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.}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6445060 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par \par PEOPLE OF GUAM, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Plaintiff-Appellant,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid6445060 vs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par TERNES FARATA, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Defendant-Appellee}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Supreme Court Case No.:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 CRA06-002 \par Superior Court Case No.:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 CF0408-04 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par OPINION \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1060131\charrsid3949313 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1060131\charrsid3949313 September 10, 2007 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Cite as:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 2007 Guam }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1060131\charrsid3949313 8}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par \par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on February 20, 2007 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12941723 \par }\trowd 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\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2837910\charrsid3949313 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2837910\charrsid3949313 \par Office of the Attorney General \par }{\insrsid2837910\charrsid7223435 287 West O\rquote Brien Dr. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid8744068\yts19 {\insrsid2837910\charrsid7223435 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2837910 \cell }\pard \ql \li-18\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-18\pararsid8744068\yts19 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2837910\charrsid3949313 Ana Maria C. 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PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; ROBERT J. TORRES, JR., Associate Justice; RICHARD H. BENSON, Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Pro Tempore}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 CARBULLIDO, C.J.:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid133213 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid133213\charrsid3949313 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Defendant-Appellee Ternes Farata filed a motion to suppress oral and written statements he made during a police investigation of criminal sexual conduct allegations against him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The Superior Court suppressed Farata\rquote s statements, holding that they were obtained in violation of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda v. Arizona,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 384 U.S. 436 (1966).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court held alternatively that the oral and written statements were inadmissible after discussing }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Missouri v. Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 542 U.S. 600 (2004), and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Oregon v. Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 470 U.S. 298 (1985).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Plaintiff-Appellant People of Guam appealed the Superior Court\rquote s grant of Farata\rquote s motion, arguing that the trial court\rquote s bases f}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid133213\charrsid3949313 or suppression were improper. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid133213\charrsid3949313 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid133213\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We hold that the trial court properly suppressed, pursuant to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , the oral statements Farata made in the patrol car and thus affirm in part its decision to grant the motion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We also hold that its suppression of a statement Farata wrote at the police precinct was erroneously based on }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 because the trial court did not make an adequate finding on whether the police obtained a waiver of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights from him before or after the statement was written.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We therefore reverse the suppression of the written statement and remand this case to the trial court to determine when Farata waived his rights at the precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We further hold that neither }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 nor }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 warranted suppression of Farata\rquote s statements because the trial court did not apply the analyses in those cases.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We therefore reverse the suppression of Farata\rquote s statements based on }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and additionally remand this case to the trial court to determine whether either case provides proper grounds }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 for suppressing the statements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5980703 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 I. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid133213\charrsid3949313 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab On November 28, 2004, a criminal sexual conduct complaint was filed against Defendant-Appellee Ternes Farata. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid133213\charrsid3949313 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab On November 29, 2004, Officer Scott M. Arceo and Officer Donny J. Tainatongo conducted a }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 suspect check}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 at the home of Farata\rquote s mother along Bing Blas Street in Ordot.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ), p. 88 (Arceo Report).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Upon departing the home, Officer Arceo recognized and pulled over a vehicle driven b y Farata, who was with his girlfriend Yolanda Arongaw.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo informed Farata of the criminal sexual conduct allegations against Farata and requested Farata\rquote s presence at the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid133213\charrsid3949313 Hag\'e5t\'f1a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata agreed to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 be transported to the precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid133213\charrsid3949313 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The following events are in dispute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8155013\charrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 First, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo testified that he and Officer Tainatongo were with Farata in the patrol car when Farata was transported to the precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 However, Officer Tainatongo and Farata testified that Officer Tainatongo was not in the patrol car with Officer Arceo and Farata.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo\rquote s report and Officer Tainatongo stated that Officer Tainatongo transported Farata\rquote s girlfriend to the precinct. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8155013\charrsid3949313 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8155013\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 Second, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo and Officer Tainatongo testified that Farata had not been handcuffed prior to transport.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata testified that he was handcuffed at that time. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 7}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 Third, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo testified that he did not question or converse with Farata en route to the precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata, however, testified that while he was being transported, Officer Arceo asked Farata }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 is that true you rape}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and Farata responded }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 no. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Transcripts (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Tr.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ), p. 50 (Pre-Trial Conf. Mot. Hr\rquote g, April 10, 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata also stated that Officer Arceo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 was saying I better tell him the - - everything, the truth,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and that Farata proceeded to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 tell him everything that I know.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Tr., p. 58 (Pre-Trial Conf. Mot. Hr \rquote g, April 10, 2006). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 8}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 Fourth, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo testified that he advised Farata of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights at the precinct by providing Farata with a form.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo replied that he reviewed the rights with Farata before Farata waived the rights.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Furthermore, he replied that he questioned and obtained a written statement from Farata only after Farata waived the rights.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo\rquote s report stated that Farata was advised at the precinct of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights at 1:30 p.m. and interviewed at 1:35 p.m.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The time indicated on the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Waiver of Rights}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 form is 1:30 p.m. Farata responded that he was interviewed in the patrol car but not at the precinct.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Tr., p. 57 (Pre-Trial Conf. Mot. Hr\rquote g, April 10, 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata testified that he was told by Officer Arceo at the precinct }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 to write everything I tell him inside the car.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Tr., p. 58 (Pre-Trial Conf. Mot. Hr\rquote g, April 10, 2006).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata stated that he then made a written statement. Farata testified that he wrote his statement before he signed the waiver form, and th at Officer Arceo did not explain the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights listed on the form. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 9}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 Fifth, c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ertain times noted on Farata\rquote s written statement indicating when he completed a page were crossed out and replaced with different times.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo stated that Farata wrote particular times, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 scratched out}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the times and then initialed the correction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Tr., p}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 p}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 29, 31 (Pre-Trial Conf. Mot. Hr\rquote g, April 10, 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo testified that he did not know the reason for the changed times.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo testified that the room where Farata wrote his statement did not have a clock.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo guessed that Farata had a watch or possibly asked for the time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo stated that he was unsure about the accuracy of the substituted times.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 In contrast, Farata testified that Officer Arceo instructed Farata to cross out and change certain times.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata replied that Officer Arceo provided Farata with the specific times }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 noted on the written statement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 0}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Farata was then formally arrested. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7555682\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab A grand jury returned an indictment charging Farata with two charges of Third Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (As a 2nd Degree Felony).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata filed a motion to suppress his statements, and the Superior Court held a pre-trial hearing on the motion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The Superior Court issued its decision and order granting Farata\rquote s motion and suppressing }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 all oral and written statements made by Farata on November 29, 2004, from 12:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 15 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The decision and order was entered on the docket }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 and the People timely appealed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5980703 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 II.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Title 7 GCA \'a7 3107(b) and 8 GCA \'a7 130.20(a)(6) confer on}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the Supreme Court of Guam jurisdiction over an appeal from a Superior Court decision and order granting a motion to suppress evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 7 GCA \'a7 3107(b) (2005); 8 GCA \'a7 130.20(a)(6) (2005). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4881578 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 III.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab This court conducts }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 de novo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 review of a motion to suppress.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Sangalang}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2001 Guam 18 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 paragraph}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 10. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab We review }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 de novo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 a trial court\rquote s legal conclusions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Guam Imaging Consultants, Inc. v. Guam Mem\rquote l Hosp. Auth.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2004 Guam 15}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 15.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 A trial court\rquote s factual findings are reviewed for clear error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Pac}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1904533\charrsid3949313 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Rock v. Dep\rquote t of Educ.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2001 Guam 21 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 para}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 13.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 A finding is clearly erroneous when, even though some evidence supports it, the entire record produces the definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a mistake.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Yang v. Hong}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 1998 Guam 9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 7 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Chargualaf}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , Crim. No. 88-00068A, 1989 WL 265040 at *2 (D. Guam App. Div. Sept. 26, 1989).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The facts are . . . construed in a light most favorable to the party prevailing at the trial level.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Johnson}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 1997 Guam 9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab We undertake }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 de novo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 review of the voluntary nature of a waiver of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights, and review for clear error the knowing and intelligent nature of the waiver.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Sangalang}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5970796 , 2001 Guam 18 paragraph}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 10.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 This court reviews }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 de novo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the legal question of whether }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 warnings were adequate. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Connell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 869 F.2d 1349, 1351 (9th Cir. 1989); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 see United States v. Hernandez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 93 F.3d 1493, 1501 (10th Cir. 1996).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 In contrast, \lquote the factual findings underlying the adequacy challenge, such as what a defendant was told, are subject to clearly erroneous review.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Connell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 869 F.2d at 1351 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Doe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 819 F.2d 206, 210 n.1 (9th Cir. 1985)); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Caldwell}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 954 F.2d 496, 501 n.8 (8th Cir. 1992).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13660293 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 IV.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The trial court purportedly applied }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda v. Arizona}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 384 U.S. 436 (1966), and, alternatively, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Missouri v. Seibert}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 542 U.S. 600 (2004), or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Oregon v. Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 470 U.S. 298 (1985), in its suppression of the oral and written statements made by Farata.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 This court will consider whether }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and either }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 provided proper grounds for the trial court to gra}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 nt Farata\rquote s motion to suppress.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5970796 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 A.\tab }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 7}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The first issue this court must address is whether the trial court properly suppressed Farata\rquote s statements as violative of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 8}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The People contend that the trial court\rquote s finding that Farata must have been handcuffed was clearly erroneous because: 1) the trial court lacked an evidentiary basis for taking notice of an alleged police handcuffing practice; 2) it mischaracterized the officers\rquote use of a police report at the hearing as heavy reliance; and 3) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Shorehaven Corp. v. Taitano}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2001 Guam 16, reveals the inadequacy of Farata\rquote s testimony as support for the handcuffing finding.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 While Farata points out that the trial court did not apply the factors for determining custody discussed in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Beraun-Panez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 812 F.2d 578, 580 (9th Cir. 1987), and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Hayden}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 260 F.3d 1062, 1066 (9th Cir. 2001), the People maintain that such factors would not support a finding that Farata was in custody.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The People also contend that police testimony on whether Farata was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 free to go}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 was irrelevant to determining custody.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Appellant\rquote s Reply Brief, p. 3 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14824254\charrsid3949313 Dec.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 19, 2006).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 They alternatively assert that even if Farata was handcuffed, the trial court did not expressly find that he was interrogated and could not have done so based on the record.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The People also argue that the changed times on Farata\rquote s written statement did not support the trial court finding that he waived his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights after writing the statement. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 19}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Farata maintains that his testimony and the handcuffing practice noted by the trial court sufficiently supported the custody finding.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Even without the trial court\rquote s finding that he was handcuffed, Farata argues in the alternative that application of the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Beraun-Panez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Hayden}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 factors would establish custody.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 He asserts that the record supports the trial court\rquote s determination that his statements were obtained in violation of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 an}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 d thus no clear error was made.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 0}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab This court has stated:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660293\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid13660293 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid13660293 To safeguard the uncounseled individual\rquote s Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid13660293 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid13660293 the United States Supreme Court held in Miranda that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid13660293 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid13660293 suspects interrogated while in police custody must be told that they have a right to remain silent, that anything they say may be used against them in court, and that they are entitled to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed, at the interrogation.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid13660293 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid13660293 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13660293 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Santos}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2003 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 45 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson v. Keohane}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 516 U.S. 99, 107 (1995))}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10569577\charrsid3949313 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Persons must be advised of their rights prior to a }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 custodial interrogation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Palomo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , Nos. DCA 91-00061A, DCA 91-00062A, 1993 WL 129624 at *6 (D. Guam App. Div. April 8, 1993) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Custodial interrogation}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 is defined as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Manibusan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , Crim. No. 89-000136A, 1990 WL 320756 at *7 (D. Guam App. Div. Feb. 16, 1990) (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 384 U.S. at 444) (internal quotation marks omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Generally, statements elic ited by law enforcement officials while a defendant is in custody must be preceded by }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 warnings or they are inadmissible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Ulloa}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , DCA No. 88-0016A, 1988 WL 242606 at *3 (D. Guam App.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Div. Nov. 7, 1988). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The trial court stated that the threshold issue was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 at what point did a custodial interrogation take place, i.e., at what point should Farata have been advised of his }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 13 (Decision).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It considered conflicting testimony on whether Farata was transported to the p recinct by both officers, handcuffed and interrogated en route, and whether he waived his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights before or after making his written statement at the precinct, stating}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10569577\charrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 its analysis turns on the accepted credibility of the witnesses presented to it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 13 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court then observed that the officers did not recall details of the incident and heavily relied on the police report.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 overwhelming evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 contradicted Officer Arceo\rquote s testimony that both officers transported Farata.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 14 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It also reiterated its statement at the pre-trial hearing that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 if there is only one officer in a vehicle, general Guam Police practice requires the handcuffing of a suspect before transport.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 14 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court then found that Farata }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 must have been handcuffed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 prior to transport to the precinct and found that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata was not advised of his }{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights at that point, and no waiver of those rights was obtained.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 14 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It did not, however, expressly resolve the factual conflict on interrogation in its discussion of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 discussion also did not specifically address whether Farata waived his rights before or after making the written statement at the precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court then granted Farata\rquote s motion, holding that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 any confession or admission subsequently obtained was in violation of }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and must be suppressed.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 14 (Decision). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Again, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [p]ersons must be advised of their rights prior to a custodial interrogation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Palomo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 1993 WL 129624 at *6.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda warnings are required only where there has been such a restriction on a person\rquote s freedom as to render him \lquote in custody.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2003 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 45 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Oregon v. Mathiason}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 429 U.S. 492, 495 (1977)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 However, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the special procedural safeguards outlined in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 are required not where a suspect is simply taken into custody, but rather where a suspect in custody is subjected to interrogation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Rhode Island v. Innis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 446 U.S. 291, 300 (1980).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 This court must determine whether Farata was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 in custody}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and whether he was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 interrogated}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 such that police subjected him to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 custodial interrogation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 warranting advisement of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights prior to such custodial interrogation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9439345\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5970796 {\b\insrsid12801710\charrsid5970796 1.\tab Custody \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9439345 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9439345\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 3}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The issue of \lquote whether a suspect is \lquote in custody,\rquote and therefore entitled to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 warnings, presents a mixed question of law and fact qualifying for independent review.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2003 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 50 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 516 U.S. at 102).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . . . holds that an individual is in custody when he or she is \lquote taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Muritok}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 , 2003 Guam 21 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 12 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 384 U.S. at 444).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 v. Keohane}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 516 U.S. 99 (1995)], the United States Supreme Court set forth two discrete inquiries to ascertain whether a person is \lquote in custody\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 : \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9439345 The first inquiry is, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid9439345 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9439345 what were the circumstances surrounding the interrogation.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid9439345 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9439345 The second inquiry is }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid9439345 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9439345 given those circumstances, would a reasonable person have felt he or she was not at liberty to terminate the interrogation and leave.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid9439345 "}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9439345 After addressing the two inquiries, the court must then resolve }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid9439345 "}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9439345 the ultimate inquiry,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid9439345 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9439345 which is }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid9439345 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9439345 [was] there a formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid9439345 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9439345 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2003 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 51 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 516 U.S. at 102)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 (indentation not in original).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The trial court stated that if it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 accepts Farata\rquote s testimony that he was handcuffed before being placed in Officer Arceo\rquote s police vehicle for transport to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8935194\charrsid3949313 [Hag\'e5t\'f1a]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Precinct, then it is clear that Farata should have been advised of his }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights when handcuffed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 13 (Decisio n). It did not conduct the inquiries for determining custody established by the Supreme Court and recognized by this court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Santos}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 , 2003 Guam 1 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 51.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court instead determined that Farata }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 must have been handcuffed}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 prior to transport to the precinct after apparently finding his testimony on being handcuffed to be more credible than the testimonies of Officer Arceo and Officer Tainatongo, and supposedly taking notice of a }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 general Guam police practice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 purportedly requiring the handcuffing of a suspect prior to transport by a single officer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 14 (Decision). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1860700 {\b\insrsid4485263\charrsid1860700 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1860700 {\b\insrsid12801710\charrsid1860700 a.\tab Credibility Determinations \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 A trial judge, based on his or her experience, is in the best position to weigh and determine the credibility of the evidence received at a suppression hearing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 , 1999 Guam 1 paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 19.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The appellate court affords deference to the trial court regarding such credibility determinations . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 State v. Irvin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 210 S.W.3d 360, 363 n.3 (Mo. Ct. App. 2006); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 see Commonwealth v. Myers}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 722 A.2d 649, 651-652 (Pa. 1998).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Credibility determinations have been upheld under different standards of review.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 An appellate court may }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 accept the trial court\rquote s . . . evaluations of credibility, if supported by }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 substantial evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Whitson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 949 P.2d 18, 29 (Cal. 1998) (emphasis added).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [S]ubstantial evidence is defined as \lquote such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Bondoc v. Worker\rquote s Comp. Comm\rquote n}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2000 Guam 6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 6 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Richardson v. Perales}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 A reviewing court may }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 adopt the trial court\rquote s determinations on . . . credibility if there is }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 any evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 to support them.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 McFadden v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 461 S.E.2d 542, 544 (Ga. Ct. App. 1995) ( emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It may }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 scrutinize the court\rquote s factual findings, including credibility determinations, for }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 clear error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8129760 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3949313 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid3949313 We have already stated that \'93[a] finding is clearly erroneous when, even th ough some evidence supports it, the entire record produces the definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a mistake.\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Yang}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 , 1998 Guam 9 \'b6 7.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Mendez-de Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 85 F.3d 1, 2 (1st Cir. 1996) (emphasis added); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 see United States v.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Chirinos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 112 F.3d 1089, 1102 (11th Cir. 1997); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Valle v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 638 S.E.2d 394, 395-396 (Ga. Ct. App. 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 A reviewing court may uphold }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 witness credibility determinations of the trial court unless they are}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 against the manifest weight of the evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Smith}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 803 N.E.2d 1074, 1080 (Ill. App. Ct. 2004) (emphasis added).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Manifest weight means the clearly evident, plain and indisputable weight of the evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Gettemy v. Grgula}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 323 N.E.2d 628, 630 (Ill. App. Ct. 1975).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 These authorities indicate essentially that a trial court\rquote s determinations of witness credibility must have support in the record. We hold that credibility determinations of a trial court should be upheld if such determinations are not clearly erroneous.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 This standard of review affords the trial court the proper degree of deference with regard to assessin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9439345 g the credibility of witnesses.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The trial court noted conflicting testimony on whether Farata was handcuffed prior to transport to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10430565\charrsid3949313 Hag\'e5t\'f1a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It deemed inaccurate Officer Arceo\rquote s testimony that Farata was taken to the precinct by both officers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court also acknowledged the officers\rquote admissions that they did not recall certain details about the incident and their heavy reliance on their reports.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Focusing on the unreliability of the officers\rquote testimony, the trial court apparently found Farata\rquote s statements to be more dependable and thus seemingly accepted his testimony that he had been handcuffed. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 7}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The People argue that the characterization of the officers as heavily relying on their reports was factually incorrect.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court\rquote s observations that the officers\rquote testimonies were inaccurate and independently unreliable are supported by the statements they made at the pre-trial hearing.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The record thus supports the trial court\rquote s determination of the officers\rquote credibility.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The People further assert that Farata\rquote s testimony was an insufficient basis for suppression and should have been }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 met with a certain degree of skepticism.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Appellant\rquote s Opening Brief, p. 12 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10430565\charrsid3949313 Nov.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 20, 2006).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Again, this court is tasked with determining whether the credibility evaluations of the trial court are clearly erroneous}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 not whether the trial court assessed witness testimony with an adequate degree of skepticism.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We cannot say that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the entire record produces the definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a mistake.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Yang}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 , 1998 Guam 9 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 7. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 8}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Finding the testimony of Officer Arceo and Officer Tainatongo to be inaccurate and unreliable, the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16207908\charrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 trial court found Farata to be the more credible witness; that is, Farata\rquote s testimony that he was handcuffed before being placed in Officer Arceo\rquote s police car was deemed relatively dependable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The record in the present case indicates that the trial court\rquote s finding is not clearly erroneous.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 This court therefore defers to the trial cour}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9439345 t\rquote s credibility determinations.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9439345\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1860700 {\b\insrsid12801710\charrsid1860700 b.\tab Judicial Notice \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 29}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Section 201 of the Guam Rules of Evidence states that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [a] judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accurac y cannot reasonably be questioned.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 6 GCA \'a7 201 (2005).}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10430565 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3949313 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid3949313 \'93The Guam Rules of Evidence, 6 GCA \'a7 101, et. seq., are essentially identical to their like-numbered counterparts in the Federal Rules of Evidence.\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 People v. Muna}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 , Crim. No. 94-00075A, 1996 WL 104532 at *2 (D. Guam App. Div. March 6, 1996) (unreported), }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 rev\rquote d in part on other ground}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 s, No. 96-10121, 1997 WL 143782 (9th Cir. Mar. 27, 1997); }{ \i\fs20\insrsid3949313 see People v. Viloria}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 , Crim. Nos. 90-00092A, 90-00094A, 90-00096A, 1991 WL 255858 at *4 n.2 (D. Guam App. Div. Nov. 18, 1991) (unreported), }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 vacated on other grounds}{ \fs20\insrsid3949313 , Nos. 91-10612, 91-10624, 92-10002, 1992 WL 371316 (9th Cir. Dec. 16, 1992).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The more critical an issue is to the ultimate disposition of the case, the less appropriate judicial notice becomes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Pina v. Henderson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 752 F.2d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8730080\charrsid3949313 47, 50 (2nd Cir.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 1985).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 A court should not go outside the record to supply a fact that is an essential part of a party\rquote s case unless the fact is clearly beyond dispute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 [3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 0}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid682657\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab This court previously held in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 1999 Guam 1, that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the Guam Rules of Evidence do not apply to suppression hearings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 1999 Guam 1}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 19.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 There, in considering the suppression of drug evidence found during a warrantless search, we stated that, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [t]he trial courts should be free to consider all evidence, including affidavits and other reliable hearsay, when making determinations of preliminary facts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We also stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [w]hen material facts are disputed, conflicting assertions should be resolved by }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 evidence taken during the hearing}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 21 (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Receiving evidence allows the trial court to use its judgment and experience to properly weigh that which has been placed before it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We further stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 all parties are placed at a severe disadv antage when information, not placed before the court during a hearing, is later considered in a decision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 23.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Without proper notice or introduction of the information, neither party can properly address critical issues nor questions that ma y otherwise be explained, clarified, or confirmed by receiving the evidence during the hearing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The decision stated that the trial court had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 noted at hearing that if there is only one officer in a vehicle, general Guam Police practice requires the handcuffing of a suspect before transport.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 ER, p.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 14 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Specifically, the trial judge at the pre-trial hearing stated: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9439345 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The Court\rquote s going to reserve, but the Court is a little concerned and disappointed that}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 at the time of handcuffing, and I would assume that if it\rquote s one single officer in the vehicle, that the practice is that you handcuff that individual}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ; that at the time of the arrest, from Sinajana to the precinct, that Miranda wasn\rquote t provided, even at the initial arrest and handcuffing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It does leave open . . . for me to go back, to look at the interrogation times, providing Miranda times, and to determine, really, from the weight of the testimony of the officers, as well as the defendant, who is the Court more likely to believe has a greater recollection of what happened on November 29, 04. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Tr., p. 67 (Pre-Trial Conf. Mot. Hr\rquote g, April 10, 2006) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court then determined that Farata }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 must have been handcuffed before being placed in Officer Arceo\rquote s patrol car for transport.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 14 (Decision).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The People argue that the trial court\rquote s supposed notice of a police handcuffing practice was unfounded. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Notwithstanding the inapplicability of the Guam Rules of Evidence to suppression hearings, judicial notice of a police handcuffing practice would be improper under these circumstances since such practice was not presented as evidence or discussed by either party during the pre-trial hearing, but was instead discussed }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 sua sponte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 by the trial court at the conclusion of the hearing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Consequently, neither party could }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 properly address critical issues [or}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1976020\charrsid3949313 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 questions that may otherwise be explained, clarified, or confirmed by receiving the evidence during the hearing.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1976020\charrsid3949313 Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1976020\charrsid3949313 , 1999 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 par agraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 23.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We therefore find that the trial judge\rquote s statements at the hearing and the discussion in the decision were erroneous to the extent that they can be construed as judicial notice of a handcuffing practice employed by the Guam Police Department.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The record, however, indicates that resolution of the factual conflict over whether Farata was handcuffed hinged on the trial court\rquote s determination of the witnesses\rquote credibility, not on judicial notice of a police handcuffing practice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court recognized at the pre-trial hearing and in its decision that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 its analysis turns on the accepted credibility of the witnesses presented to it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 13 (Decision).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 As discussed previously, the trial court properly determined Farata\rquote s testimony that he wa s handcuffed to be more credible than that of the officers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata\rquote s testimony thus served as a proper basis for the trial court to find that Farata }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 must have been handcuffed}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 since in making such finding the trial court did }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 not go outside the record to supply a fact that is an essential part of a party\rquote s case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Pina}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 752 F.2d at 50. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1860700 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1860700 {\b\insrsid12801710\charrsid1860700 c.\tab Thompson Inquiries \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1860700 {\b\insrsid4485263\charrsid1860700 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 4}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Though Farata and the People argue that the factors listed in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Beraun-Panez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Hay den}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 are determinative of whether Farata was in custody, the proper custody analysis is that set forth by the United States Supreme Court in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson v. Keohane }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and recognized by this court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court did not apply the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 inq uiries for determining custody. This court, however, may independently review whether the inquiries demonstrate that Farata was in custody. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Santos}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 , 2003 Guam 1 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 50. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid870285 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12474759 {\b\insrsid12801710\charrsid12474759 1)\tab Interrogation and Surrounding Circumstances \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The first inquiry is, \lquote what were the circumstances surrounding the interrogation.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16015174 paragraph}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 51 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 516 U.S. at 112).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 This inquiry is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 distinctly factual.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 516 U.S. at 112.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [T]he initial determination of custody depends on the objective circumstances of the interrogation, not on the subjective views harbored by either the interrogating officers or the person being questioned.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Stansbury v. California}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 511 U.S. 318, 323 (1994).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Again, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083767\charrsid3949313 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 special procedural safeguards outlined in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 are required not where a suspect is simply taken into custody, but rather where a suspect in custody is subjected to interrogation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Innis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 446 U.S. at 300.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Before considering the surrounding circumstances, the next issue this court must consider is whether Farata was interrogated.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \lquote Interrogation\rquote in the context of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , means \lquote questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Ichiyasu, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Crim}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8935194\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 No. 8600001A, 1987 WL 109391 at *6 (D. Guam App. Div. April 24, 1987) (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Innis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 446 U.S. at 298).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 An interrogation is said to occur when the defendant, in custody, is the target of questions or statements, which the police can expect will elicit incriminating responses.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Quidachay}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , Crim. No. 99997A, 1983 WL 29952 at *4 (D. Guam App. Div. Nov. 8, 1983).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [T]he }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 safeguards come into play whenever a per son in custody is subjected to either express questioning or its functional equivalent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Innis}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 446 U.S. at 300-301.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 That is to say, the term \lquote interrogation \rquote under }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 refers not only to express questioning, but also to any words or actions on the par t of the police (other than those normally attendant to arrest and custody) that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 An }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 incriminating response}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 any response \endash whether inculpatory or exculpatory \endash that the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 may seek to introduce at trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . at 301 n.5 (emphasis in original).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It is clear that the concept of custodial interrogation extends beyond the confines of the police station.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Muritok}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 , 2003 Guam 21 paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 13. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 7}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The trial court did not make express findings on the issue of whether Farata had been interrogated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It acknowledged conflicting testimony on whether Farata was questioned while }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083767\charrsid3949313 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 being transported to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8730080\charrsid3949313 Hag\'e5t\'f1a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 precinct, and on whether Farata was later questioned at the precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 But the trial court was silent on the issue of interrogation in its discussion of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , and did not make specific findings on any questions asked by police or any responses given by Farata.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 In discussing its alternative basis for suppression, however, the trial court stated that, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [i]n our facts, Farata testified that he was questioned by Officer Arceo while being transported to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8935194\charrsid3949313 [Hag\'e5t\'f1a]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Upon arrival, Farata was instructed to put his statement in writing, without any mention of the improperly obtained confession.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 15 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Again, the trial court stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 its analysis turns upon the accepted credibility of the witnesses presented to it,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and then held that Farata\rquote s statements were obtained in violation of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 ER, pp. 13-14 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 8}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Based on the trial court\rquote s acknowledgment of the factual conflict on interrogation, its recognition that its credibility determi nations informed its analysis, its discussion of the facts to which Farata testified, and its holding that Farata\rquote s statements were inadmissible under }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , the trial court seems to have determined that Farata\rquote s testimony on interrogation was more credible than that of the officers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 That is, the trial court found by implication in the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 context that Farata was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 questioned by Officer Arceo while being transported to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8935194\charrsid3949313 [Hag\'e5t\'f1a]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 15 (Decision).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 This implicit finding indicates that Farata was subjected to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 express questioning}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 in the patrol car en route to the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 Hag\'e5t\'f1a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 See Innis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 446 U.S. at 300-301.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata was thus interrogated in the patrol car. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8935194\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 39}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The foregoing bases also indicate that the trial court impliedly found that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [u]pon arrival [at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the precinct] Farata was instructed to put his statement in writing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8935194 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3949313 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid3949313 }{ \fs20\insrsid3949313\charrsid14690996 Again, the trial court did not make express findings on any questions asked by police or any responses given by Farata.\~ Consequently, it is unclear whether the statement that Farata was instructed to write at the precinct was a repetition of the statements he made in the patrol car or whether the written statement differed from his patrol car statements.\~ The trial court in its decision acknowledged Farata \rquote s testimony that Officer Arceo en route to the }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid3949313\charrsid1508790 Hag\'e5t\'f1a}{\fs20\insrsid3949313\charrsid1508790 }{\fs20\insrsid3949313\charrsid14690996 precinct asked Farata \'93 substantive questions about the charges against him, for example: \lquote if it\rquote s true that he raped . . .\rquote \'94 ER, p. 12 (Decision).\~ The trial court\rquote s acknowledgment of Farata\rquote s testimony in its decision and Farata\rquote s testimony at the pre-trial hearing indicate the possibility of other patrol car exchanges. In light of the reversal and remand ordered by this court, the trial court has an opportunity to make express findings on Farata\rquote s patrol car statements to aid and clarify its }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313\charrsid14690996 Miranda}{\fs20\insrsid3949313\charrsid14690996 analysis. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8129760 {\fs20\insrsid3949313\charrsid14690996 \~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~ Furthermore, the trial court subsequently describes Farata\rquote s interaction with police at the }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid3949313\charrsid1508790 Hag\'e5t\'f1a}{\fs20\insrsid3949313\charrsid1508790 }{\fs20\insrsid3949313\charrsid14690996 precinct as an \'93interview.\'94 ER, p. 15 (Decision).\~ This description is inc onsistent with the trial court\rquote s implied finding that \'93Farata was instructed to put his statement in writing\'94 and Farata\rquote s testimony that he was not interviewed at the precinct.\~ ER, p. 15 (Decision).\~ }{\fs20\insrsid3949313 }{ \fs20\insrsid3949313\charrsid14690996 The trial court therefore has an opportunity, on remand}{\fs20\insrsid3949313\charrsid13267152 ,}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 to reconcile this discrepancy.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 15 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Such an instruction is not }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 normally attendant to arrest and custody}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and qualifies as words that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Innis}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 446 U.S. at 300-301; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 compare People v. Paulman, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 833 N.E.2d 239, 244 (N.Y. 2005) (stating that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 circumstances support the inference that the handwritten statement was not spontaneous but was induced}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata was thus also interrogated at the police precinct. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 0}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Having determined that Farata was interrogated in the patrol car and at the precinct, we apply the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 inquiries to determine whether he was in custody. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Pursuant to the first }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 inquiry on the circumstances surrounding interrogation, the trial court found that as Officer Arceo and Officer Tainatongo were leaving the residence of Farata\rquote s mother, the officers encountered Farata and his girlfriend.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It found that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata was informed of the accusations against him, his presence was requested at the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8935194\charrsid3949313 [Hag\'e5t\'f1a]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Precinct for questioning, and Farata agreed to be transported.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 11 (Decision). The trial court then determined that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata must have been handcuffed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 prior to transport to the precinct by Officer Arceo in the patrol car.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 14 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It subsequently found that Farata was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 questioned by Officer Arceo while being transported to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8935194\charrsid3949313 [Hag\'e5t\'f1a]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Precinct}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and that he was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 instructed to put his statement in writing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 upon arrival at the precinct. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 15 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9439345\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid9067000 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 2)\tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Not at Liberty to Terminate the Interrogation and Leave}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485263 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The second inquiry is \lquote given those circumstances, would a reasonable person have felt he or she was not at liberty to terminate the interrogation and leave.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2003 Guam 1}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 51 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 516 U.S. at 112).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 This ultimate determination . . . presents a \lquote mixed question of law and fact\rquote qualifying for independent review.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 516 U.S. at 112-113.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 In the present case, the trial court expressly found that Farata was informed of the accusations against him, agreed to be transported to the precinct, and was handcuffed prior to transport.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It impliedly found that he was questioned en route to the precinct and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 instructed to put his statement in writing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 after arriving at the precinct.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 15 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Though Farata initially consented to the transport to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267152\charrsid3949313 Hag\'e5t\'f1a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 precinct by police, we hold that a reasonable person who has been told by police of criminal sexual conduct allegations against him, asked by police to come to a police precinct, handcuffed by police before being seated in a patrol car, and t hen questioned by police in the patrol car while traveling to the precinct would not have felt he was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 at liberty to terminate the interrogation and leave}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 under these circumstances in the patrol car.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 , 2003 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 51 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 516 U.S. at 112).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9439345\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The trial court found that Farata was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 instructed to put his statement in writing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 by police upon arrival at the precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 15 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It acknowledged Farata\rquote s testimony that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo removed his handcuffs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 prior to giving the instruction, and that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo walked in and out of the interview room during the approximately 25 minutes it took Farata to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083767\charrsid3949313 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 complete his written statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, pp. 12, 13 (Decision).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Again, the trial court deemed Farata\rquote s testimony to be relatively more dependable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We therefore additionally hold that given these circumstances, together with the circumstances involved in the patrol car interrogation, a reasonable person at the precinct would not have felt free to end the interrogation and leave.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 See Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 , 2003 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 51.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9439345\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid9067000 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 3)\tab Arrest or Comparable }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Restraint on Freedom of Movement}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9439345 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 After addressing the two inquiries, the court must then resolve \lquote the ultimate inquiry,\rquote which is \lquote [was] there a formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 , 2003 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 51 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Thompson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 516 U.S. at 112).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The use of handcuffs on the defendant, for example, is not determinative of custody.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Quidachay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 1983 WL 29952 at *3 (D. Guam App. Div. Nov. 8, 1983).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [H]andcuffs do not automatically transform detention into custodial interrogation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Touzel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 409 F.Supp.2d 511, 522 (D.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267152\charrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Vt. 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Instead, courts consider \lquote all the circumstances presented \rquote to determine whether the standard has been met.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Newton}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 369 F.3d 659, 677 (2nd Cir. 2004).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The trial court did not find that Farata was formally arrested when he was questioned in the patrol car or instructed to put his statements in writing at the police precinct.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court instead determined from the testimonies of Farata and the officers that Farata was handcuffed prior to transport to the precinct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court\rquote s handcuffing finding is not dispositive of the custody issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 However, since we have already held, after considering }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 all the circumstances presented,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 that a reasonable person in Farata\rquote s situation would not have felt free to terminate the patrol car and precinct interrogations and leave, we therefore find that these circumstances constituted a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105364 , 2003 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 51; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Touzel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 409 F.Supp.2d at 522.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067000\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9067000 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 2.\tab Waiver of }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Rights}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11035516 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067000\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 6}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Testimonial evidence that is a product of custodial interrogation is inadmissible unless a defendant waived the privilege against self-incrimination.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Sangalang}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 , 2001 Guam 18 paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 12.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 To be valid, the waiver must be voluntary, knowing and intelligent.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 This court has stated that the voluntary, knowing and intelligent nature of a }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 waiver is to be gleaned from the totality of the circumstances, which includes \lquote the background, experience and conduct of the defendant.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Angoco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2007 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 37 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Sangalang}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2001 Guam 18}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 13).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We have also held that the issue of whether a }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 waiver is not coerced and therefore valid depends on consideration of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 two distinct dimensions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 :} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067000\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9067000 First, the relinquishment of the rig ht must have been voluntary in the sense that it was the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid9067000 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9067000 Second, the waiver must have been made with a full awareness both of the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid9067000 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9067000 Only if the \lquote totality of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation\rquote reveal both an uncoerced choice and the requisite level of comprehension may a court properly conclude that the Miranda}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067000 rights have been waived.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid9067000 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Hualde}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 1999 Guam 3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 30 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Moran v. Burbine}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Statements made by a defendant who was not advised of his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights are per se involuntary and therefore inadmissible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Sangalang}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 , 2001 Guam 18 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 12.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 If properly administered warnings were given, the court must determine whether the defendant\rquote s waiver was voluntary before allowing the statements to be admitted into evidence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612348\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 7}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The trial court considered the testimonies of Farata and Officer Arceo.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court then expressly found that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata was not advised of his }{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 when he was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 handcuffed before being placed in Officer Arceo\rquote s patrol car for transport,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 no waiver of those rights was obtained.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 14 (Decision).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It ultimately concluded that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 any confession or admission subsequently obtained was in violation of }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and must be suppressed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 14 (Decision).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612348\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 8}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The trial court\rquote s express finding that Farata was neither advised of nor waived his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights prior to transport is supported by Farata\rquote s testimony on waiver and the trial court\rquote s determination that the officers\rquote pertinent testimony was unreliable.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We therefore hold that any response by Farata to the questions asked in the patrol car was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 per se involuntary and therefore inadmissible}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 because Officer Arceo did not obtain a waiver of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights from Farata before subjecting him to custodial interrogation. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Sangalang}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 , 2001 Guam 18 paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612348 12.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612348\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 49}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The trial court did not make a similar express finding on waiver at the police precinct in its discussion of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 in its decision, even though it acknowledged the conflicting testimonies of Farata and Officer Arceo regarding a precinct waiver.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Instead, the trial court in discussing its alternative basis for suppression stated that:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612348\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid16612348 Upon arrival, Farata was instructe d to put his statement in writing, without any mention of the improperly obtained confession.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid16612348 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid16612348 Thereafter, Farata was admonished of his rights and a waiver was obtained. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 15 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court\rquote s statement seems to indicate that the trial court found that Farata waived his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights at some point after receiving the instruction from police, but does not specify whether the waiver was obtained before or after Farata made his w}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 ritten statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4603224 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 0}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Furthermore, the trial court in its decision stated that:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4603224\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603224 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata\rquote s testimony provides the only explanation for the scratches and changes to the times noted on his written statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 For what other reason would the time on Farata\rquote s written statement be so significantly pushed back, if not to suggest that a }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 waiver was obtained }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 before}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata\rquote s interview and written statement? \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 15 (Decision) (emphasis in original).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Specifically, the trial court observed that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [t]he time indicated on almost every page of Farata\rquote s written statement has been crossed out and replaced,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and it acknowledged Farata\rquote s testimony that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Officer Arceo instructed [Farata] as to the time, and that it was Officer Arceo who instructed him to scratch out the times stated on his written statement and replace them with later times.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 13 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The time indicated on the form signed by Farata waiving his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights was 1:30 p.m.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 All of the substituted times on Farata\rquote s written statement are later than 1:30 p.m.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Consequently, the record cannot be reconciled with the trial court\rquote s statements to the extent that such statements suggest that Farata waived his }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 after}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 making his written statement, because the time on the waiver form precedes the substituted times on the written statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4603224\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab These trial court statements thus do not resolve the issue of whether a waiver of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights was obtained from Farata before or after he made his writing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Since this court is unable to identify or infer a clear and consistent finding by the trial court on waiver at the police precinct, we find that the trial court erred in suppressing Farata\rquote s written statement based on the principles of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We therefore remand this case to the trial court to determine whether Farata waived his rights before or after writing his statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 If the trial court on remand finds that the waiver was obtained }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 after}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the writing was made, then the written statement is inadmissible under }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . If the trial court instead finds that Farata waived his rights }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 before}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 making his written statement, then it must determine whether Farata validly waived his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 If the trial court finds that the totality of the circumstances indicate that he waived his rights voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently, then pursuant to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the statement is admissible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 If the trial court\rquote s findings are to the contrary, then the written statement is inadmissible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab We therefore conclude that the trial court properly suppressed any statements Farata made in the patrol car based on }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 since he was subjected to custodial interrogation without first being advised of his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We further hold that the trial court erred in applying }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 to suppress the written statement made by Farata at the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6949627\charrsid3949313 Hag\'e5t\'f1a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 precinct, because the trial court did not make a clear and sufficient finding on whether the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 waiver was obtained before or after Farata wrote his statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 This court therefore affirms the trial court\rquote s suppression of the statements Farata made in the patrol car, reverses its suppression of his statements at the police precinct, and remands the case to the trial court to determine when the waiver was obtained at the precinct.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3037933 {\b\insrsid2839841\charrsid3037933 B}{\b\insrsid12801710\charrsid3037933 .\tab Seibert and Elstad \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The next issue this court must address is whether the trial court properly suppressed Farata\rquote s statements after discussing }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Missouri v. Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 542 U.S. 600 (2004), and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Oregon v. Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 470 U.S. 298 (1985). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The People assert that there was no express finding or inquiry on deliberate use of the question-first interrogation technique pursuant to the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 holding in Justice Kennedy\rquote s concurrence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The People thus maintain that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 was not applicable and Farata\rquote s statements were instead admissible pursuant to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 since they were made knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Alternatively, the People argue that even if the trial court found deliberate use of the question-first technique, advisement of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights by police constituted a sufficient curative measure that rendered Farata\rquote s statements admissible under }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Farata argues that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 applies to the present case and supports suppression because the record contains }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 adequate indicia}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 of deliberate use of the question-first technique by police. Appellee\rquote s Brief, p. 13 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14824254\charrsid3949313 Dec.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 4, 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Specifically, he asserts that his transport to the precinct and alterations to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 time notations on the various documents . . . in what the court believed was an attempt to make sure the times conformed to the officer\rquote s version of the story}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 indicate deliberate use. Appellee\rquote s Brief, p. 13 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14824254\charrsid3949313 Dec.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 4, 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Farata also maintains that }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Shorehaven Corp. v. Taitano}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 is distinguishable and apparently does not weaken support for the trial court\rquote s suppression of Farata\rquote s statements. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab This court has recognized that the holding of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Missouri v. Seibert}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 lies in the concurrence authored by Justice Kennedy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 People v. Angoco}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2007 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 21.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 addressed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the question-first}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 interrogation technique whereby an officer would }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 question first, then give}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ] warnings, and then repeat the question \lquote until [the officer] get[s] the answer that [the suspect] already provided once.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 p}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 16 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Missouri v. Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 542 U.S. 600, 606 (2004)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [T]he question-first technique involves unwarned questioning, followed by the advisement of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights after a confession has been made.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 22.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 concurrence held that the question-first t echnique should be scrutinized only when it has been deliberately used.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [I]f the question-first technique was \lquote used in a calculated way to undermine the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 warning,\rquote then post-}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1979064 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3949313 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid3949313 Post-}{ \i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Miranda}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 statements are statements made }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 after}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 the advisement of }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Miranda}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 rights.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \lquote that are related to the substance of prewarning statements\rquote must be suppressed, unless \lquote specific, curative\rquote steps were taken before the post-}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements were made.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 542 U.S. at 621-622). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 7}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Two things must be considered in determining whether the question-first technique was deliberately used to undermine the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407 warning:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [First,] objective evidence, including the timing, setting and completeness of the unwarned phase of questioning, the timing and setting of the first and the second rounds of interrogation}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1979064 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3949313 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid3949313 In }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 People v. Angoco}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 , 2007 Guam 1, we adopted the Ninth Circuit test in }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 United States v. Williams}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 , 435 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. 2006), for \'93determining whether the interrogator deliberately withheld the }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Miranda}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 warning.\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Angoco}{ \fs20\insrsid3949313 , 2007 Guam 1 \'b6 24. \'93[T]he timing and setting of the first and the second [rounds of interrogation]\'94 was also adopted as additional objective evidence to provide clarity in applying the Ninth Circuit test to determine deliberate use of the question-first technique. }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Id}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 . at \'b6 27. We recognized in }{ \i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Angoco}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 that the Ninth Circuit deliberateness test was based on four of the five factors discussed in the }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Seibert}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 plurality opinion. }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Id} {\fs20\insrsid3949313 . at \'b6 25. The Ninth Circuit test in }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Williams}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 , however, did not list as objective evidence to be considered in determining deliberateness the timing and setting of the second, post- }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Miranda}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 phase of interrogation. }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Id}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 . at \'b6 24. The additional objective evidence this court included in }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Angoco}{ \fs20\insrsid3949313 is simply the original }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Seibert}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 plurality factor that addresses this omitted consideration. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , the continuity of police personnel and the overlapping content of the warned and unwarned statements; and [second,] available subjective evidence, such as an officer\rquote s testimony. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2967784 paragraph}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 27.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Furthermore, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 when a defendant moves to suppress a post-warning statement that he contends was given as p art of a question-first interrogation, the prosecution must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the officer\rquote s failure to provide warnings at the outset of questioning was not part of a deliberate attempt to circumvent }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 28 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Ollie}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 442 F.3d 1135, 1142-1143 (8th Cir. 2006)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 8}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 If the objective evidence and available subjective evidence . . . demonstrate that the question-first technique was deliberately used to undermine }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , then . . . }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . . . requires suppression of post-} {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements related in substance to unwarned statements, unless curative measures were taken prior to procurement of the warned statements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 30.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Such curative steps include: }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 a substantial break in time and circumstances between the unwarned statements and the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 warning; or, an additional warning regarding the inadmissibility of unwarned statements.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 These curative steps \lquote must ensure that a reasonable person in the suspect\rquote s situation would understand the import and effect\rquote of the warning and the waiver.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 . paragraph }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 22 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 542 U.S. at 622).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 59}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 If the interrogator does not use \lquote this deliberate, two-step strategy, predicated upon violating }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 during an extended interview,\rquote [}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ] held that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Oregon v. Elstad}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . . . governed the admissibility of post-}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 542 U.S. at 621-622).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The United States Supreme Court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 recognized that a \lquote simple failure to administer the warnings, unaccompanied by any actual coercion or other circumstances calculated to undermine}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the suspect\rquote s ability to exercise his free will\rquote did not alone render a later warned statement inadmissible.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 36 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid672326\charrsid3949313 470 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 at 309).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The Court stated that \lquote [t]hough }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 requires that the unwarned admission must be suppressed, the admissibility of any subsequent statement should turn in these circumstances solely on whether it is knowingly and volunt arily made.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 470 U.S. at 309).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 As in any such inquiry, the finder of fact must examine the surrounding circumstances and the entire course of police conduct with respect to the suspect in evaluating the voluntariness of his statements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 470 U.S. at 318) (internal quotation marks omitted). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 0}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab We recognize that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 sets out the general rule that the existence of a pre-warning statement does not require suppression of a post-warning statement that was knowingly and voluntarily made, . . . while }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 sets out an }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 exception}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 for situations where police employ a deliberate \lquote question first\rquote strategy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Street}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 472 F.3d 1298, 1312 (11th Cir. 2006) (emphasis added).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We therefore hold that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rather than overruling }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , carved out an exception to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 for cases in which a deliberate, two-step strategy was used by law enforcement to obtain the postwarning confession.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Carter}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 489 F.3d 528, 535 (2nd Cir. 2007); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 see United States v. Williams}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 435 F.3d 1148, 1157 (9th Cir. 2006) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 exception to }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 carved out in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407 , 542 U.S. at 622.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Thus, to determine the admissibility of post-}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements pursuant to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid12002407 the first issue is whether the question-first technique was deliberately used to undermine Miranda.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid12002407 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid12002407 If it was so used, the next issue is whether certain curative measures were employed.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313\charrsid12002407 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid12002407 If such deliberate use of the question-first technique is not found, then Elstad governs, and the inquiry shifts to an examination of the knowing and voluntary nature of the warned and unwarned statements, based on th}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407 e totality of the circumstances.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid12002407 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Angoco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 2007 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 39.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Notably, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 only addressed the admissibility of the second, warned statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 United States v. Courtney}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 463 F.3d 333, 337 (5th Cir. 2006); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 542 U.S. at 622.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The trial court stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [e]ven if the Court were to accept Officer Arceo\rquote s testimony that Farata was not handcuffed, Farata\rquote s statements must be suppressed for different reasons.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 14 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Pursuant to }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , it stated that although an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 unwarned admission must be suppressed, the admissibility of any subsequent statement should turn in these circumstances solely on whether it was knowingly and voluntarily made.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 14 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court observed that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 was distinguished by }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , which required }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 suppression of all pre and post }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements w hen the police use a technique called \lquote question-first.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 14 (Decision).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Under}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , it stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 midstream recitation of warnings after interrogation had begun and an unwarned confession had been obtained could not effectively comply with }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda\rquote s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 constitutional requirement, and thus, the postwarning statements were inadmissible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, pp. 14-15 (Decision) (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 542 U.S. at 604).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court expressed that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 its analysis turns upon the accepted credibility of the witnesses presented to it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 ER, p. 13 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It acknowledged the officers\rquote admissions that they did not recall details of the incident and their heavy reliance on their reports during the pre-trial hearing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court then held that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 weight of authority on this issue}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 supported suppression of Farata\rquote s oral and written statements, after stating that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 [i]mproper interrogation techniques used to loosen a suspect\rquote s tongue by engaging in unwarned and casual questioning are an intentional departure from }{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12518108 E R, p. 15 (Decision).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 3}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab The trial court did not specify whether }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 or } {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 served as its alternative basis for suppression.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 It also did not apply the requisite analysis pursuant to either case, and thus did not determine whether the question-first technique was deliberately used by the officers in the present case or whether Farata\rquote s post-}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements were made knowingly and voluntarily.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Absent these determinations, neither }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 nor }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 warranted suppression of Farata\rquote s post-}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 The trial court thus erred in justifying suppression of Farata\rquote s post-}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements based on }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1979064 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3949313 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid3949313 The t rial court stated that \'93[e]ven if the Court were to accept Officer Arceo\rquote s testimony that Farata was not handcuffed, Farata\rquote s statements must be suppressed for different reasons.\'94 ER, p. 14 (Decision). The handcuffing finding was part of the trial court\rquote s justification for suppressing Farata\rquote s statements pursuant to }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Miranda}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 . A lower court is \'93 required to determine whether }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Miranda }{\fs20\insrsid3949313 warnings were required prior to [a defendant\rquote s pre-}{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Miranda}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 statements] before considering the applicability of }{ \i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Seibert}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 .\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Courtney}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 , 463 F.3d at 337. Thus, the trial court\rquote s statements are erroneous to the extent that they are construed to mean that suppression pursuant to }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Seibert}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 is independent of the }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Miranda}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 inquiry.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We therefore reverse the trial court\rquote s suppression of Farata\rquote s statements based on }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and remand this case to the trial court to apply the analyses therein and determine whether }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 provides a basis for suppression.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 As discussed above, the trial court failed to make a clear and sufficient finding on whether Farata waived his }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights before or after making his written statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Consequently, if upon remand the trial court finds that Farata waived his rights }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 after}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 making the statement, then }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 cannot support suppression since both address the admissibility of post-}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 That is, if the trial court finds that Farata\rquote s written statement preceded his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 waiver then both }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 and }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 would be inapplicable, since no post-}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statement could be subjected to the analysis in either case.}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar \tx-1080\tx-720\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5130\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 \wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1979064 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3949313 \chftn }{\insrsid3949313 }{\fs20\insrsid3949313 The excerpts from }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Elstad}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 and }{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Seibert}{\fs20\insrsid3949313 quoted by the trial court in its decision suggest that the trial court was aware of the applicability of both cases to post-}{\i\fs20\insrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \fs20\insrsid3949313 statements. ER, pp. 14-15 (Decision). }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Courtney}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 463 F.3d at 337; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 542 U.S. at 622; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , 470 U.S. at 309.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 If, however, the trial court on remand finds that Farata waived his rights }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 before}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 making the wr itten statement, then the trial court must determine whether Officer Arceo deliberately used the question-first technique.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 To determine such deliberate use, the trial court must consider the objective and subjective evidence we recognized in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Angoco}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , namely:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002407\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid12002407 objective evidence, including the timing, setting and completeness of the unwarned phase of questioning, the timing and setting of the first and second rounds of interrogation, the continuity of police personnel and the overlapping content of the warned and unwarned statements; and, available subjective evidence, such as an officer\rquote s testimony \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10639460 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Angoco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 , 2007 Guam 1 paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 27.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 If upon consideration of this evidence the trial court finds that the question-first technique was deliberately used, then it must determine whether curative measures were employed by police before the post-}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements were elicited.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 These curative measures include }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 a substantial break in time and circumstances between the unwarned statements and the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 warning; or, an additional warning regarding the inadmissibility of the unwarned statements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9117131 14}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 30.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 If the trial court finds deliberate use of the question-first technique and an absence of curative measures, then it must suppress Farata\rquote s post-}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements under }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 But if the trial court after considering the objective and subjective evidence finds that the question-first technique was not deliberately used, then it must determine }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4285310\charrsid3949313 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 whether Farata made his post-}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 statements knowingly and voluntarily.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 If the trial court finds that the totality of the circumstances demonstrate that his warned statements were both knowing and voluntary, then the statements are admissible pursuant to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9915428\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9915428 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 V.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3949313 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9915428 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 4}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab We hold that the trial court correctly suppressed pursuant to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 any statements Farata made in the patrol car en route to the Hag}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1979064\charrsid3949313 \'e5}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1979064\charrsid3949313 \'f1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 a precinct because the trial court properly found that Farata was subjected to custodial interrogation without first being advised of his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights. We also hold that a trial court\rquote s credibility determinations should be upheld if not clearly erroneous.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We further hold that the trial court erred in suppressing, based on }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , the written statement Farata made at the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1979064\charrsid3949313 Hag\'e5t\'f1a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 precinct because the trial court did not clearly and sufficiently find when the waiver of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights was obtained from Farata at the precinct; whether before or afte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14823357 r the writing of his statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14823357\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab We additionally hold that the trial court erroneously suppressed Farata\rquote s statements based on the analysis in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 because it did not determine whether the question-first interrogation technique was deliberately used pursuant to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , or whether Farata made knowing and voluntary statements after waiving his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 rights under }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14823357 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14823357\charrsid3949313 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 [6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5905334\charrsid3949313 6}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8002014\charrsid3949313 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 \tab Accordingly, we }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 AFFIRM}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the trial court\rquote s decision to suppress Farata\rquote s statements in the patrol car pursuant to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 REVERSE }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the trial court\rquote s suppression of the written statement Farata made at the precinct based on }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 REMAND}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 this case to the trial court to determine whether police obtained the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 waiver from Farata before or after he made his written statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3949313 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 We additionally }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 REVERSE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 the trial court\rquote s alternative suppression of Farata\rquote s statements based on }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Seibert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 Elstad}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 , and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 REMAND}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12801710\charrsid3949313 this case to the trial court to determine whether the analyses therein are applicable and provide proper grounds for suppression. \par }}