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{\title IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\author hgutierrezarroyo}{\operator Kym Freriks}{\creatim\yr2008\mo1\dy11\hr15\min57}{\revtim\yr2008\mo1\dy17\hr16\min20}{\printim\yr2007\mo12\dy10\hr14}{\version10}{\edmins13}{\nofpages12}{\nofwords4692}
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1194528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 EUGENE C. WASSON, III }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 

\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 and WASSON III, INC., f.k.a. }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 GUAM RADIOLOGY CONSULTANTS, INC.,
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Plaintiffs-Appellees,
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\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9525360\charrsid14291159 December 3, 2007
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Cite as: 2007 Guam }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9056583\charrsid14291159 16}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
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\par Superior Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  Case No.: CV0246-05
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\par Argued and submitted on June 1, 2007
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
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\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971\charrsid14291159 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971\charrsid14291159 
\par William L. Gavras, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971\charrsid14291159 Esq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971\charrsid14291159 .
\par Law Offices of William L. Gavras, P.C.
\par A Professional Corp.
\par 2nd floor, J7R Bldg., 208 Route 4
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971 
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\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971\charrsid14291159 
\par Elyze J. McDonald, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971\charrsid14291159 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971\charrsid14291159 
\par Carlsmith Ball LLP
\par Bank of Hawaii Bldg., Suite 104}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971\charrsid14291159 134 West Soledad Ave., 
\par P.O. Box BF
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96932-5027}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14291159\yts25 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971 \cell }\pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow 
\ts25\trgaph108\trleft1080\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind1188\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3600\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3960\clshdrawnil \cellx8640\row }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6757971 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 BEFORE: F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; RICHARD H. BENSON, Justice }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Pro Tempore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 ; ROBERT G.P. CRUZ, Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Pro Tempore}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 .
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 \b\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
CARBULLIDO, C.J.:}{\b0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4733046\charrsid14291159 [1]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4733046\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 This appeal concerns an Asset Purchase Agreement (\'93Agreement\'94) entered into between Plaintiffs-Appellees Euge
ne C. Wasson, III, and Wasson III, Inc. (collectively \'93Wasson\'94) and Defendant-Appellant Nathaniel Berg, MD (\'93Berg\'94) for the purchase of a diagnostic imaging service.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 A dispute arose between the parties regarding a price reduction clause contained in the Agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Wasson sued Berg in the Superior Court of Guam for breach of contract and breach of promissory note.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Wasson thereafter filed a motion for summary judgment, which was eventually granted by the lower court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Berg appeals from this grant of summary judgment, arguing that the lower court erred in its interpretation of the terms and conditions of the price reduction clause.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 For the reaso}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11993825\charrsid14291159 ns stated herein, we reverse.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159\charrsid14291159 
\par }\pard \s19\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid921451 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 I.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4733046\charrsid14291159 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4733046\charrsid14291159 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The parties entered into an Agreement wherein Berg}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16077017\charrsid14291159 , the buyer,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  agreed to purchase from Wasson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16077017\charrsid14291159 , the seller,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
 certain assets of Wasson pertaining to the operation of a diagnostic imaging service, including the name \'93Guam Radiology Consultants\'94 as well as an outpatient CAT scan machine (also interchangeably referred to as a CT scan machine).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Excerpts of Record (\'93ER\'94), pp. 8-31 (Agreement); }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12060096\charrsid14291159 ER}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , p. 175 (Aff. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7603414\charrsid14291159 of Nathaniel Berg}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 ).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The total purchase price under the Agreement was $1,448,661.85, which was to be paid over time.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Payment was secured by a promissory note executed by Berg.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The due date on the note was on or before November 30, 2004.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12060096\charrsid14291159 ER}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , p. 12 (Agreement).
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4733046\charrsid14291159 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4733046\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
At the time the parties entered into the Agreement, the CAT scan machine at issue was the only outpatient machine of its kind in Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
Consequently, Berg was purchasing a complete market share of all outpatient CAT scan referrals.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12060096\charrsid14291159 ER}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , p. 155 (Reply to Def.\rquote s Opp\rquote n to Pls.\rquote 
 Mot. for Summ. J.). The parties, through their respective legal counsels, negotiated a price reduction clause as part of their purchase agreem
ent. The clause, which is the subject of this appeal, outlined the conditions that would trigger a reduction in the total purchase price.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
The pertinent portion of that clause contemplates a $50,000.00 reduction in the purchase price if, in the two years after closing, certain market conditions simultaneously occurred.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The clause reads in relevant part:
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 2.3.4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Reduction of Purchase Price.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par 
\par If the Certificate of Need is non-transferable, non-enforc[e]able or otherwise becomes a non-functional document, and a 
second out-patient CAT scan is installed in the Territory of Guam and the Buyer does not have a financial interest in such unit and the Buyer does not interpret exams for the [}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 sic}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 ] such unit then the following shall apply:
\par . . .
\par 
\par (b) }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Second Year Reduction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
If the number of CAT scan procedures billed during the second year of this agreement decreases by more than 5% (five per cent) versus the number of CAT scan procedures completed in the previous year then there shall be a reduction in the purchase price of
 $50,000 which will be deducted from }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4733046\charrsid14291159 the final installment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12060096\charrsid14291159 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , p.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16077017\charrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 13 (Agreement).
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab 
Approximately two years before the final installment date, a second outpatient CAT scan machine was put in place in Guam at PMC Health Systems.1{\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8002306 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3161832 \tab 1}{\insrsid3161832  }{\fs20\insrsid3161832\charrsid2438017 
This second outpatient CAT scan machine was owned/operated by Guam Imaging Consultants. }{\i\fs20\insrsid3161832\charrsid7603414 See}{\fs20\insrsid3161832\charrsid7603414  ER, p. 167 (Aff. of Tess Canoy).}{\fs20\insrsid3161832\charrsid2438017 
  It is not disputed that Berg did not have a financial interest in, or interpret exams for, this second machine. Whether or not thi}{\fs20\insrsid3161832 s machine was }{\i\fs20\insrsid3161832\charrsid5318201 installed}{
\fs20\insrsid3161832\charrsid2438017  is a key element of dispute in the present litigation.}} When the note came due, the principal amount owed under the note was $563,661.85.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Berg made the final installment payment on the note in the amount of $513,661.85 \endash  the principal amount, less $50,000.00.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Thereafter, Wasson filed a Complaint in the Superior Court against Berg alleging Breach of Contract and Breach of Promissory Note.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Berg filed his Answer claiming as an affirmative defense that he was relieved of paying the final $50,000.00 because 
all of the conditions in the price reduction clause of the Agreement had been satisfied.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab 
Wasson then filed a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, which Berg opposed in writing. The parties agreed that the portion of the clause 
pertaining to the Certificate of Need had been satisfied by the passage of section 55 of Guam Public Law 26-76 (2001), which nullified the requirement of obtaining a Certificate of Need.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The parties, however, disputed the applicable meaning of the term }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 installed}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
. And while it was ultimately not disputed that Berg did not have a financial interest in the second machine nor that he did not interpret exams for the second machine, the parties disagreed as to whether or not the stated decrease in Berg\rquote 
s CAT scan procedures billed must be proven to have been caused by the second outpatient CAT scan machine.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab The lower court denied Wasson\rquote s motion for partial summary judgment, stating that a \'93material fact\'94
 was not \'93sufficiently fleshed out for the Court.\'94 Transcript (\'93Tr.\'94)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5703045\charrsid14291159 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  tab 1, p. 23 (Pl.\rquote 
s Mot. for Summ. J.).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
The lower court stated that, while it agreed with Wasson that the clause implies a competition requirement, a material fact remained disputed \endash  that is, whether the threshold five percent (5%) reduction in procedures had been met.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The lower court gave the parties additional time to conduct further discovery with regard to whether the decline in Berg\rquote 
s procedures billed was causally related to the second CAT scan machine, which the lower court deemed an unresolved \'93genuine issue of fact.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 ER, p.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9576694\charrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 242 (Decision and Order).
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab The matter again came before the court on Berg\rquote s Ex Parte Motion requesting, }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 inter alia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , a ruling on the motion for partial summary judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Pursuant to this ex parte motion, Berg stated that, although he disagreed with the lower court\rquote s interpretation that the price reduction clause contains a \'93competition\'94
 element and requires proof of causation between the decline in procedures and the secon
d outpatient CAT scan machine, he would stipulate in the interest of judicial economy that he cannot conclusively prove that the second machine directly caused the decline in procedures performed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Berg, without assenting to Wasson\rquote s motion for partial summary judgment, requested that the lower court enter a ruling. The lower court issued its Decision and Order granting Wasson
\rquote s motion for partial summary judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
Subsequently, the parties settled out of court on all other remaining issues. The lower court then entered Summary Judgment. Berg timely filed his Notice of Appeal.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8002306 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3161832 \tab }{\cs16\super\insrsid3161832 \chftn }{\insrsid3161832  }{
\i\insrsid3161832\charrsid2438017 See}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid2438017  GRAP Rule 4(a)(1).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid921451 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 II}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [8]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
This court has jurisdiction over an appeal from a final judgment of the Superior Court pursuant to 48 USC \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537598\charrsid14291159 through Pub.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5703045\charrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537598\charrsid14291159 L. 110-120}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  (2007)); 7 GCA \'a7}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11993825\charrsid14291159 \'a7 3107 (b) and 3108 (a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 III.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab The lower court\rquote s grant of a motion for summary judgment is reviewed }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 . }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Nat\rquote 
l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Guam Hous. & Urban Renewal Auth}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 ., 2003 Guam 19 \'b6 12.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \'93Summary judgment is proper \lquote 
if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\rquote \'94 
}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Hemlani v. Flaherty}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , 2003 Guam 17 \'b6 7 (quoting Guam R. Civ. P. 56(c)).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \'93There is a genuine issue, if there is \lquote sufficient evidence\rquote 
 which establishes a factual dispute requiring resolution by a fact-finder.\'94 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Iizuka Corp. v. Kawasho Int\rquote l (Guam), Inc}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 ., 1997 Guam10 \'b6 7 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass\rquote n}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 In addition, the \'93
dispute must be as to a \lquote material fact\rquote ,\'94 which is a fact that \'93is relevant to an element of a claim or defense and whose existence might affect the outcome of the suit.\'94 }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 T.W. Elec. Serv}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 ., 809 F.2d at 630).
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid921451 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 IV.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 A.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Approaches to Contract Interpretation
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab 
In construing what various terms in a contract mean, the task of the court is to discern and give legal effect to the intent of the parties at the time of contracting. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 See}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  18 GCA \'a7 87102 (2005); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Camacho v. Camacho}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
, 1997 Guam 5 \'b6 32; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Leon Guerrero v. Moylan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , 2000 Guam 28 \'b6 8.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Further, the intent of the parties to a contract is generally, and whenever possible, restricted by the plain meaning of the contract terms.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  
}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 See Camacho}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , 1997 Guam 5 \'b6 33; 18 GCA \'a7 87104 (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 When attempting to divine the intent of the parties to a contract, there is a divergence among courts as to when extrinsic evidence may be admitted to assist
 courts in determining the intended meaning of contract terms. Two approaches to contract interpretation have thus emerged}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \endash  the 
\'93traditional\'94 approach and the \'93modern\'94 approach.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Traditional Approach
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
In general, courts that follow the traditional or \'93plain meaning\'94 approach look to the four corners of the contract and determine whether, as a matter of law, any ambiguity exists. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  11 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts \'a7 30}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15403879\charrsid14291159 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
5 (4th ed. 1999); 5 Margaret N. Kniffin, Corbin on Contracts \'a7 24.7 at 33 (Rev. ed. 1998). \'93
Under traditional contract principles, extrinsic evidence is inadmissible to interpret, vary or add to the terms of an unambiguous integrated written instrument.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Trident Ctr. v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
., 847 F.2d 564, 568 (9th Cir. 1988). If, however, the court finds there is ambiguity, then extrinsic evidence may be allowed to clarify and resolve the ambiguity as a question of fact.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
The chief criticism of this approach to contact interpretation is that it supposes that words have one fixed and objective meaning unaffected by \'93the social, economic, religious, and ethnic group to which the user belongs; and, the change of times.\'94
 Karla K. Poe, Note, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Contracts \endash  New Mexico Adopts the Modern Approach to Interpreting Ambiguities: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
C.R. Anthony Company v. Loretto Mall Partners, 23 N.M. L. Rev. 281, 284 (1993) (hereinafter \'93Poe, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 New Mexico Adopts the Modern Approach}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \'94). The California Supreme Court, in abandoning the traditional approach, opined that \'93
[i]f words had absolute and constant referents, it might be possible to discover contractual intention in the words themselves and in the manner in which they were arranged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Words, however, do not have absolute and constant referents.\'94 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. G.W. Thomas Drayage & Rigging Co}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
., 442 P.2d 641, 644 (Cal. 1968). The advantages to the traditional approach, meanwhile, are that it simplifies the interpretation process, provides predictability, and avoids the risk that a party may conveni
ently argue that it meant something other than what is written. Poe, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 New Mexico Adopts the Modern Approach}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , 23 N.M.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 L. Rev. at 285-86.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 2. Modern Approach
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
By contrast, the modern approach does not require the court to make a threshold finding as a matter of law that some ambiguity exists. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Id.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  at 286. Rather, the question of a contract\rquote s meaning as a whole is treated as a question of fact for the fact-finder to determine. }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  at 287.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 By this approach, extrinsic evidence is considered to determine whether any ambiguity exists; the fact-finder may consider such things as the \'93
circumstances surrounding the making of the contract and . . . any relevant usage of trade, course of dealing, and course of performance\'94 but may not consider prior negotiations. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Id.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  at 286 (internal quotation marks omitted). 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
California is among the minority of jurisdiction that has adopted the modern approach. Thus, \'93[u]nder California law, \lquote 
[t]he test of admissibility of extrinsic evidence to explain the meaning of a written instrument is . . . whether the offered evidence is relevant to prove a meaning to which the language of the contract is reasonably susceptible.\rquote \'94 }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Barris Indus., Inc. v. Worldvision Enters., Inc., }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 875 F.2d 1446, 1450 (9th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14488170\charrsid14291159  Cir. 1989) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 (citations omitted). In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Trident}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, while begrudgingly following California substantive law, offered sharp criticism of the modern approach and of }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Pacific Gas}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , the California Supreme Court opinion that adopted this approach:
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Under }{\cs22\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Pacific Gas,}{\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
 it matters not how clearly a contract is written, nor how completely it is integrated, nor how carefully it is negotiated, nor how squarely it addresses the issue before the court: the contract cannot be rendered impervious to attack by parol evidence. }
{\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5128492\charrsid14291159 . . .}{\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 {\*\bkmkstart sp_999_4}{\*\bkmkstart SDU_4}{\*\bkmkend sp_999_4}{\*\bkmkend SDU_4}
\par }{\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 It also chips away at the foundation of our legal system. By giving credence to the idea that words are inadequate to express concepts, }{
\cs22\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Pacific Gas}{\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
 undermines the basic principle that language provides a meaningful constraint on public and private conduct. If we are unwilling to say that parties, dealing face to face, can come up with language that binds them, how can we send anyone to jail f
or violating statutes consisting of mere words lacking \'93absolute and constant referents\'94? . . .
\par 
\par Be that as it may.}{\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 While we have our doubts about the wisdom of }{
\cs22\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Pacific Gas}{\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , we have no difficulty understanding its meaning, even without extrinsic evidence to guide us.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11993825\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Trident}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , 847 F.2d at 569. 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab 
While the trend in the nation may be toward adopting the modern approach, a majority of jurisdictions still apply the \'93plain meaning\'94 or traditional approach to contract interpretation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 See generally }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Poe}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , New M
exico Adopts the Modern Approach, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 23 N.M. L. Rev. 281; Margaret N. Kniffin, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
A New Trend in Contract Interpretation: The Search for Reality as Opposed to Virtual Reality}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , 74 Or. L. Rev. 643, 656-63 (1995).}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4940359\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 3. Guam\rquote s Adherence to the Traditional Approach
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 In this court\rquote s recent opinion in }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Torres v. Torres}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
 addressing what evidence is to be considered in contract interpretation, the court reserved judgment on the issue of whether or not extrinsic evidence may be considered when a contract is unambiguous within its four corners. 2005 Guam 22 \'b6
 37 n.8. A review of cases regarding the interpretation of a written contract, however, confirms that our jurisdiction is in the majority that adheres to the traditional approach.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 See Takagi & Assocs., Inc. v. Int\rquote l Ins. Underwriters}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , 2006 Guam 4 \'b6 23 (\'93
Therefore, since the four corners of the contract address the situation in which a commission is returned, there was no need to look to industry practice or custom, or any other extrinsic evidence and the lower court erred.\'94); }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Guam United Warehouse Corp. v. DeWitt Transp. Servs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , 2003 Guam 20 \'b6 24 (\'93[W]e \lquote 
look to the. . .four corners to determine the parties\rquote  intentions, which are controlling.\rquote . . . \lquote }{\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
If the language within the four corners of the contract is unambiguous, then a court does not resort to extrinsic evidence of the contract\rquote s meaning, and a court determines the parties\rquote 
 intentions from the plain meaning of the contractual language as a matter of law.\rquote \'94) (internal citations omitted); }{\cs22\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Nat\rquote l Union Fire Ins. Co. 
of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Guam Hous. & Urban Renewal Auth.}{\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , 2003 Guam 19 \'b6 36 n.17 (\'93
We are merely required to interpret the contract as written, in light of the plain language and the reasonable expectations of the insured.\'94).}{\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab Moreover, Guam\rquote s statutes regarding contract interpretation support this approach.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 18 GCA \'a7 87104 (2005) (\'93
The language of a contract is to govern its interpretation, if the language is clear and explicit, and does not involve an absurdity.\'94); 18 GCA \'a7 87105 (2005) (\'93When a co
ntract is reduced to writing, the intention of the parties is to be ascertained from the writing alone, if possible; subject, however, to the other provisions of this Chapter.\'94).}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8002306 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3161832 \tab }{
\cs16\fs22\super\insrsid3161832\charrsid13528637 \chftn }{\insrsid3161832  }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid3689770 The source of these statutes is the Civil Code }{\insrsid3161832 of }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid3689770 Guam, section 1635 }{
\i\insrsid3161832\charrsid3689770 et seq}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid3689770 ..  The Civil Code, as with the codes originally published under the Naval Government, was patterned after {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname 
State}}California{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} codes.  }{\i\insrsid3161832\charrsid8077288 See}{\insrsid3161832  Foreword}{\cf1\insrsid3161832\charrsid8077288  {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b6076}{\*\bkmkstart SearchTerm}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b6076}{\*\bkmkend SearchTerm}
(1953) }{\i\cf1\insrsid3161832\charrsid8077288 in}{\cf1\insrsid3161832\charrsid8077288  Code of Civil Procedure (1970).}{\f36\fs19\cf1\insrsid3161832   }{\cf1\insrsid3161832\charrsid8077288 Although }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid3689770 some of 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}California{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\rquote 
s codes have changed over the years, the language contained in our current statute regarding interpretation of contracts (Chapter 87 of Title 18 of the Guam Code Annotated) still reflects the current California Code.}}}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The origin of these statutes is the California Code, which still reflects the same or similar language.}{
\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8002306 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3161832 \tab }{\cs16\fs22\super\insrsid3161832\charrsid13528637 \chftn }{\insrsid3161832  }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid3689770 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 1635 }{\i\insrsid3161832\charrsid3689770 
et seq}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid3689770 . (West 2007).}{\insrsid3161832  }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Although the California Supreme Court in }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Pacific Gas}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  adopted the modern approach, even with statutory language similar to ours, Guam\rquote 
s case law is clear that the \'93plain meaning\'94 or traditional approach is what we are bound to follow in matters of contract interpretation.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8002306 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3161832 \tab }{\cs16\fs22\super\insrsid3161832\charrsid13528637 \chftn }{
\insrsid3161832  }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid3689770 Although there may }{\insrsid3161832 be a day when we find it necessary}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid3689770  to deviate from our jurisdiction\rquote s case law setting out
 this approach, the situation presented in this case does not compel us to abandon the traditional, \'93plain }{\insrsid3161832 meaning}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid3689770 \'94 approach at this time.}}}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 B. Summary Judgment
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  SEQ CHAPTER \\
h \\r 1}}{\fldrslt }}\sectd \psz1\sbknone\pgnrestart\linex0\headery1440\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid16075824\sftnbj\sftnstart2 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Berg\rquote s
 primary argument raised on appeal is that summary judgment was improper because the lower court erred in its interpretation of the price reduction clause at issue. Specifically, the lower court imposed requirements of competition and causation as additio
nal (or implied) conditions precedent that must be proved in order to trigger the price reduction called for by the clause, even though the clause itself does not state that those additional requirements exist.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Wasson, citing 13 GCA \'a7 3101 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 et seq.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , argues that they have met their burden as the movant for partial summary judgment by establishing that:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 (1) there is a note; (2) Wasson is the legal holder and owner of the note; (3) Berg is the maker of the note; and (4) a certain balance is due and owing on the note.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Wasson argues that once these elements are established, it is not error for the lower court to grant summary judgment on that issue.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab In the instant case, the underlying dispute is a contract dispute, with the disputed portion of the contract b
eing the price reduction clause \endash  the clause raised by Berg in his pleadings as an affirmative defense to Wasson\rquote s claim that additional monies are owed on the promissory note.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 When the matter of a contract dispute comes before the court on a motion for su
mmary judgment, summary judgment is proper if the contract language need only be construed and given legal effect. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 See Riley v. Pub. Sch. Syst.,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  No. 93-027,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
1994 WL 111129 at *2 (N. Mar. Feb 9, 1994). However, when the court must sit as fact-finder and resort to determining the parties\rquote  intent because of ambiguity arising from disputed relevant evidence, then summary judgment is not appropriate. }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 ., 477 U.S. 242 (1986); }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 see also Barris Indus., Inc. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 875 F.2d at 1450.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Bo
th parties argue that the terms of the price reduction clause (section 2.3.4) are unambiguous: Wasson, that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 installed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
 unambiguously means a fully functioning and competing machine (a meaning to which the lower court subscribed); and Berg, that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 installed}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  unambiguously means, plainly, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 installed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
. Furthermore, Wasson essentially argue}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4940359\charrsid14291159 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  that the language \'93
if the number of CAT scan procedures billed during the second year of this agreement decreases by more than 5% (five per cent) versus the number of CAT scan procedures completed in the previous year\'94 unambiguously (when placed in proper context) means 
}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 if this decrease occurs because of the second CAT scan machine}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
. ER, p. 129 (Agreement). Berg, conversely, contends that this language, in the context of the whole clause, plainly and unambiguously means }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 if this decrease occurs together with }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 the previously stated conditions expressly contained in the clause.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab Applying our jurisdiction\rquote s \'93plain meaning\'94
 or traditional approach to the facts of this case, it is apparent that neither the contract in general nor this clause in particular is ambiguous.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 From the language contained within the four corners of the contract, one simply cannot glean from this clause \endash  even when taken in context of the contract as a whole \endash that }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 installed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  should mean }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 functioning}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 competing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , or that causation should be implied.

\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab 
It is apparent from the Decision and Order as well as the transcript of the hearings on this matter that the lower court did not believe there was any ambiguity in the clause, and construed the term }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 installed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  to mean a functioning and competing machine, an
d further construed the clause to imply a causation element between the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 installation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
 of the second outpatient CAT scan machine and the decrease in Berg\rquote s procedures billed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
For the reasons set forth below, we find that, as a matter of law, the lower court committed error.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The lower court erred in its interpretation of the term }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 installed}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 .
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
Much of the argument below, as well as the argument raised by the parties in their briefs, focused on the meaning of the word }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 installed}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  and whether that word was meant by the parties to connote a degree of competition. Certain material evidence is undisputed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 It is not disputed that a second outpatient CAT scan machine existed during the relevant time, and that it was put in place around August 2002. Neither is it disputed that, }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 technically}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , the second machine worked.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Even according to the affidavits submitted on Wasson\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16586351\charrsid14291159 s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  behalf, the second machine performed \'93test\'94 runs and operated for one or two days, and that the reason it stopped performing scans had to do with business-related issues.}{
\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8002306 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3161832 \tab }{\cs16\super\insrsid3161832 \chftn }{\insrsid3161832  The}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid12714612 
 president of Gamma Corporation, which conducts at least 75% of all physics consulting work, including CT scanner testing, in Guam, attested that since 1992, there have only been three operational CT scanners in Guam \endash  one at
 Guam Memorial Hospital, one at Naval Hospital, and the one owned by Berg.  Further, he attested that a fourth machine (the PMC machine at issue) only ran one or two days because of \'93software licensing issue }{\insrsid3161832 and mismanagement.\'94 ER,
}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid7603414  pp. 164-65 (Aff. of Phillip Manly).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [24]}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15401721\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Install}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  has generally been defined in the following way: \'93to put machinery or equipment into place and make it ready for use.\'94}{
\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8002306 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3161832 \tab }{\cs16\super\insrsid3161832\charrsid12714612 \chftn }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid12714612  }{\scaps\insrsid3161832\charrsid12714612 Encarta World English Dictionary}{
\insrsid3161832\charrsid12714612  (N. Am. ed. 2006) at }{\insrsid3161832  }{\cs24\ul\cf2\insrsid3161832\charrsid5048333 http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/install.html}{\cs24\cf1\insrsid3161832\charrsid5048333 .}{\cf1\insrsid3161832\charrsid5048333  }{
\insrsid3161832\charrsid12714612  }{\i\insrsid3161832\charrsid12714612 See also}{\insrsid3161832  Appellee}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid12714612 s}{\insrsid3161832 \rquote }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid12714612  Brief, p. 11.}}}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  At least one court has addressed the specific issue of how to define }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 install}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , and has applied a version of this common definition.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 In }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Crystal Apartments Group v. Cook,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15091636\charrsid14291159 558 N.Y.S.2d 786, 786}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  (N.Y. City Civ. Ct. 1990),}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
a landlord brought action against a tenant claiming that the tenant violated the lease provision that stated: \'93Tenant shall not install any dishwasher, clothes washing or drying machines . . . without written permission of the Owner.\'94 }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid289502\charrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The tenant in tha
t case claimed that because the washing machine at issue was a portable one, requiring only a simple hose connection and not a fixed connection to the plumbing, then the machine was not }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
installed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Id. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The tenant contended that the term }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 install}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  should be in
terpreted to mean something more permanent, requiring the services of a plumber.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 That court found that: 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 [T]he natural meaning of the word \lquote install\rquote  in common usage is simply \lquote to put in place.\rquote  No special degree of permanence is necessarily implied. . . .
 Absent proof }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059762\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 to the contrary, common sense dictates, and the Court finds, that [the provision] prohibits the putting in place for use of a washing machine. 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4989755\charrsid14291159 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Id.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
Wasson seems to overstate to their benefit how the accepted, common meanings of the word }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 install}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , such as \'93
put in place and ready for use,\'94 further mean that the thing must}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
actually be consistently used (or used a certain number of times) in order to be considered installed. Wasson argues that to read that word otherwise would lead to an absurd result.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Appellees\rquote  Brief, p. 11.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
However, this court agrees with Berg that the plain meaning of the term leads us to conclude that the second CAT scan machine was indeed installed \endash  it was put in place and ready to be used and, in fact, it }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  used to some extent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 It does not seem absurd to apply this meaning to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 installed}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  as used in the clause, as words in a contract are generally to be accorded their ordinary meanings, unless specifically stated otherwise in the contract.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 See Camacho}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , 1997 Guam 5 \'b6 33 (\'93
[I]n interpreting a clause of a contract to determine the intent of the contracting parties, whenever possible, the express language of the contract should control.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The words of a contract should be given an ordinary meaning, unless they are technical words, such as legal terms of art.\'94).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 In this case, there is no evidence that the parties intended any special meaning be attached to the word, and the clause itself confers no special meaning to the word.
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1194528 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 2.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The lower court erred in finding that the clause unambiguously}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8610916  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 implied an }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 element of causation.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab 
The lower court ruled that, by the terms of the clause, Berg must show not just that there was a five percent (5%) decrease in his procedures billed com
pared to the previous year, but also that such decrease was caused by competition from the second CAT scan machine.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
The lower court apparently agreed with Wasson that, although the clause does not expressly state that this requirement is an additional cond
ition precedent to invoking the clause, it would be absurd for the court to interpret it any other way than that Berg must produce evidence of causation. 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 This court rejects the lower court\rquote 
s and Wasson\rquote s interpretation, and agrees with Berg that, by
 a plain reading of the clause, so long as this condition occurs simultaneously with the other express conditions of the clause, then evidence that this fact (i.e., the decrease) occurred is enough to satisfy this prong. The contrary position urges this c
ourt to read causation as an implied condition precedent (that not only must the decrease occur, but that it must occur }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 because of}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  the second machine) in order for Berg to invoke the price reduction benefit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 However, \'93[a]s a general rule of contract constru
ction[,] conditions precedent are not favored and an agreement will be strictly construed against a party asserting that its provisions impose a condition precedent.\'94 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
Helzel v. Super. Ct.,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  176 Cal. Rptr. 740, 745 (Ct. App. 1981).
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 It is an overstateme
nt to argue, as Wasson does, that to read this part of the clause as }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 not}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
 requiring evidence of causation would be akin to making Wasson the overall insurer of Berg\rquote s business.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
To the contrary, the clause does not just state that if the number of CAT scan procedures billed decreases by five percent, then Berg is entitled to a reduction of $50,000.00 in the total purchase price.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 In fact, by the express terms of the clause, only when this condition occurs }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 together with}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  all of the other conditions stated would Berg be entitled to the price reduction. 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab Indeed, parties to a contract often \'93contract away\'94 the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9205166\charrsid14291159 trouble}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
 of litigating causation, which may often be nearly impossible to conclusively prove, by negotiating clauses such as liquidated damages clauses. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
See, e.g., PYCA Indus., Inc. v. Harris County Waste Water Mgmt. Dist., }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 177 F.3d 351, 368 (5th Cir. 1999}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 )}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 (\'93The inherent difficulty of affixing actual damages . . . is a factor favoring the use of liquidated damages clauses.\'94).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 This price reduction clause, though technically different from a liquidated damages clause, may nonetheless be viewed as similarly motivated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The protection to Wasson is that all the conditions precedent must occur simultaneously before the clause can be triggered.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The benefit to Berg is that he may forego trying to prove that the machine directly caused his decrease in business.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 The incentive to the parties collectively is that they, in theory, might avoid costly and time-consuming litigation on the issue of causation. 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9205166\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 In general, \'93
courts should not rewrite the contracts before them to conform to their own conception of business equity.\'94 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Wastemasters, Inc. v. Diversified Investors of N. Am., }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 159 F.3d 76, 79 (2nd Cir. 1998).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 As one court recognized:
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 [The parties] were generally free to contract as they pleased. They evidently did so. They thereby established what was \lquote fair\rquote  and \lquote just\rquote 
 [between themselves]. We may not rewrite what they themselves wrote.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
We must certainly resist the temptation to do so here simply in order to adjust for chance \endash  for the benefits it has bestowed on one party without merit and for the burdens it has laid on others without desert. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Aerojet-General Corp. v. Transport Indem.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , 948 P.2d 909, 932 (Cal. 1997) (citations omitted).}{
\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\keep\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14637518 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3161832 \tab }{\cs16\super\insrsid3161832 \chftn }{\insrsid3161832  }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 In the case of }{\i\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 City of Hope, Inc, v. 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Fisk{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Building{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Associates, }{\insrsid3161832 46 N.Y.S.}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 
2d 472 (N.Y. App. Div. 1978), the court considered a challenge by tenants to various price adjustment or escalation clauses in its lease agreement, claiming unjust enrichment on the part of the landlords.  The crux of tenants\rquote 
 argument was that, where one clause called for an increase in annual rent based on the consumer price index and one clause called for a rental increase based on the increased cost of electricity, this was
 unfair because the consumer price index already included as one of its factors the cost of electricity.  Tenants\rquote 
 argument that this was an unfair and substantial duplication of an escalation clause was rejected by the court. The court found that each clause had a reasonable purpose behind it, and that the parties (commercial tenants and landlords) \'93
were free to adopt or reject any measuring device they wished in order to accomplish each purpose.  The parties might have bargained for the same device}{\insrsid3161832  }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 . . .}{\insrsid3161832  }{
\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 to measure the factor on which to predicate the increase contemplated. . .}{\insrsid3161832  .}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 
 They chose, however, to utilize two separate measuring devices, one for each of the two clauses.\'94 }{\i\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Id.}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} at 947.  Similarly, in the instant case, Berg and Wasson could have
 negotiated a number of factors or combinations thereof that would trigger a price reduction representing a decreased value in the CAT scan machine purchased, but this is the clause they negotiated, and its terms are unambiguous. 
\par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8002306 {\insrsid3161832 \tab }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 S}{\i\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 ee also}{
\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609  }{\i\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 Reimann v. Saturday Evening Post Co.}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 
, 464 F. Supp. 214 (S.D.N.Y. 1979) (holding that a clause in contract for sale of a business, which provided that no further payment would be made on the base purchase price after certain date if cash flow had not reached a specified sum by }{
\insrsid3161832 a }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 
certain date, was enforced where the contract clearly provided that no further payments would be made to plaintiff after that specific date even if the total payments under the Agreement up to that date did not equal the base purchase price; }{
\insrsid3161832 the }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 court found that seller understood this when he executed the Agreement, and declined to interfere with the parties}{\insrsid3161832 \rquote }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid13910609 
 contractual obligations.)}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
Looking at the four corners of the Agreement and the express terms of the relevant provision, it is clear that the terms unambiguously do not require proof of causation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 For the lower court to have found otherwise was erroneous.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 C. The Non-Compete Provisions of the Agreement
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
Wasson further urges this court to read the price reduction clause in section 2.3.4 in light of the non-compete provisions in section 12 of the Agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Doing so, Wasson argues, will show that the parties intended that the disputed section 2.3.4 would pr
otect Berg against competition just as section 12 does. Section 12 specifically provides that Wasson be restrained from engaging in conduct that would amount to competition with Berg\rquote s business or otherwise threaten Berg\rquote 
s market share as a diagnostic services provider.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
Wasson notes that the time frame covered by the non-compete provisions of section 12 (three years) is the same time frame covered by the price reduction clause of section 2.3.4 (three years). Therefore, Wasson further argues, it follows that
 the parties must have intended that Berg be generally protected from competition for a three year time period \endash 
 supporting their argument that the parties, in crafting the clause at issue, meant a second outpatient CAT scan machine that effectively competed with Berg\rquote s machine and caused the requisite decrease in Berg\rquote s procedures billed.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab However, while it is true that contract terms should not be read in isolation but in the context of the whole, }
{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Pacificare, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 2004 Guam 17 \'b6 73, it does not appear that the \'93non-compete\'94
 tenor of section 12 necessarily elucidates the intended meaning of the terms of section 2.3.4.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
For instance, section 12 contains very specific language against competition, defining the competitive conduct proscribed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
Section 2.3.4, however, states only that the listed conditions precedent must occur together, with no specific reference or allusions either to section 12 or to a requirement of competition.}{
\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8002306 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3161832 \tab }{\cs16\super\insrsid3161832 \chftn }{\insrsid3161832  }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid7227540 Moreover, the three-year period could reasonably have been used for purposes un
related to the section 12 non-compete provisions; the three-year time frame could conceivably have been used in section 2.3.4 because three years was the point at which the note would come due, which would be the time at which the price reduction pursuant
 to the clause could have been effected.  }{\i\insrsid3161832\charrsid7227540 See}{\insrsid3161832  s}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid7227540 ection 2.3.4 (b), ER}{\insrsid3161832 ,}{\insrsid3161832\charrsid7227540  p. 13}{\insrsid3161832  (Agreement) (\'93[T]}{
\insrsid3161832\charrsid7227540 here shall be a reduction in the purchase price of $50,000 which will be }{\i\insrsid3161832\charrsid7227540 deducted from the final installment\'94}{\insrsid3161832 ) }{\insrsid3161832\charrsid7227540 (emphasis added).}}}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Furthermore, neither section is dep
endent upon the other; one section could be breached by a party without resulting in a breach of the other section.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 \tab 
This court does not find the provisions of section 12 of the Agreement to be instructive to or determinative of the meaning of the terms in the price reduction clause in section 2.3.4, and t}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4733046\charrsid14291159 herefore rejects this argument.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid921451 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 V.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14291159 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
In accordance with the foregoing, we hold that the lower court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Wasson.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
Specifically, the lower court erred in its interpretation of the price reduction clause.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
While the lower court correctly concluded in its Decision and Order that the contract at issue is unambiguous, it erroneously interpreted the term }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 installed}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  in the price reduction clause, and erroneously concluded that this clause implied a causation requirement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Applying the \'93plain meaning\'94 or traditional approach to contract interpretation, which is the approach we follow in our jurisdiction, one simply cannot divine 
from the four corners of the contract that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 installed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  was intended to mean }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 functioning}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 competing}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 , as the lower court found, nor that there should be an implied requirement of causation between the installation of the second CAT scan machine and the decline in Berg\rquote 
s procedures billed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 We therefore find that, as a matter of law, the lower court committed error.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [37]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 
This court finds that the contract language at issue is unambiguous. Moreover, while there was no cross motion for summary judgment filed on 
the matter of the price reduction clause, we find as a matter of law, using a plain reading of the contract and the clause, that the second CAT scan machine at PMC Health Systems was installed, that proof of causation between this second machine and the d
ecline in Berg\rquote s procedures billed is not a requirement of the price reduction clause, and therefore, that all the elements of the price reduction clause have been satisfied.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5048333\charrsid14291159 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 Accordingly, the lower court\rquote 
s decision granting Plaintiffs-Appellees\rquote  Motion for Summary Judgment is hereby }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 REVERSED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291159  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 This matter is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159 REMANDED}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9187013\charrsid14291159  for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.
\par }}