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Taitano, 2006 Guam 16}{\subject civil}{\author Supreme Court of Guam} {\keywords primary election}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2006\mo12\dy14\hr11\min32}{\revtim\yr2006\mo12\dy14\hr11\min32}{\version2}{\edmins2}{\nofpages40}{\nofwords18949}{\nofchars108013}{\*\company Judiciary of Guam}{\nofcharsws126709}{\vern16391}} \margl1440\margr1440\margt1152\margb810 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\hyphhotz936\notabind\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\subfontbysize\lytprtmet\hyphcaps0\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow3 \jcompress\viewkind4\viewscale100\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot10962566 \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3940448 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3940448 \chftnsepc \par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3940448 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\aftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3940448 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \psz1\sbknone\linex0\headery1152\footery1440\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid69912\sftnbj {\header \pard\plain \ql \fi-2880\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx3600\tqr\tx9360\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \i\fs20\insrsid10962566 Benavente v. 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BENAVENTE, TRINI T. TORRES, \par FRANK DUENAS CRUZ, PETER ANTHONY SAN NICOLAS, \par JAMES THOMAS MCDONALD, \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Appellants,}{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 vs.}{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 GERRY TAITANO, DIRECTOR, \par GUAM ELECTION COMMISSION and \par THE GUAM ELECTION COMMISSION, \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Respondents}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Appellees.}{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Supreme Court Case No.:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 CVA06}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 015 \par Superior Court Case No.:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 SP0140}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 06 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 OPINION}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Filed: December 12, 2006}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 2006 Guam 16}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on November 28, 2006 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph120\trleft0\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid16331174 { \ul\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 For Petitioners}{\ul\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\ul\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Appellants:}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par Thomas J. Fisher, }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Esq.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par Van de veld Shimizu Canto & Fisher \par Suite 101, De La Corte Bldg. \par 167 East Marine Corps Dr. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \cell }{\ul\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 For Respondents}{\ul\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\ul\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Appellees:}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par Cesar Cabot, }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Esq.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par Cabot Mantanona LLP \par Bank Pacific Bldg., Second Fl. \par 825 S. Marine Corps Dr. \par Tamuning, Guam 96913}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph120\trleft0\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par BEFORE:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; RICHARD H. BENSON, Justice }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Pro Tempore}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ; J. BRADLEY KLEMM, Justice }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Pro Tempore}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 . \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 CARBULLIDO, C.J.:}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [1]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Appellants Robert L.G. Benavente, Trini T. Torres, Frank Duenas Cruz, Peter Anthony San Nicolas, and James Thomas McDonald (collectively, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ) appeal from the trial court\rquote s grant of summary judgment in favor of Respondents}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Appellees G erry Taitano, Director of the Guam Election Commission and the Guam Election Commission (collectively, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the Commission}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ), which confirmed the results of the September 2, 2006 Primary Election pursuant to 3 GCA \'a7 12115. \par }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [2]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We hold that the trial court erred in voiding the iVotronic votes cast by the voters of Guam, and to this extent, we reverse.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 However, we hold that the trial court properly concluded, with respect to the claimed statutory violations on the part of the Commission, that any errors did not affect the outcome of the election, and for this reason, summary judgment in favor of the Commission was proper.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We also hold that the Guam law requiring the cancellation of a party primary is constitutional, and that the trial court\rquote s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Commission in this regard was also proper.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As such, we affirm the trial court\rquote s ultimate conclusion confirming the results of the September 2, 2006 Primary Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [3]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Accordingly, we reverse in part, affirm in part, and remand for entry of judgment consistent with this Opinion. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 I.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [4]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab This matter arises from Petitioners\rquote challenge to the September 2, 2006 Primary Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The Primary Election did not include a race for the Republican Party\rquote s senatorial candidates, as the Guam Election Commission1{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3102999 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 1}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 Title 3 GCA \'a7 1103 (2005) defines \'93Commission\'94 as the Election Commission. }}}{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 canceled the race pursuant to 3 GCA \'a7 16108, as amended by section 6 of Guam Public Law Guam 28}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 128.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 2 {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3102999 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 2}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 As amended, the provision states, in relevant part: \par \par }{\b\fs20\insrsid10962566 \'a716108. Primary Election Cancelled When Unnecessary.}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 \par }\pard \qj \fi432\li432\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin432\itap0\pararsid3102999 {\fs20\insrsid10962566 \par (a) When the Commission determines that a political party that has qualified for placement on the primary ballot has: \par \par }\pard \qj \fi432\li864\ri864\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin864\lin864\itap0\pararsid3102999 {\fs20\insrsid10962566 (i) the same or fewer number of candidates running for nomination to the Legislature than the number of senatorial seats allowed in law, it shall cancel such Primary Election for that party for the Legislature because of the lack of any contest . . . \par }\pard \qj \fi432\li432\ri432\nowidctlpar\tx720\tx1440\faauto\rin432\lin432\itap0\pararsid3102999 {\fs20\insrsid10962566 \tab \tab . . . \par }\pard \qj \fi432\li432\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin432\itap0\pararsid3102999 {\fs20\insrsid10962566 (b) Certification of candidates. Following such cancellation, the Commission shall certify all candidates who qualified to appear on the ballots in such cancelled primary elections for placement on the general election ballot as candidates of their r espective political parties for the general election. \par }\pard \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3102999 {\fs20\insrsid10962566 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid10962566 3 GCA \'a7 16108 (as amended by Guam Pub. L. 28-128:6 (June 27, 2006)).}}}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 After the unofficial results of the Primary Election, but before the results had been certified, Petitioners Benavente and Torres , Democrat senatorial candidates in the Primary Election, challenged the results and sued the Commission in the Superior Court.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 They alleged constitutional violations, specifically, violations of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights of equal protection under the law and due process of law,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and violations of the First Amendment rights of association and speech.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners also alleged statutory violations under Title 3 GCA and the Organic Act of Guam.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners filed a First Amended Petition (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the Petition}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ) which, }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 inter alia}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , added as parties to the action Petitioners Cruz, San Nicolas and McDonald, Republican voters.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [5]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab During a hearing on October 4, 2006, the trial court addressed the Commission\rquote s written motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 1 2(b)(6) of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Although Petitioners made an oral motion for summary judgment at the hearing, the court did not rule on this motion, and ultimately dismissed the case on other grounds.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners appealed the dismissal to this court.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We reversed, and instructed the trial court to vacate its Judgment of dismissal.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See Benavente v. Taitano}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 2006 Guam 15 (}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Benavente I}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ). }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [6]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab On remand, during a November 1, 2006 hearing, the Commission orally renewed its previously}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 filed motion to dismiss, and Petitioners orally renewed its motion for summary judgment that had been made at the October 4, 2006 hearing.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Both parties agreed that there were no material facts in dispute.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 On November 3, 2006, the trial court orally granted summary judgment in favor of the Commission, and confirmed the results of the election pursuant to 3 GCA \'a7 12115.3{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10958986 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 3}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 Trial court Decision and Order, filed on November 6, 2006, treated the Commission\rquote s motion to dismiss as one for summary judgment. The court granted summary judgment in favor of the Commission, and Judgment was entered on November 7, 2006.}}}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners that same day sought an injunction from this court requesting a stay of the General Election, scheduled for November 7, 2006, and an expedited briefing schedule for the appeal.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The Commission opposed.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 This court denied the injunction, but granted the request for expedited briefing. }{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 II.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [7]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab This court has jurisdiction over this appeal from a final judgment.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1424}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 109}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 382 (approved 2006)); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107, 3108(a) (2005).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 III.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [8]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners appeal from the trial court\rquote s grant of summary judgment, wherein the court held that there were}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 no genuine issues of material fact presented to the extent that any err ors occurring in the September 2, 2006 Primary Election affected the outcome of the election, and therefore, as a matter of law, the Commission was entitled to summary judgment.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [9]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab A trial court\rquote s grant of summary judgment is reviewed }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 de novo}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 .}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Guam Hous. & Urban Renewal Auth. v. Pac. Superior Ent. Corp.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 2004 Guam 22 \'b6 14.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Summary judgment is proper }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Guam R. Civ. P. 56(c).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In rendering a decision on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw the evidence in a light most favorable to the non}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 moving party.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Taitano v. Lujan}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 2005 Guam 26 \'b6 11.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [10]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 If the movant can demonstrate that there are no genuine issues of material fact, the non}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 movant cannot merely rely on allegations contained in the complaint, but must produce at least some significant probative evidence tending to support the complaint.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Iizuka Corp. v. Kawasho Int\rquote l (Guam), Inc.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 1997 Guam 10 \'b6 8.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [T]he mere existence of }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 some}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 genuine}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 issue of }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 material}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 fact.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Bank of Guam v. Flores}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 2004 Guam 25 \'b6 30 (quoting }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 477 U.S. 242, 247}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 48 (1986)).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Factual disputes that are irrelevant or unnecessary will not be counted.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (quoting}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 477 U.S. at 248).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 IV.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [11]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners raise several issues on appeal, more specifically, they argue: (1) contrary to the trial court\rquote s determination, Petitioners were not required to prove that any of the claimed errors affected the outcome of the election; (2) the numerous alleged statutory violations committed by the Commission required the voiding of the September 2, 2006 Primary Election; (3) the Guam law which requires the cancellation of a primary where there are less candidates than seats for office is uncons titutional and inorganic because it abridges First Amendment rights of free association of Republican Party members and independent voters, and impinges on a candidate\rquote s right to seek voter support; (4) Petitioners were denied equal protection under the law s because the Republican Party candidates were not required to obtain a minimum number of votes to proceed to the General Election, and because voters in the Republican Primary were not allowed to write}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in candidates because this race had been canceled; an d finally, (5) because the trial court held that the iVotronic voting system was unauthorized by law and thereby invalidated the corresponding electronic votes, Petitioners argue that 19.3% of Guam\rquote s electorate was disenfranchised as a result, and for this reason, the September 2, 2006 Primary Election must be voided in its entirety, and a new Primary Election must be held. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [12]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In addressing the issues raised by Petitioners, we begin by considering the appropriate standard and principles to be applied whe re an election contest is filed in the Superior Court of Guam pursuant to Chapter 16 of Title 3 GCA, particularly where the relief sought is the annulment of a primary election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We next consider, based on such standard and principles, whether the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of the Commission as a result of Petitioners\rquote failure to establish some proof that the statutory errors and/or irregularities affected the outcome of the election. Finally, we consider the constitutional arguments raised by Petitioners with respect to 3 GCA \'a7 16108.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 A. \tab Standard to be applied in determining whether to set aside or annul an election as a result of statutory violations}{ \b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [13]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We first consider the appropriate standard to be applied when an electi on contest is filed pursuant to Chapter 16 of Title 3 GCA and the remedy requested is to annul or set aside a primary election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab 1.\tab Chapter 12 standard: the }{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 outcome}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 test}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [14]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab To be clear, the provisions of Chapter 16 do not provide the standard or form o f review to be applied by a court in determining whether to annul or set aside an election. Several provisions found in Chapter 12, however, expressly set forth the standard to be applied where the court finds the existence of irregularity, misconduct, or illegal votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Section 12103, entitled }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Irregularity or Misconduct Not Affecting Result,}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 provides that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [n]o irregularity or improper conduct in the proceedings of any precinct election board shall void an election result, unless such irregularity or misconduct resulted in a defendant being declared either elected or tied for election.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 3 GCA \'a7 12103 (2005).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Similarly, 3 GCA \'a7 12104 (2005), entitled }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Where Illegal Votes Not Necessary to Majority,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 provides:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 An election shall not be set aside on accoun t of illegal votes, unless it appears that such number of illegal votes has been given to the person whose right to the office is contested or who has been certified as having tied for first place, which, if taken from him, would reduce the number of his legal votes below the number of votes given to some other person for the same office, after deducting therefrom the illegal votes which may be shown to have been given to such other person.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [15]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Thus, to succeed, a person filing a contest under Chapter 12 must establish that any claimed error or errors will affect the outcome of the election.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The standard found in Chapter 12 parallels what is sometimes known as the }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 outcome}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 test, a test generally accepted and used by many other jurisdictions.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See Carlson v. Oconto County Bd. of Canvassers}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 623 N.W.2d 195, 199 (Wis. Ct. App. 2000) (concluding that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the outcome test is to be applied in Wisconsin}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Appeal of Soucy}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 649 A.2d 60, 64 (N.H. 1994) (holding that the outcome test was state law and explaining that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 to set aside an election the party challenging the results must prove either \lquote fraud which leaves the intent of the voters in doubt or irregularities in the conduct of the [election] of such a nature as to affect the result\rquote }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ) (quoting }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Leonard v. Sch. Dist.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 99 A.2d 415, 416 (N.H. 1953); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Marks v. Stinson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 19 F.3d 873, 888}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 889 (3rd Cir. 1994) (discussing the interaction between federal civil rights cases and state\rquote s }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 outcome test.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See also}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Maschari v. Tone}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 816 N.E.2d 579, 583}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 584 (Ohio 2004); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Waters v. Gnemi}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 907 So. 2d 307, 315}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 316 (Miss. 2005); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Banker v. Cole}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 604 S.E.2d 165, 167}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 68 (Ga. 2004); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Jones v. Jessup}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 615 S.E.2d 529, 530 (Ga. 2005); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Bielamowicz v. Cedar Hill Indep. Sch. Dist}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ., 136 S.W.3d 718, 721 (Tex. App. 2004);}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Andrews v. Powell}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ,}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 848 N.E.2d 243, 251}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 52 (Ill. Ct. App. 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [16]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab The trial court in this case applied the Chapter 12 standard to the claims in the Petition, and ultimately held that because none of the claimed errors affected the outcome of the election, summary judgment in favor of the Commission was proper.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners argue that the Chapter 12 standard applies only to Chapter 12 claims, and the trial court erred in holding otherwise. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [17]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Benavente I}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 2006 Guam 15, we discussed the relationship between Chapters 12 and 16 in our determination of whether the remedy provided in 3 GCA \'a7 12115, that is, to annul or set aside an election, was a remedy available to those who file a primary election contest under Chapter 16.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'b6 37.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 There, we held that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [t]he election contest provisions in Chapters 12 and 16 of Title 3 GCA relate to the same subject matter and are aimed at the same situation. As such, they should be construed together and applied harmoniously and consistently.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'b6 42. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [18]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We recognized in }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Benavente I}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [i]t is a cardinal rule of statutory construction that courts must look first to the language of the statute itself.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\i\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'b6 35 (quoting }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Sumitomo Constr. Co., Ltd. v. Gov\rquote t of Guam,}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 2001 Guam 23 \'b6 17).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We also recognized that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [i]t is a \lquote rudimentary principle[] of construction\rquote that \lquote statutes dealing with similar subjects should be interpreted harmoniously.\rquote }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id. }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (quoting }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Jett v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist.,}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 491 U.S. 701, 739 (1989) (Scalia, J., concurring)). }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [19]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In addition, we observed that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [l]aws p roviding for election contests are liberally construed so that doubtful questions of election will be expeditiously settled,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 id.}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 at \'b6 36, and that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 an election code is to be liberally construed so that candidates are not deprived of their right to office, and voters are not deprived of their vote to elect the candidate of their choice.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (quoting 3A Norman J. Singer, }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Sutherland Statutory Constr.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'a7 73:8 (6th ed. 2006) (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Statutes regulating public elections}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 More specifically, we stated: }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In carefully construing an election contest statute, no single statutory provision would be construed in such a way as to render meaningless or absurd and [sic] other statutory provision. If more than one statute applies, they shall be considered in }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 pari materia .}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 . . . Where statutes relate to the same subject matter they must be read together and applied harmoniously and consistently.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (quoting 3A Norman J. Singer, }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Sutherland Statutory Constr.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'a7 73:8 (6th ed. 2006) (footnotes omitted).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [20]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In applying the above rules of statutory construction, we held in }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Benavente I}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 that the remedy provided in Chapter 12 was equally available to those persons who filed a Chapter 16 election contest.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In doing so, we relied on the statutory language found in section 16102, which mandates that Chapter 16 }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 shall be liberally construed in favor of the primary voter.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'b6}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 40 (quoting 3 GCA \'a7\'a7 16102(2005)).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We also deemed relevant the directive found in 3 GCA \'a7 16103, which provides that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [t]he laws relating to elections shall apply t o a primary insofar as they are consistent with [] Chapter [16], the intent of this being to place the primary under the regulation and protection of the election laws, as far as possible, consistently with [] Chapter [16].}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (quoting 3 GCA \'a7 16103(2005)).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Therefore, we appropriately }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 presume[d] that the Legislature, in enacting Chapter 16, was mindful of the election contest provisions in Chapter 12,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and recognized that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the Legislature could have limited an election contest for a primary election to the provisions of Chapter 16.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'b6 41.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Because the Legislature did not so limit the election contest to the provisions of Chapter 16, we found instead that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the Legislature\rquote s intent was to apply all election laws, not inconsistent with Chapter 16 of Title 3 GCA, to primary elections.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (citing 3 GCA \'a7 16103 (2005)).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [21]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Applying the above rules of statutory construction which we laid out in }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Benavente I}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , we similarly consider whether the Chapter 12 standard for annulling or setting aside an election for irregularities, misconduct, or illegal votes applies to the underlying primary election contest filed pursuant to Chapter 16.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As previously stated, Chapter 16 provides no form of review from which a court may determine whether to annul or set aside an election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Cognizant of the directive in 3 GCA \'a7 16103, which states that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [t]he laws relating to elections shall apply to a primary insofar as they are consistent with [] Chapter [16],}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 we therefore hold t hat the Chapter 12 standard applies to the underlying statutory claims filed by Petitioners pursuant to Chapter 16.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Applying the Chapter 12 standard to the instant Chapter 16 election contest will not be inconsistent with the provisions of Chapter 16.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Mo reover, adherence to the widely accepted outcome test, coupled with the liberal construction given to our Elections Law, protects the primary voter, as only where the statutory errors claimed affects the outcome of an election will the will of the majorit y of voters not be upheld.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See Benavente I}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 2006 Guam 15 \'b6 40 (instructing that Chapter 16 of the Elections Law, pursuant to 3 GCA \'a7 16102 }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 shall be liberally construed in favor of the primary voter}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [22]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We disagree with Petitioners\rquote argument that the Chapter 12 standard does not apply to the instant contest because they do not contest any one person\rquote s nomination.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In other words, they argue that under section 12103, it must be proven that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 irregularity or misconduct resulted in }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 a defendant}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 being declared either elected or tied for election,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and in this election contest, there is no candidate }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 defendant.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 11 (Nov. 15, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In the same vein, they argue that under section 12104, it must be proven that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 illegal votes has been given to }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the person}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 whose right to the office is contested . . . which, if taken from }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 him}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , would reduce the number of his legal votes below the number of votes given to some other person,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and in this election contest, there is no identified }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 person}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 whose right to the office is contested.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 11 (Nov. 15, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [23]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab To be sure, the Chapter 12 standard would have clearly applied had Petitioners joined the winning candidates as defendants in this election contest, based on the identical causes of action in the petition.4{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12521621 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 4}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 In }{\i\fs20\insrsid10962566 Benavente I}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 , in discussing Rule 19, while we held that the nominees are not \'93indispensable\'94 and therefore dismissal of the underlying petition was not required, we did find that such parties were \'93necessary\'94 under the facts and the law. 2006 Guam 15 \'b6 73.}}}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 This is because the Chapter 12 standard is not inconsistent with Chapter 16, and further, there would clearly be an identified defendant or person whose right to office is contested.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 However, the fact that Petitioners here chose not to bring suit against the nominees does not foreclose the application of the standards found in sections 12103 and 12104 to this election contest.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Simply stated, all persons who file a primary election contest and seek to annul or set aside a primary election because of alleged irregularities, m isconduct, or illegal votes as a result of statutory violations are required to meet the same standard for annulment.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We therefore find, contrary to the argument advanced by Petitioners, that where the relief requested is the complete annulment of the primary election, the standard of proof required to attain such relief is not contingent upon whether there is a }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 defendant}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 or an identified }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 person whose right to the office is contested.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [24]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Moreover, this result is not inconsistent with our prior hold ing that in order to annul an election, plaintiffs bringing a Chapter 16 action need not submit to the court the names of the candidates that the plaintiff believes should have been nominated.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As we have previously recognized, one can conceivably file a p etition claiming substantial irregularities which affect the outcome of the election, seeking to void such election, without having to name any person or persons believed to be otherwise entitled to a nomination.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Benavente I}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 2006 Guam 15 \'b6 43.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 And under these circumstances, the standard for determining whether the evidence of irregularities or illegal votes warrants the annulment of an election may still be effectively applied.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 That is, while no identified nominee is challenged, the court may at the same time determine whether the alleged errors complained of affected the outcome of the election. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [25]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Thus, while Petitioners contend that they do not contest any one person\rquote s nomination \endash which we have held they are allowed to do under Chapter 16 \endash the fact remains that where a primary election contest is filed, and the relief requested is the annulment of the election results, such contest is in effect a challenge to }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 all}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 those persons deemed nominated by the declaration of such results.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In this case, the }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 defendant}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 under 3 GCA \'a7 12103 and the }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 person}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 under 3 GCA \'a7 12104 would be deemed to be }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 all}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 those persons who have been certified by the Commission as nominated for purposes of proceeding to the General Election.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [26]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Accordingly, we hold that in a Ch apter 16 primary election contest, where, as here, a petitioner seeks to annul or set aside a primary election, such petitioner must establish, consistent with Chapter 12, that the claimed irregularity, misconduct or illegal votes resulting from a statuto ry violation affected the outcome of the election. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 2.\tab Mandatory/Directory distinction in determining whether to void an election}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [27]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In addition to the outcome test found in Chapter 12, in assessing whether statutory violations committed by election offi cials will necessitate the holding of a new election, many state election cases distinguish between }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 mandatory}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 directory}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 statutes that election officials must adhere to.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Simply stated, the well}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 settled rule is that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [m]andatory provisions of election laws are those the violation of which invalidates the election, whereas directory provisions are those which, while they should be obeyed, may nevertheless be deviated from without necessarily invalidating the election.} {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 29 C.J.S. }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Elections}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'a7 341 (2006); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 see People ex rel. Agnew v. Graham}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 108 N.E. 699, 703 (Ill. 1915) (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 A mandatory provision in a statute is one the omission to follow which renders the proceeding to which it relates illegal and void, while a directory provision is one the observance of which is not necessary to the validity of the proceeding.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Thus, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [v]iolations of directory provisions stemming from the conduct of election officials . . . do not result in illegal votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Honts v. Shaw}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 975 S.W.2d 816, 823 (Tex. Ct. App. 1998). The significance of the mandatory/directory distinction is that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [d]irectory provisions are not intended by the Legislature to be disregarded, but where the consequences of not obeying them in every particular are not prescribed the courts must judicially determine them.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Siedschlag v. May}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 2 N.E.2d 836, 837}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 38 (Ill. 1936). }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [28]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab The Indiana Supreme Court examined the policy reasons supporting the distinction between mandatory and directory statutes, and acknowledged that post}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 election challenges }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 must be regarded in a different light.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \lquote If the statute simply provides that certain things shall be done within a particular time or in a particular manner, and does not declare that their performance shall be essential to the validity of an election, they will be reg arded as mandatory if they affect the merits of the election, and as directory only if they do not affect its merits.\rquote }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Schafer v. Ort}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 177 N.E. 438, 440 (Ind. 1931) (quoting }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Parvin v. Wimberg}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 30 N.E. 790, 792 (Ind. 1892)).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The court focused on the importance of }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 secur[ing] a free and untrammeled vote and a correct record and a return thereof}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 but recognized that the validity of the election is not affected by departing from a statute }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 which does not deprive legal voters of their right to vote or permit illegal voters to participate in the election or cast uncertainty on the result.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [29]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Courts have further observed that the timing of a challenge raised with respect to the statutory duties of election officials may affect the characterization of a pr ovision as mandatory or directory.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The mandatory/directory distinction becomes especially important where, as in the instant case, an election contest is filed after, as opposed to before, an election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See id.; see also Swanberg v. Tart}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 778 S.W.2d 931, 933 (Ark. 1989); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Kelley v. Mayor and Council of City of Dover}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 300 A.2d 31, 36 (Del. Ch. 1972),}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 State ex rel. Town of White Bear v. City of White Bear Lake}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 95 N.W.2d 294, 301}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 302 (Minn. 1959).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [30]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab This is because once the will of the voters has been expressed, courts prefer to ascertain and effectuate such will.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As expressed by one court:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Ordinarily, provisions of an election law are mandatory if enforcement is sought before election in a direct proceeding for that purpose; but after an election such pr ovisions are directory only, in support of the result, unless they are of such a character that their violation would effect an obstruction to the free and intelligent casting of the vote, or to the ascertainment of the result, or unless they affect an es sential element of the election, or it is expressly declared by statute that compliance with them is essential to the validity of the election. }{\i\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Vorva v. Plymouth}{\i\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Canton Cmty. School Dist.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 584 N.W.2d 743, 746 (Mich. Ct. App. 1998) (quoting 29 C.J.S. }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Elections}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'a7 67).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [31]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Likewise upholding the integrity of the expressed will of the voters, another court has held that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 all provisions of election laws are mandatory in the sense that they impose the duty of obedience upon those who come within their purview, but irregularities, which were not caused by fraud and which have not interfered with a full and fair expression of the voters\rquote choice, should not effect a disenfranchisement of the voters . . . .}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Martin v. Porter}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 353 N.E.2d 919, 923 (Ohio Ct. C.P. 1976).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Stated another way, where the will of the voters has already been expressed, that will should be given effect wherever possible, and for this reason,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 statutory enactments concerning elections must be strictly enforced to prevent fraud but liberally construed in order to ascertain and effectuate the will of the voters.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Prado v. Johnson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 625 S.W.2d 368, 369 (Tex. Civ. App. 1981).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 This important rule helps undergird the stability of elections [by] making it more difficult to set aside an election because of an inadvertent or technical violation of an election law provision.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Spires}{\i\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 v. Compton}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 837 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Ark. 1992).5{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12521621 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 5}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 For illustration purposes only, we note that courts have refused to invalidate elections where the form of the ballot failed to disclose the words, \'93Official Ballot\'94 or the date of the election or designate a polling place, though these were statutory, for the reason that the omissions were inadvertent and no voter appeared to have been deprived of his or her vote. }{\i\fs20\insrsid10962566 Hester v. Kamykowski}{ \fs20\insrsid10962566 , 150 N.E.2d 196, 200-201 (Ill. 1958). In addition, some courts have recognized that secrecy of the ballot is an \'93essential element of the election\'94 and is therefore always protected. Other courts have also refused to invalidate an el ection where the requirement that an election judge initial an absentee ballot was overlooked, because the failure to apply this requirement did not threaten the integrity of the election process. }{\i\fs20\insrsid10962566 Pullen v. Mulligan}{ \fs20\insrsid10962566 , 561 N.E. 2d 585, 596-99 (Ill. 1990). }}}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [32]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab This sentiment is echoed by many other courts.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 For instance, in a Minnesota case, while the court acknowledged that the election prerequisites were not complied with completely, it nonetheless applied }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the well}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 settled rule that statutory provision s which are treated as mandatory before an election is held will be construed as directory after the election, provided there was no fraud, bad faith, or misleading of the voters.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Lindahl v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 306 of Hubbard County, }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 133 N.W.2d 23, 27 (Minn. 1965) (affirming the trial court\rquote s grant of summary judgment, and finding that the irregularities were not sufficient to invalidate the vote of the people).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Accord Morandi v. Heiman}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 178 N.E.2d 314, 318 (Ill. 1961) (stating that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 provisions designe d merely for information and guidance of officers should be regarded as directory only, particularly after the election has occurred.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Jones v. State ex rel. Wilson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 55 N.E. 229, 233 (Ind. 1899) (holding that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 all provisions of the election law are manda tory, if enforcement is sought before election in a direct proceeding for that purpose; but after election all should be held directory only, in support of the result, . . . unless the provisions affect an essential element of the election . . . . }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Swaim v. Redeen}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 55 P.2d 1, 5 (Mont. 1936) (stating that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [a] statutory provision relating to elections may be mandatory if some proceeding be attacked in advance, and directory only thereafter.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ); }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Hunt v. Campbell}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 169 P. 596, 602 (Ariz. 1917) (concluding that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 courts will construe [an imperative] provision as directory merely in so far as a failure to comply with it is concerned when it is first called into question after the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [33]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Moreover, if the complainant has the chance to correct an irregula rity before the election but then waits to see the outcome of the election before seeking to correct it, then there should be a different level of review.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See Martin}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 353 N.E.2d at 922}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 23}{\insrsid3102999\charrsid16331174 .}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 This is because }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the election having been held, should not be disturbed when there was full opportunity to correct any irregularities before the vote was cast . . . .}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [34]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab The mandatory/directory distinction, and its application with respect to the timing of a challenge raised, underscores that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [t]he purpose of an election contest is \lquote to ascertain the will of the people at the polls, fairly, honestly and legally expressed.\rquote }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Friends of Sierra Madre v. City of Sierra Madre}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 19 P.3d 567, 584 (Cal. 2001).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In fact, we find that the mandatory/directory distinction is no different in principle from the Chapter 12 standard discussed above.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Rather, the mandatory/directory distinction parallels the principle embodied by the outcome test insofar as the popular will of the people will be given effect as much as possible.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Stated another way,}{\insrsid3102999\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 whether or not the provisions are mandatory or directory, the rule usually applied is that informalities or irregularities in an election which do not affect the result will not invalidate it, for the courts prefer to give effect to th e popular will whenever possible.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 12 McQuillin, }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The Law of Municipal Corporations}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , \'a7 12.10 (Westlaw database updated Oct. 2006).6{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12521621 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 6}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 }{ \insrsid10962566 }{\fs20\insrsid10962566 Before announcing this general rule, these prefatory explanatory remarks were made in the McQuillin treatise: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid12521621 \par }\pard \qj \fi432\li432\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin432\itap0\pararsid3102999 {\fs20\insrsid10962566 Where cer tain things are required to be done which are in the nature of conditions precedent to the validity of the election, such prerequisites are regarded as mandatory directions, and failure to observe them, in substance at least, will nullify the election. \par }\pard \qj \li432\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin432\itap0\pararsid12521621 {\fs20\insrsid10962566 \par . . . \par \par }\pard \qj \fi432\li432\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin432\itap0\pararsid3102999 {\fs20\insrsid10962566 Usually provisions as to secret ballots, the nomination of candidates and the qualifications of electors or candidates are mandatory; and frequently so are provisions as to the manner of calling, and the time and place of elections. Appointment of the requisite number of election officials is likewise mandatory. Under some circumstances, however, irregularities in some of the above respects were held not to be fatal. \par \par With some exceptions, laws relating to the manner of procedure, the keeping of th e record, returns of results, and the like are ordinarily viewed as directory. That is, laws merely regulating the manner of conducting an election are usually regarded as directory, and hence a departure from the mode prescribed will not ordinarily viti ate the election. So also, compliance by voters with registration requirements aimed at ensuring that only eligible residents cast votes have been held directory only where the disputed votes were in fact cast by otherwise eligible residents. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid10962566 \par 12 McQuillin, }{\i\fs20\insrsid10962566 The Law of Municipal Corporations}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 \'a7 12.10 (Westlaw database updated Oct. 2006).}}}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [35]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Accordingly, we adopt the mandatory/directory distinction in this jurisdiction, and hold, consistent with the cases discussed herein, that in the context of a primary election contest filed pursuant to 3 GCA, the provisions of the Guam Elections Law are mandatory if enforcement is sought before the primary election in a direct proceeding for that purpose.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 However, where the primary election has already been held, and the will of the voters expressed, we hold that such provisions are directory only, in support of the result.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 This rule will apply unless the provisions are of such a character that their violation would effect an obstruction to the free and intelligent ca sting of the vote, or an obstruction to the ascertainment of the result, or unless they affect an essential element of the election, or it is expressly declared by Guam law that compliance with the provision is essential to the validity of the election.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [36]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In so holding, we agree with the sentiment of the Illinois court that:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We do not mean to suggest, of course, that election officials may simply ignore directory provisions of the [Elections Law]. All of the provisions of the [Elections Law] are mandator y in the sense that election officials are obligated to comply with their terms. It does not follow, however, that every failure to comply should invalidate the ballot in question.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Pullen}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 561 N.E.2d at 596.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Rather, we find that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [l]iteral compliance with directory provisions will not be required if it appears that the spirit of the law has not been violated and the result of the election has been fairly ascertained.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 B. \tab Petitioners\rquote claims of statutory violations: iVotronic voting system }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [37]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab The trial court held that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the use of the iVotronic voting machines violates both statutes and administrative rules, and Petitioners have produced enough evidence to invalidate the use of the iVotronic voting machines in the primary election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Therefore, the results of the electronic voting machines must be discounted.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Excerpts of Record (}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ) Vol. I at 28 (Decision and Order, Nov. 6, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The trial court\rquote s decision appears to be based on the following: (1) Taitano\rquote s undisputed admission that the iVotronic machines did not provide instructions to voters as required by 3 GCA \'a7 16301(d); (2) Taitano\rquote s undisputed testimony that the machines produced no paper ballot which can be placed in the ballot box as required by 3 GCA \'a7 16402; and (3) Taitano\rquote s undisputed testimony that the Commission did not receive proper approval of the iVotronic machines under the Administrative Adjudication Law (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 AAL}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ) before using them.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER Vol. I at 14 (Decision and Order, Nov. 6, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [38]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We first address the trial court\rquote s conclusion of law that the iVotronic voting system was not authorized by Guam law.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We next consider whether the trial court properly discounted, or voided, all iVotronic votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Finally, we consider the trial court\rquote s ultimate conclusion that any errors with respect to the use of the iVotronic voting machines did not affect the outcome of the September 2, 2006 Primary Election, and thus the Commission was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab 1.\tab Ballot instructions pursuant to 3 GCA \'a7 16301(d)}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [39]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In concluding that the iVotronic voting system was not authorized by Guam law, the trial court based its decision in part on the failure of the Commission to comply with the requirements of 3 GCA \'a7 16301(d) (2005).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 } {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 That section states:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 There shall appear specific instructions in boldface type on each ballot that a voter may cast for candidates appearing on that ballot for one (1) party only; that if votes are cast for candidates of more than one (1) party for any office or nomination of offices app earing on the ballot, the entire ballot shall be void.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The instructions on the ballot shall clearly indicate that the voters are allowed to cast votes in only one (1) party for all offices in that Primary Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Any ballot wherein votes are cast for more than one (1) party for all offices in that Primary Election shall be void.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [40]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab However, it is undisputed that while the instructions do not specifically appear on the iVotronic ballot as required by the above statute, the iVotronic voting system does not allow its users to cross over in a primary election.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In addition, according to the Precinct Official Manual (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the Manual}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ), the iVotronic voters are orally instructed by the precinct judge as follows:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In all the races on the Partisan Ballot, you will vote for candidates in one party only.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The iVotronic Voting System will not allow you to cross}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 over.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 It will also not allow you to over}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 vote.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Commission\rquote s Supplemental Excerpts of Record (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 SER}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ) at 77 (Manual).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [41]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Applying the Chapter 12 standard to the instant issue, Petitioners have failed to establish that any alleged violation of 3 GCA \'a7 16301 would have affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [42]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Applying the mandatory/directory distinction, we find that the above statute with respect to the printing of the particular instructions on the ballot is directory in nature.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Specifically, this challenge was raised after the Primary Election, and a violation of such section does not affect the free and intelligent casting of the vote or the ascertain ment of the result, and further does not affect an essential element of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Nor does Guam law declare that compliance with such provision is essential to the validity of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See Hester}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 150 N.E.2d at 200 (stating that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 requirements as to the form of ballot are directory only, and . . . a failure to strictly comply does not necessarily render the ballot void.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 People ex rel. Woods v. Green}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 106 N.E. 504, 507 (Ill. 1914) (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The will of the people should not be defeated by useless forms or idle technicalities.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 When the result of the election has been fairly ascertained, it should be given full effect.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 For this reason, any violation of 3 GCA \'a7 16301(d) will not be cause for invalidation of the iVotronic results.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [43]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Furthermore, courts have held that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [d]eparture from a directory provision does not render the election void if there has been substantial compliance with the law, and there is no indication that the result of the election was changed or the rights of the voters impaired by the violation.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Daniels v. Tergeson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 259 Cal. Rptr. 879, 882 (Ct. App. 1989); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 McNally v. Tollander,}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 302 N.W.2d 440, 444 (Wis. 1981) (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The Court has consistently sought to preserve the will of the electors by construing election provisions as directory if there has been substantial compliance with their terms.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Applying such law to the circumstances herein, we find that because the iVotronic system disallows voters to cross over or overvote in a primary election, the Commission substantially complied with section 16301.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [44]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Finally, and as will be discussed below, we find that the Commission\rquote s failure to strictly comply with the above statutory authority does not necessitate the conclusion that the iVotronic voting system was not authorized by Guam law.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab 2.\tab Ballot box requirement pursuant to 3 GCA \'a7 16402}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [45]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab The trial court also based its holding on language found in 3 GCA \'a7 16402, which requires that the ballot be placed in a ballot box.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 That statute provides:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-11\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Any person desiring to vote at a pr imary shall state his name and residence to the election officials. If the person desiring to vote is not challenged, one of the officials shall give to him one and only one official primary ballot. The voter shall proceed to one of the compartments provi ded and therein mark the ballot. }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The marked ballot shall immediately be placed in the ballot box provided}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 .}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In addition, the provisions of Chapter 10 of this Title (Absent Voting) shall also apply to a primary election so as to permit voting by absentee ballot therein.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 3 GCA \'a7 16402 (2005) (emphasis added).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [46]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab According to the Manual, after a person votes through the iVotronic voting machine, a precinct judge then approaches the machine and }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 records}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the vote onto the cartridge provided for collecting iVotronic votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER Vol. I, at 186 (Manual).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners claimed that the failure to have a traditional ballot box for the casting of the iVotronic votes necessitated a finding that such votes were unauthorized by law and therefore illegal, and the trial court agreed.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [47]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab However, in a recent appellate case in Tennessee, the court rejected a similar argument made by the plaintiff.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Mills v. Shelby County Election Commission}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , No. W2005}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 02883}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 COA}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 R3}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 CV, 2006 WL 2257313 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 8, 2006), the court stated:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In his argument, [plaintiff] asserts that the use of the words }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ballot box}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in Art. IV, \'a7 1 requires the use of paper ballots. We disagree. . . .[T]he word }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ballot}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 as it occurs in the Tennessee Constitution is }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 not used in a literal sense b ut merely by way of designating a method of conducting elections that will guarantee the secrecy and integrity of the ballot.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 . . .}{\insrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [T]he use of voting machines [in] Tennessee is based upon the authority of the legislature to }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 provide different methods of exercising the elective franchise. . . . }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 2006 WL 2257313 at *8 (quoting }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Mooney v. Phillips}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 118 S.W.2d 224, 226 (Tenn. 1938)).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [48]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab While it is true that no paper ballot is placed in a traditional ballot box when an iVotronic vote is cast, the iVotronic vote is recorded on the cartridge provided.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We find it significant that the Petitioners here do not assert that the secrecy of the vote or the integrity of the ballot has been hampered through the failure to comply with 3 GCA \'a7 16402.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In fact, it remains undisputed that the cartridge containing the record of the iVotronic votes is always in the possession of the precinct official and always in plain view for security purposes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Tr. at 22 (Cont\rquote d Mot. Argument, Oct. 4, 2006) (testimony of Taitano).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We therefore find that the Commission substantially complied with section 16402.}{\i\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Daniels}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 259 Cal. Rptr. at 882.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [49]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Thus, applying the mandatory/discretionary distinction, we find that the above statute with respect to the existence of a traditional ballot box is directory in nature.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Specifically, this challenge was raised after the Primary Election, and a violation of such section does not affect the free and intelligent casting of the vote or the ascertainment of the result, and further, does not affect an essential element of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Nor does Guam law declare that compliance with such provision is essential to the validity of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See, e.g.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Beckstrom v. Volusia County Canvassing Bd.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 707 So. 2d 720, 725 (Fla. 1998) (holding that }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 even in a situation in which a trial court finds substantial noncompliance caused by unintentional wrongdoing as we have defined it, the court is to void the election }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 only}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 if it finds that the substantial noncompliance resulted in doubt as to whether a certified election reflected the will of the voters.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 )}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 For this reason, any violation of such provision will not be cause for invalidation of the iVotronic results.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 } {\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Mills}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 2006 WL 2257313, at *7}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 8. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [50]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Furthermore, applying the Chapter 12 standard to the instant issue, Petitioners have failed to establish that any alleged violation of 3 GCA \'a7 16402 would have affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [51]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Lastly, and as will be explained fully below, the fact that the iVotronic voting system does not utilize the t raditional ballot box to collect votes does not necessitate the conclusion that the iVotronic voting system is not authorized by Guam law. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab 3.\tab The Commission\rquote s statutory authority to institute the iVotronic system}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [52]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We next consider whether, under the law as it existed at the time of the 2006 Primary Election, the Commission was authorized to institute the iVotronic voting system.7 {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13586023 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 7}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 On November 3, 2006, the 28th Guam Legislature passed into law \'93An Act to Prohibit the Use of Electronic and Mechanical Voting Machines in Guam Elections.\'94 Guam Pub. L. 28-152 (Nov. 3, 2006). This law does not affect our analysis and operates prospectively.}}}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We find that the Commission, to the extent addressed herein, was so authorized.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [53]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The GEC is clearly conferred with the power to promulgate rules and regulations to effectuate its enabling statutes . . . .}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Wade v. Taitano}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 2002 Guam 16 \'b6 11.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [54]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Several provisions of the Guam Elections Law anticipate, and to this extent, authorize the Commission to institute an electronic voting method such as the iVotronic voting system.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 First, 3 GCA \'a7 2103(d), entitled }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Election Commission, Duties and Responsibilities Of; Audit Report; Rule}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Making Authority,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 states that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The Commission shall promulgate rules pursuant to 5 GCA Chapter 9 necessary and convenient to carry out the provisions of this Title.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Second, 3 GCA \'a7 7103(a), entitled }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Method of Tabulating Ballots,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 provides in relevant part that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [t]he Commission shall determine }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the appropriate method of casting ballots}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , the method of tabulating ballots, the appropriate vote tabulating device if such a device is to be used and the form of ballot to be used in an election on Guam.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 8{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2753899 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 8}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 The comment by the Compiler of Laws to this section states: \'93 The purpose of this amendment is to give the Commission authority to determine the nature of ballots used, whether they be paper, punch cards or other electronic or electro-mechanical types of ballots.\'94 3 GCA \'a7 7103 Compiler cmt. (2005). Moreover, this provision was amended by the 15th Guam Legislature in a public law entitled \'93 An act to amend sections of the election code to grant the election commission authority to determine how results of elections should be tabulated. . . .\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid10962566 See}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 Guam Pub. L. 15-115:1 (Mar. 25, 1980).}}}{ \b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (Emphasis added.)}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Third, 3 GCA \'a7 7111, entitled }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Delivery of Ballots, Machines and Supplies,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 provides: }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li709\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The Commission shall, before the opening of the polls at any election, cause to be delivered to the precinct board of each pre cinct where an election is to be held, the proper number of ballots, }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 voting machines}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and supplies to be used in that precinct. The ballots shall be delivered in sealed packages, with marks on the outside clearly designating the precinct or polling place for which they are intended, and the number of ballots enclosed.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (Emphasis added.)}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Finally, 3 GCA \'a7 16301 (2005), entitled }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Form of Primary Election Ballot,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 states in pertinent part: }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li709\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Ballots}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 used in the Primary Election shall be in the form prescribed by the Guam Election Commission and shall conform to the following minimum requirements:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li864\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin864\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 . . .}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (g) Should the Guam Election Commission }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 adopt a ballot form using any}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 mechanical, electro}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 mechanical, or }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 electronic device to record the vote}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , or aid in recording the vote, the information required by this Section shall appear on the device in the place provided therefore, or otherwise prominently within the voting booth so as to be easily read by the voter.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (Emphases added.)}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [55]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Upon review of the above statutory provisions, we find that the Commission is authorized to }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 determine the appropriate method of casting ballots.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 3 GCA \'a7 7103(a)(2005).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We further find that the statutory scheme further anticipates the use of such machines, as it requires that the Commission deliver }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the voting machines}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 to the polls before opening, 3 GCA \'a7 7111, and gives form instructions for the situation where the Commission }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 adopt[s] a ballot form using . . . [an] electronic device to record the vote.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 3 GCA}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'a7 16301(g).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 4.\tab AAL approval pursuant to 3 GCA \'a7 2104}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [56]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Notwithstanding such authorization, another undisputed issue surfaces at this point with respect to whether the Commission\rquote s use of such machines were required to proceed through the Administrative Adjudication Law (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 AAL}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ), codified at Chapter 9 of Title 5 GCA.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Title 3 GCA \'a7 2104 (2005) states:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 It shall be the duty and responsibility of the Commission to prepare a public manual of administrative procedures, rules, regulations and forms to be used in the conduct of elections. }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 After January 1, 2001, all manuals and publications shall be prepared pursuant to the Administrative Adjudication Law.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The manual shall set forth the regulations to be followed by all election officials, as well as the descriptions of the necessary equipment and forms to be used in election procedures.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (Emphasis added.)}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [57]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab It is clear that the 2006 Manual, which comprises one part of the Elections Manual9{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2753899 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 9}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 The entire Elections Manual consists of five parts.}}}{ \b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 delineated the procedures for use of the iVotronic voting system.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 10{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2753899 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 10}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 During motions hearings held before the trial court, Taitano also testified that the Executive Order by Governor Felix Camacho \'93[a]pproximately three years ago\'94 directed the Commission \'93 to develop a state plan to implement the requirements of the Help America Vote Act, which is a federal law.\'94 Transcript (\'93Tr.\'94), at 14-15 (Cont\rquote d Mot. Argument, Oct. 4, 2006). Taitano was not certain on whether the \'93state plan\'94 was adopted in accordance with the AAL. Tr. at 17 (Cont\rquote d Mot. Argument, Oct. 4, 2006). }}}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The testimony of}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Taitano, during hearings on motions filed in the trial court, reveals that the first Manual which included the iVotronic voting procedures was created in 2004.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Transcript (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Tr.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ), at 20 (Cont\rquote d Mot. Argument, Oct. 4, 2006).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Taitano\rquote s testimony also reveals that the Manual was not submitted to the Legislature for review.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Tr. at 20 (Cont\rquote d Mot. Argument, Oct. 4, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Regarding the 2006 Manual, Taitano testified that bas ically the same manual, that is, the 2004 Manual, was used as the 2006 manual, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 because all we did here was to change the date}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 which was }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 an administrative change to the manual . . . because of the dates of the . . . election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Tr. at 19 (Cont\rquote d Mot. Argument, Oct. 4, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Other than Taitano\rquote s testimony, there is nothing in the record before us to confirm whether a manual which sets forth the regulations to be followed and }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the descriptions of the necessary equipment and forms to be used in election procedures}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 was prepared by the Commission.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 3 GCA \'a7 2104.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [58]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Because there was no testimony disputing Taitano\rquote s statement that the iVotronic voting procedures were not prepared pursuant to the AAL, we agree with the trial court\rquote s finding that the iVotronic voting system was not approved through AAL.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Counsel for the Commission conceded this fact at oral argument.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [59]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab The issue therefore becomes whether the Commission\rquote s failure to comply with section 2104 of the Guam Elections Law necessitates the voidin g of the election, or even the voiding of the affected ballots.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We find that it does not.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 To this extent, and for the reasons stated below, we disagree with and reverse the trial court\rquote s decision to void, or discount, the iVotronic votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [60]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab To begin with, this court has already determined in its adoption of the mandatory/directory distinction that where the primary election has already been held, the provisions found in the Guam Elections Law are directory only, in support of the result, unless the p rovisions are of such a character that their violation would effect an obstruction to the free and intelligent casting of the vote, or an obstruction to the ascertainment of the result, or unless they affect an essential element of the election, or it is expressly declared by Guam law that compliance with the provision is essential to the validity of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [61]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab While courts employ the mandatory/directory distinction in determining whether to void an entire election, courts have equally applied the distinction to determine whether }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 affected ballots}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 should be voided.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 That is, the }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [f]ailure to comply with a mandatory provision renders the affected ballots void, whereas technical violations of directory provisions do not affect the validity of the affected ballots.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Pullen}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 561 N.E.2d at 595.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [62]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In the case of }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Vorva v. Plymouth}{\i\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Canton Community School District}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 584 N.W.2d 743, the statute in question required that if an approved electronic voting system is improved or changed, that approval for th e use of the voting system must be certified by the Board of State Canvassers.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The plaintiff in that case thus argued that because the changes made to the electronic voting system did not receive Board approval, the election must be declared invalid.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 at 745.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Disagreeing with the plaintiff, and relying on the mandatory/directory distinction, the court held that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [b]ecause plaintiff's challenge came after an election, the statutory provisions became purely directory.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As such, statutory noncompliance d oes not render the election invalid.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 at 746 (citation omitted).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The court\rquote s holding was further supported by the failure of the plaintiff to prove that the }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 alleged violation obstructed the free and intelligent casting of the vote, or the ascertainment of the results, or that it affected an essential element of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The court further based its holding on the outcome test, observing }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 that irregularities in the conducting of an election will not invalidate the action taken unless it appears that the result was, or may have been affected thereby.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (quoting }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Rosenbrock v. Sch. Dist. No. 3}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 74 N.W.2d 32, 34 (Mich. 1955); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 see also Nordby v. Dolan}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 78 N.W.2d 689, 692 (N.D. 1956) (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 There is no provision in the statute that failure to submi t a proposed bond issue to a board of budget review would render an election thereon illegal. Since the plaintiffs did not bring their action until after the election had been held, the provision of [law] requiring bond issues to be submitted to a board o f budget review for approval or rejection is held to be directory rather than mandatory, and the failure of the directors to comply therewith did not invalidate the election challenged by the plaintiffs.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [63]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab With respect to violation of 3 GCA \'a7 2104, Petitioners have not alleged or offered proof that the failure to promulgate the iVotronic voting system procedure through the AAL effectuated an obstruction to the free and intelligent casting of the vote, or an obstruction to the ascertainment of the re sult. Nor have Petitioners alleged or offered proof that the failure to proceed through the AAL affected an essential element of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Finally, Guam law does not provide that compliance with 3 GCA \'a7 2104 is essential to the validity of the election. }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See, e.g.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 State ex rel. O\rquote Dowd v. Rottman}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 139 A.2d 818, 819 (Conn. Super. Ct. 1956).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [64]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab As a result, and under the circumstances of this case, including the timing of the challenge to the Commission\rquote s failure to implement the iVotronic voting syste m in accordance with the AAL, we hold that 3 GCA \'a7 2104 is directory in nature, as such term is used in elections case law.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Consequently, a violation of such provision on the part of the Commission, does not require the voiding, or discounting, of the affected iVotronic votes.11{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2753899 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 11}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 Although we hold that, in this case, because the challenge to the election came after the election, the failure to adopt the iVotronic voting system in accordance with the AAL is not fatal to the Primary Election, we do not hold that the electronic voting procedures need not be adopted in the future in accordance with the AAL. }}}{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [65]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Moreover, it is important to note that even where the provision may be deemed a mandatory one, the general rule parallels our Chapter 12 standard, that is, }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 irregularities in an election which do not affect the result will not invalidate it, for the courts prefer to give effect to the popular will whenever possible.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 McPherson v. City Council of City of Burlington}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 107 S.E.2d 147, 151 (N.C. 1959) (citations omitted).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Specifically where the results will not be affected by irregularities or illegal votes, the popular will of the people will be given effect.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [66]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Applying the Chapter 12 standard to the instant violation, we hold that Petitioners have failed to present a dispute of a material fact such that the Commission\rquote s failure to implement the iVotronic voting system pursuant to section 2104 affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The failure of the Election Commission to properly promulgate regula tions relating to electronic voting is not essential to determining the will of the people as expressed in the September 2, 2006 Primary Election, and under these conditions, the will of the people must prevail.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Just as the voiding of an election is not n ecessitated where a statutory violation does not affect the outcome of an election, so too should affected ballots be preserved where the will of the voters can be ascertained and the outcome of the election is not affected.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [67]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Moreover, as previously discussed, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [t]he election having been held, should not be disturbed when there was full opportunity to correct any irregularities before the vote was cast.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Martin}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 353 N.E.2d at 922}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 23.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We find that the error complained of \endash the lack of AAL approval in this case of the iVotronic voting system \endash could have been corrected in advance of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners, however, chose rather to wait until the election was held and then brought the noncompliance to the attention of the court, after thousands of people voted.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The people who voted on September 2, 2006 did so with no forewarning that a non}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 compliance with the AAL would threaten whatever rights they possess to have their votes counted.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab 1.\tab Voiding of iVotronic votes and Disenfranchisement}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [68]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the use of the iVotronic machines was authorized by law, and that any error on the part of the Commission to comply with 3 GCA \'a7 2104, a directory statute, did not require the invalidation of the iVotronic votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [69]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab This conclusion is further buttressed by the court\rquote s application of the Chapter 12 standard.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 That is, Petitioners have failed to establish that any error as a result of the Commission\rquote s failure to gain AAL approval affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [70]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab For these reasons, we hold that the trial court erred in voiding, or discounting, all iVotronic votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 To this extent, we reverse the decision of the trial court and remand with instructions to enter judgment in accordance with our conclusion.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [71]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We recognize the concerns raised by Petitioners that under the standard adopted by the trial court, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [t]he Superior Court would not nullify an election no matter the transgression unless there could be alleged a change in result.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 How then could a court address post}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 election challenges based on racial discrimination or a poll tax?}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 12 (Nov. 15, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners additionally urged at oral argument that if the court were to only invalidate elections when the results would be affected , that this would leave the door open for any sort of nefarious practice to take place during an election, and the courts would have to endorse any such conduct because the result would not change.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [72]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We do not through this Opinion address the situati on where there is alleged a transgression that would justify a departure from the outcome test, but we acknowledge that such a situation may exist.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Just because the results of the election will not change, the courts of Guam should still be able to reach constitutional violations that occur in elections.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As Petitioners\rquote cited case of }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Griffin v. Burns}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 570 F.2d 1065 (1st Cir. 1978) reminds us, there are some cases in which there is such }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 outrageous racial discrimination [that] some courts have chosen not to apply [the outcome test] at all, but to invalidate the election simply for its lack of integrity.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 at 1080 (citing }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Bell v. Southwell}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 376 F.2d 659 (5th Cir. 1967); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Hamer v. Campbell}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 358 F.2d 215 (5th Cir. 1966), }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Brown v. Post}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 279 F.Supp. 60 (W.D. La.1968)). }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [73]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Our adoption of the mandatory/directory distinction is also an acknowledgment that the outcome test is not always dispositive.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As we previously expressed, the court will interpret statutes in a post}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 election dispute as mandatory where there is an obstruction to the free and intelligent casting of the vote, or an obstruction to the ascertainment of the result, or where the noncompliance affects an essential element of the election, or it is expressly declared by Guam law that compliance is essential to the validity of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As stated by an Indiana court:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Unless this country has recently undergone a revolution that has escaped our notice, a voter can be lawfully deprived of his suffrage or a popular election ca n rightfully be quashed for only a few causes, namely, fraud or corruption, intimidation or violence, or such gross irregularity as renders the ascertainment of the will of the individual or of a majority, or a plurality, as the case may be, impossible.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Brown v. Grzeskowiak}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 101 N.E.2d 639, 647 (Ind. 1951) (quoting }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Griffith v. Bonawitz}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 103 N.W. 327, 329 (Neb. 1905)).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [74]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab However, we do not reach beyond the outcome test and the mandatory/directory distinction because this is not such a case.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In the future, a case may present itself where the entire will of the electorate is disenfranchised, }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Duncan v. Poythress}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 657 F.2d 691 (5th Cir. 1998), in which there is class}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 based disenfranchisement }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Dunn v. Blumstein}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 405 U.S. 330 (1972), or outrageous racial discrimination as recognized in }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Griffin}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 570 F.2d at 1080. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [75]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab But this is simply not that case.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners concede that they do not allege that a significant group has been discriminated against.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 There is also no allegation of discriminatory or undemocrat ic pervasive error that undermines the integrity of the vote such that the will of the voters cannot be ascertained. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [76]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We therefore clarify that this case is not meant to limit the review of more serious voting violations that may arise in the future.12{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2753899 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 12}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 Also, of course, a cause of action for violation of civil rights may arise in federal court in election cases under 42 U.S.C. \'a7 1983, such as the disenfranchisement case, }{\i\fs20\insrsid10962566 Griffin v. Burns}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 , 570 F.2d 1065 (1st Cir. 1978), argued by Petitioners.}}}{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [77]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We therefore find it unnecessary at this point to address Petitioners\rquote argument that the voiding of 19% of all votes gives rise to a claim of unconstitutional disenfranchisement.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 That is, because we have through this opinion reinstated the previously voided iVotronic votes, the issue of disenfranchisement has necessarily been rendered moot.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 C.\tab Other Statutory Violations}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [78]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners present numerous claims of statutory violations in support of their petition seeking the annulment of the September 2, 2006 Primary Election.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 They argue that the instructions on the paper ballot issued to voters and the electronic devices failed to contain the warnings required by 3 GCA \'a7 16301(d); that the Commission failed to properly tabulate the vote; that numerous systemic failures occurred, such as exclusion of poll watchers in violation of 3 GCA \'a7 9115,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 unsecured ballot boxes, persons standing too close to voters, the existence of inconsistent, incomplete, inaccurate, and misleading instructions given to voters at the polls; and that votes from Yona and Asan}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Maina precincts were lost. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [79]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Generally, the trial court found that the statutory violations committed by the Commission, if any, were }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 minimal, technical violations of statute and the failure [by the Commission] to follow the procedures set forth in their own policy manual}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and do not rise to the magnitude of affecting the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER Vol. I at 28 (Decision and Order, Nov. 6, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Applying the Chapter 12 standard to each claimed statutory viol ation, the trial court found that because Petitioners failed to show that any error affected the outcome of the election, summary judgment in favor of the Commission was required.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [80]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In assessing}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 de novo}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 whether the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of the Commission, we apply the Chapter 12 standard, as well as the mandatory/directory distinction, to each of the errors claimed by Petitioners.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab 1.\tab Ballot instruction under 3 GCA \'a7 16301(d)}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [81]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We first assess Petitioners\rquote claim that the instructions on the paper ballot violated 3 GCA \'a7 16301(d).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners argue that the ballot did not include the instruction to voters that they were not allowed to cast votes }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in only one party for}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 all}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 offices.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 44 (Nov. 15, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Rather, Petitioners contend that the ballot instructed voters to vote for candidates for}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 one}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 party only}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and further, that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 voting for more than one party}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 on the ballot shall void the entire ballot.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 44 (Nov. 15, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners thus contend that as a result of the Commission\rquote s noncompliance with section 16301(d), there were 1,990 crossover votes in the primary election, and for this reason, a new election is warranted.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [82]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Title 3 GCA \'a7 16301(d) (2005) provides:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 There shall appear specific instructions in boldface type on each ballot that a voter may cast for candidates appearing on that ballot for one (1) party only; that if votes are cast for candidates of more than one (1) party for any office or nomination of offi ces appearing on the ballot, the entire ballot shall be void.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The instructions on the ballot shall clearly indicate that the voters are allowed to cast votes in only one (1) party for all offices in that Primary Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Any ballot wherein votes are cast for more than one (1) party for all offices in that Primary Election shall be void.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [83]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab As we previously stated, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 directory provisions are those which, while they should be obeyed, may nevertheless be deviated from without necessarily invalidating the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 29 C.J.S. }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Elections}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'a7 341 (2006); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 see also Graham}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 108 N.E. at 703 (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 A mandatory provision in a statute is one the omission to follow which renders the proceeding to which it relates illegal and void, while a directory provision is one the observ ance of which is not necessary to the validity of the proceeding.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Further, in order to preserve the will of the electors, election provisions are construed as directory when there is substantial compliance with the provision.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Roth v. La Farge Sch. Dist. Bd. of Canvassers,}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 634 N.W.2d 882, 889 (Wis. Ct. App. 2001).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [84]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Thus, in applying the mandatory/directory distinction, we find that the above statute with respect to the form of the primary election ballot is directory in nature.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Specifically, this c hallenge was raised after the Primary Election, and a violation of such section does not affect the free and intelligent casting of the vote or the ascertainment of the result, and further does not affect an essential element of the election.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Nor does Guam law declare that compliance with such provision is essential to the validity of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Furthermore, Petitioners have failed to show that the Commission\rquote s use of the term }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 any}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 office instead of }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 all}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 offices resulted in the 1,990 crossover votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [85]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Specifically, the actual ballot instruction provided:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 YOU MAY VOTE FOR CANDIDATES OF ONE (1) PARTY ONLY, DO NOT CROSS OVER.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 IF YOU VOTE FOR CANDIDATES OF MORE THAN ONE (1) PARTY FOR ANY OFFICE APPEARING ON EITHER SIDE OF THIS BALLOT, THE ENTIRE BALLOT SHALL BE VOID.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER Vol. III at 1 (Primary Election Sample Ballot).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The above instruction was provided on each ballot for each race,13{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2753899 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 13}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 }{\i\fs20\insrsid10962566 See}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 Commission \rquote s Supplemental Excerpts of Record (\'93SER\'94) at 13 (Primary Election Sample Ballot). }}}{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 specifically instructing voters not to cross over when voting.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In fact, Petitioners concede in their Opening Brief that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 GEC effectively resolved the ambiguity for the voter though by repeating an instruction next to each race that you should vote for candidates of one party only.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 44 (Nov. 15, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In addition, the Manual states that a precinct judge shall instruct a voter selecting to vote on a paper ballot that in }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 all the races}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 on the Partisan Ballot, the voter must vote for candidates in one party only.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER Vol. I at 185 (Manual).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [86]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Under these circumstances, we find that the Commission substantially complied with section 16301(d).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See Daniels}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 259 Cal. Rptr. at 882 (observing that substantial compliance is sufficient to prevent the voiding of an election).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 A court therefore will not invalidate an election where there is at least substantial compliance with a directory provision in a statute.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We agree with the trial court\rquote s conclusion that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the interchangeable use of the words \lquote any\rquote and \lquote all\rquote in the language of the statute lends itself to the interpretation that there is no significant difference in meaning between the two words.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER Vol. I at 28 (Decision and Order, No}{ \insrsid16331174 v. 6, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [87]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Furthermore, applying the Chapter 12 standard, even assuming that strict compliance was required with respect to section 16301(d), we find that Petitioners below have failed to establish that any alleged violation of 3 GCA \'a7 16301(d) wou ld have affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We therefore hold that the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of the Commission with respect to this issue.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 2.\tab Exclusion of poll watchers}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [88]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners next argue that the exclusion of poll watchers from the polling stations violated 3 GCA \'a7 9115, and that officials thereby frustrated the voter challenge mechanism under section 3 GCA \'a7 9119 (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Grounds for Challenge}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [89]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Section 9115 allows poll watchers to be present when the polls open in order to }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 witness the conduct of the election and to challenge any voter.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 3 GCA \'a7 9115 (2005).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Although allowed to witness the conduct of an election, poll watchers }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 shall not interfere with the precinct officials in the conduct of the elect ion, nor be permitted within the [voting area].}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 .}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In addition, the Manual provides guidelines for poll watchers.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER Vol. I at 174}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 75 (Manual).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The guidelines provide that poll watchers shall be placed at a distance of 8 to 12 feet from the votin g area which includes the ballots, ballot boxes, voting booths, and electronic voting machines.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In addition, the guidelines provide that the Commission ensure reasonable accommodation is provided to poll watchers, given the conditions of the precincts.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [90]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Thus, in applying the mandatory/directory distinction, we find that the above statute with respect to the poll watchers is directory in nature.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Specifically, this challenge was raised after the Primary Election, and a violation of such section does n ot affect the free and intelligent casting of the vote or the ascertainment of the result, and further does not affect an essential element of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Nor does Guam law declare that compliance with such provision is essential to the validity of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The proffer of proof by Petitioners did not establish that the results would have changed if this irregularity were not present.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Moreover, violation of such provision will not invalidate an election where substantial compliance is established.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Furthermore, improperly denying poll watchers access to the polls as required by the election laws does not automatically provide a basis to order a new election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Conroy v. Levine}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ,}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 474 N.Y.S.2d 588 (N.Y. App. Div. 1984).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See also}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Stevenson v. Nine}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 314 N.Y.S.2d 185, 187 (N.Y. App. Div. 1970).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [91]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In this case, Petitioners presented two affidavits to show that poll watchers at some point during the election were excluded from the polling area, and they therefore argue that such poll watchers could not challenge unregistered voters.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The Commission also provided affidavits explaining its reasons for temporarily excluding several poll watchers from the polling area.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 There is no dispute in this case that poll watchers from Dededo precinct were removed temporarily.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The undisputed evidence establishes that the poll watchers were temporarily removed so that precinct officials could ensure reasonable accommodations for the poll watchers, and to ensure that the poll watchers were at least 8 to 10 feet from the v oting areas.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER Vol. I at 17 (Decision and Order, Nov. 6, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Thus, the temporary removal was a result of the Commission representatives desire to properly allocate space to the poll watchers. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [92]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We agree with the trial court that Petitioners faile d to offer proof that the poll watchers were not allowed to view the conduct of the election pursuant to section 9115, and further failed to offer proof that any poll watchers were prevented from viewing the conduct of the election pursuant to 3 GCA \'a7 9119.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Thus, while Petitioners argue that unregistered voters were allowed to vote, they presented no offer of proof that any of the poll watchers challenged or objected to any of the alleged unregistered voters.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Nor do Petitioners offer any proof that voting took place while the poll watchers were excluded.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Most importantly, Petitioners present no evidence to show that the amount of votes from unregistered voters were sufficient to change the results of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We therefore find that the Commission substantially complied with section 9115.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [93]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Accordingly, applying the Chapter 12 standard, we agree with the trial court that because Petitioners have failed to provide proof that a violation of 3 GCA \'a7 9115 affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 For this reason, the trial court\rquote s grant of summary judgment as to this issue was proper. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab 3. \tab Unsecured ballots}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [94]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We next consider Petitioners\rquote contention that the ballot boxes were not secured in accordance with 3 GCA \'a7\'a7 7117 and 11108.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [95]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Section 7117 requires that: }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the ballot boxes be locked and sealed under Commission seal at all times from the time the ballot box leaves the Commission to their opening at the Election Return Center after the polls close; that all Precinct Board members accompany the bal lot boxes at all times to the Election Return Center after the polls close along with at least one (1) Guam Police Department Officer; that government of Guam buses be utilized to transport the ballot boxes, the precinct board members and Guam Police Depa rtment Officers to the Election Return Center; and that only the Executive Director, or the Deputy Executive Director may open the boxes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 3 GCA \'a7 7117 (2005).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [96]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In addition, section 11108 provides that:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 locked ballot box . . . }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 shall be brought to the election center for tabulation.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 3 GCA \'a7 11108 (2005) (emphasis added.)}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [97]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners proffer evidence that because the ballot boxes were locked on one end, and secured with a }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 twist tie}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 on the other end, a new election is required.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 However, nothi ng in the statutory sections above require that the ballot boxes be locked with two padlocks, as Petitioners argue.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We therefore agree with the trial court that the Commission\rquote s use of a padlock together with a twist tie to secure the ballot boxes is not violative of sections 7117 and 11108.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [98]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners further assert a violation of section 7117 because the assigned police officer did not secure and physically accompany the ballot boxes during transport.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The testimony was undisputed that while the police officers did not accompany the ballot boxes on the bus provided for transportation, the boxes were locked when placed on the bus, and the police officer followed behind in a police vehicle.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 There was also no evidence that failure of the police officer to accompany the precinct board member on the bus with the ballots resulted in tampered ballot boxes or lost ballots.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Rather, Taitano\rquote s testimony revealed that only he possessed the keys to the ballot boxes and he personally opened and verified the contents of each ballot box from each precinct.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [99]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Thus, in applying the mandatory/directory distinction, we find that the above statute with respect to the physical security of ballots is directory in nature.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 A violation of such section does not affect the free and intelligent casting of the vote or the ascertainment of the result, and further does not affect an essential element of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Nor does Guam law declare that compliance with such provision is essential to the validity of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We also find that the Commission substantially complied with section 7117.} {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 While a police officer did not accompany the precinct board member on the bus with the ballot boxes, the evidence showed that the police officer instead followed the bus to the e lection return center.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 There was no evidence that failure of the police officer to accompany the precinct board member on the bus with the ballots resulted in tampered ballot boxes or lost ballots.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Rather, the evidence showed that the ballot boxes were locked and secured before leaving the precincts and remained secured during transport to the center.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Failure of the police officer to be on the bus does not effect an obstruction to the free and intelligent casting of the vote, or an obstruction to the asc ertainment of the result, or affect an essential element of the election, nor is it expressly declared by Guam law that compliance with the provision is essential to the validity of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Thus, any violation as a result of the Commission\rquote s failure to ensure that the police officer physically boarded the bus with the secured ballot boxes cannot require the voiding of an election.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [100]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Even assuming that there was no substantial compliance with sections 7117 and 11108, in applying the Chapter 12 standard to the violation, we find that Petitioners have failed to show that any violations of such sections affected the outcome of the election. We therefore hold that the trial court\rquote s grant of summary judgment in this regard was proper. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab 4.\tab Violation of 3 GCA \'a7 9147}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [101]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners next contend that precinct officials committed criminal acts prohibited by 3 GCA \'a7 9147.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners thus allege by affidavit that (1) a precinct official opened th ree brown envelopes without explanation and that such envelopes contained ballots; (2) a precinct official stood right behind voting booths and the iVotronic machines watching the voters and who they voted for; and (3) a precinct official stood by the bal lot boxes watching people put ballots in a box and who they voted for.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [102]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab The statute at issue is 3 GCA \'a7 9147 (2005), which states:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi432\li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Every inspector, judge or clerk of a precinct board is guilty of a misdemeanor who:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (a) Attempts to find out any name on the ballot;}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ADVANCE \\d 4}}{\fldrslt }}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (b) Except as otherwise authorized by this Title, examines, exhibits or discloses the ballot of any voter;}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ADVANCE \\d 4}}{\fldrslt }}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (c) Makes or places any mark or device on any ballot with a view of ascertaining }{\insrsid12478412\charrsid16331174 t}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 he name of any person for whom the voter has voted;}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ADVANCE \\d 4}}{\fldrslt }}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (d) Opens or permits to be opened the ballot box during the time of voting.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [103]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In accordance with instructions found in the Manual, a precinct inspector must ensure that the voter places his/her paper ballot in the ballot box.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 To be certain that voters place their paper ballots in the ballot box, the inspector is instructed to be within eye contact of the ballot box, but shall not linger directly over the ballot box.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Where a voter uses the iVotronic machine to vote, the precinct inspector is also advised to remain within eye contact of the machine, but again, shall not linger directly over the machine.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [104]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We agree with the trial court that the claims in the affidavit do not establish that a precinct official a ttempted to find out any name on the ballot, or examined, exhibited, or disclosed the ballot of any vote, or made or placed any mark or device on any ballot so as to later ascertain who that voter voted for, or opened or permitted to be opened the ballot box during the time of voting such as to invoke the prohibitions of section 9147 or affect the outcome of this election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Importantly, Petitioners fail to offer proof that whatever occurred with regard to officials opening envelopes or standing near the voting booth or ballot boxes were actions unauthorized by Chapter 9 of 3 GCA or the Manual.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As previously stated, the Manual authorizes, and in fact, requires, precinct inspectors to be within eye contact.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 There was no offer of proof of a }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 systematic invasion of privacy,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 as has been required by courts with ballot secrecy laws.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Taylor v. Town of Atlantic Beach Election Comm\rquote n}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 609 S.E.2d 500, 505 (S.C. 2005) (holding where the alleged irregularity did not threaten to set aside the election results, the potential that a poll worker may have been within sight of a ballot will not suffice to invalidate election).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [105]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In applying the Chapter 12 standard to the instant issue, Petitioners have failed to present any proof that any alleged violation of 3 GCA \'a7 914 7 would have affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We therefore hold that the trial court\rquote s grant of summary judgment on this ground was proper.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab 5.\tab Loss of votes and mis}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 tabulation: Yona and Asan}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Maina precincts}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [106]\tab }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We next address Petitioners\rquote clai m that the Commission failed to properly tabulate the votes of the Yona and Asan}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Maina precincts.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners argue, quite confusingly, that because the iVotronic votes from these two precincts were counted after the Election Center was closed, but before the official results were issued, the Commission mis}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 tabulated the votes in violation of 3 GCA \'a7 11128, which resulted in a loss of hundreds of votes from the two precincts, and therefore a new election must be held.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [107]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab The only evidence presented by Petitioners on this issue were two newspaper articles which the trial court took judicial notice of in light of Taitano\rquote s testimony which confirmed that the iVotronic votes from these two precincts were counted after the unofficial results were tabulated.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The newspaper articles showed that 115 iVotronic votes from the Asan}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Maina precinct and 176 votes from the Yona precinct were not counted immediately, which delayed the certification of the results.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Because the trial court discounted iVotronic votes, including these }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 late votes}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the trial court merely stated that this alleged claim by Petitioners was an }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 overlap of the irregularities concerning iVotronic votes}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and was not a separate issue which would have affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER Vol. I at 24 (Decision and Order, Nov. 6, 2006).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [108]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners do not allege that the iVotronic votes from these two precincts were not counted at all.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Nor do they allege that they should not be counted.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 It is undisputed that the official results include t he iVotronic votes from both of the precincts at issue.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Violation of section 11128 requires us to determine whether such provision is a mandatory or directory provision. Keeping with the standard discussed above regarding mandatory and directory provisions, we find that section 11128 is directory in nature.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 A violation of such section does not affect the free and intelligent casting of the vote or the ascertainment of the result, and further does not affect an essential element of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Nor does Guam law declare that compliance with such provision is essential to the validity of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [109]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Finally, applying the Chapter 12 standard, Petitioners fail to establish how the counting of the iVotronic votes after the unofficial results are issued, but before the official results are issued, would have changed the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The trial court thus properly granted summary judgment on this ground. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 6.\tab Tabulation of votes}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [110]\tab }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We next consider Petitioners\rquote allegation that the Commission failed to properly tabulate the votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 While the Petition does not specifically address the mis}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 tabulation of the votes in the precincts, the trial court addressed this issue upon review of the uncertified and certified results against the EC13 forms.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The trial court found no discrepancies between the signature rosters and the certified results in thirty}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 two of the fifty}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 three precincts, or 60% of the precinct vote tallies.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In 40% of the remaining precincts the trial court explained that in almost all the precincts, a difference between the ballots cast and the roster signatures, the discrepancies were explained by the precinct officials.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The trial court held that even if the discrepancies constituted mis}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ta bulation, the ballot totals differed by one or two votes, except in one precinct where the difference was by 19 votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Again, the trial court found that the variance in the ballot totals and signature rosters did not affect the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [111]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Applying the Chapter 12 standard to this issue, we find that Petitioners have failed to show that the tabulation of votes and the alleged discrepancies found affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Although the trial court did find discrepancies in many of the precincts, the trial court explained that the variances were by one or two votes and were explained in writing by precinct officials.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Moreover, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [w]hile mere irregularities in the counting of votes which do not appear to have affected the result w ill not nullify an election, the contrary is true where the irregularities are sufficient to cause doubt as to the result or are such as to indicate an intention of the election officers to positively violate the statutory requirements.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 29 C.J.S.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Elections}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'a7 362 (2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 For these reasons, we conclude that the trial court\rquote s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Commission was proper with respect to this claim of error.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 7.\tab Summary}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [112]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Upon review of the alleged statutory violations, we find that the trial court consistently and properly applied the outcome test found in Chapter 12.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Furthermore, in applying the mandatory/directory distinction, we find that the violations found by the trial court may be characterized as directory only.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 T hat is, none of the provisions violated effect an obstruction to the free and intelligent casting of the vote, or an obstruction to the ascertainment of the result, or affect an essential element of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See, e.g.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Rottman}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 139 A.2d at 819.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Nor do such violations require, under Guam law, the invalidation of the primary election as a result of noncompliance.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Accordingly, we find that the popular will of the people in this case should be given effect.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We therefore affirm the trial court\rquote s grant o f summary judgment with respect to the multitude of statutory claims.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [113]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In so holding, we disagree with Petitioners\rquote argument that because of the numerous alleged statutory violations, the whole election process was tainted and a new primary election is therefore required.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Even assuming }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 arguendo}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 that collectively speaking, the statutory violations are substantial in nature, courts have held, and we agree, that where the will of the people can be ascertained, it will be given effect.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Thus, the Supreme Court of Florida has held that a trial court can sustain a certified election result even after finding }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 substantial}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 noncompliance with the election statutes, where the result reflects the will of the people despite the substantial noncompliance.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Beckstrom v. Volusia County Canvassing Board}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 707 So. 2d 720.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 There, the court observed:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [A] trial court\rquote s factual determination that a contested certified election reliably reflects the will of the voters outweighs the court's determination of unintentional wrongdoing by election officials in order to allow the real parties in interest }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 --}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the voters }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 --}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 to prevail.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 By unintentional wrongdoing, we mean noncompliance with statutorily mandated election procedures in situations in which the noncompliance results from incompetence, lack of care, or, as we find occurred in this election, the election officials\rquote erroneous understanding of the statutory requirements.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In sum, we hold that even in a situation in which a trial court finds substantial noncompliance caused by unintentional wrongdoing . . . the court is to void the election }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 only}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 if it finds that the substantial noncompliance resulted in doubt as to whether a certified election reflected the will of the voters.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 at 725.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See also Cambre v. Brignac}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 140 So. 702, 705 (La. App. 1932), }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In re Election of U.S. Representative for Second Congressional Dist}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ., 653 A.2d 79, 119 (Conn. 1994);}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In re Petition to Contest General Election for Dist. Justice in Judicial Dist}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ., 670 A.2d 629, 638 (Pa.1996); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Matter of Protest Election Returns and Absentee Ballots in November 4, 1997 Election for City of Miami, Fla.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 707 So.2d 1170, 1174 (Fla. App.1998).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [114]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We find the above authority persuasive and therefore Petitioners\rquote request to invalidate the entire 2006 Primary Election is without merit.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We find it instructive that even where there is }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 substantial noncompliance caused by unintentional wrongdoing . . . the court is to void the election only if it finds that the substantial noncompliance resulted in doubt as to whether a certified election reflected the will of the voters.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In this case, there is no dispute that Petitioners have failed to prove, despite the many claimed errors, that such errors affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As such, the will of voters must be given effect.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 D.\tab Petitioners claims regarding 3 GCA \'a7 16108}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [115]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners assert that the September 2, 2006 Primary Election was constitutionally infirm, specifically arguing that 3 GCA \'a7 16108, as amended by section 6 of Guam Public Law 28}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 128,14{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12875571 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 14}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 Petitioners\rquote Opening Brief consistently refers to the so-called \'93Forbes Rider\'94 to Guam Public Law 28-128 which amended 3 GCA \'a7 16108 by allowing cancellation of the primary election for \'93a\'94 party, where the law had formerly required a determination that \'93all political parties which have qualified for placement on the primary ballot have\'94 less candidates than the number of available seats for that office. Guam Pub. L. 28-128:6 (June 27, 2006). We refer simply to section 16108, as amended by the public law.}}}{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and consequently the cancellation of the September 2, 2006 Republican senatorial primary election, resulted in the infringement of certain constitutional guarantees.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In assessing the constitutionality of 3 GCA \'a7 16108, Petitioners maintain that the court should apply the }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 strict scrutiny}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 standard, which requires a statute be narrowly tailored to serve a compelling governmental interest, in order to survive constitutional muster.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab 1.\tab Standard of review}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [116]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Contrary to Petitioners\rquote contention that st rict scrutiny applies, the United States Supreme Court in }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson v. Celebrezze}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 460 U.S. 780 (1983), set forth the standard when reviewing constitutional challenges to state elections laws, stating:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Constitutional challenges to specific provisions of a State\rquote s election laws therefore cannot be resolved by any }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 litmus}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 paper test}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 that will separate valid from invalid restrictions. Instead, a court must resolve such a challenge by an analytical process that parallels its work in ordinary litigation.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Store r, supra,}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 415 U.S., at 730, 94 S.Ct., at 1279.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 It must first consider the character and magnitude of the asserted injury to the rights protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments that the plaintiff seeks to vindicate. It then must identify and evalua te the precise interests put forward by the State as justifications for the burden imposed by its rule. }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In passing judgment, the Court must not only determine the legitimacy and strength of each of those interests; }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 it also must consider the extent to which those interests make it necessary to burden the plaintiff\rquote s rights.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Only after weighing all these factors is the reviewing court in a position to decide whether the challenged provision is unconstitutional.}{\i\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The results of this evaluation will not be automatic; as we have recognized, there is }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 no substitute for the hard judgments that must be made.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Storer v. Brown, supra,}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 415 U.S., at 730, 94 S.Ct., at 1279.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 460 U.S. at 789}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 90 (emphases added).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See also}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Aimee Dudovitz, California Democratic Party v. Jones:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The Constitutionality of Blanket Primary Laws} {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 44 N.Y. Sch. L. Rev. 13, 18 (2000) (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The modern standard of review for First Amendment challenges to state election regulations was first set forth in }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson v. Celebrezze}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 . . . . }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [117]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Although the test articulated in }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson v. Celebrezze}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 was first applied in evaluating a challenge to elections laws based on the First Amendment, the }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 test has expanded beyond the First Amendment, and has been adopted and applied in equal protection cases as well.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See, e.g.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Rogers v. Corbett}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 468 F.3d 188, 193}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 94 (3rd Cir. 2006) (stating that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 test is the proper method for analyzing such equal protection due to their relationship to the associational rights found in the First Amendment}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ); }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Republican Party of Arkansas v. Faulkner Co.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 49 F.3d 1289, 1293 n.2 (8th Cir. 1995) (holding that }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 sets out the proper method for balancing both associational and equal protection concerns because }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [i]n election cases, equal protection challenges e ssentially constitute a branch of the associational rights tree}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Fulani v. Krivanek}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 973 F.2d 1539, 1543 (11th Cir. 1992) (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In this circuit, however, equal protection challenges to state ballot}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 access laws are considered under the }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 test.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Rosen v. Brown}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 970 F.2d 169, 178 (6th Cir. 1992) (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 utilizing the }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 balancing test }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in a challenge based on claims of free association and equal protection).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [118]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab When a statute }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 substantially restricts,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Kusper v. Pontikes}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 414 U.S. 51, 57 (1973), or imposes }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 heavy burdens}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 on asserted rights, then heightened scrutiny is required.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Williams v. Rhodes}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 393 U.S. 23, 31 (1968).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Even recognizing the }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 fundamental significance}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 of the right to vote, the Court stated that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [i]t does not fo llow, however, that the right to vote in any manner and the right to associate for political purposes through the ballot are absolute.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Burdick v. Takushi}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 504 U.S. 428, 433 (1992)}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 .}{\i\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Rather, referring to the }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 test, the Court held that the }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 more flexible standard applies.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 at 434.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [119]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab The focus of Petitioners\rquote constitutional challenge is 3 GCA \'a7 16108 and the cancellation of the}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Primary Election for Republican candidates to the Guam Legislature.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 They argue that the enforcement of section 16 108 prohibited them from voting in the Primary Election and nominating candidates to the General Election, thereby implicating the rights of free political association and free speech, and furthermore, that cancellation of the Primary Election infringed u pon the right to campaign and participate in Republican Party affairs.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners further maintain that there exists discrimination against Democrat senatorial candidates, who were required to obtain a minimum number of votes, as well as against Republican voters who were not allowed to write in candidates.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Each ground is addressed in turn.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [120]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Based on our application of the }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 test, we hold that the burdens which Petitioners alleged infringed on their rights \endash if such burdens existed at all \endash were not unconstitutionally restrictive.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 2.\tab Right to choose nominees}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-2160\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab \tab }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 a.\tab The burden alleged}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [121]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab The First Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment protect against an infringement on free association and free speech in the context of the nomination process. }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 NAACP v. Ala.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 357 U.S. 449, 460 (1958) (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 It is beyond debate that freedom to engage in association for the advancement of beliefs and ideas is an inseparable aspect of the \lquote liberty\rquote assured by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which embraces freedom of speech.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Kusper}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 414 U.S. at 57 (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 There can no longer be any doubt that freedom to associate with others for the common advancement of political beliefs and ideas is a form of \lquote orderly group activity\rquote protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ) (quoting }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 NAACP v. Button}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 371 U.S. 415, 430 (1963)).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [122]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners\rquote precise argument, however, is that the cancellation of the Primary Election for Republican senatorial candidates denied }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 adherents of the Republican Party}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 of their }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 right to gather to choose their candidates.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 30}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 31(Nov. 15, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Although their Brief does not identify the }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 adherents}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 or}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the Republican Party members whose rights were violated, these claims were raised in the Petition before t he trial court by Petitioners San Nicolas, Cruz and McDonald.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER Vol. I at 32, 35 (First Am. Pet.).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Therefore, we presume for purposes of this argument, that the burden is advanced by Petitioners San Nicolas, Cruz and McDonald, who are members of the Republican Party. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [123]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners on appeal maintain that it was unconstitutional to cancel the Republican Party\rquote s legislative Primary Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The legislation that resulted in cancellation of such a primary election was expressly contemplated and ultimately enacted in 1994.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The senators of the 22nd Guam Legislature passed 3 GCA \'a7 16108, entitled, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Primary Elections Cancelled When Unnecessary,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 which required the cancellation of primary elections when there are less candidates than the number of vacant offices to be elected.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Guam Pub. L. 22 }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 129 (May 31, 1994).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As first enacted, the statute provided:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 When the Commission determines that }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 each}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 political party which has qualified for placement on the primary ballot has: (I) the same or fewer number of cand idates running for nomination to the Legislature than the number of senatorial seats allowed in law, it shall cancel such Primary Election for that party for the Legislature because of the lack of any contest.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Guam Pub. L. 22}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 129: 2 (May 31, 1994).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The intent for this enactment was set forth by the Legislature, when it recognized that the Guam Election Commission must nonetheless carry out its election }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 functions despite having its regular budget reduced.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Guam Pub. L. 22}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 129:1(a) (May 31, 1994).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The legislation was clearly a cost}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 savings measure for Guam when there was no need to narrow the field of candidates.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [124]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab This law was amended in 2004 in order to accommodate the Guam Legislature\rquote s intent to stop crossover voting, a practice which came into question following United States Supreme Court election cases.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The only change to the law in 2004 involved the identification of the political parties as }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 all}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 rather than }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 each}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and the statute read as follows:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 When the Commission determines that }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 all }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 political parties which have qualified for placement on the primary ballot have: (I) the same or fewer number of candidates running for nomination to the Legislature than the number of senatorial seats allowed in law, it shall cancel such Primary Election for the Legislature.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Guam Pub. L. 27}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 101: 2 (June 30, 2004).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [125]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Section 16108 was amended just this year by the 28th Guam Legislature, with a}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 single change from the word }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 all}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 to the word }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 a}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in reference to the political parties.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The current ver sion of this statute provides, in relevant part:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 When the Commission determines that }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 a}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 political party that has qualified for placement on the primary ballot has (I)}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the same or fewer number of candidates running for nomination to the Legislature than t he number of senatorial seats allowed in law, it shall cancel such Primary . . . . for that party for the Legislature.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 3 GCA \'a7 16108 (as amended by Guam Pub. L. 28}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 128:6 (June 27, 2006) (emphasis added)).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Quite simply, this most recent amendment provide s that a party primary election will be held where such party has more candidates than seats in the office sought.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 For instance, if a party has sixteen candidates in the running for the Guam Legislature, which has only fifteen seats, then a party primary will necessarily be held.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Conversely, this amendment also provides that where a party has fewer candidates than available seats, then the party primary election would be canceled for a lack of contest.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Thus, where a party has only ten candidates in the running for the Guam Legislature, then the party primary will be canceled.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [126]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab It is precisely this cancellation that Petitioners challenge.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 To be clear, Petitioners dispute the trial court\rquote s characterization of their argument below, and assert that they do not ask that the Republican candidates be forced to participate in a Primary Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Rather, Petitioners }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 complain that they are not allowed to choose \lquote their\rquote candidates.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 37 (Nov. 15, 2006). }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-2160\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab \tab }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 b.\tab Character and magnitude of the burden}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [127]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In accordance with }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , we first determine }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the character and magnitude of the asserted injury}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 claimed by Petitioners with respect to }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the rights protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 that they seek to vindicate.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 460 U.S. at 789.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [128]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners assert that because of the cancellation of the Republican senatorial Primary Election pursuant to 3 GCA \'a7 16108, voters were unable to cast ballots and vote in a primary election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Here, Petitioner Cruz had stated in the Petition before the trial court that he had wanted }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 some Republican candidates . . . to advance to the general election and others he did not want to advance.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 He wanted a voice in this.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER Vol. I at 32 (First Am. Pet.).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Thus, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the character and magnitude of the asserted injury}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 claimed by Petitioners with respect to their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights that they seek to vindicate, it appears that the alleged }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 burden}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 asserted by Petitioners is that section 16108 prevents them from both selecting a nominee in the Primary Election, as well as making a choice to elect in the General Election itself.} {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 35 (Nov. 15, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [129]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We find, first, that contrary to Petitioners claim, the exercise of the right to nominate in a primary election in an uncontested race will not give Petitioners the }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 voice}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 they seek, and for this reason, the }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 burden}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 complained of is in fact nonexistent.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 That is, even assuming that our laws did not require the cancellation of an uncontested primary race, it is certain that the same candidates that would have }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 automatically advanced}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 under 16108 would have similarly advanced through the holding of a primary election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 This is especially true where the Commission is required to provide a write}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in space}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 only where a race is contested.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See 3 GCA \'a7 16301(f) (2005) (}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The Guam Election Commission shall make accommodation for the voter to write in the name of a person or persons not otherwise appearing on the ballot, under}{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 each office being contested}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 under each party heading.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ) (emphasis added).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In addition, as discussed below, there exists no constitutionally protected right to a vote for a write}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in candidate.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Even if such write}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in votes were allowed, in a race that has fewer candidates than seats ava ilable to advance to the General Election, it remains highly likely that the same persons who qualified to a place on the Primary Election ballot would successfully proceed to the General Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Thus, any vote cast in a primary election race that is uncontested will have almost no effect on the slate of candidates which will ultimately be declared as nominees to proceed to the General Election.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In this regard, then, any vote cast in an uncontested race will be a hollow vote for purposes of determining the candidates who will advance to the General Election.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 For this reason, the court finds that the character and magnitude of the burden placed on one\rquote s right to nominate in an uncontested race is nonexistent.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [130]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Second, that the burden is nonexistent is further underscored by the fact Petitioners have the opportunity to vote for these very same candidates in the General Election.} {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Neier v. State}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 565 S.E.2d 229 (N.C. Ct. App. 2002), Republican Party member and plaintiff Neier asserted that his equal protection rights were violated when he was not allowed to vote in the Democratic Party primary.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In that case, only the Democratic Party had candidates for the position of district court judge. Neier argued that because he was a Republican, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 he was effectively denied the right to vote in that election, since the winner of the Democratic primary was the }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 de facto}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 winner of the general election.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 at 232}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 233.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Neier also argued that his right to freedom of association under the First Amendment was violated because }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the only way he could have participated in the election was by registering as a Democrat so that he could vote in the primary.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id. The court rejected the argument that Republican Neier was prevented from voting in the primary election for the district court seat where only a Democrat was running, stating:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Plaintiff was not prevented from voting in the general election. The fact that there was only one candidate on the ballot for the general election was not the result of any action of the St ate, but rather the failure of parties other than the Democratic party to field any candidates.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 at 233}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -} {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 34. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [131]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Third, section 16108 cancels only uncontested races in a party primary.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Thus, Petitioners\rquote rights to associate with a candidate who advances republican principles can be exercised through participation in the republican gubernatorial primary.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Importantly, as discussed above, Petitioners may also exercise their associational rights by participating in the General Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In this sense, we find that the magnitude of any burden on the right to associate is minimal, at the very most. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [132]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Fourth, Petitioners\rquote alleged burden is further undermined by the existence of Guam law which allows persons such as Petitioners to file a nomination pe tition and thereby present a candidate for place on the Primary Election ballot.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Under Guam law, relatively minimal requirements must be met to designate a candidate to a place on the Primary Election ballot.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 This procedure requires first that }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 a nomination paper}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 on the candidate\rquote s behalf and in the candidate\rquote s legal name, 3 GCA \'a7 16203 (2005), which includes at least 250 signatures of qualified electors.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 3 GCA \'a7 16205(a) (2005).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Next, at least 60 days before the date of the primary election, the nominating petition must be filed with, and a $100.00 fee paid to, the Commission.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 3 GCA \'a7 16206 (2005).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Nothing in the plain words of these relevant Guam laws require that the nomination petition be circulated or the fee be paid by the candidate.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Thus, if P etitioners desired, they could have complied with the above provisions which would have resulted in the candidate being placed on the Primary Election ballot, or in the case where there are fewer candidates than seats available, the same candidate, like a ll other candidates in the running, could also automatically proceed to the General Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [133]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Based on the above, in applying the }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 test to the burden alleged by Petitioners, we hold that the character and magnitude imposed by 3 GCA \'a7 16108 is nonexistent, and at best, minimal.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Presuming nonetheless for purposes of our analysis that }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 some}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 cognizable burden exists, we next consider the governmental interests advanced by section 16108.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-2160\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab \tab }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 c.\tab Governmental interests}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [134]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In applying the second part of the }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 test, we must identify and evaluate the interests put forward by the government as justifications for the burden imposed by section 16108. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [135]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab One of the legitimate governmental interests presented by the Commission is prevention of }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 party raiding,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 where voters affiliated with one party designate with themselves as voters of another party so as to influence the results of the other party\rquote s primary).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 SER at 25 (Mot. for Dism. of Am. Pet.).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Other governmental interests include }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 regulating the number of candidates on the ballot,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and saving }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 unnecessary costs.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ER Vol. I at 9 (Decision and Order, Nov. 6, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As discussed above, the legislative intent of Public Law 22}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 129, which enacted primary}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 cancelling s tatute in 1994, describes cost}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 savings as a legitimate government interest, which more than offsets any burden.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [136]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab The cancellation of primary elections for lack of contest is not a novel concept.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 For example, the New York state constitution provides that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the legislature may provide that there shall be no primary election held to nominate candidates for public office . . . in any unit of representation of the state from which such candidates or persons are nominated or elected whenever there is no cont est or contests for such nominations or election as may be prescribed by general law.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 N.Y. Const. art. I, \'a7 1 (Westlaw, current through L. 2006, ch. 742 except for chapters 227, 291, 423, 435, 522, 547, 666, 672 and 730 (2006)).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The New York Court of Appeals recognized that this constitutional provision }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 includes the right to participate in the nomination of candidates as well as the right to vote,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 yet nonetheless held that such right }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 is subject, in the manner of their exercise, to the plenary power of the Legislature to promulgate reasonable regulations for the conduct of elections.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Davis v. Bd. of Elections}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 153 N.E.2d 879, 880}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 881 (N.Y. 1958) (citations omitted).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 This holding was reaffirmed in }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Dorfman v. Berman}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 718 N.Y.S.2d 142 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2000), where the court held that section 1 of article 1, quote above, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 extends to the right to participate in the nomination of candidates, the Legislature may regulate the right within reasonable limitations.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 at 143.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 It is not unreasonable to cancel an election, where, as here, the election is uncontested because there are fewer candidates than seats available in the office sought.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In fact, the cancellation has been deemed constitutional even where it has affected only one party\rquote s race, while the other party was required to proceed with a primary election. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See, e.g.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 State ex rel. Smith v. Sandusky County Bd. of Elections}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 800 N.E.2d 81 (Oh. Ct. App. 2003).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-2160\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab d.\tab Weighing these factors under }{\b\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [137]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Having examined both the alleged burden and the governmental interests, the }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 test instructs that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [o]nly after weighing all these factors is the reviewing court in a position to decide whether the challenged provision is unconstitutional.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 460 U.S. at 790.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [138]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners\rquote a ppear to argue that they must be allowed to cast a hollow vote to nominate in a process in which all candidates would have proceeded to the General Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 This presents, for practical reasons, no burden at all, and the cancellation did not }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 substantially restrict[]}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 their rights.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Kusper}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 414 U.S. at 57.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Therefore, the strict scrutiny standard, as asserted by Petitioners, does not apply here.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [139]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Specifically, first, the candidates who would }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 automatically proceed}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 under the challenged statute as certain to proceed to the General Election had a primary election been held, and as such, Petitioners would have cast a hollow vote.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Second, Petitioners are not prohibited from voting (or not voting) for these same candidates in the General Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Third, only the uncontested races are canceled, and thus Petitioners may still participate in the other party primary elections, such as the gubernatorial election, as an exercise of their associational rights.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Fourth, Petitioners may circulate a nomination petition if they truly desired to have a candidate placed on the Primary Election ballot (and contend for a nomination either under section 16108 or, if more than fifteen candidates were qualified for nomination,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 through an election held).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [140]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Against the alleged burdens, the Commission offers several interests in canceling the election, all of which have been held to be valid governmental interests.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See, e.g.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Clingman v. Beaver}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 544 U.S. 581, 594 (2005) (acknowledging that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 guard[ing] against party raiding}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 to be a }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 regulatory interest[] that this Court recognizes as important}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ); }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Bullock v. Carter}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 405 U.S. 134, 145 (1972) (stating that }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [t]he Court has recognized that a State has a legitimate interest in regulating the number of candidates on the ballot}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and recognizing it was }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 bound to respect the legitimate objectives of the State in avoiding overcrowded ballots.).}{\i\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [141]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Appropriately weighing the burdens against the interests of the government pursuant to the }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 test, we hold that 3 GCA \'a7 16108 did not impose }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 heavy burdens}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 on Petitioners\rquote First Amendment rights, and with respect to the right of the electorate, this statute imposed no burden at all.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Any such burden is justified by the legitimate governmental interests discussed in section c. above. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [142]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Accordingly, we hold that 3 GCA \'a7 16108 is rationally related a legitimate governmental interest and therefore, the trial court properly granted summary judgment with respect to the constitutionality of section 16108.15{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12875571 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid10962566 15}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 We are unconvinced by Petitioners\rquote claim that the Democratic ticket has traditionally contained more candidates, and their implicit conclusion that the section 16108 results in primaries being conducted only for Democratic races. By its plain words, 3 GCA \'a7 16108 does not discriminate, nor does it limit its application to certain parties. Rather, section 16108 refers to \'93a political party\'94 and thus equally applies either Democrat, Republican, or Independent parties. As this proceeding is an appeal from a summary judgment, Petitioners must offer \'93at least some significant probative evidence\'94 to support their argument; mere speculation is insufficient to overcome summary judgment. }{\i\fs20\insrsid10962566 Iizuka Corp.}{\fs20\insrsid10962566 , 1997 Guam 10 \'b6 8. }}}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab 3.\tab The rights to campaign, participate in Republican Party affairs, and to have a meaningful choice of candidates}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [143]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We next examine whether the cancellation of the Republican senatorial Primary Election imposed a }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 direct and heavy burden[]}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 on what Petitioners contend is a candidate\rquote s right to campaign.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Weinschenk v. State}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 203 S.W.3d 201, 216 n.25 (Mo. 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 More specifically, as asserted by Petitioners, we consider whether the cancellation of the primary imposed a burden on the right to gather support from Republican and independent voters, on }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 the right to appeal to voters at the primary who may support him or her in the general election,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 on the }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 right to seek unaffiliated voter support,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and on the right to }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 unaffiliated voter access to like}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 minded candidates.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 30}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 34 (Nov. 15, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [144]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners also contend the cancellation of the Primary Election denied to independent voters, having been allowed by the Republican Party\rquote s Unanimous Consent to vote in Republican primary elections, the right to participate in Republican Party affairs; and denied to voters in general the right }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 to a meaningful choice among candidates.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 30}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 33 (Nov. 15, 2006); ER Vol I. at 121 (Petition Ex. 13, Unanimous Consent).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [145]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners did not raise these arguments in the trial court.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Generally, this court will not entertain an issue raised for the first time on appeal.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Sinlao v. Sinlao}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 2005 Guam 24 \'b6 30.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 This court has, however, enumerated certain exceptions to the general rule precluding appellate review of newly}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 raised issues.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 That is, while generally this court will not address issues raised for the first time on appeal, it may exercise its discretion to do so in the following circumstances: }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (1) when review is nec essary to prevent a miscarriage of justice or to preserve the integrity of the judicial process; (2) when a change in law raises a new issue while an appeal is pending; and (3) when the issue is purely one of law.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 (quoting }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Dumaliang v. Silan}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 2000 Guam 24 \'b6 12 n.1)). }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [146]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We decline to exercise our discretion with regard to these issues.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 First, this case involves the political process, not the judicial process and thus, we do not exercise our discretion based on the first ground.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Second, Petitione rs present and we find no change in law which raised a new issue on appeal, and thus, we do not exercise our discretion based on the second ground. Finally, judicial review of this case is not limited to an interpretation of law; it necessarily includes c onsideration of fact issues, and thus, the third ground does not exist.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [147]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Separate and apart from our analysis regarding exercise of our jurisdiction, we recognize two additional points.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 First, Petitioners\rquote argument regarding the denial of the right to campaign is somewhat disingenuous.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 It cannot be disputed, from the print advertising to television and radio announcements, that Republican candidates for senator were campaigning alongside all other candidates, despite not appearing on the Primary Election ballot.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Roadside signs were as prevalent among Republican senatorial candidates as all other candidates.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners have made no proffer of proof that 3 GCA \'a7 16108 has infringed on any candidate\rquote s }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 right to campaign}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and, moreover, Petitioner has made no legally cognizable argument that such a right exists to begin with.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Absent a right, there can be no }{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 burden}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 as contemplated by the United States Supreme Court, and therefore, we are not compelled to weigh any state interest.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Second, the rights a sserted by Petitioners were made on behalf of candidates and independent voters, yet neither the voters nor candidates are parties in this case.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 For these reasons, we decline to exercise our discretion to rule on these arguments, and conclude that the trial court was correct to grant summary judgment with respect to these issues.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 4.\tab Minimum vote requirement}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [148]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners next argue that their equal protection rights were violated by the cancellation of the Primary Election because Guam law was unequally applied between Republican and Democrat senatorial candidates.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The statute in question here is 3 GCA \'a7 16110 (2005), which states:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \'a7 16110.}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Minimum Vote Required.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 No person shall be deemed nominated in a primary election unless the candidate receives votes at least three (3) times greater than the required number of signatures needed for a petition for candidacy for such election, or votes equal to four percent (4%) of the total number of persons who obtain ballots to vote in that primary election fo r all parties, whichever is less.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners challenge the minimum vote requirement of section 16110, and argue that it discriminates against Democrats by creating a state}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 imposed barrier for Democrat candidates and not for Republicans; that it discriminat es against more popular parties and candidates, because when a party has many candidates, votes may be }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 diluted}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 making it more difficult to obtain the requisite minimum number of votes; and finally, that a }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 candidate seeing widespread interest in an offic e among fellow party members is forced to choose between continuing association with those of similar philosophical views and abandoning them to achieve certain nomination in to the general election with another party.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 40 (Nov. 15, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [149]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab None of these arguments warrant extensive analysis.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 As discussed above, the }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 weighing test may be applied to the allegation that equal protection rights have been violated, and we apply the }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 test here. First, the }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 character and magnitude}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 of Petitioners\rquote asserted injury is that similarly}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 situated Democrats and Republicans are treated differently.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Yet, our review of the case reveals that their claim to a }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 burden}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 is illusory.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [150]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab The plain words of 3 GCA \'a7 16110 makes no distinction between any class,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 any political party, and implicates no equal protection concerns.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 It refers only to a }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 person}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 who is a }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 candidate}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and thus, this statute applies equally to any person to any member of any political party that has participated in a primary election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The statute requires only that qualifying for candidacy must provide }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 equal opportunity, not equal outcomes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Libertarian Party New Hampshire v. State}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , No. 2005}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 606, 2006 WL 3359387, at *4 (N.H. Nov. 21, 2006).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Guam\rquote s Elections Law offers }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 an equal opportunity to qualify for a place on the general election ballot}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 as required by }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Liberatarian Party}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 .}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [151]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Second, despite the fact that the dispute involves two political parties, these parties are not similarly situated.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Because there were fewer Republican candidates than seats on the Legislature, there was a }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 lack of contest}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and therefore, all these candidates were automatically nominated pursuant to 3 GCA \'a7 16108, which we have held survives constitutional scrutiny.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 On the other hand, the Democrat candidates were in a contested race because the number of candidates exceeded the number of seats available to proceed to the General Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Therefore, Democrat candidates were required to participate in a primary election and obtain the minimum number of votes in order to be deemed nominated to proceed to the General Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [152]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Third, Petitioners\rquote assertion that a candidate is }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 forced to choose}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 between remaining in his or her party with a crowded ballot, or }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 achieving certain nomination}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 with the opposing party, is pure speculation.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 No evidence was presented at the trial court that a Democrat senatorial candidate chose to join the Republican Party solely in order to gain automatic nomination to the General Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 This very argument was rejected in }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Neier v. State}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 565 S.E.2d 229, when a Republican Party member insisted that his rights were violated because he could vote in a primary election for a judge only if he registered as a Democrat, as no Republican candidates ran in that particular race.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 at 232}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 233.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Moreover, assuming }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 arguendo}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 that a Democrat candidate chose to join the Republican Party as a the fourteenth senatorial candidate, this personal decision could not be interpreted as being a state}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 imposed burden upon the candidate.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 See, e.g.}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Ca. Democratic Party v. Jones}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 530 U.S. 567, 584 (2000) (where the Supreme Court rejected California\rquote s argument that a blanket primary system protected non}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 party members\rquote ability to participate in a party\rquote s affairs, stating the voter }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 should simply join the party.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 That may put him to a hard choice, but it is not a state}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 imposed restriction . . . .}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ).}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Here, Petitioners\rquote claim of a burden is not a }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 state}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 imposed restriction}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 and thus, this argument cannot stand.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [153]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Petitioners additionally contend that equal protection concerns were implicated in that Democrat candidates bore the burden, expense, and labor of participating in the Primary Election, while Republicans did not.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Evidence to support this contention was not in the record, and thus, Petitioners have not }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 produce[d] at least some significant probative evidence tending to support}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 this argument.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Iizuka Corp.}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 1997 Guam 10 \'b6 8. Rather, Petitioners\rquote argument implicitly presumes that Republican senatorial candidates did not campaign at all during the Primary Election time period.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Yet, as discussed above, print, television and radio advertising was as ubiquitous for Republican senatorial candidates as for Democrat candidates. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [154]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Because Petitioners presented no burden as contemplated in }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Anderson}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , we need not make an inquiry as to government\rquote s interest, and therefore, we hold that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment on this issue. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 5.\tab Denial of write}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{ \b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in vote}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [155]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Finally, Petitioners argue tha t eliminating the primary election for Republicans denied Republican voters the ability to write in a senatorial candidate.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners argue, but cite no supporting authority, that once the right to write}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in has been given to some, }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 it may not be den[ied] to others.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioners\rquote Brief at 41 (Nov. 15, 2006).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Although raised in the constitutional context, this argument implicates the Guam law which provides:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The Guam Election Commission shall make accommodation for the voter to write in the name of a person or persons not otherwise appearing on the ballot, under each office being contested under each party heading.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 3 GCA \'a7 16301(f) (2005).}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [156]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We are not persuaded by Petitioners\rquote argument, for the reasons discussed more extensively above.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 First, the primary race for Republican senatorial candidates was not }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 contested}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 as was required by section 16301(f), because there were only thirteen candidates running for fifteen slots on the Republican side of the ballot in General Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Second, 3 GCA \'a7 16108 which required cancellation of the Primary Election for lack of contest, applies equally to both parties and does not give one party an advantage over another.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [157]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab We are guided by }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Burdick v. Takushi}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , 504 U.S. 428, where the United States Supreme C ourt held that it was a permissible burden on the electorate to prohibit write}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ins votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In confirming that reasonable restrictions on the voting process do not trigger strict scrutiny analysis, the Court said:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Petitioner proceeds from the erroneous a ssumption that a law that imposes any burden upon the right to vote must be subject to strict scrutiny. Our cases do not so hold.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id. }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 at 432.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In holding that Hawaii could restrict write}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in votes in furtherance of conducting orderly and efficient electio ns, the Court held that laws that prohibit write}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in candidates will be held to be presumptively valid:}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [A] prohibition on write}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in voting will be presumptively valid, since any burden on the right to vote for the candidate of one\rquote s choice will be light a nd normally will be counterbalanced by the very state interests supporting the ballot access scheme.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 " }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id. }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 at 441.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The Court recognized that the state\rquote s restriction was justified by the state\rquote s legitimate rational interest in regulating elections.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 } {\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id.}{\i\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Moreover,}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 there [we]re other means available, however, to voice . . .}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 generalized dissension from the electoral process; and we discern no adequate basis for our requiring the State to provide and to finance a place on the ballot for recording protests against its constitutionally valid election laws.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Id. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [158]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Under }{\i\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Burdick}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 , Petitioners\rquote argument cannot stand because a primary election is not rendered invalid if a statute results in a prohibition against write}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ins.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Therefore, the trial court correctly granted summary judgment with respect to this issue.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 V.}{\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16331174 {\b\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [159]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab In conclusion, we hold, first, that Petitioners, in seeking to annul or set aside the September 2, 2006 Primary Election, consistent with 3 GCA Chapter 12, must prove that any claimed irregular ity, misconduct, or illegal votes resulting from a statutory violation affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [160]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Second, we hold that the provisions of our Elections Law are mandatory in the sense that the Commission must comply with their terms.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 } {\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 However, where the acts of the Commission are challenged after an election in which the will of the voters has been expressed, then the provisions are}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 directory only, in support of the result of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We adopt this well}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 settled rule and find that where an election law provision is found to be a directory provision, then a violation of such provision cannot void an election or even void any affected ballots.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We hold that this general rule applies unless the provisions are of such a character that their violation would effect an obstruction to the free and intelligent casting of the vote, or an obstruction to the ascertainment of the result, or unless they affect an essential element of the election, or it is expressly declared by Guam law that compliance with the provision is essential to the validity of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [161]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Third, we hold that while the iVotronic voting system was authorized by Guam la w as it existed at the time of the September 2, 2006 Primary Election, the iVotronic voting system did not receive Administrative Adjudication Law approval as required by law.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 However, we find that under the circumstances of this case, including the timing of the challenge to the Commission\rquote s failure to properly implement the iVotronic voting system in accordance with the AAL, the Guam law that requires AAL approval is directory in nature, as such term is used in elections case law.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Consequently, a violation of such provision on the part of the Commission does not require the voiding, or discounting, of the affected iVotronic votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Moreover, we conclude that Petitioners have failed to establish that the failure to gain AAL approval of the iVotronic voting system affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 For these reasons, we hold that the trial court erred in voiding, or discounting, all iVotronic votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 To this extent, we reverse the decision of the trial court, and remand with instructions to reinstate all previously voided iVotronic votes.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [162]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Fourth, we find that the trial court properly applied the Chapter 12 outcome test to all of Petitioners\rquote claims of statutory violations.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 In addition, we find that any violations found by the trial court concerned only directory provisions.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 None of the violations effected an obstruction to the free and intelligent casting of the vote, or an obstruction to the ascertainment of the result, or affected an essential element of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The violations also do not require, under Guam law, the invalidation of the primary election as a result of noncompliance.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We therefore hold that despite the numerous allegations presented, there is no dispute that Petitioners have failed to prove that such errors affected the outcome of the election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The court holds that under such circumstances, the will of voters must be given effect.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Accordingly, we hold that the trial court properly granted summary judgment on this issue.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [163]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab However, our use of the outcome test in this Opinion is not mandated for all election cases. We recognize that in the future, there may be a case of such undemocratic or unconstitutional magnitude that the courts of Guam may take action despite its not affecting the outcome of the election, but this is not that case.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [164]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Fifth, with regard to Petitioners\rquote constitutional challenge of Guam law which requires the cancellation of the primary election where a race is uncontested, we find that the Guam law is constitutional.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Weighing the burden imposed b y the law against governmental interests, we find that burden placed on the electorate is nonexistent, because even if a primary election was held, the same candidates would very likely proceed to the General Election, especially where the Commission is n ot required to provide a space for a write}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in vote where a race is uncontested.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Thus, the same candidates who would }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 automatically proceed}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 "}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 under the challenged statute would likely proceed to the General Election had a primary election been held, and therefore, Petitioners would have cast a hollow vote.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We also find that Petitioners are not prohibited from voting (or not voting) for these same candidates in the General Election, and may also participate in other party primary elections, such as the gubern atorial election, to exercise their associational rights.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We further find that Petitioners may circulate a nomination petition if they truly desired to have a candidate placed on the Primary Election ballot and contend for a nomination through an election or through the automatic advancement under Guam law in the case of a canceled primary.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We further find that the governmental interests in cance ling the primary include preventing party raiding, regulating the number of candidates on the ballot, and saving unnecessary costs to hold an election where a race is uncontested.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Upon weighing of the burdens and the governmental interests, we hold that the statute, like similar statutes found in other jurisdictions, is constitutional.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 The trial court properly granted summary judgment on this ground. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [165]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Sixth, we hold that the Guam law that required the Democrat candidates to meet a minimum number of votes in the September 2, 2006 Primary Election is constitutional, even where the Republican candidates did no t also have to meet such requirement in an uncontested race.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We find that the law at issue makes no distinction between any political party, and implicates no equal protection concerns.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Moreover, despite the fact that the dispute involves two political p arties, these parties are not similarly situated because the Republican senatorial race was uncontested, whereas the Democratic slate had more candidates than the number of seats available to advance to the General Election.}{ \insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Therefore, Democrat candidates were required to participate in a primary election and obtain the minimum number of votes in order to be deemed nominated to proceed to the General Election.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 We further find that Petitioners failed to offer any proof that the Democrat candidates bore a burden of expense or labor of participating in the Primary Election, while Republicans did not.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Thus, we hold that the trial court properly granted summary judgment in this respect.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [166]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Seventh, we hold, consistent with case law from the United States Supreme Court, that a primary election cannot be rendered invalid if a statute results in a prohibition against write}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 -}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 ins.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 }{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 Therefore, the trial court correctly granted summary judgment with respect to this issue.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [167]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Finally, consistent with our precedent, we decline to address any issues raised for the first time on appeal.}{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 [168]}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 \tab Accordingly, we }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 REVERSE}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in part, }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 AFFIRM}{ \insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 in part, and }{\b\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 REMAND}{\insrsid10962566\charrsid16331174 for entry of judgment consistent with this opinion confirming the certified results of the September 2, 2006 Primary Election. }{\insrsid16331174\charrsid16331174 \par }}