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MONTALLANA and}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8004799\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 TEDDY P. MONTALLANA,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par Defendants-Appellants}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid228380\charrsid12063938 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par \par Supreme Court Case No.:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 CVA06-005 \par Superior Court Case No.: CV1929-03 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 OPINION}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10773362\charrsid12063938 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10773362\charrsid12063938 October 23, 2007 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12278501 {\b\insrsid8004799\charrsid12278501 \par }{\b\insrsid8734682\charrsid12278501 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid12063938\charrsid12278501 }{\b\insrsid8734682\charrsid12278501 2007 Guam }{\b\insrsid10773362\charrsid12278501 12}{\b\insrsid12063938\charrsid12278501 }{\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12278501 \b\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid8734682\charrsid12278501 {\tc {\b\insrsid8734682\charrsid12278501 \tcl1}}}\sectd \psz1\sbknone\linex0\headery1440\footery432\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6246274\sftnbj {\b\insrsid8734682\charrsid12278501 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5325609 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8004799\charrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on February 15, 2007 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8004799\charrsid12063938 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8004799\charrsid12063938 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph113\trleft-113\trftsWidth1\trpaddl113\trpaddr113\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clpadt113\clpadr113\clpadft3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil \cellx4567\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clpadt127\clpadr113\clpadft3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil \cellx9247\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938 { \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 : \par David Rivera, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Esq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 . \par Law Office of Terrence M. Brooks, P.C. \par 259 Martyr St., Ste. 101 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Appearing for the Defendants-Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 s: \par William Gavras, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Esq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 . \par 2nd Floor, J & R Bldg. \par 208 Rte. 4 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8004799\charrsid12063938 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab \tab \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph113\trleft-113\trftsWidth1\trpaddl113\trpaddr113\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clpadt113\clpadr113\clpadft3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil \cellx4567\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clpadt127\clpadr113\clpadft3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil \cellx9247\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, JR., Presiding Justice}{\cs45\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid339433\charrsid12063938 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s48\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9375213 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\cs45\super\insrsid1919693\charrsid4347417 \chftn }{ \insrsid1919693\charrsid4347417 }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid4347417 Associate Justice Robert J. Torres, Jr., as the senior member of the panel, was designated Presiding Justice.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 ; RICHARD H. BENSON, Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Pro Tempore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid228380\charrsid12063938 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 J. BRADLEY KLEMM, Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Pro Tempore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 . \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8004799\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 TORRES, J}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 .: \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab Plaintiff-Appellee Virginia Jenkins brought suit in November 2003 in the Superior Court of Guam against Defendants-Appellants Ruby B. and Teddy P. Montallana (Montallanas) to collect the outstanding amounts due on separate loans Jenkins made to the Montallanas in 1996 and 1998.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 After a bench trial, the trial court found that Jenkins, who did not have a business license in 1996 but held valid licenses between September 1998 and June 2003, was barred by 11 GCA \'a7 70130(d) from bringing an action based on the 1996 loan; however}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261718\charrsid12063938 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 she fulfilled the procedural requirements to sue on the 1998 loan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The court then entered judgment for Jenkins for principal and interest on the 1998 loan in the amount of $29,733.39 and awarded attorney\rquote s fees.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The Montallanas appeal, claiming Jenkins\rquote failure to have a business license in November 2003 prevents her from filing suit in the Guam courts under the Business License Law found in Division 3, Title 11 of the Guam Code Annotated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 We hold that Jenkins was not actively engaged in or carrying on a business on Guam which required her to obtain a business license in November 2003, since Jenkins had already moved to Oregon by that time, was no longer making new loans in Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261718\charrsid12063938 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 and was simply winding up her business affairs by collecting on outstanding loans.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Accordingly, Jenkins\rquote filing of the suit to collect on the 1998 loan was not prohibited by the Business License Law and we affirm. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5325609 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 I.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab Between 1996 and 2000, Jenkins, a dietician at Guam Memorial Hospital, made loans to acquaintances who also worked at the hospital, including two loans to the Montallanas in 1996 and 1998.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The 1998 loan to the Montallanas was evidenced by a promissory note in the original amount of fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000.00), later modified to nineteen thousand dollars ($19,000.00).} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab From 1998 to June 2003, Jenkins held a business license from the Department of Revenue and Taxation for the business of money lending.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 She made her last loan in 2000 and moved from Guam to Oregon in 2001.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 While she resided in Oregon, Jenkins continued to collect on the outstanding loans from her customers on Guam by calling them and receiving payments by mail.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab In November 2003, after her business license had expired, Jenkins filed suit against the Montallanas to collect on the 1996 and 1998 loans.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The Montallanas raised as an affirmative defense that Jenkins\rquote claims were barred by 11 GCA \'a7 70130(d).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The matter p roceeded to a bench trial and the trial court in its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law found that Jenkins did not have a business license when the 1996 loan was made, and that she \'93 failed to demonstrate that she substantially complied with the requirements of the Business License Law\'94; therefore \'93[a]ny and all claims by [Jenkins] regarding the 1996 loan must therefore be dismissed.\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (\'93ER\'94)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 pp. 22, 23 (Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab The trial court also ruled that Jenkins met the procedural requirements for suit under 11 GCA \'a7 70130(d) in order to collect on the 1998 loan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The court explained that it was undisputed that Jenkins had a business license to make small loans at the time she made the 1998 loan to the Montallanas, and: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 [A]n action by a commercial activity in Guam Courts is governed by two separate requirements under 11 [GCA] \'a7 70130(d).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 First, it can be ascertained from the face of the law itself that a business license is a prerequisite to suit for all commercial activity currently }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 doing }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 business on Guam without a business license. . . . The second part of [] \'a7 70130(d) states that a person engaged in commercial activity may not use the Courts to enforce an obligation incurred while that person did not have a license. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 ER, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 p. 20 (Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The court reasoned that if Jenkins \'93 was not engaged in a commercial activity as of the filing of this suit, she need not have a business license in order to bring a claim against [the Montallanas] so long as she complied with the other requirement of [11 GCA \'a7 70130(d)].\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 ER, p}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 . 20 (Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The trial court then concluded that the amount due under the 1998 loan including interest was $29,733.29.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Judgment was entered for that amount, plus $4,459.99 in attorney fees.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5325609 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 II.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab This court has jurisdiction over this appeal from a final judgment pursuant to 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b) and 3108(a) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5325609 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab The Montallanas argue on appeal that the trial c ourt erred in awarding judgment to Jenkins because she did not have a business license at the time she filed her complaint in November 2003 or during the pendency of the action.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 They assert the record is clear that Jenkins was doing business on Guam at the time she filed her complaint and the trial court failed to make any factual findings that Jenkins was not engaged in a commercial activity at that time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Alternatively they maintain that if the trial court did make such a finding that Jenkins was not engag ed in a commercial activity in November 2003, the judge misapplied the undisputed facts to the law in so }{\lang2057\langfe1033\highlight8\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 concluding}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 . \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab Jenkins defends the trial court\rquote s decision by arguing that \'93 the trial court found that as to the 1998 loans . . . Jenkins was in possession of a valid business license. . . . [and] [as] of the time that Jenkins filed suit in Guam she was no longer engaged in lending money on Guam.\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Appellee\rquote s Brief, p. 5 (Nov. 22, 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Moreover, she argues that the Business License Law, after its amendment in December 2003 by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261718\charrsid12063938 section 3 of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Guam Pub}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10690992\charrsid12063938 lic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 L}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10690992\charrsid12063938 aw}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 27-57, made clear that: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 a person shall not be considered to be engaging in, transacting, conducting, continuing, doing or carr ying on a business within the meaning of [the Law] solely by reason of carrying on in Guam any one (1) or more of the followi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 ng activities:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 (1) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 maintaining }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 or defending }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 any action or suit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , or any administrative or arbitration proceeding, or effecting the settlement thereof or the se}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261718\charrsid12063938 ttlement of claims or disputes;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261718\charrsid12063938 . . . \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 (7) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 creating or acquiring evidences of debt }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 or mortgages, liens or security interests in real or personal property; \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 (8) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 securing or collecting one\rquote s own debts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , or enforcing mortgages and security interests in property securing one\rquote s own debts; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261718\charrsid12063938 Guam Pub. L. 27-53:3 (Dec. 18, 2003) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The trial court did not expressly reach a finding of fact or conclusion of law as to whether or not Jenkins\rquote activities to collect the amounts due under the loans she made constituted a \'93commercial activity doing business on Guam\'94 under }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261718\charrsid12063938 section}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 70130.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Appellee\rquote s Brief, p. 6 (Nov. 26, 2006).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 We must therefore examine the record and review the law to determine whether in November 2003 Jenkins was engaged in a \'93 commercial activity doing business on Guam\'94 which required her to have a business license in order to file suit in the Guam courts to collect on the 1998 note.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Appellee\rquote s Brief, p. 6 (Nov. 26, 2006). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab Whether Jenkins\rquote collection activities on previously made loans constitutes \'93 a commercial activity doing business on Guam\'94 for purposes of Guam\rquote s Business Licensing Law is an issue of legal interpretation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Appellee\rquote s Brief, p. 6 (Nov. 26, 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Matters of legal interpretation are reviewed }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Abalos v. Cyfred, Ltd.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 2006 Guam 7 \'b6 15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The trial court\rquote s findings of fact after a bench trial are reviewed under a clear error standard.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Fargo Pac. Inc. v. Korando Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 2006 Guam 22 \'b6 21. Deference is afforded the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5325609 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 IV.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 A.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Applicable Law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab An initial issue that must be addressed is which version of the Business License Law applies in this case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Public Law 27-57 amended the Business License Law in December 2003, after the lawsuit was filed in November 2003.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The December 2003 amendments changed the definition of \'93engaging in business\'94 found in the Business License Law.}{ \cs45\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s48\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9375213 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\super\insrsid1919693 \chftn }{\insrsid1919693 }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 At the time the lawsuit was filed by Jenkins in November 2003, 11 GCA \'a7 70103(e), provided: \par }\pard\plain \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9375213 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 Engaging in or carrying on a business}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 means a regular employment which occupies the time, labor, or attention of the person on a continuing basis although one act may be sufficient if circumstances show a purpose to continue, and it need not be the sole or full-time employment of the person, but may be on a part-time or periodic basis. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9375213 {\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 11 GCA \'a7 70103(e) (1994). \par }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 After the December 2003 amendments, 11 GCA \'a7 70103(e) now reads: \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9375213 {\i\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 Engaging in, transact ing, conducting, continuing, doing or carrying on a business }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 means a regular employment which occupies the time, labor, or attention of the person on a continuing basis although one (1) act may be sufficient if circumstances show a purpose to continue, and it need not be the sole or full-time employment of the person, but may be on a part-time or periodic basis. \par }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 Without excluding other activities which may not be considered to be specifically engaging in, transacting, conducting, continuing, doing or carr ying on a business, a person shall not be considered to be engaging in, transacting, conducting, continuing, doing or carrying on a business within the meaning of this Division solely by reason of carrying on in Guam any one (1) or more of the following a ctivities: \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri1440\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9375213 {\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (1) maintaining or defending any action or suit, or any administrative or arbitration proceeding, or effecting the settlement thereof or the settlement of claims or disputes; \par }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (2) holding meetings of the board of directors or shareholders, or carrying on other activities concerning internal corporate affairs; \tab \tab \par }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (3) maintaining bank accounts; \par }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (4) maintaining offices or agencies for the transfer, exchange and registration of the corporation\rquote s own securities, or appointing and maintaining trustees or depositaries with respect to those securities; \par }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (5) effecting sales through independent contractors; \par }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (6) soliciting or procuring orders, whether by mail or through employees or agents or otherwise, where those orders require acceptance outside Guam before they become binding contracts; \par }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (7) creating or acquiring evidences of debt or mortgages, liens or security interests in real or personal property; \par }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (8) securing or collecting one\rquote s own debts, or enforcing mortgages and security interests in property securing one\rquote s own debts; \par }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (9) owning, without more, real or personal property; \par }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (10) conducting an isolated transaction that is completed within ninety (90) days, and that is not one in the course of a number of repeated transactions of a like nature; and \par }{\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (11) transacting business in interstate commerce. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9375213 {\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 \tab The list of activities in this Subsection (e) is not exhaustive. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16002422 {\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 Guam Pub. L. 27-57:6 (Dec. 18, 2003)}{\fs20\insrsid1919693 (emphases added)}{ \fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 .}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab Another amendment to the Business License Law concerned the restriction of activities on persons without business licenses, and the consequences of doing business without a business license.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The pre-December 2003 provisions were found in section 70130}{\cs45\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s48\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9375213 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\super\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 \chftn }{ \fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 Title 11 GCA \'a770130: Restriction of Activities on Pe}{\fs20\insrsid1919693 rsons Without Licenses, states:}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 \par }\pard\plain \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9375213 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 It is the policy of the government of Guam that all businesses have business licenses. Therefore: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9375213 {\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab \tab \tab . . . }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li1440\ri1440\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9375213 {\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (c) It shall be contrary to public policy for the courts to enforce leases for Guam land for which there is no business license held by the lessor of a lease or his or her successor in interest. Therefore, rental payments for Gu am land accrued after the effective date of this Section during periods for which the person seeking to collect said rents had no business license for such lease or rental activity may not be collected through the courts, and no person may be evicted from any leased real property for which rent is to be paid for any breach occurring or for any non-payment of rent during any period after the effective date of this Section when the person seeking to enforce the terms of the lease did not have a valid busines s license to rent said premises; \par (d) no commercial activity (including operating or leasing of real property) doing business on Guam without a business license may file suit in Guam courts until such time that a business license is obtained. No person engaged in commercial activity with out a business license may use the courts to enforce, directly or indirectly, any obligation, lien, or contract incurred during the period of such commercial activ}{\fs20\insrsid1919693 ity without a business license; \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri1440\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9375213 {\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab . . .}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li1440\ri1440\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9375213 {\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (f) The courts shall liberally construe subsections (b) through (e) of this Section in favor of the landlord or business person and shall ignore technical deficiencies if the courts find there has been substantial compliance with the business license laws, rules, and regulations and if the courts find that th e landlord or business person has filed on a timely basis (within thirty days of the due date) gross receipts tax returns fully reporting all accountable revenues from the activity concerned for the periods in question; \par (g) In any civil action, the failure of one party to have a business license shall be an affirmative defense by any other party. Once the person raising the defense establishes that there is or was no business license at the relevant time, the burden of proof shall be upon the person witho ut a license to establish that the provisions of this Section do not act as a bar to his or her claim or cause of action. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16002422 {\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 11 GCA \'a7 70130 (1994).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 while the December 2003 amendments set forth the varying consequences in section 70131.}{\cs45\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s48\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9375213 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\super\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 \chftn }{ \fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 Title 11 GCA \'a7 70131, \'93Consequences of Engaging in, Transacting, Conducting, Continuing, Doing, or Carrying on a Business Without Business License or Certificate of Authority,\'94 provides: \par }\pard\plain \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9375213 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs22\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 \tab }{ \fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 (a) Any person engaging in, transacting, conducting, continuing, doing, or carrying on a business within Guam which is otherwise required by law to have a current business license and, as may be required by all applicable laws of Guam, a certificate of authority from the Director of the Department of Revenue and Taxation, or other applicabl e regulating agency or board, but does not have one, shall be closed promptly by the Department of Revenue and Taxation, after a hearing pursuant to the Administrative Adjudication Law, until all required returns are filed and all taxes paid or arrangement s are made to pay them. All assets of the person or corporation shall be frozen after such hearing until all required tax returns are submitted to the Department of Revenue and Taxation, all taxes are paid, or payment arrangements are made, and a valid bus iness license is obtained. \par \tab (b) Any person engaging in, transacting, conducting, continuing, doing, or carrying on a business on Guam without a business license and, as may be required by all applicable laws of Guam, a certificate of authority from the D irector of the Department of Revenue and Taxation, or other applicable regulating agency or board, may not maintain a proceeding in any Court on Guam until it obtains a business license and, as may be required by all applicable laws of Guam, a certificate of authority to transact business on Guam. \par \tab The successor to any person who transacted, engaged in, conducted, continued, carried on, or done business on Guam without a business license and, as may be required by all applicable laws of Guam, a certificate of authority from the Director of the Department of Revenue and Taxation, or other applicable regulating agency or board, and the assignee of a cause of action arising out of that business may not maintain a proceeding based upon that cause of action in any Court on Guam until the person or that person\rquote s successor obtains a business license and, as may be required by all applicable laws of Guam, a certificate of authority from the Director of the Department of Revenue and Taxation, or other applicable regulating agency or board. \par \tab (d) A Court may stay a proceeding commenced by a person, its successor, or assignee until it determines whether the person, or that person\rquote s successor, or assignee requires a business license, and, as may be required by all applica ble laws of Guam, a certificate of authority from the Director of the Department of Revenue and Taxation, or other applicable regulating agency or board. If it so determines, the Court may further stay the proceeding until the person, or that person \rquote s succ essor, or assignee obtains the business license, and, as may be required by all applicable laws of Guam, or other applicable regulating agency or board, a certificate of authority from the Director of the Department of Revenue and Taxation, or other appli cable regulating agency or board. \par \tab (e) Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section, the failure of a person to obtain a business license, and, as may be required by all applicable laws of Guam, a certificate of authority from the Director of the Departme nt of Revenue and Taxation, or other applicable regulating agency or board, does not impair the validity of its corporate acts or prevent it from defending any proceeding in Guam. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9375213 {\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 11 GCA \'a7 70131 (2005). }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Jenkins argues that her activities of winding up her business affairs and collecting on the outstanding debts did not constitute doing business and 11 GCA \'a7\'a7 70103(e)(1),}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12791594\charrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 (7) and (8) specifically exempt her from the requirements of a business license.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 These sections which were enacted by the amendments adopted in December 2003 are, however, not effective retroactively.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab There is a presumption against the retroactive application of statutes.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Immigration & Naturalization Serv}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12791594\charrsid12063938 .}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 v. St. Cyr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 533 U.S. 289 (2001).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The \'93presumption against retroactive legislation is deeply rooted in our jurisprudence, and embodies a legal doctrine centuries older than our Republic.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Elementary considerations of fairness dictate that individuals should have an opportunity to know what the l aw is and to conform their conduct accordingly.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 at 316. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab We have embraced this principle, stating that generally, there is a \'93 presumption against retroactive application of new laws to {\*\bkmkstart SR_2047}{\*\bkmkend SR_2047}pending cases.\'94 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Bank of Guam v. Reidy}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 2001 Guam 14 \'b6 16 n.2. \'93As a rule, a statute is presumed to have only prospective effect unless it is made }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16002422\charrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 expressly {\*\bkmkstart SR_2405}{\*\bkmkend SR_2405}retroactive or is {\*\bkmkstart SR_2408}{\*\bkmkend SR_2408}retroactive by \lquote necessary implication.\rquote \'94}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 In re Request of Twenty-Fourth Guam Legislature for Declaratory Judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 1997 Guam 15 \'b6 15 (citation omitted).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 A statute affecting changes in the law is not to be given a retrospective effect where the purpose of the statute is clear.}{ \cs45\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s48\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16002422 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\super\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 \chftn }{\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 Some jurisdictions follow the principle that if the amendment to the statute is procedural in effect, it can be retroactive but if it affects substantive rights, it cannot be retroactive. }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 See Stroback v. Camaioni}{ \fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 , 674 A.2d 257, 260 (Pa. Super. 1996); }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 Davis v. Forman School}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 , 738 A.2d 697, 707-708 (Conn. App. 1999). California does not make this distinction: \lquote \'93In deciding whether a {\*\bkmkstart SearchTerm}{\*\bkmkend SearchTerm}statute{\*\bkmkstart SR_4556}{\*\bkmkend SR_4556} may be given retroactive application, it is not significant whether the statute{\*\bkmkstart SR_4568}{\*\bkmkend SR_4568} is labeled substantive{\*\bkmkstart SR_4571}{\*\bkmkend SR_4571} or procedural in nature.\rquote Rather, what is determinative is the effect that application of the statute would have on substantive rights and liabilities.\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 Moore v. State Bd. of Control,}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 5 Cal. Rptr. 3d 116, 121 (Cal. App. 2003) (quoting }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 Borden v. Div. of Med. Quality}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 , 35 Cal. Rptr. 2d 905 (1980).. Because whether collecting on a loan constitutes doing business is a substantive issue in this case, we do not evaluate the distinction between procedural and substantive amendments.}{\insrsid1919693 }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 at \'b6 20.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 As stated recently by the United States Supreme Court, \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 This Court has worked out a sequence of analysis when an objection is made to applying a particular statute said to affect a vested right or to impose some burden on the basis of an act or event preceding the statute}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12662621\charrsid12063938 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 s enactment. We first look to \'93 whether Congress has expressly prescribed the statute}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12662621\charrsid12063938 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 s proper reach,\'94 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Landgraf, supra,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 at 280, 114 S. Ct. 1483, and in the absence of language as helpful as that we try to draw a comparably fi rm conclusion about the temporal reach specifically intended by applying \'93our normal rules of construction,\'94 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Lindh v. Murphy,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 521 U.S. 320, 326, 117 S. Ct. 2059, 138 L. Ed. 2d 481 (1997). If that effort fails, we ask whether applying the statute to the per son objecting would have a retroactive consequence in the disfavored sense of \'93affecting substantive rights, liabilities, or duties [on the basis of] conduct arising before [its] enactment,\'94 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Landgraf, supra,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 at 278, 114 S. Ct. 1483; see also }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Lindh, supra,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 at 326, 117 S. Ct. 2059. If the answer is yes, we then apply the presumption against retroactivity by construing the statute as inapplicable to the event or act in question owing to the \'93 absen[ce of] a clear indication from Congress that it intended such a result.\'94 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 INS v. St. Cyr, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 533 U.S. 289, 316, 121 S. Ct. 2271, 150 L. Ed. 2d 347 (2001); see }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Martin v. Hadix, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 527 U.S. 343, 352, 119 S. Ct. 1998, 144 L. Ed. 2d 347 (1999) (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Landgraf, supra,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 at 280, 114 S. Ct. 1483).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938\charrsid12063938 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254787\charrsid12063938 548}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 U.S. ____}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254787\charrsid12063938 (2006)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 126 S. C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 t. 2422, 2428 (June 22, 2006).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab There is no evidence in Public Law 27-57 that the definition of \'93engaging in business\'94 was meant to have a retroactive application.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The preamble to the legislation does not express an}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5797671\charrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6246274\charrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 intent that the legislation }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4347417\charrsid12063938 be}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 retroactive}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15365461\charrsid12063938 .}{\cs45\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s48\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9375213 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\super\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 \chftn }{\insrsid1919693 }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 The preamble to Public Law 27-57 states: \par }\pard\plain \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9375213 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 Section 1. Legislative Statement. }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 I Liheslaturan Gu\'e5han}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 finds that the government of Guam has sought to attract, as an integral part of its blueprint to effect conti nual economic growth and development, foreign and domestic investments on Guam. The mainstay of this plan has been lucrative tax breaks for new business prospects, in exchange for the creation of new jobs for our local residents. While a certain degree of success has been achieved, we have }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 not }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 reached our full potential. \par \tab Recent events have brought to question the clarity and certainty of Guam\rquote s business laws, which could truncate our future viability as an attractive investment destination. To remedy this potential economic deterrent, we must clear up any uncertainty in the business climate caused by the imposition of inconsistent statutes governing the conduct of business and license requirements for doing business on Guam. \par \tab Over the last several decades , public laws governing business license requirements were enacted in a patchwork manner, which today results in a disconcerting environment for many conducting or seeking to conduct business on our Island. Such laws have caused avoidable disruptions in e x isting contractual relationships, and the effect has been the dampening in the growth of interstate and foreign commerce on Guam. Past court proceedings have further exposed the need for certainty of the laws governing business and banking activities cond ucted on Guam. Concurrently, many prominent members of our Guam community, including attorneys-at-law, businessmen and scholars, have for years attested to the pressing need for a well-defined and structured set of laws. \par \tab In essence, the existing laws gov erning business licenses on Guam are discordant with other commerce laws, hindering the economic growth and development of our island. Under precarious business environment, Guam, with resources that naturally limit manufacturing and export potential, wou ld }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 not }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 be able to entice off-island investors to infuse much-sought capital and create attractive jobs for our residents. \par \tab It is the intent of }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 I Liheslaturan Gu\'e5han}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 to enact a body of business laws consistent with the practice of other investment jurisdic tions. Such action will place Guam in the most favorable position to attract an inflow of foreign and domestic capital and new business prospects. Passage of this Act will elevate Guam\rquote s competitiveness as the new hub of international business activities in the Pacific Rim, and lay the groundwork for}{\fs20\insrsid1919693 future long-term prosperity. }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9375213 {\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 P.L. 27-57:1 (Dec. 1}{\fs20\insrsid1919693 8}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 , 2003). }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The preamble states that the business and license requirements have been \'93inconsistent\'94 and \'93enacted in a patchwork manner.\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Guam Pub. L. 27-57:1 (Dec. 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10690992\charrsid12063938 8}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 2003).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The stated purpose of the Public Law is to make licensing }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15365461\charrsid12063938 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 laws consistent with the practice of other investment jurisdictions.\'94 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10690992\charrsid12063938 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 There is no stated intent that the enactment is meant to address existing rather than future situations.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab Moreover, the changes in the Business License Law appear to be addressed to attracting foreign and domestic investment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \'93 It is the intent of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 I Liheslaturan Gu\'e5han}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 to . . . place Guam in the most favorable position to attract an inflow of foreign and domestic capital and new business prospects.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 P.L. 27-57:1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12662621\charrsid12063938 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 see}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 n.5.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Jenkins was neither a foreign investor nor a new investor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 She was a money lender who made small loans to acquaintances.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The changes in the Business License Law thus do not appear to be intended by the Legislature to retroactively apply to Jenkins\rquote situation. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab Although the Business License Law was amended to state that maintaining a suit, creating evidences of debt}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15365461\charrsid12063938 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 or collecting one\rquote s own debts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15365461\charrsid12063938 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 does not constitute \'93engaging in business,\'94 the provisions which set forth these changes do not expressly apply here, since the amendments were enacted after Jenkins filed suit.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The new definition of \'93engaging in business\'94 found in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12543902\charrsid12063938 section 6 of} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Public Law 27-57 may still, however, provide some aid in our interpretation of the Business License Law which was in effect in November 2003. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab Public Law 27-57 added examples of the activities a person could eng age in or transact without being considered to be doing business within the meaning of the Business License Law solely by reason of carrying on such activities in Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\highlight8\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\highlight8\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The amendments did not delete any of the language of the pre-existing section 70103(e).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\highlight8\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The general rule of statutory construction is that when a legislature \'93 amends an existing statute, or enacts a new statute that applies to preexisting statutes, [the court] presumes the legislature intended some change in existing law.\'94 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Lavidas v. Smith, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 987 P.2d 212, 216 (Ariz. App. 1999).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 However, other principles of statutory construction guide our interpretation of the older version of section 70103(e).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \'93 [T]here is a presumption that an amendatory act does not change the existing law further than is expressly declared or necessarily implied.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Doe v. Bridgeport Police Dep\rquote t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 198 F.R.D. 325, 341 (D. Conn. 2001).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Some statutory amendments serve to clarify, not amend, existing law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The additional language added to section 70103(e) by Public Law 27-57 does just that; clarify the existing law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab A statutory amendment is presumably to change the law, but this is not always the case}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12543902\charrsid12063938 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \'93We assume the Legislature amends a statute for a purpose, but that purpose need not necessarily be to change the law.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Our consideration of the surrounding circumstances can indicate that the Legislature made material changes in statutory language in an effort only to clarify a statute}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7542379\charrsid12063938 \rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 s true meaning.\'94 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Hudson v. Bd. of Admin. of Pub. Employees}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7542379\charrsid12063938 \rquote }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Ret. Sys.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 69 Cal. Rptr. 2d 737, 743-44 (Ct. App. 1997)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7542379\charrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 (citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \'93The presumption of change is not conclusive and may be overcome by more persuasive considerations.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Sutherland Statutory Construction \'a7 22.30 (October 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 An example of a more persuasive consideration is where the amendment serves to clarify the law. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 W. Sec. Bank v. Super. Ct.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 933 P.2d 507, 514 (Cal. 1997).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \'93 An amendment which in effect construes and clarifies a prior statute must be accepted as the legislative declaration of the meaning of the original act, where the amendment was adopted soon after [a] controversy arose concerning the proper interpretation of the statute.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 (quoting Sutherland Statutory Construction \'a7 22.31 (5th ed. 1993)). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab Similarly, the court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Grant Center Hosp}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12543902\charrsid12063938 ital}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 v. Health Group of Jackson, Miss.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 528 So. 2d 804, 809 (Miss. 1988) held that \'93in construing a statute, a court may look to later acts of the legislature to ascertain the correct meaning of a prior statute.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 In proper cases, an amendment may be viewed as a clarification of the former statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \'93As such it aids court in assigning meaning to the prior law.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Id.} {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The court in that case best expressed the clarification principle we rely on herein: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 There are no principles of construction{\*\bkmkstart SR_4147}{\*\bkmkend SR_4147} which prevent the utilization by the courts of subsequent enactments or amendments{\*\bkmkstart SR_4159} {\*\bkmkend SR_4159} as an aid in arriving at the correct meaning of a prior statute{\*\bkmkstart SR_4172}{\*\bkmkend SR_4172}, and it is very common for a court, in construing a statute{\*\bkmkstart SR_4184}{\*\bkmkend SR_4184}, to refer to subsequent le gislation as impliedly confirming the view which the court has decided to adopt. Indeed, it has been held that if it can be gathered from a subsequent statute in pari materia what meaning the legislature attached to the words of a former statute, they wil l amount to a legislative declaration of its meaning, and will govern the construction of the first statute. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid281285\charrsid12063938 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 at 809-810.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 This same rule of statutory construction has been used in other jurisdictions in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Territory of Haw}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11953947\charrsid12063938 aii}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 v. Yamamoto}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 39 Haw. 956 (Haw. Terr. 1952), and }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Lichty v. Lichty Cons}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11953947\charrsid12063938 truction}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Co.,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 243 P.2d 151, 159 (Wyo. 1952).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab This is the very process we use in reconciling the November 2003 section 70103(e) with the December 2003 section 70103(e) \endash we refer to the subsequent legislation as an aid in arriving at the true and correct meaning of the former \'a7 70103(e).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 While the amendments contained in Public Law 27-57 do not expressly control, they support the proposition that the Legislature never meant to include simply collecting one\rquote s own debts or maintaining a suit as \'93doing or engaging in a business\'94 in Guam. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\highlight8\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 trial judge\rquote s Conclusions of Law must therefore be examined based on Jenkins\rquote collection activities in 2003 and within the context of the definition of \'93 engaging in or carrying on a business\'94 in Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 It was undisputed that Jenkins did not have a business license at the time she filed the lawsuit in November 2003, therefore, if her activities in collecting on the outstanding loans after she left Guam const ituted a commercial activity doing business on Guam, then 11 GCA \'a7 70130(d) would prevent her from filing suit in Guam courts until such time that a business license is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\highlight8\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 obtained}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 .}{\cs45\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s48\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9375213 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid1919693 \tab }{\super\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 \chftn }{ \fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid7357125 }{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 Even if Jenkins did not have a business license at the time she was trying to collect from the Montallanas, the loan instruments themselves would not be void; }{ \i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 see Guam Tai-Pan Dev. and Constr. Inc. v. Yigo Alta Estates}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 , 2002 Guam 20, where this court held that the lack of a business license does not void the underlying obligati on altogether. }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 Id.}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 \'b6 11. Therefore, under authority of }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 Guam Tai-Pan}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 and }{ \i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 Arashi v. Nakashima}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 , 2005 Guam 21 \'b6 30, Jenkins may have pursued the amounts due under the contract once she obtained a valid business license. Of course, she cannot collect for bre aches of the loan agreements that occurred during the period of time within which she did not have a valid business license. }{\i\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 Arashi,}{\fs20\insrsid1919693\charrsid9375213 2005 Guam 21 \'b6 26. }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 If however, she was not engaged in or carrying on a business, the Business License Law would not require her to have a license in order to file suit. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 B.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Doing Business or Winding Down}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab The judge made a finding of fact that Jenkins\rquote activity was licensed for \'93Small Lending\'94 from 1998 to June 2003.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Jenkins herself testified that she made several loans to co-workers between 1996 until 2001 when she left Guam.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 After the bench trial, but before the issuance of the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, t he court requested briefing on whether Jenkins needed a business license in 2003.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Specifically, the trial judge requested that the parties address the following: \'93[W]hether there is a differentiation between the loan agreement, which is issued prior to the business license, the promissory note, which is issued after the business license, or whether it doesn\rquote t make any difference because she doesn\rquote t possess a business license today while we sit in court.\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Tr., Vol. III p. 127 (Bench Trial, May 2, 2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The parties each filed briefs on this issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab The Montallanas argue here that \'93 [t]he trial court failed to make any factual findings that [Jenkins] either met or failed to meet the predicates contained in the statutory language of \'a7 70130(d).\'94 Appellant\rquote s Brief, p. 6 (Oct. 24, 2006).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 They point out that in the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the trial court apparently did not make an express finding of fact addressing the 2003 activities, that is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11953947\charrsid12063938 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 whether Jenkins was doing business on Guam at the time she filed her complaint in 2003.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The court correctly stated that:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 An action by a commercial activity in Guam Courts is governed by two separate requirements under 11 [GCA] \'a7 70130(d).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 First, it can be ascertained from the face of the law itself that a business license is a prerequisite to suit for all commercial activity currently }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 doing}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 business on Guam without a business license.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Therefore, if Plaintiff was not engaged in commercial activity as of the filing of this suit, she need not have had a business license in order to bring a claim against Defendant, so long as she complied with the other requirement of the rule. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 ER, p}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 p. 19, 20 (Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The trial court then made the following conclusion: \'93Th[e] Plaintiff had a business license to make small loans during her 1998 loan to Defendants.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Thus, Plaintiff has fulfilled the procedural requirements for suit under 11 [GCA] \'a7 70130(d).\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 ER, p}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 . 20 (Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab While the trial court did not specifically address whether Jenkins\rquote failure to have a business license when she filed suit in 2003 constituted an impediment to bringing suit on the loan, there is an implicit finding that the lack of a license in 2003 was not fatal to her claims since the court determined that Jenkins \'93fulfilled the procedural requirements for suit under 11 [GCA] \'a7 70130(d).\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7357125\charrsid12063938 ER, p}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 . 20 (Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The trial court\rquote s entry of judgment by necessity further supports a finding that Jenkins wa s not required to have a business license to collect her debts in 2003, because if the Business License Law barred her from using the courts of Guam to enforce her loan agreements, then she would not have received a judgment from the trial court.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab The Montallanas alternatively assert that the record is clear that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\highlight8\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Jenkins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 was doing business on Guam in November 2003.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 If the trial judge concluded that Jenkins was not engaged in a commercial activity at this time, the conclusion was in error and a \'93misappli[cation of] the undisputed facts to the law.\'94 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Appellant\rquote s Brief, p. 8 (Oct. 24, 2006). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236942\charrsid12063938 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab The oral testimony at trial concerning Jenkins\rquote activities collecting on the outstanding loans in 2003 and whether those activities constituted doing business in Guam within the definition of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11953947\charrsid12063938 11 GCA }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \'a7 701}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 03(e) included the following:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468 \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 THE COURT:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 Okay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 After you moved off-island in 2001, these payments that were all made after, were they mailed to you?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow0\irowband0 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 THE WITNESS (Ms. Jenkins):}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 Yes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow1\irowband1 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 Q: (by Mr. Berman)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 :\cell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 And after June 30, 2003, you\rquote ve never renewed or obtained another license?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow2\irowband2 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 A: (by Ms. Jenkins):} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 No.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow3\irowband3 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 Q:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 Now of these ten to fifteen loans you\rquote ve testified to, are about half still unpaid?}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow4\irowband4 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 A:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 No.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 Not \endash Maybe three or four.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow5\irowband5 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 Q:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13197977\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 So you\rquote re in the process of collecting the three to four now? \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow6\irowband6 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 A:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 Mm-Hm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow7\irowband7 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 Q:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 I\rquote m sorry?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow8\irowband8 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 A:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13197977\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 Yes. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow9\irowband9 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 Q:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 And other than this lawsuit, are you collecting the other three or four with lawsuits?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow10\irowband10 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 A:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13197977\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 No.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 This is the only lawsuit I\rquote ve had. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow11\irowband11 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 Q:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13197977\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 In order for you to collect those other three or four loans now, do you do it alone or do you hire someone in Guam to help you? \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow12\irowband12 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 A:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13197977\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 No, they send them to me in Oregon.\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow13\irowband13 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Q:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 . . . . \par Do you ever have to call them to remind them to pay you? \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977\charrsid12063938 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13197977 \trowd \irow14\irowband14 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 A:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Yes. \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow15\irowband15 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Q:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Do you ever have to write them letters to remind them to pay you? \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow16\irowband16 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 A:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 I call them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow17\irowband17 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Q:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 But you write . . . them letters as well? \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow18\irowband18 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 A:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 No.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow19\irowband19 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Q:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 During the month of May 2004, you were still living in Oregon, is that right? \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow20\irowband20 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 A:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Yes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow21\irowband21 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Q:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Okay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 There was an order for mediation in this case but did you not come to Guam for the mediation because you lived in Oregon?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow22\irowband22 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 A:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Yes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow23\irowband23 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Q: (by Mr. Berman)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 \cell }\pard \ql \fi-18\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 In the period of time between January 30 \endash December 30, 1998 and February 2001, did you ever send any letters to Ms. Montallana to collect? \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow24\irowband24 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 A: (by Ms. Jenkins): \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 I called her.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow25\irowband25 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 THE COURT:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Did you send any letters is the question.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow26\irowband26 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 THE WITNESS:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 No. \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow27\irowband27 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 THE COURT:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 All right.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow28\irowband28 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 Q: (by Mr. Berman): \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589\charrsid12063938 But you indicate that you did call her; is that right? \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid476589 \trowd \irow29\irowband29 \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12063938\yts114 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8678581\charrsid12063938 A:\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid476589\yts114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8678581\charrsid12063938 Yes.\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8678581 \trowd \irow30\irowband30\lastrow \ts114\trgaph108\trleft720\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind828\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3240\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5508\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Tr.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12068533\charrsid12063938 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 p. 46 (Bench Trial, May 2, 2005). \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481626\charrsid12063938 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab This testimony at trial, discussing her activity collecting on her loans on Guam from her new home in Oregon, is the extent of the evidence on this matter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Based on this testimony, the trial judge allowed Jenkins to proceed with her lawsuit to collect on the outstanding loans that she had made while licensed and living on Guam.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 He did not rule that Jenkins was doing business in Guam and needed a business license in order to file suit.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Instead, the judge allowed her to maintain the suit against the Montallanas to collect on the 1998 loan.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7627099\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481626\charrsid12063938 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab Since there was no dispute about the extent of Jenkins\rquote collection activities (consisting of phone calls and filing suit), we will examine how the trial court applied the law to the facts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The conclusion of law that Jenkins did not need a business license, as ascertained from the undisputed facts, is reviewed }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 de novo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 as a conclusion of law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Abalos v. Cyfred, Ltd.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 2006 Guam 7 \'b6 15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7627099\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481626\charrsid12063938 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab The parties each rely on our cases which have discussed the Guam Business License laws, particularly }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Taijeron v. Kim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 1999 Guam 16, which held that the \'93[landlord\rquote s] procurement of a business license well after the lease obligations have [sic] incurred cannot be said to be a mere technical deficiency that should be ignored by the court below.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \'b6 22}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 .}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The Montallanas discuss }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Arashi v. Nakashima}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 2005 Guam 21, where we held that it was not possible for the landlord to maintain a counterclaim for rent during the period within which he did not have a business license.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \'b6 26.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Further, the license law precludes enforcement of a contract but does not deny the party from defending their claims.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \'93The license law removes an unlicensed [party\rquote s] power to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 sue }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 not the power to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 defend}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 .\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \'b6 30.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The Guam cases argued by the parties are, however, of little guidance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 They do not answer }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3156173\charrsid12063938 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 question of whether Jenkins\rquote activities in collecting the outstanding loans is \'93 doing business in Guam\'94 such as to require a business license.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7627099 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481626\charrsid12063938 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab The issue of what activities constitute \'93doing business\'94 most often arises in the context of registration of foreign corporations, so this area of the law provides some guidance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 It has been recognized that with respect to foreign corporations, the \'93\lquote mere . . . collection of . . . debts or claims by a foreign corporation is not the doing of business within the state.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 And the rule is likewise applicable to the doing of things incidental to such adjustment or collection.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Continental Assur. Co. v. Ihler}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 26 P.2d 792, 793 (I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid606765\charrsid12063938 n}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 d. 1933)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3156173\charrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 (quoting 17 William Meade Fletc her, Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations, \'a7 8492 at 542 (1933)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 In contrast, a collection agency collecting loans within a state without proper state registration was not considered an isolated transaction and was subject to regulation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Sec. Credit Acceptance Corp. v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 247 N.E.2d 825, 834 (Ind.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid606765\charrsid12063938 Ct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 App. 1969).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Generally where there are a limited number of transactions within a jurisdiction, those activities are held not to be \'93doing business.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 See, e.g., Equitable Disc. Corp. v. Jefferson Television Sales }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid606765\charrsid12063938 &}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Serv.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 169 So. 2d 567, 569 (La.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid606765\charrsid12063938 Ct.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 App. 1964), stating that where \'93three plaintiff representatives attempted to effect collection of the trade acceptances}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646368\charrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 . . . [t]his by itself does not constitute doing business in Louisiana.\'94\tab \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7627099 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481626\charrsid12063938 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab The court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 William L. Bonnell Co. v. Katz}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 196 N.Y.S.2d 763 (N.Y. Sup. 1960) stated that there is \'93no precise measure of the nature or extent of activities which are determinative of whether a foreign corporation is \lquote doing business\rquote within this State.\'94 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 at 767.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Some states have statutes that address exactly what is required to meet the \'93doing business\'94 standard; in Texas, for instance, \'93securing or collecting debts\'94 is not considered \'93doing business\'94 in the state for purposes of foreign corporation registration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Tex. Bus. Corp. Act Ann. Art. 8.01(B)(8); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 see Goss v. Bobby D. Assoc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 94 S.W.3d 65, 70 (Tex. App. 2002). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7627099 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481626\charrsid12063938 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab In contrast, Guam\rquote s Business License Law in November 2003 was not so specific}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12068533\charrsid12063938 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The only activities Jenkins engaged in on Guam after she left in 2001 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4347417\charrsid12063938 were}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 to call her debtors to remind them to pay and to collect on the outstanding loans.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The amendments conta ined in Public Law 27-57 suggest the proposition that the Legislature did not intend for such activities to constitute being engaged in a trade or business on Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 This conclusion is further supported by the preamble to the Public Law 27-57, which reveals the Legislature\rquote s intent to make a more business-friendly climate for doing business on Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 See}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid606765\charrsid12063938 infra}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 n.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid606765\charrsid12063938 6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 We find that it would be contrary to the stated policy if we were to determine that the act of collecting debts after winding up, when no new business is being conducted, requires a business license.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 We therefore declin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7627099 e to adopt this interpretation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8004799 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7627099\charrsid12063938 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481626\charrsid12063938 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab We hold that collecting on a debt under the undisputed fact pattern that emerged in this trial does not constitute \'93doing business\'94 under the Guam Business License Law in effect in November 2003.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Jenkins was therefore not required to have a business license in 2003 to sue in order to collect on the 1998 loan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 A transaction that is isolated, or merely casual and occasional, such as attempting to collect on one\rquote s pre-existing debt, or simply winding up one\rquote s business affairs, is not \'93doing business\'94 in Guam such as to invoke Guam\rquote s licensing requirements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 If, however, the transactions conducted require a continuity of activity for a considerable period of time, then this activity will likely be deemed to rise to a level of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \'93engaging in business\'94 for purposes of Guam\rquote s Business License Law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 There is, however, no hard-and-fast rule or measuring stick by which the nature or extent of one\rquote s activities will be deemed to be \'93doing business.\'94 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7627099 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481626\charrsid12063938 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab In this case, Jenkins was no longer making loans, and therefore arguably \'93winding up her business.\'94 Jenkins \rquote \'93three of four\'94 loans required only a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\highlight8\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 modicum}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 of collection activity.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The evidence was undisputed that Jenkins was not making any new loans.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Her only activities consisted of making phone calls and receiving payments in the mail.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Her collection activity is consistent with the fact patterns which emerge when a business is winding up, or taking care of its accoun ts receivable without engaging in any further business transactions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid606765\charrsid12063938 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 See McPherson v. Curts, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 209 N.W. 811, 812 (Mi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid606765\charrsid12063938 ch}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 . 1926)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9571182\charrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 (where the Michigan court said, \'93 [t]he law provides for no affirmative act on the part of a corporation to show its discontinuance of a finance business, and we are not persuaded that any is necessary\'94)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid606765\charrsid12063938 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Another case where the winding up of a closing business\rquote s affairs was held not to require a business license is }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Vaughn Realty of Front Royal, Inc. v. Town of Front Royal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9783860\charrsid12063938 No. 92-133,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 1992 WL 884922,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9783860\charrsid12063938 at}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 *4 (Va. Cir. Ct. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9783860\charrsid12063938 Sept. 21, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 1992)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9783860\charrsid12063938 (unreported)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , where it was held that business done incident to winding up a realty business should not req uire a business license.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 See}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9571182\charrsid12063938 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 also Kelly Adjustment Co. v. Burton}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 , 278 A.2d 460 (D.C. 1971).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 In that case the landlord-tenant relationship terminated prior to the lawsuit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The court held that even though rent was being collected, it was in reality the collection of a debt, to which the business licensing laws were not meant to apply.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Id. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7627099 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481626\charrsid12063938 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab On the basis of the evidence presented at trial, the testimony supports Jenkins\rquote argument that she was merely winding up her affairs, and was no longer making any loans during the period in which she did not have a business license.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 She was no longer engaged in the business of making loans in the way that the trial court found her to have been actively engaged in business in 1998.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The winding up of business affairs inci dent to closing a business, as shown in the case law, traditionally does not require a business license. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7627099 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7627099 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 V.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12063938 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7627099 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481626\charrsid12063938 [36}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 \tab The trial judge impliedly concluded that even though Jenkins had been doing business on Guam when she made the loans, she was no longer engaged in business in Guam in 2003.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 Therefore, no business license was required in order for Jenkins to maintain her suit to collect on the loans.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 This implied conclusion of law is supported by a legal analysis of the statute and the cases, and there is no reason to disturb it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063938 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 The judgment is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 AFFIRMED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734682\charrsid12063938 . \par }}