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TENORIO}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , \par Defendant-Appellant.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 OPINION \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 December 18, 2007 \par Cite as:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 2007 Guam 19 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Supreme Court Case No. CRA07-002 \par Su}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120198 perior Court Case No. CF0243-06}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on October 15, 2007 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft1440\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind1548\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3780\clshdrawnil \cellx5220\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3780\clshdrawnil \cellx9000\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Samuel S. Teker, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par Teker Torres & Teker, P.C. \par 130 Aspinall Avenue, Suite 2A \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Marianne Woloschuk, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par Office of the Attorney General \par 287 West O\rquote Brien Dr. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft1440\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind1548\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3780\clshdrawnil \cellx5220\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3780\clshdrawnil \cellx9000\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par BEFORE: F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; ROBERT J. TORRES, JR., Associate Justice; RICHARD H. BENSON, Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Pro Tempore}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 . \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 TORRES, J.:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Defendant-Appellant Andrew Tenorio (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Tenorio}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ) appeals from a final judgment convicting him of Third and Fourth Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, and the denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal related to the same offenses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Tenorio argues that Plaintiff-Appellee People of Guam failed to present sufficient competent evidence at trial of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force or coercion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 element of Third Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 CSC III}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ), and of the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 physical helplessness}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 element of Fourth Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 CSC IV}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 We agree that there was insufficien t evidence of force or coercion and reverse his conviction for CSC III, but af}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 firm the conviction for CSC IV.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab In May 2006, the Mangilao Youth Crime Watch held a sleepover retreat at the Mangilao community recreation center.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The sleepover was attended by:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Tenorio, who served as an adult advisor to the youth group, Complainant T.Q.,1{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 1}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 In accordance with Rule 3(d)(3)(B) of the Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure, the court refers to the complainant by initials only.}} the 19-year-old President of the group, and four or five minors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 During the middle of the night, T.Q. awoke and felt Tenorio rubbing his chest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 T.Q. thought Tenorio was just moving around in his sleep, so T.Q. went back to sleep.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 When T.Q. woke up again, Tenorio\rquote s hand was in his pants touching his penis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Tenorio moved his hand under T.Q.\rquote s boxers, pulled down his pants, touched his penis until erect, and performed oral sex for about a minute.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 T.Q. then turned over on his side.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 After T.Q. turned over, Tenorio pulled up T.Q.\rquote s pants and T.Q. went back to sleep.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab After the incident, T.Q. found it difficult to deal with Tenorio.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 On the afternoon of June 6, about three weeks after the incident occurred, the Mayor fired T.Q., citing dissatisfaction with T.Q.\rquote s leadership skills.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 T.Q. returned that evening to pack up some of his belongings, and argued with Tenorio.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 After T.Q. left, someone at the recreation center asked the police to stop T.Q. to recover his set of keys to the office.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 After being stopped by police, T.Q. accused Tenorio of the alleged conduct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab A grand jury issued a four-charge indictment against Tenorio on June 15, 2006 for the alleged offenses against T.Q., as well as sexual offenses against two minors who were with T.Q. when he was stopped by the police, and who subsequently accused Tenorio.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Tenorio was tried by a jury in August 2006.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 At the close of the evidence, Tenorio made a motion for a directed verdict, which the court took under advisement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 On August 31, 2006, the jury convicted Tenorio on all counts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Among the elements required for conviction for CSC III was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force and coercion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 to accomplish sexual penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Conviction for CSC IV required sexual contact when the defendant knew or had reason to know that the victim was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 physically helpless.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The trial court treated defendant\rquote s motion for a directed verdict as a motion for judgment of acquittal, and denied the motion on November 30, 2006, finding, without any written analysis of the elements or the record, that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 there was sufficient evidence to establish the essential elements of the crimes beyond reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ER}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ), Tab 66, p. 3 (Decision & Order).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Tenorio was sentenced on January 18, 2007, and judgment was entered on the docket on February 9, 2007.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Tenorio timely filed his notice of appeal on January 19, 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab This court has jurisdiction over this appeal from a final judgment entered by the Superior Court pursuant to 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 III.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, this Court must determine }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 whether the evidence in the record could reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Sangalang}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 2001 Guam 18 \'b6 20.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \lquote [T]his court reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to ascertain whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.\rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Reyes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 1998 Guam 32 \'b6 7).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 This is a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 highly deferential standard of review.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 A court determines whether a judgment of acquittal should be granted by applying the same test used when the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Cruz}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 1998 Guam 18 \'b6 9.2{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 2}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \'93Thus, an appellate court reviews the evidence presented in a light most favorable to the government and determines whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94}{ \insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Cruz}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , 1998 Guam 18 \'b6 9}{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 .}} \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 IV.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The parties dispute whether there was sufficient evidence of: (a) force or coercion used to accomplish sexual penetration, as required for Third Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct; and (b) physical helplessness of the victim at the time of sexual contact, as required for Fourth Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 A.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Force or Coercion Requirement for Third Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab A defendant is guilty of CSC III if }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the person engages in sexual penetration with another person and if . . . }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force or coercion}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 is used to accomplish the sexual penetration}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 3{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 3}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Only a few cases have addressed the force or coercion requirement of the Guam statute, and they focused on issues not raised here.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 See}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Guam v. Agualo}{ \insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , 948 F.2d 1116, 1118 (9th Cir. 1991) (holding that nonconsent is not an element of first degree criminal sexual conduct); }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 People v. Flores}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , 2004 Guam 18 \'b6\'b6 18-21 (rejecting argument that statute required force or coercion }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 and}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 physical helplessness or mental incapacity }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 and }{ \insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 an underage victim); }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Guam v. Winkler}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , No. 86-060A, 1988 WL 242599, at *2-3 (D. Guam App. Div. Aug. 2, 1988) (holding that}{ \insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 provision of criminal sexual conduct statute defining medically unethical treatment as coercion was not unconstitutionally vague).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7 25.25(a)(2) (2005) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 While penetration is undisputed, there is a disagreement as to whether there was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force or coercion,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 and whether such force or coercion was used }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 to accomplish the sexual penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 4{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 4}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 The element of sexual penetration is supported by the record, and Tenorio does not dispute the sufficiency of the evidence of penetration.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Appellee\rquote s Supplemental Excerpts of Record (\'93SER\'94), p. 9 (Trial Tr. p. 32:16, Aug. 29, 2006).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Force or coercion is statutorily defined to: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 include[,] but }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 is not limited to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [,] any of the following circumstances: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 (i) when the actor overcomes the victim through the}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 actual application of physical force or physical violence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 (ii) when the actor }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 coerces the victim to submit by threatening to use force or violence on the victim }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 and the victim believes that the actor has the present ability to execute these threats; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 (iii) when the actor coerces the victim to submit by threatening to retaliate in th e future against the victim or any other person and the victim believes that the actor has the ability to execute this threat. . . . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 (iv) when the actor engages in the medical treatment or examination of the victim in a manner or for purposes which are medically recognized as unethical or unacceptable; or \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 (v) when the actor, through concealment or by the element of surprise, is able to overcome the victim. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(2) (2005) (emphasis added).5{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 5}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 The jury was only instructed as to definitions (i), (ii), and (v), and not (iii) or (iv).}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 SER, p. 35 (Trial Tr. p. 208:3-11, Aug. 30, 2006).}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 While the evidence indicates that T.Q. did not resist the Defendant\rquote s actions,6{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 6}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 T.Q. testified: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \par }\pard \qj \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \tab \tab Q.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 And did you ever say }{ \i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \'93Stop\'94}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , or }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \'93Get away from me\'94}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , or }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \'93What are you doing?\'94}{ \insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \par \tab }{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \tab A.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 No. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \tab \tab . . . \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0 {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Q.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 And you never pushed him away?}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{ \insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 And you never yelled out and told anyone else at the mayor\rquote s office? \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \tab \tab A.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 No. \par \tab \tab . . . \par \tab \tab Q.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 But you did nothing to stop him? \par \tab \tab A.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Yes. \par \tab \tab . . . \par \tab \tab Q.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 You\rquote re an adult? \par \tab \tab A.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Yes. \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 ER (Trial Tr. pp. 41-42, Aug. 25, 2006) (emphases added).}} the government argues that force or coercion was used to accomplish penetration because either: (1) defendant\rquote s abuse of a position of trust constituted coercion; or (2) the defendant\rquote s removal of the complainant\rquote s boxer shorts and act of oral penetration constituted actual application of physical force.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Whether Coercive Circumstances Existed That Satisfy the Force }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 or Coercion Element}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The government argues that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Tenorio accomplished the sexual penetration under coercive circumstances,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 where Tenorio }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 held a position of trust and that he abused that trust,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 and because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the incidents occurred on mayoral property during a youth sleepover event while other [sic] children were present.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Appellee\rquote s Br., pp. 13, 15-16 (July 23, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 In order to support a conviction for CSC III based on abuse of a position of trust, such abuse must: (a) constitute }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 coercion}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ; and (b) be used }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 to accomplish the sexual penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7 25.25(a). \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 a.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Sufficiency of the evidence of }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 coercion}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The government contends that abuse of a position of trust is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 coercion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Abuse of a position of trust \endash except in the medical context \endash is not an example of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 coercion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 enumerated in 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(2).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The criminal sexual conduct statute provides that force or coercion }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 is not limited to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the enumerated circumstances, but provides no guidance on what constitutes coercion beyond the enumerated examples.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(2).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Where a crimin al statute is ambiguous, the rule of lenity requires us to construe the statute in favor of the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Robinson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 264 N.W.2d 58, 61 (Mich. Ct. App. 1978) (holding that ambiguity in a criminal sexual conduct statute should be construed in favor of lenity)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Bell v. United States}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 349 U.S. 81, 83-84 (1955)); } {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 see also People v. Lau}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 2007 Guam 4 \'b6 11 n.5 (noting that the rule of lenity only applies when a statute remains ambiguous after resort to the canons of statutory construction).7{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 7}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 There do not appear to be any reported Guam cases applying the rule of lenity, and 1 GCA \'a7 700 suggests that the rule may not apply on Guam.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Section 700 states that \'93 common law rules that . . . penal statutes shall be strictly construed shall not apply\'94 to the interpretation of the Guam Code.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Insofar as the rule of lenity is based on the constitutional right to due process, however, the rule cannot be overturned by statute.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 See United States v. Lanier}{ \insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , 520 U.S. 259, 265-66 (1997) (finding a constitutional due process right to fair notice, including \'93 the canon of strict construction of criminal statutes, or rule of lenity, [which] ensures fair warning by so resolving ambiguity in a criminal statute as to apply it only to conduct clearly covered\'94).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 In determining whether abuse of a position of trust constitutes an unenumerated circumstance of coercion, we find it helpful to examine: (i) the enumerated statutory definitions; (ii) the totality of circumstances; (iii) the plain meaning; and (iv) statutor y history and policy. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 i.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Abuse of a position of trust and the enumerated examples of coercion}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The statutory definition of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force or coercion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 provides only one enumerated example of the abuse of a position of trust being inherently coercive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(2)(iv).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Subsection (iv) provides that force or coercion includes, but is not limited to, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 when the actor engages in the medical treatment or examination of the victim in a manner or for purposes which are medically recognized as unethical or unacceptable.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Other positions of trust, including a youth group advisor, are not statutorily defined as inherently coercive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 A similar situation was presented in a Pennsylvania case, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Commonwealth v. Titus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , where the government argued that a father-daughter relationship inherently satisfied the force or forcible compulsion element of rape.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 556 A.2d 425, 430 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1989).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The court disagreed, finding that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 absence of any such legislative presumption argues against its establishment by judicial fiat.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 By the same token, the Guam Legislature\rquote s failure to define the position of youth group advisor as inherently coercive, while not dispositive, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 argues against its establishment by judicial fiat.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Other than the medical treatment provision, each of the enumerated examples of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 coercion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 in Guam\rquote s CSC statute, 9 GCA \'a7 25.10, requires threats of force or retaliation, suggesting that the level of coercion required must be equivalent to such a threat.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 See also People v. Berlin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 507 N.W.2d 816, 817 (Mich. Ct. App. 1993) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [W]here examples of what is included in a definition are given, the word is presumed to include only things of the same kind, class, character, or nature unless a contrary intent is evident.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ).8{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 8}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 See also Hamilton v. Madigan}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , 961 F.2d 838, 840 (9th Cir. 1992) (\'93 [W]hen general and specific words are associated, as in the statutory definition . . . and [an] accompanying list of examples, then the general words are construed to embrace things similar to those enumerated by the specific words.\'94 ); 2A Norman J. Singer,}{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Statutes & Statutory Construction }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \'a7 47:17 (6th ed. 2000) (\'93Where specific words follow[] general ones, . . . the doctrine of }{ \i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 ejusdem generis}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 ] restricts application of the general term to things that are similar to those enumerated. . . . The doctrine of }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 ejusdem generis}{ \insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 has been said to be \lquote especially applicable to penal statutes.\rquote \'94).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Tenorio, however, made no such threats, and his position as advisor to a volunteer youth group leader would not rise to the same level of coerciveness as threats of force or retaliation. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Moreover, a youth group advisor is not among the various positions of trust that statutes in other jurisdictions have recognized as inherently coercive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Those statutes focus most often on guardians, medical personnel, or clergy \endash not a youth advisor.9{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 9}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{ \i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 See, e.g.}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. \'a7 750.520d(1)(e) (Westlaw through P.A. 2007 No. 1-145) (stating that sexual penetration by a teacher of a sixteen or seventeen year old student constitutes CSC III); Minn. Stat. Ann. \'a7 609.344(h), (}{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 l}{ \insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 ), (m), (n) (Westlaw through 2007 1st Special Sess.) (stating that sexual penetration by a psychotherapist of a patient, by a member of the clergy of an individual receiving religious or spiritual advice, by a jail or prison employee of an inmate, or an agent of a special transportation service of a transportee, constitutes CSC III); Fla. St. Ann. \'a7 794.011(8) (Westlaw through 2007 Special D Sess.) (actor in a position of familial or custodial authority over a person under eighteen); N.J. Stat. Ann. \'a7 2C:14-2(a)(2)(b)-(c) (Westlaw through L. 2007, c. 203, & J.R. No. 12) (actor has \'93 supervisory or disciplinary power over the victim by virtue of the actor\rquote s legal, professional, or occupational status\'94 or is a guardian); S.C. Code Ann. \'a7 16-3-655(B)(2) (Westlaw through 2007) (actor in position of familial, custodial, or official authority over minor); Tenn. Code Ann. \'a7 39-13-501 (Westlaw through 2007 1st Regular Sess.) (actor in position of parental, custodial, or official a uthority over a child under 15); Utah Code Ann. \'a7 76-5-404.1(4)(h) (Westlaw through 2007 1st Special Sess.) (actor was in \'93position of special trust\'94 over victim }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 under fourteen}{ \insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , including a \'93youth leader . . . who is an adult,\'94 adult coach, teacher, counselors, religious leader, doctor, employer, parent or guardian); Model Penal Code \'a7 213.3(1)(b) (actor is victim\rquote s guardian or otherwise generally responsible for victim\rquote s welfare).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Utah\rquote s statute governing sexual abuse of a child includes numerous positions of trust, including an adult youth leader and an employer, but the statute only applies when the victim is a child less than fourteen, whereas T.Q. was nineteen.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Utah Code Ann. \'a7 76-5-404.1(1), (4)(h).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 In addition, the Utah statute treats the position of special trust as an aggravating factor \endash it does not define }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 coercion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 to include positions of trust.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \'a7 76-5-404.1(4)(a), (h). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Even if Tenorio\rquote s role could be considered a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 position of trust,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 abuse of such a position alone is not }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 coercion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 within the meaning of the statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 For example, a guardianship position over a minor \endash likely one of the most coercive relationships possible \endash has been held to be insufficient on its own.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 See Commonwealth v. Milnarich }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 542 A.2d 1335, 1342 (Pa. 1988) (affirming by an equally divided court a holding that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 forcible compulsion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 element of a rape conviction was not met where an adult guardian threatened to return a 14-year-old girl to a juvenile detention facility if she did not consent to sex); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Com monwealth v. Titus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 556 A.2d 425, 427 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1989) (reversing a trial court\rquote s finding that a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \lquote father/daughter relationship created a psychological and emotional atmosphere in which the victim was prevented from resisting\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Commonwealth v. Able}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 s , 590 A.2d 334, 338 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1991) (stating that an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 uncle-niece relationship . . . alone . . . will not suffice to find forcible compulsion,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 but finding compulsion where the victim resisted on at least the first occasion and defendant intimidated the victim).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Rather, the coercive position is only one circumstance that may contribute to a finding of coercion. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Thus, because a youth group advisor is not statutorily defined as an inherently coercive position of trust, and the coerciveness of that position is less than the coerciveness inherent in the enumerated examples, we find that Tenorio\rquote s abuse of his position of trust alone is insufficient to constitute coercion.10{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 10}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 The Guam Legislature clearly did not intend to limit the definition of \'93coercion\'94 to the enumerated examples, and we recognize that there likely are factual circumstances beyond the enumerated examples that are inherently coercive.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 We are cautious, however, in ex ercising our power to recognize additional examples of conduct that inherently constitutes coercion, and we find that the factual circumstances presented here do not warrant such recognition. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ii.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Totality of the circumstances}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Some courts have determined whether the coercion element is satisfied }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 in light of the totality of the circumstances.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. McGill}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 346 N.W.2d 572, 576 (Mich. Ct. App. 1984); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 accord People v. Brown}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 495 N.W.2d 812, 813 (Mich. Ct. App. 1992) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Force or coercion is not limited to physical violence but is instead determined in light of all the circumstances.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ).11{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 11}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Michigan and Minnesota have criminal sexual conduct statutes that are very similar to Guam\rquote s, and their decisions interpreting identical statutory language are persuasive here.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Guam v. Agualo}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , 948 F.2d 1116, 1118 (9th Cir. 1991) (\'93 Because the Guam statute is identical to the Michigan statute after which it is patterned, we view Michigan law to be persuasive in this circumstance.\'94); }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 cf. Guam v. Torre}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , 68 F.3d 1177, 1180 (9th Cir. 1995) (\'93applying the law of Guam as it is written. . . . but not[ing] [that the court\rquote s] conclusion is harmonious with the interpretation that Michigan courts have given the identical words\'94).}{ \insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Compare, e.g.}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 ,}{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 9 GCA \'a7 25.25 (defining CSC III), }{ \i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 with }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. \'a7 750.520d (providing an almost identical definition), }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 and }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Minn. Stat. \'a7 609.344 (providing a similar definition).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Commonwealth v. Titus}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , the court stated that factors indicative of forcible compulsion (or the threat of forcible compulsion) include, but are not limited to, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the respective ages of the victim and the accused, the respective mental and physical conditions of the victim and the accused, the atmosphere and physical setting in which the incident was alleged to have taken place, the extent to which the accused may have been in a position of authority, domination or custodial control over the victim, and whether the victim was under duress.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 556 A.2d at 427 (addressing forcible compulsion sufficient to prevent resistance by a person of reasonable resolution).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The same factors may be appropriate here, and similar factors have been considered in Michigan cases interpreting a statute very similar to ours.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 E.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 McGill}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 346 N.W.2d at 576; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Premo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 540 N.W.2d 715, 716-18 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Reid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 592 N.W.2d 767, 774-75 (Mich. Ct. App. 1999).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 McGill}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , the Michigan Court of Appeals found coercion existed in a CSC IV case where a 13-year-old girl was taken to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 an isolated and distant location by an older and stronger adult male,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the victim }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 knew no one who lived nearby and testified that she was frightened,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the defendant promised her a modeling career, a home, and a trip to Arizona, and the victim repeatedly told the defendant to remove his hands.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 346 N.W.2d at 574-77.12{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 12}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 See also State v. Carter}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , 289 N.W.2d 454, 455 (Minn. 1979) (finding force or coercion where defendant drove the minor victim to an isolated area and intentionally created an atmosphere of fear);}{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Brown}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , 495 N.W.2d at 813 (finding force or coercion where the defendant found the victim \'93sitting in a bedroom, alone, naked, and crying,\'94 and he \'93disregarded her requests to go home and her statements that she did not want to be there and did not want to have intercourse\'94).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The court observed that coercion might }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 have existed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [w]ere the victim older or had the undesired touching occurred in a place from which the victim could easily leave or from which she could summon help.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 at 577.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Premo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , the Michigan Court of Appeals examined coercion in light of all the circumstances, and found coercion in a teacher-student relationship, even though such relations were not one of the enumerated statutory prohibitions at the time.13{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 13}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{ \insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Michigan subsequently revised its statute to explicitly make sexual penetration by a teacher of a student under eighteen years old criminal sexual conduct.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{ \i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 See }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 2002 Mich. Legis. Serv. 714 (West) (enacting Mich. Comp. Laws \'a7\'a7 750.520b(1)(b)(iv), 750.520c(1)(b)(iv), 750.520d(1)(e)).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 540 N.W.2d at 717-18.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Premo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , the defendant-teacher was charged with CSC IV for pinching the student victims\rquote buttocks.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The appellate court upheld the lower court\rquote s denial of the defendant\rquote s motion to quash the charges, stating, in dicta, that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 defendant\rquote s actions constituted implied, legal, or constructive coercion because, as a teacher, defendant was in a position of authority over the student victims and the incidents occurred on school property.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 at 718.14{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 14}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 But cf. State v. Thompson}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , 792 P.2d 1103, 1107 (Mont. 1990) (reversing rape conviction of high school principal who threatened to prevent graduation of victim if she did not consent because statute required force or threat of force).}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Likewise, a Michigan Court of Appeals found coercion under CSC I in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Reid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , in which the defendant served in a position of authority as counselor to a fifteen-year-old victim }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 in a role highly analogous . . . to that of psychotherapist with a patient.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 592 N.W.2d at 774.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Defendant explained to the victim\rquote s father that he had acted as a youth counselor, and defendant took the victim to spend the night in the basement of the home of defendant\rquote s parents.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 at 771.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Defendant spiked the victim\rquote s drinks, causing the victim to become drunk and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 disoriented,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 then performed oral sex on the victim and successfully instructed the victim to reciprocate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 at 774-75.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The victim was thereby }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 constrained by subjugation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 coerced into submitting to these acts of penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 at 774-75.15{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 15}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Michigan\rquote s CSC I statute differs from the present statute insofar as there is an explicit prohibition against using a position of authority to coerce submission of a minor under 16.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Mich. Comp. Laws \'a7 750.520b(1)(b)(iii).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab A Michigan Appellate Court also found coercion in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Welsh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , No. 252561, 2006 WL 119158, at *2 (Mich. Ct. App. Jan. 17, 2006) (unpublished).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Defendant was a distant relative of the victim, but he considered himself an uncle and the victim went to his house }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 about every weekend}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 and occasionally stayed overnight.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 at *3.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The day before the incident, defendant took the 16-year-old victim to a rock concert and furnished him with alcohol.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 While at the defendant\rquote s house the next day, the defendant }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 put his mouth on the victim\rquote s penis,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 and the victim did not resist or say anything because he was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 too embarrassed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The court found sufficient evidence of coercion in defendant\rquote s abuse of a position of authority and trust.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Here, some circumstances suggest Tenorio occupied a position of trust, which could contribute to the existence of coercion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Tenorio was ele cted to the volunteer position of an adult advisor to the youth group by the members of the group, and he worked closely with the Mayor and his staff.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 T.Q. testified that he felt }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \lquote betrayed because it\rquote s\endash you know, he\rquote s an advisor, someone we trust.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Appellee\rquote s Br., p. 15 (quoting ER, p. 10).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 T.Q. had just been awakened at the time of the incident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 He testified that he did not tell Tenorio to stop touching his penis because he was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 scared}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [he] didn\rquote t know what, you know, [Tenorio\rquote s] reaction would be.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 SER, p. 9 (Trial Tr. 32:6-8, Aug. 25, 2006); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 accord }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ER (Trial Tr. 42:2-4, Aug. 25, 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Other circumstances suggest the absence of coercion \endash the victim was an adult male, and he could easily have left or summoned help.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 See McGill}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 346 N.W.2d at 577.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 There were four or five other individuals present in the office who could have helped him. Moreover, T.Q. never testified that he felt coerced or that Tenorio\rquote s position of trust influenced T.Q.\rquote s response during the incident.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 T.Q. did not resist Tenorio\rquote s advances and testified that at the time he felt }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 embarrassed to . . . even talk about it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 SER, p. 10 (Trial Tr: 33:8); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 see State v. Gamez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 494 N.W.2d 84, 88 (Minn. Ct. App. 1993) (Davies, J. dissenting) (arguing that coercion was not present where victim was prevented by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 embarrassment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 from calling to her sister in the adjacent room for help, and disagreeing with the majority regarding whether other factors suggested coercion); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Patterson}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 410 N.W.2d 733, 746 (Mich. 1987) (Brickley, J. concurring) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 References to no physical overpowering or no resistance are . . . examples of circumstances that will aid in determining whether the act was accomplished by force or coercion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 But see Welsh}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 2006 WL 119158, at *3 (affirming conviction where minor victim was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 too embarrassed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 to resist defendant in position of trust and there were other coercive circumstances).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 When T.Q. eventually turned away from Tenorio onto his side, Tenorio ceased sexual contact.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ER (Trial Tr. 41:24-42:1, Aug. 25, 2006) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Q. So, then you turn over and you went to sleep?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 A. Turned over, you know, for him to stop.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 And it did; he pulled up my pants and I went back to sleep.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Furthermore, while Tenorio was an advisor to the youth group, he was not T.Q.\rquote s boss, both were volunteers, and Tenorio was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 new to the organization.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 SER, p. 10 (Trial Tr. 33:5, Aug. 25, 2006) (testimony of T.Q.).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The government relies almost entirely on }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Premo} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , but }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Premo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 is distinguishable as involving pinching rather than penetration, a stronger position of authority \endash teacher-student rather than an}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 adult advisor to a leader of a youth group, and events on school property (where attendance was mandatory) rather than a recreation center at night (where attendance was voluntary).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The unpublished }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Welsh }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 case provides a somewhat closer analogy as it involved unresisted oral sex, but it also involved more coercive circumstances than the present case \endash the victim there was a 16-year-old minor at the home of the defendant.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 None of the cases we have located found coercion where, as here, the victim was an adult and there was no prior or contemporaneous threat or use of force.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab We therefore find that the totality of the circumst ances indicates that there was insufficient evidence of coercion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 iii.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Plain meaning}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The plain meaning of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 coercion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 also suggests that there was insufficient evidence of coercion.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [T]he courts are bound to give effect to the expressed intent of the legislature.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 2A Norman J. Singer, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Statutes & Statutory Construction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \'a7 46:03 (6th ed. 2000).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Black\rquote s Law Dictionary defines coercion as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [c]ompulsion by physical force or threat of physical force,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 or }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [c]onduct that constitutes the improper use of economic power to compel another to submit to the wishes of one who wields it.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Black\rquote s Law Dictionary}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 252 (7th ed. 1999).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Michigan has defined the coercion requirement slightly more broadly, stating that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force or coercion means that \lquote the defendant either used physical force or did something to make [the complainant] reasonably afraid of present or future danger.\rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Kline}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 494 N.W.2d 756, 758 (Mich. Ct. App. 1992) (alteration in original) (quoting Mich. Crim. Jury Instructions 2d \'a7 20.15). Tenorio did not threaten force or do anything to make T.Q. reasonably afraid of any danger, and abuse of a position of trust, standing alone, does not seem to fall within these definitions. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The Michigan }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Premo }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 case quotes an older, broader, definition of coercion: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Coercion may be actual, direct, or positive, as where physical force is used to compel act against one\rquote s will, or implied, legal or constructive, as where one party is constrained by subjugation to other to do what his free will would refuse. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Premo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 540 N.W.2d at 717 (quoting Black \rquote s Law Dictionary 234 (5th ed.)).16{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa99\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2122460 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 16}{ \insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 ADVANCE \\d 4}}{\fldrslt }}\sectd \psz1\sbknone\linex0\headery1440\footery1008\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2122460\sftnbj { \insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Minnesota defines \'93coercion\'94 in its CSC statute as: \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri864\sa99\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin864\lin720\itap0 {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 [T]he use by the actor of words or circumstances that cause the complainant reasonably to fear that the actor will inflict bodily harm upon the complainant or another, or the use by the actor of confinement, or superior size or strength, against the complainant that causes the complainant to submit to sexual penetration or contact against the complainant's will. Proof of coercion does not require proof of a specific act or threat. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Minn. Stat. \'a7 609.341(14).}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 The statute prohibits sexual penetration by persons in certain specific positions of trust, it prohibits older persons in positions of trust from penetrating minors, and it separately prohibits the use of force or coercion.}{ \insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Minn. Stat. \'a7 609.344.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Thus, the definition and statutory structure suggest that a position of trust, without more, is not \'93coercion\'94 in Minnesota.}} Here, there is no evidence indicating that T.Q. was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 constrained by subjugation to [Tenorio] to do what his free will would refuse.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 See id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 T.Q. testified that he was afraid of what Tenorio\rquote s reaction might be if he resisted, and that he was embarrassed, but there was no evidence that he was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 constrained by subjugation}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 or that T.Q.\rquote s arguably subordinate position in the youth group in any way affected his actions or inactions.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 To the contrary, testimony indicated that his position in the youth group was voluntary, and that he intended to seek other employment.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 SER, p. 20 (Trial Tr. 112:23-24, Aug. 29, 2006) (testimony of N. Blas) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [H]e volunteered and he was elected to be president.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 at 7 (Trial Tr. 30:1-3, Aug. 25, 2006) (T.Q. testifying that he was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 hoping to seek a temporary position as a substitute teacher for [GPSS] until January when I join the Navy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Moreover, T.Q. eventually used his free will to turn away from Tenorio, and there is no evidence in the record to suggest why he could not have done so earlier.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The plain meaning of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 coercion,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 therefore, weighs against a finding of coercion here.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 iv.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Statutory history and policy}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab We next examine the history and policy behind the coercion requirement of CSC III.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Common law rape required }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Nicole Fusilli, Note, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 New York State of Mind: Rape & Mens Rea}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 76 St. John\rquote s L. Rev. 603, 609 (2002) (quoting 4 William Blackstone, Commentaries at 210).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Conviction also required prompt reporting of the incident, corroboration, and utmost resistance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 at 609-10.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Because of the low rate of conviction and the focus on the victim \rquote s actions, reforms were proposed by the American Law Institute to eliminate the resistance requirement and the non-consent requirement, and to focus on the forcible compulsion element.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 at 611; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 see also }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 3 Charles E. Torcia,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Wharton\rquote s Criminal Law }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \'a7 281 (15th ed. 1995) (stating that because resistance might cause the aggressor to become more violent and cause further injury to the victim, the requirement has changed to require that the victim resist only }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 to the extent that it is necessary reasonably to manifest her refusal to consent,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 and resistance is entirely unnecessary if it would be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 futile or foolhardy.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 While many states made such reforms to their statutes, courts have continued to use resistance as a measure of the force used by the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Fusilli, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 supra}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , at 615-16; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Patterson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 410 N.W.2d at 746 (Brickley, J. concurring). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The coercion requirement of CSC III is presumably intended to replace the requirement of resistance or affirmative non-consent that was traditionally an element of rape.17{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10691275 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 17}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{ \insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Guam\rquote s previous statute governing rape by force or coercion required that a male defendant \'93 compel[] [a female not his wife] to submit [to sexual intercourse] by force or threat of imminent death, serious bodily injury or kidnaping,\'94 or \'93compel[] her to submit by any t hreat that he knows would be likely to prevent resistance by a woman of ordinary resolution.\'94}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Guam Crim. & Corrections Code \'a7\'a7 25.15, 25.20 (1977).}{ \insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 According to a comment to the Model Penal Code, which was a source of the old Guam statute, the phrase \'93compels to submit\'94 in this context required more than \'93 a token initial resistance,\'94 though it did not require \'93additional struggle [that] would obviously be useless.\'94}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Model Penal Code}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 , Part II, {\*\bkmkstart SR_59_2749}{\*\bkmkend SR_59_2749}Rape and Related Offenses, \'a7}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 207.4, cmt. at 246-47 (Tent. Draft No. 4, 1955).}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 There is no consent if the defendant uses }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 or threatened force, where }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 is }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 not the force inherent in the act of penetration but the force used or threatened to prevent or overcome resistance by the victim.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Torcia, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 supra}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , \'a7 281; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 see also}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Cicero}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 157 Cal. App. 3d 465, 475-76 (Ct. App. 1984) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \lquote [F]orce\rquote plays merely a supporting evidentiary role, as necessary only to insure an act of intercourse has been undertaken against a victim\rquote s will.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Thus, even though affirmative non-consent is not required in Guam and a number of other states, the force or coercion requirement may be interpreted in the context of replacing the non-consent requirement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 In other words, the force or coercion should be strong enough to demonstrate that the complainant did not consent. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Here, T.Q. never indicated to Tenorio his lack of consent to receive oral sex.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Rather, T.Q. permitted Tenorio to touch his chest, touch his penis until erect, partially remove his clothing, and perform oral sex.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 When T.Q. rolled over, Tenorio pulled T.Q.\rquote s pants back up and ceased sexual contact.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 While Tenorio may have held a position of trust, the coercion inherent in his position was limited, such that, arguably, he could reasonably have expected that someone in T.Q.\rquote s position, if they did not consent, would have verbalized their lack of consent or resisted his sexual advances. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The CSC III statute is designed to deter non-consensual sexual penetration.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 In most instances, the best first step in avoiding non-consensual sexual relations is presumably for the non-consenting party to indicate a lack of consent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 While the law no longer requires }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 utmost resistance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 or any resistance to ensure that the defendant was aware of the victim\rquote s non-consent, the court is wary of applying criminal sexual conduct statutes where the complainant never expressed a lack of consent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Fusilli, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 supra}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , at 627 (advocating an exception to rape for reasonable mistake of fact as to the complainant\rquote s consent). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Traditional statutory rape laws (such as those prohibiting sex with underage victims), meanwhile, do not require the use of force or coercion, but assume that the victim is unable to make rational or mature decisions about whether to engage in sexual relations.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 A similar rationale applies to sexual penetration by someone in a position of trust or authority, as the victim }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 might be either physically or mentally vulnerable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Patricia J. Falk, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Rape by Fraud & Rape by Coercion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 64 Brook. L. Rev. 39, 92 (1998).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Some relationships are so inherently coercive that the victim may not be in a position to provide knowing and voluntary consent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The current facts, however, do not seem to fall within that category, and nothing in the statute suggests otherwise.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 To find that a supervisor - supervisee relationship between two adults was so inherently coercive as to overcome the supervisee\rquote s will to resist would criminalize numerous consensual relationships. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [37]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab In sum, each of the factors we have examined \endash enu merated statutory examples, totality of the circumstances, plain meaning, and policy reasons \endash leads us to the conclusion that the evidence presented here was insufficient to support a finding of coercion. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 b.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Evidence that the coercion was used to accomplish the penetration}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Furthermore, even if there were coercion, the existence of coercion alone is insufficient for a CSC III conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Rather, the coercion must be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 used to accomplish the sexual penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7 25.25(a)(2).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Thus, even if the defendant held a position of trust and authority, the statute requires }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 evidence that the complainant was coerced to engage in sexual relations with defendant }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 because of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 his position of authority.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. McNeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , No. 248323, 2005 WL 32 1001, at *2 (Mich. Ct. App. Feb. 10, 2005); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 see also State v. Hanson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 514 N.W.2d 600, 603 (Minn. Ct. App. 1994) (stating that Minnesota CSC IV statute criminalizing sexual contact with a minor by a person in a position of authority requires that the minor victim submit to sexual contact }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 because of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the defendant \rquote s position of authority).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [39]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 McNeal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , the court reversed the conviction of a high school wrestling coach who had oral sex with a female student assistant manager after practice because there was no evidence that the defendant \rquote s position of authority caused the complainant to submit (and there was no evidence of any force or resistance).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 2005 WL 321001, at *1-3. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [40]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Hanson}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , meanwhile, the court affirmed a CSC IV conviction where there was evidence that the defendant used his position of authority to get the victim to submit.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 514 N.W.2d at 604.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The victim was a 17-year-old employee of the 40-year-old defendant, the defendant was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 operating within the employment relationship}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 when he approached the victim, and the victim testified that the defendant }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 thought he could get away with it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 at 603-04.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The victim also testified that she liked her job and did not want anyone to know about the incident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 at 604. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [41]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Here, T.Q. testified that he felt }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 scared}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 because he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 didn\rquote t know what . . . [Tenorio\rquote s] reaction would be}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 if he told him to stop, and that during the incident he felt }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [l]ike, betrayed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 by Tenorio, who was an advisor to the youth group.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 SER, p. 9-10 (Trial Tr. 32-33, Aug. 25, 2006)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 But T.Q. did not indicate that he felt compelled to submit }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 because of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Tenorio\rquote s position, and nothing in the record so indicates.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 See McNeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 2005 WL 321001, at *2. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [42]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab In sum, we find that there was insufficient evidence that coercion was used }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 to accomplish}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the penetration.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 2.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Whether Penetration Was Accomplished by the Actual Application }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 of Physical Force}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [43]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab As an alternative to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 coercion}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 used to accomplish the sexual penetration,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7 25.25(a)(2), the government argues that the actual application of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 physical}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 was used to accomplish the sexual penetration where Tenorio physically removed T.Q.\rquote s pants and performed oral sex.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Appellee\rquote s Brief, p. 16.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [44]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab There is some ambiguity regarding the level of force required by the statute.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The enumerated statutory definition provides that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [f]orce . . . includes but is not limited to . . . when the actor }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 overcomes the victim }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 through the actual application of physical force or physical violence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(2)(i) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Similarly, in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Kusumoto}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , the California Court of Appeals held that the force requirement in a California rape statute was not met where }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the victim\rquote s will was not overcome by any physical force substantially different from or greater than that necessary to accomplish the act itself.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 169 Cal. App. 3d 487, 494 (Ct. App. 1985).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Rather, the force must be used to prevent or overcome resistance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Id. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 at 493.18{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10691275 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 18}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 The }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Kusumoto }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Court relied in part on an analys is of rape from a criminal law treatise: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri864\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin864\lin720\itap0 {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \'93The act of sexual intercourse must be accomplished . . . without [the victim\rquote s] consent . . . . Conceptually, \lquote lack of consent \rquote results either from the defendant\rquote s use of force or threatened force, or from the female\rquote s incapacity to consent. . . . If the defendant uses force or threatened force to accomplish the act of sexual intercourse, there is no consent.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 The force to which reference is made is not the force inherent in the act of penetration but the force used or threatened to overcome or prevent resistance by the female.}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \'94 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri864\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin864\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri864\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin864\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 169 Cal. App. 3d at 493 (quoting 3 Wharton, Criminal Law \'a7\'a7}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 287, 288, at 30-34 (14th ed. 1980) (alterations in original)).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 If the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 requirement of CSC III could be satisfied by the physical force inherent in any act of sexual penetration, then the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 requirement in the statute would be superfluous.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Cf. Nat\rquote l Endowment for the Arts v. Finley}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 524 U.S. 569, 609 (1998) (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Statutory interpretations that \lquote render superfluous other provisions in the same enactment\rquote are strongly disfavored.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [45]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Thus, in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Berlin}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , the Michigan Court of Appeals found that no force was used where the defendant took the victim\rquote s hand and, without resistance, placed it on his crotch.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 507 N.W.2d 816, 819 (Mich. Ct. App. 1993).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Similarly, in}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Patterson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the court found insufficient evidence of physical force where the defendant placed his hand on the outside of the victim\rquote s underwear, but removed it when she turned away.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 410 N.W.2d at 734.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [46]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 People v. Carlson}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , however, the Michigan Supreme Court rejected }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Kusumoto }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 and held that the equivalent Michigan statute for CSC III does }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 require the use of force to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 overcome}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the victim.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 644 N.W.2d 704, 70 9 (Mich. 2002) (vacating decision not to bind over defendant who had intercourse with minor who expressed a lack of consent but did not resist).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The court did not address the statutory language requiring that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force or coercion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 based on actual physical force be sufficient to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 overcome[] the victim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. \'a7 750.520b(1)(f)(i); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 accord }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(2)(i).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Carlson }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Court noted that the definition of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force or coercion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 is not limited to the enumerated examples, but gave no indication for why the requirement of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 overcoming the victim}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 could be ignored.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 To the contrary, the court made the puzzling statement that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 overcoming the victim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 requirement would amount to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 improper insertion of an additional element beyond that required by the statutory language.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 644 N.W.2d at 709 (citing Mich. Code \'a7 750.520d(1)(b)).19{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10691275 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 19}{ \insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 The dissent in }{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Carlson }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 pointed out that the decision was reached without briefing or oral argument.}{ \insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 644 N.W.2d at 710 (\'93[I]f the Court is going to decide what is meant by the words \lquote force or coercion,\rquote as used in M.C.L. 750.520d(1)(b), it should do so after the benefit of briefing and oral argument\'94) (Weaver, J. dissenting).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [47]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Nonetheless, the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Carlson}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 court clarified that the force must be greater than what is inherently required to accomplish penetration and must be sufficient to allow the defendant to control the victim:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [T]he requisite }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 for [third degree criminal sexual conduct] does not en compass nonviolent physical interaction in a mechanical sense that is merely incidental to an act of sexual penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Rather, the prohibited }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 force}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 encompasses the use of force against a victim to either induce the victim to submit to sexual penetratio n or to seize control of the victim in a manner to facilitate the accomplishment of sexual penetration without regard to the victim\rquote s wishes. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10691275\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 644 N.W.2d at 709.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [48]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The government argues that Tenorio applied physical force to the victim }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 by pulling down the front of his pants and putting his penis in his mouth,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 and that such force was sufficient under the statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Appellee\rquote s Brief, p. 16.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 But the force used by Tenorio was not sufficient to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 overcome[] the victim,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(2)(i), and was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 nonviolent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 incidental to [the] act of sexual penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Carlson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 644 N.W.2d at 709.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [49]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The government relies on }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Premo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , a Michigan Court of Appeals decision holding that a teacher who pinched students on the buttocks exerted physical force as required under CSC IV because }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the act of pinching requires \lquote the actual application of physical force.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 540 N.W.2d at 717 (quoting Mich. Comp. Laws \'a7 750.520b(1)(f)(i)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Premo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 decision, however is inapposite because it involved CSC IV rather than CSC III, is inconsistent with the Michigan Supreme Court\rquote s subsequent requirement in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Carlson}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 that force is used to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 seize control of the victim in a manner to facilitate the accomplishment of sexual penetration,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 644 N.W.2d at 709, and is inconsistent with the statutory language requiring that the force be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 used to accomplish the penetration}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 overcome[] the victim. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7\'a7 25.10(a)(2)(i), 25.25(a)(2).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [50]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab In short, the statute and the better reasoned cases indicate that the force applied by Tenorio was not sufficient. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 We therefore hold that the record does not support a finding of physical force to accomplish the penetration. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 B.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Physical Helplessness Requirement for Fourth Degre e Criminal Sexual Conduct}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [51]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Tenorio also appeals the sufficiency of the evidence for his conviction of Fourth Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, 9 GCA \'a7 25.30(a), which prohibits, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 inter alia}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , sexual contact20{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10691275 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \super\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 20}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Sexual contact includes touching a penis for purposes of arousal.}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(8) (defining sexual contact to include \'93touching of the victim\rquote s . . . intimate parts . . . for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification\'94); 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(3) (\'93}{\i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Intimate Parts }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 includes the primary genital area . . . .\'94).}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 Tenorio continued touching T.Q. until he was erect, after which he performed oral sex, leaving no doubt that the touching was \'93for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification.\'94}{\insrsid10772622\charrsid10772622 }{ \i\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 See}{\insrsid2056010\charrsid10772622 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(8).}} with a physically helpless victim: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the fourth degree if he or she engages in sexual contact with another person and if either of the following circumstances exists: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1388641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1388641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 (1) force or coercion is used to accomplish the sexual contact; \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6038332\charrsid2056010 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 (2) the actor knows or has reason to know that the victim is mentally}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 defective, mentally incapacitated or physically helpless. \par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid1388641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10691275\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7 25.30(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [52]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab The government argues that Tenorio touched the victim when he was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 physically helpless}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the victim was asleep when Tenorio engaged in sexual contact with him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Appellee\rquote s Brief, p. 9.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Guam law defines }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [p]hysically [h]elpless}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 unconscious, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 asleep }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 or for any other reason is physically unable to communicate unwillingness to an act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(6) (emphasis added). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [53]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab T.Q. testified that Tenorio touched his penis while he was asleep.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 SER, pp. 8-9 (Trial Tr. 31:24-32:2, Aug. 25, 2006) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 So I went back to sleep and woke up again, and his hands was in my pants over my boxers, and he was just touching . . . . [m]y penis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [54]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Thus, the record provides sufficient evidence to convict Tenorio of CSC IV. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 C.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Judgment of Acquittal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [55]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab Tenorio also argues that the lower court erred in denying Tenorio\rquote s motion for judgment of acquittal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Beca use the same standard of review applies, an identical analysis applies and we reach the same conclusions regarding both CSC III and CSC IV.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 See People v. Cruz}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 , 1998 Guam 18 \'b6 9 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 A court determines whether a judgment of acquittal should be granted by applying the same test used when the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 ). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5120198 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 V.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2056010 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [56]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab While there may be some ambiguity in the CSC III statute rega rding the precise level of force or coercion required, the requisite level of force or coercion was not present here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 Tenorio never had reason to believe that the penetration was anything but consensual, as T.Q. never expressed a lack of consent either verbally or physically.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 While Tenorio\rquote s position as an advisor may have made T.Q. less likely to resist, there is no evidence that his position alone overcame the adult complainant or prevented him from resisting.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The purpose of the CSC III statute is to disc ourage non-consensual penetration, and in order to minimize the occurrence of non-consensual penetration, complainants should somehow indicate their lack of consent if they are able to do so.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2056010 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 The CSC IV conviction, meanwhile, is supported by the evidence. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113855 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 [57]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 \tab We therefore }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 REVERSE }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the conviction for CSC III, and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 AFFIRM }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122460\charrsid2056010 the conviction for CSC IV. \par }}