \'93Justices of the Supreme Court and those acting pursuant to orders or rules of Court as their employees or agents\'94); 10 GCA \'a7 12326}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 (2005)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 (immunizing \'93from suit in any civil action taken by a licensee who is a subject of a professional review proceeding\'94 members of the Board of Nurse Examiners and any witnes}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3300993\charrsid12597208 s appearing before the Board).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid10487358 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [2}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 1}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 The above }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3300993\charrsid12597208 statutes}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 that limit defamation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1707348\charrsid12597208 claims}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 and the CPGA}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3300993\charrsid12597208 are not unconstitutional}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 infringements on a plaintiff\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid468930\charrsid12597208 s right to petition}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3300993\charrsid12597208 , because they limit claims.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3300993\charrsid12597208 They are simply embodiments of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3300993\charrsid12597208 Legislature\rquote s \'93authority [to] both . . . establish and to abolish tort causes of action.\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3300993\charrsid12597208 Cory}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3300993\charrsid12597208 , 629 P.2d at 12-13.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12148365\charrsid12597208 Cf.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12148365\charrsid12597208 Paul v. Davis}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12148365\charrsid12597208 , 424 U.S. 693, 711-12 (1976) (\'93Kentucky law does not extend to respondent any legal guarantee of present enjoyment of reputation which has been altered as a }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5576916\charrsid12597208 {\*\bkmkstart sp_780_712}{\*\bkmkstart SDU_712}{\*\bkmkend sp_780_712}{\*\bkmkend SDU_712}result of petitioners\rquote }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12148365\charrsid12597208 actions.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12148365\charrsid12597208 Rather his interest in repu tation is simply one of a number which the State may protect against injury by virtue of its tort law, {\*\bkmkstart citeas((Cite_as:_424_U.S._693,_*712,_96_}{\*\bkmkstart sp_708_1166}{\*\bkmkstart SDU_1166} {\*\bkmkend citeas((Cite_as:_424_U.S._693,_*712,_96_}{\*\bkmkend sp_708_1166}{\*\bkmkend SDU_1166}providing a forum for vindication of those interests by means of damages actions.\'94).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 Furthermore, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711073\charrsid12597208 \'93}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 [t]}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711073\charrsid12597208 he right to petition exists in the presence of an underlying cause of action and is not violated by a statute that provides a complete defense to a cause of action or curtails a category of causes of action.\'94}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711073\charrsid12597208 City of New York v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711073\charrsid12597208 , 524 F.3d 384, 397 (2d Cir. 2008) (holding that right to petition was not violated by a Federal ac}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 t that barred certain qualifying}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5711073\charrsid12597208 civil liability actions against gun manufacturers)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7936325\charrsid12597208 ; }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7936325\charrsid12597208 see also }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7936325\charrsid12597208 Christopher v. Harbury,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7936325\charrsid12597208 536 U.S. 403, 415 (2002) (\'93[O]ur cases rest on the recognition that the right [of access to the courts] is ancillary to the underlying claim, without which a plaintiff cannot have suffered injury by being shut out of court.\'94).}{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid4661247 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [2}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 2}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Even}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5924763\charrsid12597208 though the CPGA could in certain situations limit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10290796\charrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 objectively rea}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 sonable defamation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5924763\charrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 claim}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10290796\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 by declaring certain qualifying acts \'93immune from liability,\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5924763\charrsid12597208 \'a7 17104,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 it is well within }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Legislature\rquote s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5924763\charrsid12597208 power to subject such}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 claims t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7936325\charrsid12597208 o qualifications, }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10578789\charrsid12597208 limitations}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7936325\charrsid12597208 , or defenses}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755716\charrsid12597208 See }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Liberty Warehouse}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5576916\charrsid12597208 Co.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 ,}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 276 U.S. at 89;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5255898\charrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7936325\charrsid12597208 Beretta}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7936325\charrsid12597208 , 524 F}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4407474\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7936325\charrsid12597208 3d at 397; }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Cory,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 629 P.2d at 12-13; 19 GCA \'a7 2101.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Therefor}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5924763\charrsid12597208 e, Baldwin\rquote s claim that the CPGA }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 somehow unc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5924763\charrsid12597208 onstitutionally impacts hi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 s right to petition by}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 limiting his right to bring }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5924763\charrsid12597208 objectively reasonable }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 defamation }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5924763\charrsid12597208 claim}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 lack}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5924763\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 merit.}{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid1707348 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\delrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 3. Misapplication of Right to Petition Cases }{\b\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid6701796 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [2}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 3}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1707348\charrsid12597208 Baldwin}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3547011\charrsid12597208 \rquote s second flawed proposition that underpins his constitutional challenge is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7749819\charrsid12597208 his attempt}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14900191\charrsid12597208 to apply}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1707348\charrsid12597208 a line of United States Supreme Court right to petition cases}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14900191\charrsid12597208 to the situation in this case.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13576968\charrsid12597208 By selectively quoting to these cases, he attempts to craft an argument that, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16266622\charrsid12597208 by limiting his defamation }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13576968\charrsid12597208 claims, the CPGA unconstitutionally limits his right to pet}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383977\charrsid12597208 ition.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383977\charrsid12597208 However, t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12853845\charrsid12597208 he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7749819\charrsid12597208 cases he cited cover the application of the First Amendment\rquote s right to petition in the context of federal antitrust, labor, and racketeering laws.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670631\charrsid12597208 BE & K Constr}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763540\charrsid12597208 .}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670631\charrsid12597208 Co.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670631\charrsid12597208 , 536 U.S. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5576916\charrsid12597208 at }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5527305\charrsid12597208 536}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670631\charrsid12597208 (invalidating the NLRB\rquote s standard for imposing liability under a section of the National Labor Relations A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5527305\charrsid12597208 ct }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670631\charrsid12597208 because the standard imposed liability when a party filed with a retaliatory purpose a reasonably based but unsuccessful}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670631\charrsid12597208 lawsuit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5527305\charrsid12597208 ); }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849396\charrsid12597208 Prof\rquote l Real Estate Investors, Inc. v. Columbia Pictures Indus., Inc.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849396\charrsid12597208 , 508 U.S. 49, 51 (1993) (holding \'93that litigation cannot be deprived of [antitrust] immunity as a sham unless the litigation is objectively baseless\'94); }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5576916\charrsid12597208 Bill Johnson\rquote s Res}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15936168\charrsid12597208 t}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16085028\charrsid12597208 s}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5576916\charrsid12597208 .}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15936168\charrsid12597208 , Inc. v. NLRB}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15936168\charrsid12597208 , 461 U.S. 731, 748 (1983) (explaining \'93that the [NLRB]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15936168\charrsid12597208 may not halt the prosecution of a state-court lawsu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3426088\charrsid12597208 it, regardless of the plaintiff\rquote }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15936168\charrsid12597208 s motive, unless the suit lacks a reasonable basis in fact or law\'94);}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15936168\charrsid12597208 Cal. Motor Transp. Co.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15936168\charrsid12597208 , 404 U.S. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5255898\charrsid12597208 at 511 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15936168\charrsid12597208 (construing the antitrust laws as not prohibiting the filing of a lawsuit, regardless of the plaintiff\rquote s anticompetitive intent or purpose, unless the suit was a \'93mere sham \'94 filed for harassment purposes);}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849396\charrsid12597208 Sosa v. DirectTV, Inc.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849396\charrsid12597208 , 437 F.3d 923, 942 (9th Cir. 2006) (holding \'93that [the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)] and the predicate statutes . . . do not permit the maintenance of a lawsuit for the sending of a prelitigation demand to settle legal claims that do not amount to a sham\'94).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid13849396 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [2}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 4}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849396\charrsid12597208 Baldwin is}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6436485\charrsid12597208 apparently}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849396\charrsid12597208 arguing for the extension of these antitrust, labor, and racketeering related right to petition cases to this case, but he does not provide any argument that would explain why or how these cases should be extended to the situation in this case.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5527305\charrsid12597208 These cases are simply not }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7749819\charrsid12597208 applicable to a case where a legislature has specifically}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670631\charrsid12597208 exercised its power to limit claims }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7749819\charrsid12597208 by statute}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 Baldwin\rquote s cases involve courts deciding not to \'93 impute to Congress an intent to invade\'94 the First Amendment right to petition.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5255898\charrsid12597208 E. R.R.}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547699\charrsid12597208 Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547699\charrsid12597208 , 365 U.S. 127, 138}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5255898\charrsid12597208 (1961}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547699\charrsid12597208 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 ; }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5255898\charrsid12597208 see also Prof\rquote l}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 Real Estate Investors}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5255898\charrsid12597208 , Inc.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 , 508 U.S. at 56; }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 Sosa}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 , 437 F.3d at 931 (\'93Under the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 Noerr-Pennington}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 rule of statutory construction, we must construe federal statutes so as to avoid burdening conduct that implicates the protections afforded by the Petition Clause }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 unless the statute clearly provides otherwise}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 .\'94 (emphasis added)).}{ \cs18\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12864800 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs18\fs24\super\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }\chftn }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } The cases Baldwin cites can be classified as }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } Noerr-Pennington }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }doctrine cases. }{\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }In }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.}{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 },}{ \fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } trucking companies brought suit against railroad companies alleging that efforts by the railroads to influence legislation regulating trucking violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. 365 U.S. at 129. The Court held that \'93the Sherman Act d oes not prohibit . . . persons from associating . . . in an attempt to persuade the legislature or the executive to take particular action with respect to a law that would produce a restraint or a monopoly.\'94 }{ \i\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Id.}{\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } at 136}{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }. However, the Supreme Court limited this antitrust immunity, grounded in the right to petition, when they explained that immunity would not extend to petitioning activity that was a \'93sham.\'94 }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Id. }{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }at 144. }{ \fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }In }{\i\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Pennington}{\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }, the Supreme Court determined that \'93}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }HYPERLINK "http:// www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1961125427"}{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid1790414\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid1790414\charrsid4670682 }{\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bb000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0077006500730074006c00610077002e0063006f006d002f00460069006e0064002f00440065006600610075006c0074002e0077006c003f0072007300 3d0064006600610031002e0030002600760072003d0032002e0030002600460069006e00640054007900700065003d0059002600530065007200690061006c004e0075006d003d003100390036003100310032003500340032003700000000}}}{\fldrslt { \i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Noerr}}}\sectd \psz1\linex0\headery1440\footery432\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid8212251\sftnbj { \fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } shields from the Sherman [antitrust] Act a concerted effort to influence public officials regardless of intent or purpose.\'94 }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } United }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Mine Workers of Am. v. Pennington,}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst { \fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1965125095&ReferencePosition=1593"}{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid1790414\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid1790414\charrsid4670682 }{\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b1c01000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0077006500730074006c00610077002e0063006f006d002f00460069006e0064002f00440065006600610075006c0074002e0077006c003f0072007300 3d0064006600610031002e0030002600760072003d0032002e0030002600440042003d003700300038002600460069006e00640054007900700065003d00590026005200650066006500720065006e006300650050006f0073006900740069006f006e0054007900700065003d0053002600530065007200690061006c004e 0075006d003d00310039003600350031003200350030003900350026005200650066006500720065006e006300650050006f0073006900740069006f006e003d003100350039003300000000}}}{\fldrslt {\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } 381 U.S. 657, 670 (1965)}}}\sectd \psz1\linex0\headery1440\footery432\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid8212251\sftnbj {\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }. }{\i\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Noerr }{ \fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }and }{\i\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Pennington}{\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } and the doctrine and cases they spawned have been used to develop model SLAPP laws, }{\i\fs24\cf1\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }see }{ \fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }Pring and Canan, }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }supra}{\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } at 15-28, 201-05, but Baldwin provides no citation for where the doctrine and cases have been used to }{\i\fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 }invalidate}{ \fs24\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate1187611209\insrsid4926393\charrsid4670682 } a SLAPP law or any other analogous law.}{\insrsid4926393 }}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1445385\charrsid12597208 Furthermore, Baldwin has not cited to any case where these federal antitrust, labor, and racketeering holdings regarding the right to petition have been extended to decl are a statute like the CPGA unconstitutional.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid1717193 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [2}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 5}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 When the CPGA}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13576968\charrsid12597208 den}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 ies a plaintiff the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13576968\charrsid12597208 ability to contin ue pursuing a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10290796\charrsid12597208 defamation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13576968\charrsid12597208 claim, it does not}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 unconstitutionally}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10290796\charrsid12597208 impact that plaintiff\rquote s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13576968\charrsid12597208 right to petition.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13576968\charrsid12597208 It simply }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670665\charrsid12597208 limits the plaintiff\rquote s abilit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 y to pursue that }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10290796\charrsid12597208 defamation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 claim, and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 Legislature has the power to limit such claims.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4407474\charrsid12597208 See }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 Liberty Warehouse}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5274988\charrsid12597208 , Co.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 ,}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 276 U.S. at 89;}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5255898\charrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 Beretta}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 , 524 F}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4407474\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 3d at 397;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 Cory,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 629 P.2d at 12-13.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670665\charrsid12597208 If }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359705\charrsid12597208 we were to accept Baldwin\rquote s proposition}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670665\charrsid12597208 , then all instances whe}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 re }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 Legislature }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359705\charrsid12597208 has }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 restricted}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10290796\charrsid12597208 defamation}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670665\charrsid12597208 claim}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10578789\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670665\charrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 in certain qualifying situations}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10290796\charrsid12597208 instead of totally banning defamation claims}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1443644\charrsid12597208 altogether}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659201\charrsid12597208 ,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1717193\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670665\charrsid12597208 would be subject to a constitutional challenge.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1389283\charrsid12597208 This is an untenable proposition.}{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid6701796 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\delrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 4. Prior Restraint}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid9839374 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611207\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [2}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 6}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Baldwin}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 \rquote s third flawed proposition is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 that \'93 the CPGA cannot be read to prohibit [his] objectively reasonable lawsuit, or it unconstitutionally authorizes a }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 prior restraint}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 on protected petitioning activity.\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10976445\charrsid12597208 Appellant\rquote s }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 Opening}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10976445\charrsid12597208 Brief}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 at}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 38 (emphasis added).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 However,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 the CPGA is not \'93}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 a prior restraint on protected petiti}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10976445\charrsid12597208 oning activity,\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2241621\charrsid12597208 because it does not prevent Baldwin}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661247\charrsid12597208 from petitioning the court by filing a complaint, which he has done.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9573648\charrsid12597208 Id.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3175971\charrsid12597208 Instead, the CPGA under certain qualifying circumstances will not allow Baldwin\rquote s claims to go forward.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3175971\charrsid12597208 Actions or behavior not within the scope of the CPGA\rquote s immunity are not similarly protected.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid4661247 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [2}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 7}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7749819\charrsid12597208 As explained above, Baldwin \rquote s constitutional challenge to the CPGA lacks merit.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7749819\charrsid12597208 Therefore, the Super}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10578789\charrsid12597208 ior Court\rquote s determination that the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7749819\charrsid12597208 CP}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10578789\charrsid12597208 GA is C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7749819\charrsid12597208 onstitutional}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10578789\charrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7749819\charrsid12597208 is affirmed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7749819\charrsid12597208 Having rejected Baldwin\rquote s constitutional challenge, we now tur}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1132521\charrsid12597208 n to his statutory construction}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3559845\charrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7749819\charrsid12597208 argument}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3559845\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7749819\charrsid12597208 . }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid1445385 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 C}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1445385\charrsid12597208 .}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 Construction of the CPGA}{\b\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid7749819 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [2}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 8}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14573640\charrsid12597208 Baldwin makes two statutory construction argumen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13002229\charrsid12597208 ts regarding section 17104.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834248\charrsid12597208 One}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14573640\charrsid12597208 , he }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15280018\charrsid12597208 argues that \'93 [t]he use of the word \lquote }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15280018\charrsid12597208 Constitutional}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15280018\charrsid12597208 \rquote in the phrase \lquote Constitutional Rights to petition \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834248\charrsid12597208 [from section 17104]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15280018\charrsid12597208 is shorthand for petitioning that falls within that protected by the Constitution. \'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 Appellant\rquote s }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15280018\charrsid12597208 Reply}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 Brief }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15280018\charrsid12597208 at 13 (emphasis in original); }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15280018\charrsid12597208 see also }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 Appellant\rquote s }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15280018\charrsid12597208 Opening}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 Brief}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15280018\charrsid12597208 at 21.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10041161\charrsid12597208 Two, he argues that, because Brizill admitted that \'93[i]n [her] communications to Guam, [her] sole purpose was to share}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10041161\charrsid12597208 . . . information . . . for any value that it may have had for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1653826\charrsid12597208 the voters in Guam,\'94 ER, tab 11 at}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 445 (}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10041161\charrsid12597208 Brizill}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 Decl.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10041161\charrsid12597208 ), her comments were \'93 not aimed at procuring any government or electoral, action, result, or outcome,\'94 7 GCA \'a7 17104,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10041161\charrsid12597208 and, therefore, were not protected by section 17104.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10041161\charrsid12597208 We reject both }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 statutory construction }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10041161\charrsid12597208 arguments.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid11349121 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [2}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 9}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10975106\charrsid12597208 If a statute is unambiguous, then the judicial inquiry into the meaning of the statute is complete. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10975106\charrsid12597208 People v. }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10975106\charrsid12597208 Quichocho,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10975106\charrsid12597208 1997 Guam 13 \'b6 5.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10975106\charrsid12597208 In order to determine whether a statute is ambiguous, the court examines the language of the statute and the structure of the law as a whole including its object and policy.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10975106\charrsid12597208 Id.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10975106\charrsid12597208 The inquiry into whether a statute is ambiguous begins with looking at the plain meaning of the language in question, and, when looking at the language, the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14302671\charrsid12597208 court\rquote }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10975106\charrsid12597208 s task is to determine if the language is plain and unambiguous.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10975106\charrsid12597208 Aguon v. Gutierrez,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10975106\charrsid12597208 2002 Guam 14 \'b6 6.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid5400241 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 30}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13640655\charrsid12597208 The first of Baldwin\rquote s statutory construction arguments that we address involves the beginning part}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149453\charrsid12597208 or \'93petitioning provision\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13640655\charrsid12597208 of section 17104 which states that \'93[a]cts in furtherance of the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13640655\charrsid12597208 Constitutional}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13640655\charrsid12597208 rights to petition, including seeking relief, influencing action, informing, communicating and otherwise participating in the processes of government, shall be immune from liability, }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13640655\charrsid12597208 regardless of intent or purpose}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13640655\charrsid12597208 .\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13640655\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17104 (emphasis added).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 Baldwin would like the term \'93Constitutional\'94 to mean \'93constitutionall}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 y protected,\'94 because that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5060484\charrsid12597208 w}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 ould}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 insert the \'93actual malice\'94 standard into section 17104.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid5400241 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [3}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 1}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 In }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 New York Times}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14302671\charrsid12597208 , Co.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 v. Sullivan}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 , 376 U.S. 254 (1964), the Supreme Court announced its First Amendment free speech \'93 rule that prohibits a public official from recovering damages for a defamatory falsehood relating to his official conduct unless he proves that the statement was made{\*\bkmkstart citeas((Cite_as:_376_U.S._254,_*280,_84_}{\*\bkmkstart sp_780_280} {\*\bkmkstart SDU_280}{\*\bkmkend citeas((Cite_as:_376_U.S._254,_*280,_84_}{\*\bkmkend sp_780_280}{\*\bkmkend SDU_280} with \lquote actual malice\rquote -that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14302671\charrsid12597208 it was false or not.\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14302671\charrsid12597208 Id. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 at 279-80.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 In }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 McDonald v. Smith}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 , the Supreme Court affirmed an appellate court\rquote s application of the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5060484\charrsid12597208 actual }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 malice standard from }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 to a First Amendment right to petition case.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 McDonald v. Smith}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 , 472 U.S. 479, 485 (1985).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 Following }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 McDonald v. Smith}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 , petitioning activity that inclu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032365\charrsid12597208 des defamatory comments published}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 with actual malice is not protected by the First Amendment right to petition.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 See id. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 at 483-85.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid5400241 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [3}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 2}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 By interpreti}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032365\charrsid12597208 ng \'93Constitutional\'94 as meaning }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 \'93}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032365\charrsid12597208 constitutionally protected}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 \'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 and, in turn, inserting the \'93actual malice\'94 standard into the term \'93 Constitutional}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032365\charrsid12597208 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 \'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 Baldwin}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032365\charrsid12597208 would exclude from the protection}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 of section 17104 any defamatory commen}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032365\charrsid12597208 ts}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3609470\charrsid12597208 made}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032365\charrsid12597208 by Brizill which were made}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5400241\charrsid12597208 with actual malice}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032365\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3609470\charrsid12597208 We, however, find}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032365\charrsid12597208 nothing }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 in the plain meaning of the phrase \'93in furtherance of the Constitutional rights to petition}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7738634\charrsid12597208 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 \'94}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755716\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17104,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10296667\charrsid12597208 that would require this c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032365\charrsid12597208 ourt to interpret it as actually meaning \'93constitutionally protected.\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3609470\charrsid12597208 Furthermore, by using the phrase \'93regardless of intent or purpose,\'94 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3609470\charrsid12597208 Legislature chos}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16081099\charrsid12597208 e to reject a subjective analysi}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3609470\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149453\charrsid12597208 under the petitioning provision }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 of section 17104.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 A }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16081099\charrsid12597208 subjective analysi}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10296667\charrsid12597208 s would be required if this c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3609470\charrsid12597208 ourt accepted Baldwin\rquote s argument and incorporated into the term }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 \'93}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3609470\charrsid12597208 Constitutional}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 \'94}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3609470\charrsid12597208 the \'93actual malice\'94 standard}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 , because \'93}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13963738\charrsid12597208 \lquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 [a]}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3163471\charrsid12597208 ctual malice consistently has been deemed }{\cs25\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3163471\charrsid12597208 subjective in nature}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3163471\charrsid12597208 , provable only by evidence that the defendant realized that his statement was false or that he subjectively entertained serious doubt as to the truth of his statement.}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13963738\charrsid12597208 \rquote }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 \'94}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\cs25\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 Rattray v. City of Nat\rquote l}{ \cs25\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3163471\charrsid12597208 City}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3163471\charrsid12597208 , 36 F.3d 1480, 1486 (9th Cir.}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13963738\charrsid12597208 1994) (emphasis added) (}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3163471\charrsid12597208 quotation marks omitted)}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13963738\charrsid12597208 (quoting }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13963738\charrsid12597208 Newton v. Nat'l Broadcasting Co.,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13963738\charrsid12597208 930 F.2d 662, 668 (9th Cir. 1990}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13963738\charrsid12597208 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13852830\charrsid12597208 )}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3163471\charrsid12597208 .}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\cs25\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid3163471 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\cs25\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [3}{\cs25\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 3}{ \cs25\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149453\charrsid12597208 In the petitioning clause }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 of section 17104, }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9639809\charrsid12597208 by explicitly stating that the \'93[a]cts\'94 in question would be judged \'93regardless of intent or purpose,\'94 }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 Legislature }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9639809\charrsid12597208 plainly }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16081099\charrsid12597208 rejected any subjective analysi}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 s or standard}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9639809\charrsid12597208 .}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9639809\charrsid12597208 Therefore, we can}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5769060\charrsid12597208 not graft a subjective standard}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9639809\charrsid12597208 into this part of section 17104 by reading \'93Constitutional\'94 as meaning \'93constitutionally protected\'94 and including}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5064772\charrsid12597208 through this interpretation }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9639809\charrsid12597208 the \'93actual malice\'94 standard}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 .}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15874242\charrsid12597208 In any event, it appears the Supreme Court has backed away from its actual malice standard and instead adopted one of }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3423955\charrsid12597208 \'93}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15874242\charrsid12597208 outcome versus process.}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3423955\charrsid12597208 \'94}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15874242\charrsid12597208 Pring and Canan, }{\cs25\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15874242\charrsid12597208 supra}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3423955\charrsid12597208 , at 27}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15874242\charrsid12597208 .}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15874242\charrsid12597208 In }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15874242\charrsid12597208 City of Columbia v. Omni Outdoor Advertising, Inc.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15874242\charrsid12597208 , 499 U. S. 365 (1991), originally an antitrust suit, the Supreme Court announced a new standard, with language that appears to apply to all SLAPP Suits.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15874242\charrsid12597208 Pring and Canan, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15874242\charrsid12597208 supra}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15874242\charrsid12597208 , at 27}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2824855\charrsid12597208 ; }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2824855\charrsid12597208 see Omni}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2824855\charrsid12597208 , 499 U.S. at 379-384}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15874242\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13252969\charrsid12597208 The only time when immunity for petitioning activity does not apply, the court ruled, is when \'93persons use the governmental }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13252969\charrsid12597208 process}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13252969\charrsid12597208 -as opposed to the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13252969\charrsid12597208 outcome}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13252969\charrsid12597208 of that process-as a[] . . . weapon.\'94}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13252969\charrsid12597208 499 U.S. at 380.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1516555\charrsid12597208 Thus,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3423955\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6513311\charrsid12597208 \'93 [g]enuine government petitioning is not deemed to be aimed at the opposition . . . it is deemed rather to be aimed at the government with the intent to produce a desired outcome.\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6513311\charrsid12597208 Pring and Canan, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6513311\charrsid12597208 supra}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6377868\charrsid12597208 , at 27.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6377868\charrsid12597208 This standard merely}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6513311\charrsid12597208 allows SLAPPs to continue in the limited instance}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9533151\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16137784\charrsid12597208 when the target}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9533151\charrsid12597208 s\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6513311\charrsid12597208 original petitioning uses the government process exclusively as an end and not }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9533151\charrsid12597208 as }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6513311\charrsid12597208 a means.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6513311\charrsid12597208 Id.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1516555\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611207\langnp2057\insrsid12473920 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611207\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\cs25\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [3}{\cs25\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 4}{ \cs25\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7107138\charrsid12597208 Read }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10487358\charrsid12597208 as a whole}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7107138\charrsid12597208 , t}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149453\charrsid12597208 he petitioning provision }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473920\charrsid12597208 of section 17104 lays out an objective test of whether a reasonable person would }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid159369\charrsid12597208 conclude fr}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5458056\charrsid12597208 om looking }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5207338\charrsid12597208 at the acts }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7107138\charrsid12597208 that the acts involved}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid159369\charrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16081099\charrsid12597208 petition}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5207338\charrsid12597208 ing the government.}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12795456\charrsid12597208 Therefore, in order for the responding party to remove the acts in question from the protection of section 17104}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4852929\charrsid12597208 under this objective test}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12795456\charrsid12597208 , the }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15348812\charrsid12597208 responding }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12795456\charrsid12597208 party must carry its burden}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11611913\charrsid12597208 of producing evidence such}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12795456\charrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7043847\charrsid12597208 th}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7107138\charrsid12597208 at a reasonable person would }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7685036\charrsid12597208 conclude by clear and convincing evidence that the acts did}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7107138\charrsid12597208 not}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7685036\charrsid12597208 involve}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7043847\charrsid12597208 petitioning the government.}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11426330\charrsid12597208 See }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7043847\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17106 (c), (e).}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15348812\charrsid12597208 The CPGA includes \'93the electorate\'94 in its definition of government.}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15348812\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17103}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7370797\charrsid12597208 (a)}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15348812\charrsid12597208 .}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\cs25\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid5769060 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\cs25\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [3}{\cs25\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 5}{ \cs25\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8211979\charrsid12597208 \tab Baldwin\rquote s second statutory construction argument }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 involves the ending phrase}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149453\charrsid12597208 or the \'93sham exception\'94 in}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 section 17104 which states \'93except where not aimed at procuring }{\cs25\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 any}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 government or electoral action, result, or outcome.\'94}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17104 (emphasis added).}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 Baldwin contends that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 because Brizill admitted that her \'93}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8211979\charrsid12597208 sole purpose}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 [in making her comments]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8211979\charrsid12597208 was to share}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 \'94}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8211979\charrsid12597208 information}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 with the voters of Guam,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1653826\charrsid12597208 ER, tab 11}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13852830\charrsid12597208 at}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14950826\charrsid12597208 445 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8211979\charrsid12597208 Brizill}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14950826\charrsid12597208 Decl.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8211979\charrsid12597208 ), her comments were \'93not aimed at procuring any government or electoral, action, result, or outcome,\'94 7 GCA \'a7 17104}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 Baldwin}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530969\charrsid12597208 is arguing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 that, because Brizill admitted that she was not promoting an outcome in the election, her comments cannot be protected by section 17104.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 However, we reject this argument, because the plain meaning of \'93any . . . electoral }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768934\charrsid12597208 action, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 result}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768934\charrsid12597208 , or outcome}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 \'94 includes in its meaning the result of there being an informed electorate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530969\charrsid12597208 for the vo}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14950826\charrsid12597208 te}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768934\charrsid12597208 that produces an informed outcome}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768934\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17104.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768934\charrsid12597208 Furthermore, because the term government in the CPGA is defined as \'93including the electorate,\'94 7 GCA \'a7 17103(a), \'93any government . . . action, result or outcome\'94 also plainly includes the action of the electorate becoming informed and the result of the electorate being informed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768934\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17104.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14950826\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid3016051 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [3}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 6}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3016051\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid991694\charrsid12597208 Though we reject Baldwin\rquote s construction of the sham exception of section 17104, this section does provide a l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1510819\charrsid12597208 imit to the immunity under}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid991694\charrsid12597208 the statute}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3016051\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5512165\charrsid12597208 Title 7 GCA \'a7 17104 is nearly identical to Section 3 of a Model Act provided in a book by Professors George W. Pring and Penelope Canan.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5512165\charrsid12597208 Compare}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5512165\charrsid12597208 Pring and Canan, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5512165\charrsid12597208 supra}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5512165\charrsid12597208 ,}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5512165\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5512165\charrsid12597208 at 203, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 with }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5512165\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17104.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid198479\charrsid12597208 When }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid198479\charrsid12597208 Legislature derives a statute from a model act, the commentar y to that act may be used to help determine the meaning of our version.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid198479\charrsid12597208 See }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid198479\charrsid12597208 People v. Palisoc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid198479\charrsid12597208 , 2002 Guam 9, \'b6\'b6 38-40 (relying on commentary to Model Penal Code to discern meaning of Guam statute)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6436485\charrsid12597208 ; 2B Norman J. Singer, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1065506\charrsid12597208 Sutherland}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6436485\charrsid12597208 Statutes and Statutory Construction}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6436485\charrsid12597208 \'a7 52:05 (6th ed. 2000) (\'93 A court can . . . properly consider the official comments as well as the published comments of the drafters [of a model code] as a source for determining the meaning of an ambiguous provision.\'94)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid198479\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid198479 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [3}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 7}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid222420\charrsid12597208 \tab The commentary }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6701796\charrsid12597208 to Pring and Canan \rquote s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid222420\charrsid12597208 model act explains that section 3, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12988032\charrsid12597208 the section from which }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8214436\charrsid12597208 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12988032\charrsid12597208 Legislature derived section 17104, \'93 spells out the acts or communications covered with the maximum constitutional breadth under the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12988032\charrsid12597208 Omni}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12988032\charrsid12597208 case.\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12988032\charrsid12597208 Pring and Canan, }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12988032\charrsid12597208 supra,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12988032\charrsid12597208 at 205.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12988032\charrsid12597208 Because section 17104 \'93spell}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12988032\charrsid12597208 out\'94 what is covered by }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 City of Columbia v. Omni Outdoor Advertising, Inc.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7370797\charrsid12597208 , 499 U.S. 365}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 , we turn to that c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149453\charrsid12597208 ase to explain s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 ection 17104}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149453\charrsid12597208 \rquote s sham exception}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid222420 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959401\charrsid12597208 [38]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 \tab In }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 Omni}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 , the United States Supreme Court stated that: }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid5271142 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 The \'93sham\'94 exception to }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 Noerr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 encompasses situations in which persons use the governmental }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 process}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 -as opposed to the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 outcome}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 of that process-as an anticompetitive weapon. A classic example is the filing of frivolous objections to the license application of a competitor, with no expectation of achieving denial of the license but simply in order to impose expense and delay.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 See }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 404 U.S. 508, 92 S.Ct. 609, 30 L.Ed.2d 642 (1972). A \'93sham\'94 situation involves a defendant whose activities are \'93 not genuinely aimed at procuring favorable government action\'94 at all, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 Allied Tube & Conduit Corp. v. Indian Head, Inc.,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 486 U.S. 492, 500, n. 4, 108 S.Ct. 1931, 1937, n. 4, 100 L.Ed.2d 497 (1988), not one \'93who \lquote genuinely seeks to achieve his governmental result, but does so }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 through improper means,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 \rquote \'94}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 id., }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 at 508, n. 10, 108 S.Ct., at 1941, n. 10 (quoting }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 Sessions Tank Liners, Inc. v. Joor Mfg., Inc.,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 827 F.2d 458, 465, n. 5 (9th Cir. 1987)). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611208\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5271142\charrsid12597208 499 U.S. at 380 (emphasis in original).}{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid5271142 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [3}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959401\charrsid12597208 9}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12529751\charrsid12597208 Interpreting section 17104 in light of }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 Omni}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12529751\charrsid12597208 , the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149453\charrsid12597208 sham exception in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12529751\charrsid12597208 section 17104 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149453\charrsid12597208 spells out an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15089910\charrsid12597208 exception that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7629282\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2981126\charrsid12597208 excludes from }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7629282\charrsid12597208 17104 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2981126\charrsid12597208 protection }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 acts }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12529751\charrsid12597208 that are}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2981126\charrsid12597208 not}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12529751\charrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 genuinely aimed at procur}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12529751\charrsid12597208 ing favorable government action.} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 499 U.S. at }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3753693\charrsid12597208 380 (quotation marks}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 omitted).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7629282\charrsid12597208 The sham exception }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019617\charrsid12597208 contained in s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12529751\charrsid12597208 ection 17104}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15089910\charrsid12597208 also}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12529751\charrsid12597208 does not protect }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 persons }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12529751\charrsid12597208 [who] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 use the governmental }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 process}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 -as opposed to the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 outcome}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 of that process-as a[] . . . weapon.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3110685\charrsid12597208 499 U.S. at 380.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019617\charrsid12597208 The sham exception from }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136620\charrsid12597208 17104 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11426330\charrsid12597208 requires a subjective analysi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8736680\charrsid12597208 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11426330\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8736680\charrsid12597208 Therefore, in order for the responding party to remove the acts in question from the protection of section}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11426330\charrsid12597208 17104}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8736680\charrsid12597208 , the responding party must carry its burden of producing clear and convincing evidence that }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11426330\charrsid12597208 the moving party\rquote s acts were a sham}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8736680\charrsid12597208 .}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\cs25\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11426330\charrsid12597208 See }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8736680\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17106 (c), (e).}{ \cs25\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid3110685 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959401\charrsid12597208 40}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704629\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136620\charrsid12597208 \tab }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1321339\charrsid12597208 As explained above, section 17104 contains}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1065506\charrsid12597208 both an objective and subjective}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1321339\charrsid12597208 test to determine whether the acts }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1065506\charrsid12597208 in question }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1321339\charrsid12597208 are protected by the section.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136620\charrsid12597208 Having rejected Baldwin \rquote s statutory construction arguments}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1321339\charrsid12597208 , we now apply this two part test to the summary judgment in this case.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid4065910 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1065506\charrsid12597208 D. Summary Judgment}{ \b\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid10975106 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 4}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959401\charrsid12597208 1}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4065910\charrsid12597208 We review }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4065910\charrsid12597208 de novo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4065910\charrsid12597208 the Superior Court \rquote s grant of summary judgment for Brizill.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4065910\charrsid12597208 Bank of Guam v. Flores, }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4065910\charrsid12597208 2004 Guam 25 \'b6 7.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1905702\charrsid12597208 In a s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10296667\charrsid12597208 tandard summary judgment, this c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1905702\charrsid12597208 ourt }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10427419\charrsid12597208 would }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10427419\charrsid12597208 draw inferences and view the evidence in a light most favorable to the non-moving party.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 " }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13852830\charrsid12597208 Id}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10427419\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10427419\charrsid12597208 However, section 17106 shifts }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10427419\charrsid12597208 the burden of proof, of going forward with the evidence and of persuasion on the motion}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10427419\charrsid12597208 to the non-moving}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3766315\charrsid12597208 , responding}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10427419\charrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 party.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 7 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10427419\charrsid12597208 GCA \'a7 17106(c).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid328041\charrsid12597208 Brizill argue s that the inferences should be drawn in her favor and that the evidence should be looked at in the light most favorable to her.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid328041\charrsid12597208 Baldwin contends the opposite.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid328041\charrsid12597208 However, we need }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 not }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9840075\charrsid12597208 decide this issue at this time}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 We have explained that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 [c]lear and convincing evidence must be of \lquote extraordinary persuasiveness.\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 " }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 Shorehaven Corp. v. Taitano}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 , 2001 Guam 16 \'b6 19 (quoting }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 State v. Gjerde,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 935 P.2d 1224, 1226 (Or.}{\cs24\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3766315\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 Ct. App. 1997)).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 We have further explained that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 \lquote [c]lear and convincing evidence means t estimony that is so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without hesitancy, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13852830\charrsid12597208 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 Id. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 (quoting }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 In re Chiovero,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 570 A.2d 57, 60 ( Pa. 1990)).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4472218\charrsid12597208 In this case, e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid328041\charrsid12597208 ven if we view the evidence in the light most favorable to Baldwin and draw all inferences in his favor, we find that he has not carried his burden of producing }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid328041\charrsid12597208 clear and convincing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid328041\charrsid12597208 evidence that the acts of [Brizill] [were] not immunized from liability by \'a7 17104.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid328041\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17106(e). }{\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid14625485 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [4}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959401\charrsid12597208 2}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15025397\charrsid12597208 Under the ob}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149453\charrsid12597208 jective test from the petitioning provision }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15025397\charrsid12597208 of section 17104, we must determine whether }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4743858\charrsid12597208 Baldwin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid328041\charrsid12597208 }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4743858\charrsid12597208 carried his}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15025397\charrsid12597208 burden }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5458056\charrsid12597208 such that a reasonable person would conclude by clear and convi ncing evidence that the acts did not involve petitioning the government.}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\cs25\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15025397\charrsid12597208 See }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15025397\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4743858\charrsid12597208 \'a7 17103 and}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7370797\charrsid12597208 17106}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15025397\charrsid12597208 (c), (e).}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10828635\charrsid12597208 Baldwin argued on appeal that Brizill made three defamatory statements: (1) that Mr. Baldwin was involved in a signature-buying scheme in D.C.; (2) that Mr. Baldwin controlled and/or was part of a group fined $622,820 in D.C.; and }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10828635\charrsid12597208 (3) that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10828635\charrsid12597208 Mr. Baldwin was denied gambling licenses in five states due to financial irregularities.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3766315\charrsid12597208 Appellants\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10828635\charrsid12597208 Reply}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 Brief}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10828635\charrsid12597208 at 37; }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 Appellant\rquote s }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10828635\charrsid12597208 Opening}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811990\charrsid12597208 Brief}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10828635\charrsid12597208 at 11.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5458056\charrsid12597208 These alleged defamatory statements are the acts in this case.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7030855\charrsid12597208 Under the objective test, we do not judge}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5458056\charrsid12597208 the veracity of the statements, and the actor\rquote s }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5458056\charrsid12597208 intent or purpose}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5458056\charrsid12597208 has no bearing on this test.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5458056\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17104.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7030855\charrsid12597208 We simpl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1390479\charrsid12597208 y analyze whether the responding}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7030855\charrsid12597208 party}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5458056\charrsid12597208 has}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5458056\charrsid12597208 carried its burden such that a reasonable person would conclude by clear and convincing evidence that the acts did not involve petitioning the government}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4072706\charrsid12597208 .}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4072706\charrsid12597208 The electorate is part of the government under the CPGA.}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4072706\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17103.}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid15025397 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [4}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959401\charrsid12597208 3}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1390479\charrsid12597208 Viewing the acts in this case in the context of the ballot initiative that would eventually}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4072706\charrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1390479\charrsid12597208 place a slot machine initiative on the election ballot, it is clear that Baldwin has not carried his b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13852830\charrsid12597208 urden.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13852830\charrsid12597208 Mr. Baldwin had a financial}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1390479\charrsid12597208 interest in and was a supporter of the ballot initiative.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355903\charrsid12597208 Looking at the nature of the allegedly defamatory comments in the context of the ballot initiative, a reasonable person }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10051690\charrsid12597208 could}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355903\charrsid12597208 conclude that the acts in question are petitioning activity.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355903\charrsid12597208 They are not salacious personal attacks that lack relevance to anything in the ballot initiative, and they were not made against a person who was not an interested party in the outcome of the ballot initiative.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355903\charrsid12597208 Baldwin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13852830\charrsid12597208 \rquote s business}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355903\charrsid12597208 would have directly benefited from the passing of the initiative}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534167\charrsid12597208 , and a reasonable person }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10051690\charrsid12597208 could}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534167\charrsid12597208 conclude that information regarding vote buying, fines, a nd any denials of gambling licenses, whether true or not, is petitioning activity in this case.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4218933\charrsid12597208 Therefore, after reviewing the evidence in the record}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3767325\charrsid12597208 in the light most favorable to Baldwin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4218933\charrsid12597208 , w}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1390479\charrsid12597208 e find that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3767325\charrsid12597208 he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4218933\charrsid12597208 has not }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4218933\charrsid12597208 carried his burden such that a reasonable person would conclude by clear }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12147544\charrsid12597208 and convincing evidence that }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4218933\charrsid12597208 Brizill\rquote s acts did not in}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3766315\charrsid12597208 volve petitioning }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12979743\charrsid12597208 the }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3766315\charrsid12597208 electorate regarding the initiative}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4218933\charrsid12597208 .}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\cs25\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid5458056 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [4}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959401\charrsid12597208 4}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9970901\charrsid12597208 Under t}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149453\charrsid12597208 he subjective test from the sham exception in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115140\charrsid12597208 section 17104, Baldwin }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115140\charrsid12597208 must carry his burden of producing clear and convincing evidence that the moving party\rquote s acts were a sham.}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059296\charrsid12597208 To place Brizill\rquote s acts within the sham exception of section 17104, Baldwin relied }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5993916\charrsid12597208 solely }{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059296\charrsid12597208 on his argument that Brizill was only seeking to inform and not seeking an }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059296\charrsid12597208 electoral action, resu}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3766315\charrsid12597208 lt, or outcome,}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3766315\charrsid12597208 7 GCA \'a7 17104.}{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059296\charrsid12597208 However, as explained above, we reject this }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5993916\charrsid12597208 overly narrow }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059296\charrsid12597208 statutory construction argument.}{ \cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059296\charrsid12597208 Furthermore, }{\cs25\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725011\charrsid12597208 we find that Baldwin has not carried his burden of producing clear and convincing evidence that Brizill\rquote s acts were not }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725011\charrsid12597208 genuinely aimed at procuring favorable government action,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725011\charrsid12597208 499 U.S. at 3}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3282821\charrsid12597208 80 (quotation marks }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725011\charrsid12597208 omitted), or that Brizill was using }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725011\charrsid12597208 the governmental }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725011\charrsid12597208 process}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725011\charrsid12597208 -as opposed to the }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725011\charrsid12597208 outcome}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725011\charrsid12597208 of that process-as a[] . . . weapon.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 " }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725011\charrsid12597208 499 U.S. at 380 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3625701\charrsid12597208 (emphasis in original)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725011\charrsid12597208 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15080392\charrsid12597208 Brizill admitted that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15080392\charrsid12597208 [i]n [her] communications to Guam, [her] sole purpose was to share}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15080392\charrsid12597208 . . . information . . . for any value that it may have had for the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1653826\charrsid12597208 voters in Guam,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1653826\charrsid12597208 ER, tab 11}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13852830\charrsid12597208 at}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15080392\charrsid12597208 445 (Brizill Decl.).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15080392\charrsid12597208 Because we accept that informing the electorate is an outcome that brings her comments under the protection of the CPGA and because the record contains no }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13852830\charrsid12597208 clear and convincing }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15080392\charrsid12597208 evidence that Brizill was using the process as a weapon, Baldwin has failed to carry his burden to survive summary judgment under the CPGA.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4065910\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 { \b\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid12597208 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK2} \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid6959401\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 // \par // \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611209\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959401\charrsid12597208 V}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4065910\charrsid12597208 .}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3753693\charrsid12597208 CONCLUSION}{ \b\fs24\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1033\revauth1\revdttm1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid1787076 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 [4}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959401\charrsid12597208 5}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876873\charrsid12597208 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1787076\charrsid12597208 For the foregoing reasons, we }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1787076\charrsid12597208 AFFIRM}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1787076\charrsid12597208 the Superior Court\rquote s grant of summary judgment and }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1787076\charrsid12597208 REMAND}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1787076\charrsid12597208 this matter for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.}{ \deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611209\langnp2057\insrsid11930862\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2} \par }{\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611209\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611208\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid10840154\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 } \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611208\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 } \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611208\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 } _________________}{\b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid11547715\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid11547715\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 } /s/}{\b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 }________________ \tab }{ \b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid11547715\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid11547715\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 }\tab }{ \b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 } __________________}{\b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid11547715\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\ul\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid11547715\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 }/s/}{\b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 }________________ \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611208\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611209\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 } KATHERINE A. MARAMAN}{\b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 }\tab \tab \tab }{\b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid12597208\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid12597208\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 } }{\b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 }F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO}{\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611209\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611208\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611208\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate1187611208\pnrnot1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611209\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 Associate JusticeAssociate Justice \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611209\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }{\b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 } \par \par \par }{\b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid13372296\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid13372296\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 } __________________}{\b\deleted\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid13372296\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid13372296\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 }/s/}{\b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid13372296\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid13372296\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 }________________}{\b\deleted\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 } }{\b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 } \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611208\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \b\deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\crauth1\crdate1187611208\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611209\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 {\*\oldcprops \b0\crauth1\crdate1187611208\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 } ROBERT J. TORRES, JR. \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611208\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611209\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 Chief Justice}{ \deleted\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\revauthdel1\revdttmdel1187611208\langnp2057\insrsid9264779\delrsid12597208\charrsid12597208 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\prauth1\prdate1187611209\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12597208 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10840154\charrsid12597208 \par }}