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Perez, }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Esq.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \par Lujan, Unpingco, Aguigui & Perez, LLP \par Pacific News Bldg. Ste. 300 \par 238 Archbishop Flores St. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 96910\cell }{\ul\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Appearing for the Defendant}{\ul\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\ul\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Appellees}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 : \par Michael D. Flynn, Jr., }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Esq.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \par Maher, Yanza, Flynn, Timblin, LLP \par 115 Hessler Pl. Ground Flr. \par Governor Joseph Flores Bldg. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph115\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl115\trpaddr115\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf8 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf8 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf8 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf8 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4770\clshdrawnil \cellx4770\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf8 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf8 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf8 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4590\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \par BEFORE:}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice;}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 FRANCES M. TYDINGCO}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 GATEWOOD, Associate Justice, ROBERT J. TORRES, JR., Associate Justice. \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 TYDINGCO}{\b\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 GATEWOOD, J}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 .:}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [1]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab Appellant Young Ja Guerrero appeals from the trial court\rquote s grant of summary judgment in a slip and fall case in favor of Appellee McDonald\rquote s Corporation.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The trial court held that mere proof of a fall, and proof of a foreign substance on the floor, were insufficient to show that McDonald\rquote s caused the dangerous condition, or had actual or constructive knowledge of the dangerous substance on the floor, such that it breached its duty of reasonable care.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 We agree with the conclusion of the trial court and affirm.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 I}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 .}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [2]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab On January 2, 2000, sometime between 2:00 p.m. and 3:15 p.m., Guerrero and her family were eating at the Tamuning McDonald\rquote s.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 As she was exiting the restaurant, she slipped on a substance and fell.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The apparent location of the slip is variously described as }{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [a]s she was walking out,}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 or as she }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 was exiting the door.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Appellant\rquote s Brief, at 11}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 12, 13 (Feb. 15, 2005).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 McDonald\rquote s, on the other hand, first states that Guerrero}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 inexplicably fell outside McDonald\rquote s,}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Appellee\rquote s Brief, at 6 (Mar. 18, 2005), but later states she fell }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 upon exiting the Tamuning McDonald\rquote s.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Appellee\rquote s Brief, at 8 (Mar. 18, 2005).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 She is permanently injured as a result of the fall.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [3]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab In discovery, deposition testimony was taken from Guerrero that she slipped on something.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 I n an affidavit, she said that she }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 slipped and fell on a foreign substance left on the floor.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Plaintiff Appellant \rquote s Excerpts of Record (}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 ER}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 ) Vol. II, Tab 10 (Guerrero Dep.).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Depositions of the family members who were accompanying her showed that Guerrero\rquote s}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 relative Im Hwa Ja had seen a substance on the floor.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Ja had also seen Guerrero slip, and after Guerrero was taken to the hospital, went back to the place where Guerrero fell.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 She noticed that the foreign substance she saw earlier was still there.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 She then touched it with her finger and then licked her finger and described it as }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 sweet.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Appellant\rquote s ER, Vol. II, Tab 8 (Im Hwa Ja Aff.).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The other evidence that there was a substance on the floor is from}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Guerrero herself, in stating that she saw a substance on the floor and she slipped on }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 a foreign substance.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Appellant\rquote s ER, Vol. II, Tab 10 (Guerrero Aff.).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [4]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab McDonald\rquote s and its insurer, American Home Assurance Company (collectively referred to as }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 McDonald \rquote s}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 ), moved for summary judgment after having taken}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 depositions, on the basis that nothing in the testimony so far could result in McDonald\rquote s being liable for any damages suffered by Guerrero}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 as a result of the slip}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 and}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 fall.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [5]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab In ruling on the McDonald\rquote s motion for summary judgment, the trial court applied a standard of care from a 1950 California appellate case,}{ \i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Vaughn v. Montgomery Ward & Co.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 213 P.2d 417, 419 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1950), which held that the premises owner owed a duty to his business guest of exercising reasonable and ordinary care to keep the premises in a reasonably safe condition.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 On the basis of the deposition testimony and other materials presented on summary judgment, the trial court found }{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 no evidence that McDonald\rquote s caused or had notice of the defective condit ion of the floor . . . . Where the landowner has no actual or constructive knowledge of the condition, courts have held that no liability can attach.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Appellant\rquote s ER, Vol. II, Tab 17 (Decision and Order).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of McDonald\rquote s.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Guerrero\rquote s appeal followed.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 II.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [6]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab We have jurisdiction over this appeal from a final judgment pursuant to 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1424}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 1(a)(2) (Westlaw through P.L. 109}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 169 (2006)), and Title 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b) and 3108(b) (2005).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 III.}{\b\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\b\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [7]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab A trial court\rquote s decision granting a motion for summary judgment is reviewed }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 de novo}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 . }{ \i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Bank of Guam v. Flores}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 2004 Guam 25 \'b6 7.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The court may grant summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure when }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 the pleadings, depositions, answer s to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Guam R. Civ. P. 56.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 IV.}{\b\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\b\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s24 \b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard\plain \s24\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4013672 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Negligence and Premises Liability}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }\pard \s24\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [8]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab In our }{ \i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 de novo}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 review, we must determine whether the trial court properly determined that McDonald\rquote s was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [9]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab In a case for negligence, the establishment of tort liability requires the existence of a duty,}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 the breach of such duty, causation and damages. }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Leon Guerrero v. DLB Constr. Co.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 1999 Guam 9 \'b6 14 (citing Restatement (Second) Torts \'a7\'a7 281, 282 (1988)).}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 In the instant case, the trial court found no evidence that McDonald\rquote s had cause d the defective condition, or had notice of the defective condition on the floor such that it breached its duty of reasonable care. }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [10]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab A property owner\rquote s duty is found under Guam law, which provides:}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Every one is responsible, not only for the result o f his willful acts, but also for an injury occasioned to another by his want of ordinary care or skill in the management of his property or person, except so far as the latter has willfully brought the injury upon himself.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Title 18 GCA \'a7 90107 (2005).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 T his court has previously recognized this as the standard of care on Guam with respect to an owner\rquote s management of its property.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 See Nissan Motor Corp. v. Sea Star Group Inc.}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 2002 Guam 5 \'b6 11.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 In }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Nissan}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , we stated that }{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 every landowner owes a duty to exercise reasonable care in the management of his property.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Id.}{ \i\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 We now extend this same standard of care, initially enunciated in }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Nissan}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , to slip and fall cases on Guam, and examine how this standard of care is implicated in summary judgment motions.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 1.\tab Actual or Constructive Knowledge}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [11]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab Title 18 GCA \'a7 90107 finds its source in section 1714 of the California Civil Code.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 See }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 1714 (Westlaw through Chap. 9 of 2006 Urgency Legislation).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 For this reason, and because Guam\rquote s statutory language is identical to California\rquote s, we look to California case law interpreting the standard of care owed by a store owner to its invitees.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 This is because }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [g]enerally, when a legislature adopts a statute which is identical or similar to one in effect in another jurisdiction, it is presumed that the adopting jurisdiction applies the construction placed on the statute by the originating jurisdiction.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Sumitomo Constr., Co.. v. Zhong Ye, Inc}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 1997 Guam 8 \'b6 7 (citing Sutherland\rquote s Stat. Const. \'a7\'a7 52.01 (5th Ed)).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Thus, }{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 we look to the substantial precedent developed within that state to assist in interpreting parallel Guam provisions.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 O'Mara v. Hechanova,}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 2001 Guam 13 \'b6 8 n.1 (observing that where a Guam provision is derived from California, }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 California case law on this issue is persuasive when there is no compelling reason to deviate from California\rquote s interpretation.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 ) (citing }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Fajardo v. Liberty House Guam}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 2000 Guam 4 \'b6 17).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [12]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab Section 1714 of the California Civil Code is applied today in California cases}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 involving premises liability; }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 see Krupnick v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 39, 48 (Ct. App. 1994) (}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 section 1714, subdivision (a) of the Civil Code . . . mandate[s] . . . [property owners] to act with ordinary care and skill in the management of one\rquote s property and person.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 ).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The duty owed \endash or standard of care which must be provided by a premises owner \endash is the same }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 reasonable person}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 standard.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 That is, }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [t]he proper test to be applied to the liability of the possessor of land in a ccordance with section 1714 of the Civil Code is whether in the management of his property he has acted as a reasonable man in view of the probability of injury to others . . . .}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Carlson v. Ross}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 76 Cal. Rptr. 209, 211 (Ct. App. 1969) (quoting }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Rowland v. Christian}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 443 P.2d 561, 568 (Cal. 1968)); }{ \i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 see also}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Hatfield v. Levy Bros.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 117 P.2d 841, 845 (Cal. 1941) (}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [N]egligence in such cases is founded upon [the store owner\rquote s] failure to exercise ordinary care in remedying the defect after he has discovered it or as a man of ordinary prudence should have discovered it.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 ). }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [13]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab In particular, and with respect to store owner liability for dangerous conditions such as a slippery substance found on the floor, }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [i]t is well established in California that although a store owner is not an insurer of the safety of its patrons, the owner does owe them a duty to exercise reasonable care in keeping the premises reasonably safe.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Ortega v. Kmart Corp}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 ., 36 P.3d 11, 14 (Cal. 2001).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Ordinary, or reasonable care, is exercised by a store owner }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 by making reasonable inspections of the portions of the premises open to patrons, and the care required is commensurate with the risks involved.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Id. }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 at 15.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [14]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab To establish liability under California law, the store owner\rquote s }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 actual or constructive knowledge of a dangerous condition is [] key . . . .}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Id.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 This conclusion underscores the principle with which we concur \endash }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 that a store owner }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 is not the insurer of the visitor\rquote s personal safety.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Id.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Such principle was recognized in ear lier California cases, including the case relied upon by the trial court, }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Vaughn}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , where the California appellate court recognized that the premises owner owes a duty to reasonably keep the premises safe, but is not expected to insure the constant safety of the invitee, because }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [n]o inference of negligence arises based simply upon proof of a fall upon the owner\rquote s floor.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Vaughn}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 213 P.2d at 419.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The Supreme Court of California has held:}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Although the owner\rquote s lack of knowledge is not a defense, }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [t]o impos e liability for injuries suffered by an invitee due to [a] defective condition of the premises, the owner or occupier must have either actual or constructive knowledge of the dangerous condition or have been able by the exercise of ordinary care to discov er the condition, which if known to him, he should realize as involving an unreasonable risk to invitees on his {\*\bkmkstart SDU_35}{\*\bkmkend SDU_35}premises . . . .}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Ortega}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 36 P.3d at 15 (quoting }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Girvetz v. Boys\rquote Market}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 206 P.2d 6, 8 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1949) (internal quotation marks omitted); }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 see also}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Donald M. Zupanec, Annotation, }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Store or Business Premises Slip}{\i\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 and}{\i\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Fall: Modern Status of Rules Requiring Showing of Notice of Proprietor of Transitory Interior Condition Allegedly Causing Plaintiff\rquote s Fall}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 85 A.L.R.3d 1000}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 (1978) (}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [H]istorically . . . the mere existence of a defective condition in a store or public place or business does not, as a matter of law, render the proprietor liable for an injury caused by the defective condition unless the proprietor knew, or in the exercise of reasonable care ought to have known, of the defect.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 ); Restatement (Second) of Torts ' 343 (1965) (similarly providing that a business owner is liable for injuries to invitees caused by a condition the possessor }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover. }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 ).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-6480\li7200\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin7200\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 2.\tab When Constructive Knowledge may be Inferred}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }\pard \ql \fi-6480\li6480\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin6480\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [15]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab Under specific circumstances California law allows the injured invitee to meet his or her burden of proof with respect to the constructive knowledge requirement, through inferences.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Bridgman v. Safeway Stores, Inc.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 348 P.2d 696 (Cal. 1960).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 In }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Bridgman}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , the court stated that, }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 evidence that an inspection had not been made within a particular [period of] time prior to an accident may warrant an inference{\*\bkmkstart SR_59_2428} {\*\bkmkend SR_59_2428} that the defective condition existed long enough so that a person exercising reasonable care would have discovered it.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Id.}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 at 698}{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 .}{\i\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Bridgman }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 thus allows a plaintiff to prove the existence of constructive knowledge through inference, established by proof of}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 insufficient inspections.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Thus, }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [w]here . . . the owner operates his store on a self}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 service plan, . . . the exercise of ordinary care may require the owner to take greater precautions and make more frequent inspections than would otherwise be needed . . . . }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Id.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [16]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab The requirement of actual or constructive knowledge on the part of the premises owner }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 is merely a means of applying the general rule stated above that the proprietor may be liable if he knew or by the exercise of reasonable care co uld have discovered the dangerous condition, and it does not alter the basic duty to use ordinary care under all the circumstances.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Id.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [17]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab The concept of inferring constructive knowledge, or some hybrid of the concept, became recognized as the }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 mode of operation}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 approach to premises slip}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 and}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -} {\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 fall liability.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 In some states, the plaintiff is not required to prove notice }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 if the proprietor could reasonably anticipate that hazardous conditions would regularly arise,}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 thus freeing the plaintiff }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 from the burden of discovering and proving a third person\rquote s actions.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Jackson v. K}{\i\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{ \i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Mart Corp.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 840 P.2d 463, 469 (Kan. 1992).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [18]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab In other states, the }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 mode}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 of}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 operation}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 approach was expanded even further, such that the approach resulted in strict liability on the part of some store owners. An example of this mode}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 of}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 operation strict liability case is found in }{ \i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Jasko v. F.W. Woolworth Co.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 494 P.2d 839, 840 (Colo. 1972), which held that }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 when the operating methods of a proprietor are such that dangerous conditions are continuous or easily foreseeable, the logical basis for the notice requirement dissolves. Then, actual or constructive notice of the specific condition need not be proved.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 (Citing }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Bozza v. Vornado, Inc.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 200 A.2d 777 (N.J. 1964)).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 As well, }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Ciminski v. Finn Corp.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 537 P.2d 850, 853 (Wash. Ct. App. 1975) held that }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [a]n owner of a self}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 service operation has actual notice of these problems.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 In choosing a self}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 service method of providing items, he is charged with the knowledge of the foreseeable risks inherent in such a mode of operation.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \super\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 1{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri-108\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-108\lin0\itap0\pararsid13073667 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid13073667 1}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 The later Washington case of }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Ingersoll v. DeBartolo, Inc.}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 , 869 P.2d 1014, 1016 (Wash 1994) reined in the widening tendency in Washington to find liability without showing notice. The court in }{ \i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Ingersoll}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 stated, \'93 the requirement of showing notice will be eliminated only if the particular self-service operation of the defendant is shown to be such that the existence of unsafe conditions is reasonably foreseeable.\'94 The exception was further limited in the later case of}{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Carlyle v. Safeway Stores, Inc.,}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 896 P.2d 750 (Ct. App. Wash. 1995), which held that a plaintiff who slips and falls in a grocery store cannot survive summary judgment by merely raising the inference that the substance causing her fall came from w ithin the store; rather, the plaintiff must show that such spills were foreseeable in the specific area where she fell.}{\insrsid13073667 \par }}}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Some cases have held that the existence of a spill and a fall automatically rendered the store owner liable.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 See }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Steven D. Winegar, Comment, }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Reapportioning the Burden of Uncertainty: Storekeeper Liability in the Self}{\i\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Service Slip}{\i\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 and}{\i\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Fall Case}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 41 UCLA L. Rev. 861 (1994).}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [19]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab Despite the trend in other jurisdictions toward the mode}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 of}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 operation approach, the current state of the law in California has rejected the principle which could result in strict liability on the part of the owner.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The holdings of both }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Vaughn}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 and }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Bridgman}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 have been recently reaffirmed in }{ \i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Ortega v. Kmart Corp.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 36 P.3d 11 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 2001), where the California Supreme Court acknowledged that proprietors of self}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 service operations must exercise greater precautions because of the inherent risks, requiring frequent inspections, citing }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Bridgman v. Safeway Stores, Inc.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 348 P.2d 696 and }{ \i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Louie v. Hagstrom\rquote s Food Stores}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 184 P.2d 708 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1947).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The }{ \i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Ortega }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 case re}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 articulated the California rule for slip}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 and}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 fall cases in self}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 service establishments:}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The cases require that an owner must have actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition before incurring liability}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 and that }{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [t]he plaintiff has the burden to prove the owner had actual or constructive notice of the defect in sufficient time to correct it.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{ \i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Ortega, }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 36 P.3d at 13 (citations omitted); }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 see also Moore v. Wal}{\i\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Mart Stores, Inc.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 3 Cal. Rptr. 3d 813 (Ct. App. 2003) (a more recent application of the }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Ortega }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 test to a slip}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 and}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 fall case). }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [20]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab We find no compelling reason to deviate from the California authority, from which Guam\rquote s statutory provisions regar ding the duty of care owed by a property owner to his or her invitees, finds its source.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 We therefore reject the mode}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 of}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 operation approach taken by various jurisdictions, which holds a store owner strictly liable for injuries caused in factual circumstan ces similar to the case at bar.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 In particular, a review of the various jurisdictions adopting such doctrine illustrates that }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [c]ourts adopting mode}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 of}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 operation rules have attempted to cut the Gordian knot by eliminating the requirement [of knowledge], but as a result they have created ambiguous rules that may be construed as imposing strict liability.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Winegar, 41 UCLA L. Rev. at 902.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [21]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab We agree instead with the policy underlying the requirement that the plaintiff prove either that the property own er caused the dangerous condition, or had actual or constructive knowledge of such condition.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The knowledge requirement serves an important function because it ensures that a court will find a causal connection between the storekeeper\rquote s negligence and the patron\rquote s injury. In this way, the requirement protects storekeepers from unwarranted liability.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Id.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Without this knowledge requirement, certain store owners would essentially incur strict liability for slip}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 and}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 fall injuries, i.e., they would be insurers of the safety of their patrons.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Moore}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 3 Cal. Rptr. at 818.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The court in }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Moore }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 uses the following example to illustrate its point:}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [W]hether the french fry was dropped 10 seconds or 10 hours before the accident would be of no consequence to the liability finding,}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 a ruling that the } {\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Moore }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 court held was simply }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 not . . . prudent.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{ \i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Id.}{\i\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 We concur.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [22]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab In following California\rquote s interpretation of a premise owner\rquote s duty to an invitee under section 1714, we acknowledge that a balance is necessary.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 On the one hand, the plaintiff cannot be burdened with having to show the defendant\rquote s subjective knowledge of a dangerous condition.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 This is virtually impossible, because then a store owner need simply disavow knowledge of the dangerous condition, and he avoids all liability.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 This is why many jurisdictions have broadened traditional premises liability either, as under }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Bridgman}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , to encompass constructive notice by showing a failure to inspect, or as in more expansive jurisdictions, adopting the burden}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 shifting approach.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Yet on the other hand, a store owner must also be able to show that he did all that he could to prevent injury.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 A store owner should make reasonably frequent inspections, and efforts of the store owners who do so should be recognized by our jurisprudence.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 But if a store owner is responsible for every slip}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 and}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 fall regardless of that store owner\rquote s inspection schedule, there would be no point in continuing a schedule of periodic inspections.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 This is an equally undesirable result for public policy reasons.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The standard enunciated in }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Ortega}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 is an acknowledgment of the balance required between these two competing results. }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [23]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab We therefore decline to deviate from a negligence}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 based rule of liability in self}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 service slip and fall cases.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 We follow the principle first enunciated in }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Nissan Motor Corp.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 2002 Guam 5, that a property owner must exercise reasonable care in the management of his property in view of the probability of injury to others, and we hold specifically that in order to be liabl e for injury caused by a harmful or dangerous condition on a property, there must be negligence on the part of the property owner itself.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The owner must have caused the condition, or have actual or constructive knowledge of the existence of the condition in sufficient time to correct it.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 This holding preserves our adherence to the rule that a business should not be strictly liable for all accidents caused on its premises.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 A plaintiff may demonstrate the necessary constructive knowledge of the dangerous c ondition if it is established that the property had not been inspected within a reasonable period of time so that a person exercising due care would have discovered and corrected the hazard.}{\super\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 2{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri-108\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-108\lin0\itap0\pararsid13073667 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid13073667 2}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 We are aware that some jurisdictions have adopted the approach discussed in Steven D. Winegar, Comment, }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Reapportioning the Burden of Uncertainty: Storekeeper Liability in the Self-Service Slip-and-Fall Case}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 , 41 UCLA L. Rev. 861 (1994), where the plaintiff is given the benefit of a presumption: Once the plaintiff alleges a }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 prima facie}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 case of a slip on a substance that has been left on the defendant\rquote s floor due to the knowledge or way of doing business of the defendant, the trier of fact would be instructed that the presumption arises, that the defendant had actual o r constructive knowledge of the hazard and failed to exercise reasonable care to eliminate it. }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Id. }{\fs20\insrsid13073667 at 901. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri-108\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-108\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid13073667 \tab The Supreme Court of Kentucky has adopted what is called the \'93burden-shifting\'94approach. In }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Lanier v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.}{ \fs20\insrsid13073667 , 99 S.W.3d 431 (Ky. 2003), the Kentucky Supreme Court adopted the rule that imposes a rebuttable presumption that \'93 shifts the burden of proving negligence, i.e., the exercise of reasonable care, to the party who invited the injured customer to its business premises.\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Id}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 . at 437. The Florida Supreme Court in }{ \i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Owens v. Publix Supermarkets, Inc.}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 , 802 So. 2d 315 (Fla. 2001), adopted the presumption: \'93 [W]e hold that . . . the existence of that unsafe condition creates a rebuttable presumption that the premises owner did not maintain the premises in a reasonably safe condition.\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Id. }{\fs20\insrsid13073667 at 331. \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri-108\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-108\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid13073667 \tab This approach has not been embraced by California in interpreting its \'a7 1714 duties to invitees. }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 See Ortega}{ \fs20\insrsid13073667 , 36 P.3d at 13, where the California Supreme Court stated that an inference of negligence is permitted when there is evidence of an owner\rquote s failure to inspect, but not a presumption. We do not herein address whether it may be appropriate to adopt a rebuttable presumption of negligence because in this case, Guerrero\rquote s pleading did not contain the elements of a prima facie case. So neither an inference nor a presumption would arise; }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 see }{\fs20\insrsid13073667 subpart (B), \'93Summary Judgment Standard,\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 infra}{ \fs20\insrsid13073667 . Because we conclude that Guerrero did not even meet the threshold requirements for a }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 prima facie}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 case of negligence against McDonald\rquote s, it is premature to discuss the nature of any inference or presumption which may arise if plaintiff had met the elements of a }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 prima facie}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 case. }}}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Moreover, an inference may arise where the plaintiff alleges an owner\rquote s failure to inspect the premises within a reasonable period of time \endash }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{ \insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 an inference that the condition was on the floor long enough to give the owner the opportunity to discover and remedy it.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\super\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 3{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri-108\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-108\lin0\itap0\pararsid13073667 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid13073667 3}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 The }{\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Ortega }{\fs20\insrsid13073667 court distinguishes the inference it allows from the presumption used in other cases; noting that an inference is a deduction while a presumption is \'93an assumption of fact that the law requires to be made from another . . . group of facts. . .\'94 }{ \i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Ortega}{\fs20\insrsid13073667 , 36 P.3d at 13, n.1. Guam law has the same statutory distinctions. Title 6 GCA \'a7 5102 (2005) states: \'93 An inference is a deduction which the reason of the judge or jury makes from the facts proved, without an express direction of law to that effect.\'94 Title 6 GCA \'a7 5103 (2005) defines presumption: \'93 A presumption is a deduction which the law expressly directs to be made from particular facts.\'94}}}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Ortega}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 36 P.3d at 13.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 B.\tab Summary Judgment Standard }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [24]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 If the movant can demonstrate that there are no genuine issues of material fact, the non}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 movant cannot merely rely on allegations contained in the complaint, but must produce at least some significant probative evidence tending to support the complaint.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 }{ \i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Taijeron v. Kim}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 1999 Guam 16}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \'b6 8 (citing}{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Iizuka Corp. v. Kawasho Int \rquote l, }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 1997 Guam 10 \'b6 7).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Moreover:}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The party opposing the summary judgment cannot rely on its pleadings, but must make an independent showing by a proper declaration or by reference to a deposition or another discovery product that there is sufficient proof of the matters alleged to raise a triable question of fact if the moving party\rquote s evidence, standing alone, is sufficient to entitle the party to judgment.}{ \i\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Buehler v. Alpha Beta Co.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 274 Cal. Rptr. 14, 15 (Ct. App. 1990).}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 In addition, the court must view the evidence and draw inferences in the light most favorable to the non}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 -}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 moving party. }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Manvil Corp. v. E.C. Gozum & Co., }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 1998 Guam 20 \'b6 6.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [25]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab Because the movant must demonstrate that there are no issues of material fact, in support of its motion for summary judgment, McDonald\rquote s submitted an affidavit of its employee, Ms. Merilyn Santos.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 She stated that she was the Floor/Shift Manager on duty that day, and stated that there was an ins pection of the floor of the restaurant every thirty minutes, including the area where plaintiff fell.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 She further stated that the McDonald\rquote s floor was inspected at 3:00 p.m. the day of the injury, which was fifteen minutes before the fall and was inspected again five minutes after the fall.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 She further stated that McDonald \rquote s employees kept the area of the accident in a clean and safe condition and McDonald\rquote s employees saw no foreign substance on the tiles}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 near the area of the accident. \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [26]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab Most critically to the case at hand, Guerrero cannot rely on her pleadings, and has not shown by a proper declaration that there is a triable issue of fact.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Guerrero may defeat judgment as a matter of law if she establishes a genuine issue of material fact that }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 somet hing slippery on the floor . . . [has] been there long enough so that [McDonald\rquote s] should have discovered and removed it.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Brown v. Poway Unified Sch. Dist.}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 ,}{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 15 Cal. Rptr. 2d 679, 683 (Cal. 1993) (quoting }{\cs35\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Prosser & Keeton, Torts \'a7 39 (5th ed. 1984))}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 .}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 But Guerrero cannot survive summary judgment and maintain a case by a mere allegation that she stepped on something and was caused to fall because }{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 "}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [}{\cs35\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 n]o inference of negligence arises based simply upon proof of a fall upon the owner\rquote s floor.}{\cs35\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 " }{\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Vaughn}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 213 P.2d at 419.}{ \insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Guerrero\rquote s failure to present evidence of the basic facts prevents even an inference that McDonald\rquote s had actual or constructive knowledge of the transitory hazard and failed to exercise reasonable care to eliminate it.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [27]}{\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab Viewing the evidence described above in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, Guerrero has established that she slipped and fell on a clear substance and thereby suffered injury. Nevertheless, she has failed to raise a triable issue of material fact with respect to whether McDonald\rquote s either caused the dangerous condition of the floor, or had actual or constructive knowledge of the dangerous condition of the floor.}{\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 The plaintiff must come forward with a promise of proof that defendant knew or should have known there w as risk of an unsafe condition on the floor, that the defendant failed to take reasonable steps to address the foreseeable hazard or condition, and that the plaintiff\rquote s injuries were in fact caused by the unsafe condition.}{ \cs40\super\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 4{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri-108\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-108\lin0\itap0\pararsid13073667 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs40\super\insrsid13073667 4}{ \cs40\fs20\insrsid13073667 This is the minimum that the plaintiff must show even in jurisdictions which have adopted the \'93burden-shifting\'94 approach. }{\cs40\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 }{\cs40\fs20\insrsid13073667 The Florida Supreme Court in }{ \cs40\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Owens v. Publix Supermarkets, Inc., }{\cs40\fs20\insrsid13073667 802 So. 2d 315, 331 (Fla. 2001), stated: \'93[O]nce the plaintiff establishes that he or she fell a s a result of a transitory foreign substance, a rebuttable presumption of negligence arises. . . [but w]e emphasize that this burden-shifting does not eliminate the plaintiff\rquote s burden of proving that the slip and fall accident was the cause of plaintiff\rquote s injuries.\'94 Because in this case, the plaintiff\rquote s allegation of actual or constructive knowledge rested on speculation, the plaintiff does not meet the elements of a }{\cs40\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 prima facie}{\cs40\fs20\insrsid13073667 elements case. }{\cs40\i\fs20\insrsid13073667 Cf. Owens}{ \cs40\fs20\insrsid13073667 , 802 So. 2d 315 (where the Florida Supreme Court reversed a grant summary judgment because the store owner did not maintain or produce any records of inspections).}}}{\cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Specifically, Guerrero could have alleged in her affidavit or presented evidence that the substance was on the floor for an unreasonably long time, or that McDonald\rquote s inspections were insufficient.}{ \cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Guerrero has not done so here.}{\cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Where, as here, the opposition to a motion for summary judgment presented speculation in lieu of specific facts, the granting of summary judgment is appropriate. }{\cs40\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Merrill v. Navegar, Inc. }{ \cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 28 P.3d 116, 132 (Cal. 2003); }{\cs40\i\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Wiz Technology, Inc. v. Coopers & Lybrand}{\cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 , 130 Cal. App. 2d 263, 270 (Ct. App. 2003).}{ \cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 For this reason, we conclude that summary judgment has properly been granted in favor of McDonald\rquote s.}{\cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\cs40\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 V.}{\cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4013672 {\cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 \par }{\cs40\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 [28]}{\cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 \tab We hold that a property owner must exercise reasonable care in the management of his}{\cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 property, in view of the probability of injury to others.}{\cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 A property owner may be liable for injury caused by a harmful or dangerous condition on the property only where the property owner caused the condition, or had actual or constructive knowledge of the existence of the condition and failed to exercise reasonable care to eliminate it.}{\cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Constructive knowledge of the harmful or dangerous condition may be inferred by proof that the property had not been inspected within a reasonable period of time under the circumstances.}{\cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{ \cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 Accordingly, summary judgment was properly granted by the trial court in this case, where Guerrero, the nonmoving party, failed to offer any evidence that McDonald\rquote s either caused the harmful condition or had actual or constructive knowledge of such condition.}{\cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 }{\cs40\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 We }{\cs40\b\insrsid13073667\charrsid9926633 AFFIRM}{ \cs40\insrsid4013672\charrsid9926633 . \par }}