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}{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120 \jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2 \leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li7560\jclisttab\tx7560\lin7560 }{\listname ;}\listid1125001360}{\list\listtemplateid2085509698\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat2\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid362187270\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 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\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid2021283224\'03(\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \fi-720\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li4680 \jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel 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\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-2057142570\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320 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}{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840 \jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li7560\jclisttab\tx7560\lin7560 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li8280\jclisttab\tx8280\lin8280 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li9000\jclisttab\tx9000\lin9000 }{\listname ;}\listid1667632508}{\list\listtemplateid-751270210\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3 \levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat2\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-385550642\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680 \jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1682657277}{\list\listtemplateid-1076181622\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3 \levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid2037943138\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li5400 \jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 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Jones}{\insrsid14236712 , Opinion\tab \tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid14236712 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5188267 16}}}{ \insrsid14236712 of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid14236712 NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8604139 19}}}{\insrsid14236712\charrsid11142516 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid14236712 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\rtlgutter\itap0\pararsid3487396 {\insrsid14236712 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid4343286\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11142516\charrsid5188267 PEOPLE OF GUAM}{\b\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 ,}{\b\fs24\insrsid11142516\charrsid5188267 \par }{\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 Plaintiff}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 Appellee}{\fs24\insrsid11142516\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11142516\charrsid5188267 \par vs. \par \par EDWARD BOHNAM STOVER JONES II}{\b\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 ,}{\b\fs24\insrsid11142516\charrsid5188267 \par }{\fs24\insrsid11142516\charrsid5188267 Defendant}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\insrsid11142516\charrsid5188267 Appellant.}{\fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 \par OPINION \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid1342021\charrsid5188267 Filed:}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\b\fs24\insrsid1342021\charrsid5188267 October 17, 2006 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 Cite as: 2006 Guam }{\b\fs24\insrsid4416531\charrsid5188267 13}{\b\fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 Supreme Court Case No.:}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid11540908\charrsid5188267 CRA04}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\insrsid11540908\charrsid5188267 005}{ \fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 \par }{\fs24\insrsid11540908\charrsid5188267 Superior Court Case No.:}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid11540908\charrsid5188267 CF}{\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 0}{\fs24\insrsid11540908\charrsid5188267 372}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\insrsid11540908\charrsid5188267 03 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid11540908\charrsid5188267 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par }{\fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 Arg}{\fs24\insrsid11142516\charrsid5188267 ued and submitted on March 3}{\fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 , 2006 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft900\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4068\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\ul\insrsid8197142\charrsid5188267 Appearing for Defendant}{\fs24\ul\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\ul\insrsid8197142\charrsid5188267 Appellant:}{ \fs24\insrsid8197142\charrsid5188267 \tab \par Howard Trapp, }{\i\fs24\insrsid8197142\charrsid5188267 Esq.\tab \tab \par }{\fs24\insrsid8197142\charrsid5188267 Howard Trapp Inc. \par 200 Saylor Bldg. \par 139 Chalan Santo Papa \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par \cell }{\fs24\ul\insrsid8197142\charrsid5188267 Appearing for Plaintiff}{\fs24\ul\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\ul\insrsid8197142\charrsid5188267 Appellee: \par }{\fs24\insrsid8197142\charrsid5188267 Marianne Woloschuck, }{\i\fs24\insrsid8197142\charrsid5188267 Esq.}{\fs24\insrsid8197142\charrsid5188267 \par Assistant Attorney General \par Office of the Attorney General \par General Crimes Div. \par 287 W. O\rquote Brien D. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\insrsid8197142\charrsid5188267 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft900\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx5400 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4068\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 BEFORE}{\fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 : F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; FRANCES M. TYDINGCO}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 GATEWOOD, Associate Justice; ROBERT J. TORRES, JR., Associate Justice. \par }{\fs24\insrsid3487396\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11142516\charrsid5188267 T}{\b\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 YDINGCO}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\b\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 GATEWOOD}{\b\fs24\insrsid11142516\charrsid5188267 , }{ \b\fs24\insrsid2774313\charrsid5188267 J.: \par }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid3487396\charrsid5188267 [1]}{\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 \tab Defendant}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 Appellant}{\fs24\insrsid14698245\charrsid5188267 Edward Bonham Stover Jones }{ \fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 II}{\fs24\insrsid14433535\charrsid5188267 appeals from his conviction on the charges}{\fs24\insrsid14698245\charrsid5188267 of Money Laundering and Continuing Criminal Enterprise}{ \fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 (CCE)}{\fs24\insrsid8345130\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14433535\charrsid5188267 Jones argues on appeal that both charges must be dismissed because the indictment failed to allege essential elements of the offenses.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14433535\charrsid5188267 Furthermore, Jones contends that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on essential elements of both charges.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid3487396\charrsid5188267 [2]}{\fs24\insrsid13716112\charrsid5188267 \tab }{\fs24\insrsid11874520\charrsid5188267 We find that the }{\fs24\insrsid14622212\charrsid5188267 indictment for}{\fs24\insrsid2559971\charrsid5188267 the Money Laundering }{\fs24\insrsid14622212\charrsid5188267 charge}{\fs24\insrsid2559971\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 and the CCE charge }{\fs24\insrsid940045\charrsid5188267 contained the essential elements of}{ \fs24\insrsid14622212\charrsid5188267 the }{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 respective }{\fs24\insrsid14622212\charrsid5188267 offenses and therefore }{\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 the indictment was}{\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 } {\fs24\insrsid940045\charrsid5188267 sufficient}{\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 as to both charges}{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 In addition, we hold}{ \fs24\insrsid2559971\charrsid5188267 that the jury instructions }{\fs24\insrsid1507969\charrsid5188267 for the Money Laundering }{\fs24\insrsid797315\charrsid5188267 charge }{\fs24\insrsid4267351\charrsid5188267 do no}{ \fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 t}{\fs24\insrsid4267351\charrsid5188267 amount to}{\fs24\insrsid11609520\charrsid5188267 plain error and therefore affirm}{\fs24\insrsid4267351\charrsid5188267 the defendant\rquote s conviction on that charge.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid12534743\charrsid5188267 T}{\fs24\insrsid940045\charrsid5188267 he jury instructions for the C}{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 CE}{\fs24\insrsid6585166\charrsid5188267 c}{ \fs24\insrsid940045\charrsid5188267 harge}{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 , however,}{\fs24\insrsid940045\charrsid5188267 were plainly erroneous and }{\fs24\insrsid1716317\charrsid5188267 had a prejudicial eff}{ \fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 ect on the outcome of the case.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 R}{\fs24\insrsid4267351\charrsid5188267 eversal of the defendant\rquote s conviction on that charge}{ \fs24\insrsid940045\charrsid5188267 is warranted}{\fs24\insrsid4267351\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 W}{\fs24\insrsid12534743\charrsid5188267 e therefore remand for further proceedings}{ \fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid6033517\charrsid5188267 I.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid3487396\charrsid5188267 [3]}{\fs24\insrsid12074477\charrsid5188267 \tab }{\fs24\insrsid6585166\charrsid5188267 A}{\fs24\insrsid3487396\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 trained drug detection dog,}{ \fs24\insrsid12074477\charrsid5188267 inspecting incoming mail packages}{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 alerted to a package}{\fs24\insrsid12074477\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 a}{\fs24\insrsid11731776\charrsid5188267 t the Guam Main Postal Facility,}{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 Barrigada, Guam.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 A federal search warrant}{\fs24\insrsid12074477\charrsid5188267 was obtained for th e parcel which was addressed to Sean McCauley.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid7958478\charrsid5188267 After determining that the parcel contained marijuana, }{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 a controlled delivery of the package was conducted.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid7958478\charrsid5188267 McCauley }{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 picked up the package and }{\fs24\insrsid7958478\charrsid5188267 brought }{ \fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 it home}{\fs24\insrsid7958478\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 The next day}{\fs24\insrsid14553368\charrsid5188267 , the package was opened which set off the transmitter device }{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 inside.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 Shortly after being alerted to the opening of the package, the }{ \fs24\insrsid6585166\charrsid5188267 law enforcement officials}{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 arrested }{\fs24\insrsid7958478\charrsid5188267 McCauley and }{\fs24\insrsid2888676\charrsid5188267 performed a search }{ \fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 of }{\fs24\insrsid7958478\charrsid5188267 his home.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13644781\charrsid5188267 In the course of the search, the }{\fs24\insrsid11731776\charrsid5188267 law enfo rcement officials}{\fs24\insrsid13644781\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 confiscated t}{\fs24\insrsid11731776\charrsid5188267 he package, coolers, marijuana, and}{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 scales.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid7958478\charrsid5188267 Following his arres}{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 t,}{\fs24\insrsid7958478\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 McCauley implicated Jones}{ \fs24\insrsid11731776\charrsid5188267 , alleging}{\fs24\insrsid7958478\charrsid5188267 that he was working for the defendant, selling marijuana and sending Jones the proceeds.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid3487396\charrsid5188267 [4]}{\fs24\insrsid1446536\charrsid5188267 \tab }{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 Jones}{\fs24\insrsid11942153\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid6320758\charrsid5188267 was }{ \fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 subsequently }{\fs24\insrsid6320758\charrsid5188267 indicted }{\fs24\insrsid11942153\charrsid5188267 by a grand jury on nine charges}{\fs24\insrsid5466792\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13445439\charrsid5188267 Following}{\fs24\insrsid13461438\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 Jones\rquote }{\fs24\insrsid4267351\charrsid5188267 defense counsel\rquote s }{\fs24\insrsid13461438\charrsid5188267 objection }{\fs24\insrsid4267351\charrsid5188267 concerning the failure to present the defendant\rquote s statement denying the allegations to the grand jury, a superseding indictmen}{\fs24\insrsid13111488\charrsid5188267 t was issued on October 14, 2003} {\fs24\insrsid13663493\charrsid5188267 which was nearly identical to the original indictment}{\fs24\insrsid4267351\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid11731776\charrsid5188267 As in the original indictment, t}{ \fs24\insrsid5663596\charrsid5188267 he }{\fs24\insrsid13663493\charrsid5188267 superseding indictment contained }{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 nine charges.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 The relevant charges of the superseding indictment, for purposes of this appeal, were the third and eighth charges.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 The third charge was for Money Laundering, }{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 knowingly receiv[ing] or acquir[ing]}{\fs24\insrsid13445439\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13111488\charrsid5188267 proceeds fro}{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 m transactions that were in violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act of Guam, in violation o}{\fs24\insrsid13111488\charrsid5188267 f 9 GCA \'a7 67.410(a).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\fs24\insrsid13111488\charrsid5188267 Appellant }{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 \rquote s }{\fs24\insrsid11731776\charrsid5188267 Excerpts of Record (}{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 ER}{\fs24\insrsid11731776\charrsid5188267 ), Tab 1, at 2 (Superseding I}{ \fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 ndictment). The eigh}{\fs24\insrsid13111488\charrsid5188267 th charge was for CCE, or engag}{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 ing}{\fs24\insrsid12779918\charrsid5188267 in a continuing enterprise relative to }{ \fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 a controlled substance by:}{\fs24\insrsid12779918\charrsid5188267 committing a felony under a provision of the Act as a part of a continuing series of offenses pursuant to the Act undertaken in concert with at least two other persons with respect to whom a position of management was occupied and fro m which substantial income and }{\fs24\insrsid10566265\charrsid5188267 resources were obtained}{\fs24\insrsid13111488\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 In addit}{ \fs24\insrsid13131278\charrsid5188267 ion, Jones was charged with }{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 importation and conspiracy to import, in th}{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 e first and s}{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 econd charges, with the manufacture or distribution of marijuana wi}{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 th the intent to import in the s}{\fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 ixth}{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 and s}{ \fs24\insrsid3223611\charrsid5188267 eventh charges}{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 , money laundering in the fourth and f}{\fs24\insrsid10439599\charrsid5188267 ifth c}{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 harges, and terrorizing in the n}{ \fs24\insrsid10439599\charrsid5188267 inth charge.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid3487396\charrsid5188267 [5]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid12779918\charrsid5188267 On November 20, 2003, the jury retu}{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 rned verdicts of guilty on the t}{\fs24\insrsid12779918\charrsid5188267 hird and }{ \fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 e}{\fs24\insrsid12779918\charrsid5188267 ight}{\fs24\insrsid11609520\charrsid5188267 h}{\fs24\insrsid12779918\charrsid5188267 charges.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid12779918\charrsid5188267 For each of the other charges, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid207593\charrsid5188267 Following the return of the verdicts, Jones was sentenced }{\fs24\insrsid11609520\charrsid5188267 to three years for }{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 the third c}{\fs24\insrsid4335789\charrsid5188267 harge}{\fs24\insrsid11609520\charrsid5188267 ,}{\fs24\insrsid4335789\charrsid5188267 Money Laundering}{\fs24\insrsid11609520\charrsid5188267 ,}{ \fs24\insrsid4335789\charrsid5188267 an}{\fs24\insrsid8864358\charrsid5188267 d fined ten thousand dollars.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid8864358\charrsid5188267 F}{\fs24\insrsid11609520\charrsid5188267 or }{ \fs24\insrsid4980883\charrsid5188267 the }{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 eighth charge}{\fs24\insrsid11609520\charrsid5188267 , }{\fs24\insrsid1270464\charrsid5188267 CCE}{\fs24\insrsid4335789\charrsid5188267 , Jones was sentenced to Money Laundering as a lesser included offense for a period of three years to run concurrently with the sentence imposed for the third charge.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid10576829\charrsid5188267 The final }{\fs24\insrsid8864358\charrsid5188267 judgment of convi}{\fs24\insrsid13111488\charrsid5188267 ction was entered on September 3}{\fs24\insrsid8864358\charrsid5188267 0, 2004.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid8864358\charrsid5188267 Jones filed this appeal on the same day.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5402952\charrsid5188267 I}{\b\fs24\insrsid14433535\charrsid5188267 I.}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [6]}{\fs24\insrsid8864358\charrsid5188267 \tab }{\fs24\insrsid13325859\charrsid5188267 This court has jurisdiction over a final judgment of conviction pursuant to 7 }{\fs24\insrsid10576829\charrsid5188267 GCA \'a7 3107(b) (2005) and 8 GCA \'a7 130.15(a) (2005).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5402952\charrsid5188267 III.}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [7]}{\fs24\insrsid5402952\charrsid5188267 \tab }{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 Jones challenges both his conviction for Money Laundering and for CCE.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 Arguing that both convictions should be reversed, }{\fs24\insrsid13111488\charrsid5188267 he}{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 contests }{\fs24\insrsid13111488\charrsid5188267 first }{ \fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 the sufficiency of both charges in the indictment and }{\fs24\insrsid13111488\charrsid5188267 s}{\fs24\insrsid10307468\charrsid5188267 econd}{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 the jury instructions for each charge.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 We address first the arguments advanced by Jones pertaining to the Money Laundering Charge and then tur n to those related to the CCE Charge.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [8]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13525372\charrsid5188267 Jones}{\fs24\insrsid5402952\charrsid5188267 challenges the sufficiency of the indictment with respect to both the third and eighth charges.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid8856069\charrsid5188267 As no objection was made to the indictment, we review for plain error.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13136308\charrsid5188267 United States v. Leos}{ \i\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\i\fs24\insrsid13136308\charrsid5188267 Maldonado}{\fs24\insrsid13136308\charrsid5188267 , 302 F.3d 1061, 1064 (9th Cir. }{\fs24\insrsid11621625\charrsid5188267 2002)}{\fs24\insrsid13136308\charrsid5188267 ;}{ \i\fs24\insrsid13136308\charrsid5188267 s}{\i\fs24\insrsid6892744\charrsid5188267 ee}{\i\fs24\insrsid13136308\charrsid5188267 also}{\i\fs24\insrsid6892744\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13968979\charrsid5188267 People v. Chung}{ \fs24\insrsid13968979\charrsid5188267 , 2004 Guam}{\fs24\insrsid6892744\charrsid5188267 2 \'b6\'b6 8, 9; }{\i\fs24\insrsid6892744\charrsid5188267 United States v. Godinez}{\i\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\i\fs24\insrsid6892744\charrsid5188267 Rabadan}{\fs24\insrsid13111488\charrsid5188267 , 289 F.3d 630, 632 (9th}{\fs24\insrsid6892744\charrsid5188267 Cir. 2002).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid6892744\charrsid5188267 Additionally, Jones challenges the jury instructions with respect to both the}{\fs24\insrsid11609520\charrsid5188267 third and eighth charges.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [9]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid11609520\charrsid5188267 We}{\fs24\insrsid6892744\charrsid5188267 review the trial court\rquote s jury instructions for plain error}{\fs24\insrsid11609520\charrsid5188267 because no objection was made at trial}{\fs24\insrsid6892744\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13448184\charrsid5188267 People v. Jung}{\fs24\insrsid13448184\charrsid5188267 , 2001 Guam 15 \'b6 28 (citing }{ \i\fs24\insrsid13448184\charrsid5188267 People v. Perez}{\fs24\insrsid13448184\charrsid5188267 , 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 21}{\fs24\insrsid5319704\charrsid5188267 )}{\fs24\insrsid13448184\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid8920301\charrsid5188267 There are limitations on a reviewing court's authority to correct pla in error: (1) there must be an actual error and not a waiver of rights; (2) the error must be plain in that it is {\*\bkmkstart SR_7897}{\*\bkmkstart SearchTerm}{\*\bkmkend SR_7897}\lquote clear\rquote {\*\bkmkstart SR_7898}{\*\bkmkend SR_7898}or {\*\bkmkstart SR_7899}{\*\bkmkend SR_7899}\lquote obvious\rquote {\*\bkmkstart SR_7900}{\*\bkmkend SR_7900}under {\*\bkmkstart SR_7901}{\*\bkmkend SR_7901}current {\*\bkmkstart SR_7902}{\*\bkmkend SearchTerm}{\*\bkmkend SR_7902}law ; (3) the error was prejudicial in that it affected the outcome of the proceedings; and (4) the reviewing court's discretion should be employed only in those cases in which a miscarriage of justice would otherwise result}{ \fs24\insrsid5520430\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\i\fs24\insrsid8920301\charrsid5188267 Jung}{\fs24\insrsid8920301\charrsid5188267 , 2001 Guam 15 \'b6}{\fs24\insrsid5520430\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid8920301\charrsid5188267 50}{\fs24\insrsid13131278\charrsid5188267 ( citing }{ \i\fs24\insrsid13131278\charrsid5188267 United States v. Olano}{\fs24\insrsid13131278\charrsid5188267 , 507 U.S. 725, 736 (1993))}{\fs24\insrsid8920301\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid7959800\charrsid5188267 Plain error is highly prejudicial error affecting a substantial right and \lquote will be found only where necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice or to maintain the inte}{\fs24\insrsid13111488\charrsid5188267 grity of the judicial process.\rquote } {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\i\fs24\insrsid5520430\charrsid5188267 People}{\i\fs24\insrsid7959800\charrsid5188267 v. Demapan}{\fs24\insrsid7959800\charrsid5188267 , 2004 Guam 24 \'b6 5 (quoting }{\i\fs24\insrsid7959800\charrsid5188267 People v. Perez}{\fs24\insrsid7959800\charrsid5188267 , 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 21).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid11666678\charrsid5188267 IV.}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid5520430\charrsid5188267 A}{\b\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 .}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\b\fs24\insrsid11282947\charrsid5188267 Money Laundering }{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid12723787\charrsid5188267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls18\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid12723787\charrsid5188267 Indictment}{ \b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [10]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid12723787\charrsid5188267 Jones argues that the third }{\fs24\insrsid16664097\charrsid5188267 charge}{\fs24\insrsid12723787\charrsid5188267 of the indictment must be dismissed for failure to charge essential elements.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid2826369\charrsid5188267 Generally, objections to the indictment sh}{\fs24\insrsid9068130\charrsid5188267 ould be made prior to trial; such}{\fs24\insrsid2826369\charrsid5188267 f}{\fs24\insrsid9068130\charrsid5188267 ailure to object }{\fs24\insrsid2826369\charrsid5188267 constitutes a waiver in the absence of a showing by the defendant of good cause.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid2826369\charrsid5188267 People v. White}{\fs24\insrsid2826369\charrsid5188267 , 2005 Guam 20 \'b6 }{\fs24\insrsid2888445\charrsid5188267 14 (citing 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 65.15, 65.45 (2005)).}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid5520430\charrsid5188267 However, }{\fs24\insrsid2888445\charrsid5188267 8 GCA }{\fs24\insrsid5520430\charrsid5188267 \'a7 }{\fs24\insrsid2888445\charrsid5188267 65.15(b)}{ \fs24\insrsid10027603\charrsid5188267 lists two exceptions to this general rule:}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13131278\charrsid5188267 if the indictment}{\fs24\insrsid2888445\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid2888445\charrsid5188267 fails to show jurisdiction in the court }{\i\fs24\insrsid2888445\charrsid5188267 or to charge an offense}{\fs24\insrsid10027603\charrsid5188267 .}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\fs24\insrsid10027603\charrsid5188267 8 GCA \'a7 65.15(b) (2005) (emphasis added).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [11]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid16137177\charrsid5188267 Elements of a crime must be alleged in an indictment and failure to do so, if timely raised, }{\fs24\insrsid8872442\charrsid5188267 is generally reviewed for harmless error.}{\cs18\fs24\insrsid8872442\charrsid5188267 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15469573 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs18\super\insrsid14236712 \chftn }{\insrsid14236712 On October 9, 2006, oral argument was heard by the Supreme Court of the United States on the issue of whether the omission of an essential element of a criminal offense from a federal indictment can constitute harmless error. The Court granted the People\rquote s Petition for Writ of Certiorari to review the Ninth Circuit\rquote s judgment in }{\i\insrsid14236712 United States v. Resendiz-Ponce}{\insrsid14236712 , 425 F.3d 729 ( 9th Cir. 2005), }{\i\insrsid14236712 cert. granted}{\insrsid14236712 , 74 U.S.L.W. 3476 (Apr. 17, 2006)}{\f37\fs19\cf1\insrsid14236712\charrsid14969462 }{\insrsid14236712 (No}{\insrsid14236712\charrsid14969462 . 05-998)}{ \insrsid14236712 . The circuits are currently split on the issue. A majority of the circuits that have addressed the issue have held that such an omission is subject to harmless error analysis. }{\i\insrsid14236712 See}{\insrsid14236712 }{ \i\insrsid14236712 United States v. Corporan-Cuevas}{\insrsid14236712 , 244 F.3d 199, 202 (1st Cir. 2001); }{\i\insrsid14236712 United States v. Higgs}{\insrsid14236712 , 353 F.3d 281, 306 (4th Cir. 2003); }{\i\insrsid14236712 United States v. Robinson}{ \insrsid14236712 , 367 F.3d 278, 285 (5th Cir. 2004); }{\i\insrsid14236712 United States v. Cor-Bon Custom Bullet Co.}{\insrsid14236712 , 287 F.3d 576, 580 (6th Cir. 2002); }{\i\insrsid14236712 United States v. Trennell}{\insrsid14236712 , 290 F.3d 881, 889 (7th Cir. 2002); }{\i\insrsid14236712 United States v. Allen}{\insrsid14236712 , 406 F.3d 940, 943 (8th Cir. 2005); }{\i\insrsid14236712 United States v. Prentiss}{\insrsid14236712 , 256 F.3d 971, 981 (10th Cir. 2001) (en banc). Only the Third and Ninth Circuits have decided that omission of an element in a criminal indictment is not subject to harmless error review; both circuits find that such an error requires automatic reversal. }{\i\insrsid14236712 See}{\insrsid14236712 }{\i\insrsid14236712 Resendiz-Ponce}{\insrsid14236712 , 425 F.3d 729; }{ \i\insrsid14236712 United States v. Spinner}{\insrsid14236712 , 180 F.3d 514, 515-16 (3d Cir. 1999). }}}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid16137177\charrsid5188267 Review of an untimely objec tion to the sufficiency of an indictment is treated differently.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid11615949\charrsid5188267 Although one can raise a defective indictment claim at any time, review of such a claim made for the first time on appeal is limited to plain error.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid11615949\charrsid5188267 Leos}{ \i\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\i\fs24\insrsid11615949\charrsid5188267 Maldonado}{\fs24\insrsid11615949\charrsid5188267 , 302 F.3d }{\fs24\insrsid10307468\charrsid5188267 at }{\fs24\insrsid16137177\charrsid5188267 1064}{ \fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid11615949\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [12]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid8617154\charrsid5188267 It is a cardinal principle of our criminal law that an indictment is sufficient which apprises a defendant of the crime with which he is charged so as to enable him to prepare his defense and to plead judgment of acquittal or conviction as a plea to subsequent prosecution for the same offense}{\fs24\insrsid8659444\charrsid5188267 .}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\i\fs24\insrsid8659444\charrsid5188267 Portnoy v. United States}{\fs24\insrsid8659444\charrsid5188267 , 316 F.2d 486, 488 (1st Cir. 1963}{\fs24\insrsid5319704\charrsid5188267 )}{ \fs24\insrsid8659444\charrsid5188267 (citations omitted).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid8659444\charrsid5188267 Guam law is in accordance with this view, holding an indictment t o be sufficient where it contains the elements of the crime alleged, adequately informs the defendant of the crime to allow him to defend against the charges, and is stated with sufficient clarity to bar subsequent prosecution for the same offense.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid8659444\charrsid5188267 See People v. Salas}{\fs24\insrsid8659444\charrsid5188267 , 2000 Guam}{\fs24\insrsid4720714\charrsid5188267 2 \'b6 19.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid4720714\charrsid5188267 Furthermore, it is also well established that an indictment }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid4720714\charrsid5188267 should be read in its entirety, construed according to common sense, and interpreted to include facts which are necessarily implied.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\i\fs24\insrsid4720714\charrsid5188267 United States v. Givens}{ \fs24\insrsid4720714\charrsid5188267 , 767 F.2d 574, 584 (9th Cir. 1985).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [13]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 Jones asserts that the third charge in the superseding indictment failed to charge him with a crime.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 This assertion is based on Jones\rquote s belief that the third charge fails to allege two essential eleme}{\fs24\insrsid9765850\charrsid5188267 nts of the crime.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 Jones argues }{\fs24\insrsid10307468\charrsid5188267 first}{\fs24\insrsid9765850\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 that the}{\fs24\insrsid8659444\charrsid5188267 indictment fails to allege }{ \fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 that Jones knew that the proceeds were derived from a violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances }{\fs24\insrsid10307468\charrsid5188267 Act and second}{\fs24\insrsid9765850\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 that the indictment fails to specifically identify the violation from which the proceeds were derived.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [14]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 As discussed }{\i\fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 supra}{\fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 , }{\fs24\insrsid10321648\charrsid5188267 since the objection to the indictment was made for the first time on appeal}{\fs24\insrsid10307468\charrsid5188267 ,}{\fs24\insrsid10321648\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 we review the indictment for plain error.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 Before this court grants relief under the plain error standard of review, we must find: (1) tha}{\fs24\insrsid4208244\charrsid5188267 t there was error; (2) that the}{ \fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 error is clear or obvious under current law; (3) the error affected substantial rights; and (4) that a miscarriage of justice would otherwise occur.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \i\fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 Jung}{\fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 , 2001 Guam 15 \'b6 50; }{\i\fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 see also Johnson v. United States}{\fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 , 520 U.S. 461, 467}{ \fs24\insrsid10307468\charrsid5188267 (1997)}{\fs24\insrsid15165523\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [15]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid6884400\charrsid5188267 We}{\fs24\insrsid8617154\charrsid5188267 must decide }{\fs24\insrsid6884400\charrsid5188267 initially }{\fs24\insrsid8617154\charrsid5188267 whether there was error in the indictment with respect to the third charge}{\fs24\insrsid6884400\charrsid5188267 and whether the error is clear and obvious under current law}{\fs24\insrsid8617154\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 } {\fs24\insrsid8617154\charrsid5188267 In so doing, we read the indictment broadly and in its e}{\fs24\insrsid8659444\charrsid5188267 ntirety.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 a}{\b\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 .}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\b\fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 Second scienter e}{\b\fs24\insrsid9765850\charrsid5188267 lement}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [16]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid12344824\charrsid5188267 Title 9 GCA \'a7 67.410(a) (2005) states that }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid12344824\charrsid5188267 [a] person shall not knowingly or intentionally receive or acquire proceeds, or engage in transactions involving proceeds, }{\i\fs24\insrsid12344824\charrsid5188267 known}{\fs24\insrsid12344824\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid12344824\charrsid5188267 to be derived from}{\fs24\insrsid12344824\charrsid5188267 a violation of the [Guam Uniform Controlled Substances Act].}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\fs24\insrsid12344824\charrsid5188267 (}{\fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 E}{ \fs24\insrsid12344824\charrsid5188267 mphasis added).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid3424640\charrsid5188267 Charge three in the superseding indictment states that }{\fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 Jones}{ \fs24\insrsid3424640\charrsid5188267 did }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid3424640\charrsid5188267 knowingly receive or acquire proceeds from transaction}{\fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 s}{\fs24\insrsid3424640\charrsid5188267 that were in violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act of Guam, in violation of 9 GC}{\fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 A \'a7 67.410(a).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 Appellee\rquote s ER, T }{\fs24\insrsid3424640\charrsid5188267 a}{\fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 b 3, at}{\fs24\insrsid3424640\charrsid5188267 2 (Superseding Indictment).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid12344824\charrsid5188267 Jones argues that the indictment failed to charge him with a crime because the indictment did not explicitly recite the second scienter requirement}{\fs24\insrsid7624793\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid12344824\charrsid5188267 delineated in the statute.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13249302\charrsid5188267 Specifically, Jones argues that the indictment failed to charge him with knowledge that the proceeds were derived from a violation of the Act.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [17]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid15821942\charrsid5188267 Indictments, however, need not always plead required scienter elements in precise statutory te}{ \fs24\insrsid2040247\charrsid5188267 r}{\fs24\insrsid15821942\charrsid5188267 ms such as \lquote willfully\rquote or \lquote knowingly\rquote so long as other words or facts contained in the indictment \lquote necessarily or fairly import guilty knowledge.\rquote }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\i\fs24\insrsid15821942\charrsid5188267 United States v. McLennan}{\fs24\insrsid15821942\charrsid5188267 , 672 F.2d 239, 242 (1st Cir. }{ \fs24\insrsid3605670\charrsid5188267 1982) (quot}{\fs24\insrsid15821942\charrsid5188267 ing }{\i\fs24\insrsid15821942\charrsid5188267 Madsen v. United States}{\fs24\insrsid15821942\charrsid5188267 , 165 F.2d 507, 509}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\insrsid15821942\charrsid5188267 10 (10th Cir. 1947)}{\fs24\insrsid5319704\charrsid5188267 )}{\fs24\insrsid13249302\charrsid5188267 ;}{\fs24\insrsid1197906\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid1197906\charrsid5188267 see also United States v. Wallace }{\fs24\insrsid13249302\charrsid5188267 , 578 F.2d 73}{\fs24\insrsid1197906\charrsid5188267 5, 741 }{\fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 n. 6 }{\fs24\insrsid1197906\charrsid5188267 (8th Cir. 1978)}{\fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 (finding an indictment}{\fs24\insrsid1197906\charrsid5188267 that did n}{\fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 ot explicitly include knowledge sufficient to}{\fs24\insrsid1197906\charrsid5188267 inform the defendant of }{ \fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 the nature of the charges, }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid14969462\charrsid5188267 the charge of conspiracy to violate a criminal law has implicit in it the elements of knowledge and intent}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid1197906\charrsid5188267 )}{\fs24\insrsid15821942\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid1977433\charrsid5188267 In }{\i\fs24\insrsid1977433\charrsid5188267 United States v. Clemmons}{\fs24\insrsid1977433\charrsid5188267 , 892 F.2d 1153 (3d Cir. 1990), the Third Circuit undertook a similar review of an indictment.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid1977433\charrsid5188267 In }{ \i\fs24\insrsid1977433\charrsid5188267 Clemmons}{\fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 , the defendant }{\fs24\insrsid1977433\charrsid5188267 was charged in the indictment with }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid1977433\charrsid5188267 knowingly selling stolen bonds}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid1977433\charrsid5188267 in violation of a statute which states }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid1977433\charrsid5188267 [w]hoever with the knowledge that }{\fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 such Treasury check or bond . . .}{\fs24\insrsid1840928\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 is stolen. . .}{\fs24\insrsid1840928\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 buys, sells, exchanges, receives, delivers, retains or conceals any such Treasury check or b}{\fs24\insrsid2257493\charrsid5188267 ond}{\fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{ \i\fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 Id. }{\fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 at 1158.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 Clemmons argued that }{\fs24\insrsid10439599\charrsid5188267 he understood the indictment}{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 to mean that he was }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 cognizant only of the sale, and not of the fact that the bonds were stolen.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\i\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 Id.}{\i\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 Addressing the defendant\rquote s argument that the indictment failed to apprise him }{ \fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 of an essential element of the crime,}{\fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 knowing the bonds were stol}{\fs24\insrsid1840928\charrsid5188267 en, the Third Circuit found }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{ \fs24\insrsid1840928\charrsid5188267 this}{\fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 reading to be unduly crabbed and that an objective reader would understand from the charging document th at the grand jury found probable cause to believe that Clemmons sold bonds he knew were stolen.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 Id.}{ \fs24\insrsid1840928\charrsid5188267 at 115}{\fs24\insrsid5446621\charrsid5188267 9.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [18]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 Similarly, Jones argues that the indictment failed to inform him of the essential element of the crime charged in the instant case, knowled ge that the proceeds were derived from a violation of the Act.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 We find that an objective reader of charge three, which }{\fs24\insrsid11096579\charrsid5188267 charged that the defendant did }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid11096579\charrsid5188267 knowingly receive or acquire proceeds from transaction}{\fs24\insrsid14830794\charrsid5188267 s}{\fs24\insrsid11096579\charrsid5188267 that were in violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act of Guam, in violation of 9 GCA \'a7 67.410(a),}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid11096579\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 would understand that the charge included the allegation t}{\fs24\insrsid4980883\charrsid5188267 hat Jones knew the proceeds came}{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 from a violation}{\fs24\insrsid4980883\charrsid5188267 of the Act}{ \fs24\insrsid14830794\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14830794\charrsid5188267 Appellant\rquote s ER, Tab 1, at}{\fs24\insrsid11096579\charrsid5188267 2 (Super}{\fs24\insrsid14830794\charrsid5188267 seding Indictment}{\fs24\insrsid11096579\charrsid5188267 ).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [19]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid3424640\charrsid5188267 In addition, t}{\fs24\insrsid1838741\charrsid5188267 he }{\fs24\insrsid9315222\charrsid5188267 superseding }{\fs24\insrsid1838741\charrsid5188267 indictment }{ \fs24\insrsid14830794\charrsid5188267 as a whole}{\fs24\insrsid12864927\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid1838741\charrsid5188267 charged }{\fs24\insrsid6649979\charrsid5188267 Jones with numerous}{\fs24\insrsid1838741\charrsid5188267 counts of money laundering, }{\fs24\insrsid6649979\charrsid5188267 along with continuing criminal enterprise, importation of a controlled substance and conspiracy to import a controlled substance.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid11014531\charrsid5188267 T}{\fs24\insrsid6649979\charrsid5188267 he allegation that Jones knew that the proceeds were }{\fs24\insrsid14549101\charrsid5188267 derived }{\fs24\insrsid6649979\charrsid5188267 from a violation of the Act can necessarily be implied}{\fs24\insrsid11014531\charrsid5188267 when reading the}{\fs24\insrsid14549101\charrsid5188267 whole indictment}{\fs24\insrsid11014531\charrsid5188267 broadly}{\fs24\insrsid6649979\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid8933005\charrsid5188267 A review of the superseding indictment, shows that Jones was charged with the importation an}{\fs24\insrsid12666728\charrsid5188267 d conspiracy to import, in the first and second c}{\fs24\insrsid8933005\charrsid5188267 harges, }{\fs24\insrsid15809585\charrsid5188267 with the manufacture or }{\fs24\insrsid8933005\charrsid5188267 distribution of marijuana }{ \fs24\insrsid15809585\charrsid5188267 with the intent to import }{\fs24\insrsid12666728\charrsid5188267 in the sixth and seventh c}{\fs24\insrsid8933005\charrsid5188267 harges, and money launde}{\fs24\insrsid12666728\charrsid5188267 ring in the third, fourth, and fifth c}{\fs24\insrsid8933005\charrsid5188267 harges.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid8933005\charrsid5188267 In addition, Jones was charged with engaging in a }{\fs24\insrsid1270464\charrsid5188267 CCE }{\fs24\insrsid12666728\charrsid5188267 in the eighth c}{\fs24\insrsid8933005\charrsid5188267 harge.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid8933005\charrsid5188267 Reading the indictment as a whole, it is clear that the indictment implied that Jones knew the proceeds were derive}{\fs24\insrsid15809585\charrsid5188267 d from a violation}{\fs24\insrsid14830794\charrsid5188267 of the Act}{ \fs24\insrsid15809585\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid15809585\charrsid5188267 The superseding indictment informed the defendant that t he Government was charging him in all aspects of the importation and sale of marijuana.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid6649979\charrsid5188267 Furthermore, the third charge include}{\fs24\insrsid2435827\charrsid5188267 d a reference to the statutory }{\fs24\insrsid6649979\charrsid5188267 provision that was alleged to have been violated.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid2435827\charrsid5188267 With the }{\fs24\insrsid11014531\charrsid5188267 other counts included in the indictment and the }{\fs24\insrsid2435827\charrsid5188267 statutory reference, the indictment adequately informed Jones of the charges against him.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [20]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid15809585\charrsid5188267 Obviously the drafting of the indictment}{\fs24\insrsid14830794\charrsid5188267 could have been clearer.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid14830794\charrsid5188267 The L}{\fs24\insrsid15809585\charrsid5188267 egislature saw fit to clearly delineate two scienter requirements }{\fs24\insrsid3164910\charrsid5188267 in the statute}{\fs24\insrsid14830794\charrsid5188267 ,}{ \fs24\insrsid3164910\charrsid5188267 and a well drafted indictment would clearly lay out all of the elements of the crime.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid15809585\charrsid5188267 Notwithstanding the poor draftsmanship of the indictment, }{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 we fin}{\fs24\insrsid15809585\charrsid5188267 d that the omission does not rise to the level of plain error}{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 because there can be no doubt that the defendant was fairly informed of the nature of the crime with which he was charged.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 See Wallace}{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 , 578 F.2d at 741 (}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 We }{\fs24\insrsid14830794\charrsid5188267 agree both with the trial judge\rquote }{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 s observation that }{ \fs24\insrsid14830794\charrsid5188267 the draftsmanship of Count I \lquote }{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 may leave something to be }{\fs24\insrsid14830794\charrsid5188267 desired\rquote }{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 and with his conclusion that it nevertheless makes a sufficient allegation to serve as fair notice to defendant.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid3421336\charrsid5188267 ).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [21]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid12666728\charrsid5188267 Furthermore}{\fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 , the defendant does not claim that he was prejudiced in any way.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 Even if this court were to find }{\fs24\insrsid12666728\charrsid5188267 clear or obvious}{\fs24\insrsid3164910\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 error with the indictment, the thi}{ \fs24\insrsid3164910\charrsid5188267 rd condition necessary under}{\fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 plain error }{\fs24\insrsid3164910\charrsid5188267 analysis}{\fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 is not met in the instant case.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 As the indictment included a specific reference to the statutory provision, it placed the defendant on notice with regard to the charge aga inst him and the knowledge required to support a conviction.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 See Leos}{\i\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\i\fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 Maldonado}{ \fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 , 302 F.3d}{\fs24\insrsid6975724\charrsid5188267 at 1061, 64}{\fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 (citing }{\i\fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 United States v. Velasco}{\i\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{ \i\fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 Medina}{\fs24\insrsid6975724\charrsid5188267 , 305 F.}{\fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 3d 839, 846}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\insrsid6975724\charrsid5188267 4}{ \fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 7 (9th Cir. 2002)}{\fs24\insrsid6975724\charrsid5188267 )}{\fs24\insrsid6177867\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid9765850\charrsid5188267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls17\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid9765850\charrsid5188267 Violation of the Uniformed Controlled Substances Act of Guam }{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [22]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid16267811\charrsid5188267 Jones }{\fs24\insrsid14549101\charrsid5188267 second argument alleges that the indictment failed to charge him with a crime because the indictment does not}{ \fs24\insrsid13242509\charrsid5188267 specific}{\fs24\insrsid14549101\charrsid5188267 ally identify}{\fs24\insrsid13242509\charrsid5188267 the violation from which the proceeds were derived.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid16267811\charrsid5188267 As}{\fs24\insrsid13242509\charrsid5188267 discussed }{\i\fs24\insrsid13242509\charrsid5188267 supra}{\fs24\insrsid13242509\charrsid5188267 , we read indictments broadly and as a whole wh en reviewing for the first time on appeal.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid10035108\charrsid5188267 Objections to the indictment, other than an objection to jurisdiction or failure to charge a crime, should be made prior to trial as failure to timely object constitutes a waiver in the absence of a showing by the defendant of good cause.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid10035108\charrsid5188267 White}{\fs24\insrsid10035108\charrsid5188267 , 2005 Guam 20 \'b6 14 (citing 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 65.15, 65.45 (2005)).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid10035108\charrsid5188267 Jones argue}{\fs24\insrsid2758303\charrsid5188267 s that the indictment}{\fs24\insrsid10035108\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid2758303\charrsid5188267 is insufficient because }{\fs24\insrsid10035108\charrsid5188267 an element of the offense is }{\fs24\insrsid2758303\charrsid5188267 missing.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid2758303\charrsid5188267 Specifically,}{\fs24\insrsid10035108\charrsid5188267 the indictment does not identify the }{ \fs24\insrsid2758303\charrsid5188267 particular }{\fs24\insrsid10035108\charrsid5188267 violation from which the proceeds were derived.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [23]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid16267811\charrsid5188267 Generally, an indictment which tracks the words of the statute charging the offense is sufficient as long }{\fs24\insrsid6975724\charrsid5188267 the words unambiguously set}{\fs24\insrsid16267811\charrsid5188267 forth all the elements of the offense.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid16267811\charrsid5188267 See United States v. Givens}{\fs24\insrsid16267811\charrsid5188267 , 767 F.2d 574, 584 (9th Cir. 1985).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid2630683\charrsid5188267 The third charge, with respect to this particular element of the crime, tracks the language of the statute. }{ \fs24\insrsid10035108\charrsid5188267 In addition, courts have held that specification of the predicate offense in a money laundering charge is not required in the indictment.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \i\fs24\insrsid5656910\charrsid5188267 U}{\i\fs24\insrsid10035108\charrsid5188267 nited States v. McGauley}{\fs24\insrsid10035108\charrsid5188267 , 279 F.3d 62, 70 (1st Cir. 2002); }{\i\fs24\insrsid5656910\charrsid5188267 see also United States v. Mankarious}{\fs24\insrsid5656910\charrsid5188267 , 151 F.3d 694, 703 (7th Cir. 1998).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid10904000\charrsid5188267 In }{\i\fs24\insrsid10904000\charrsid5188267 Mankarious}{ \fs24\insrsid10904000\charrsid5188267 , the Seventh Circuit held that a money laundering indictment which did not specify the predicate offense, and instead referred generally to mail fraud, was sufficient.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \i\fs24\insrsid10904000\charrsid5188267 Id.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid8401513\charrsid5188267 Appellant Jones cites }{\i\fs24\insrsid8401513\charrsid5188267 United States v. Joyner}{\fs24\insrsid8401513\charrsid5188267 , 313 F.3d 40 (2d Cir. 2002), in support of his argument that the indictment must identify the underlying offense with spe}{\fs24\insrsid6975724\charrsid5188267 cificity.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid6975724\charrsid5188267 Appellant\rquote s Brief, at}{\fs24\insrsid8401513\charrsid5188267 7}{\fs24\insrsid6975724\charrsid5188267 (Apr. 5, 2005)}{\fs24\insrsid8401513\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid8401513\charrsid5188267 However, }{ \i\fs24\insrsid8401513\charrsid5188267 Joyner}{\fs24\insrsid8401513\charrsid5188267 concerns the submission of the elements of a Continuing Criminal Enterprise charge in jury instructions.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid8401513\charrsid5188267 Its holding is irrelevant in the discussion of the indictment relative to the specific identification of the underlying violation of the Act.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13330869\charrsid5188267 Therefore, we find that the indictment sufficient with regard to the element that the proceeds were derived from a violation of the Act. }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 2}{\b\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 .}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\b\fs24\insrsid12723787\charrsid5188267 Jury Instructions}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid15469573\charrsid5188267 [24]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid6174274\charrsid5188267 Jones asserts that the trial court failed to instruct the jury on two of the essential elements of the Money Laundering charge:}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid6174274\charrsid5188267 (1) that the defendant knew the proceeds were derived from a violation of the act and (2) that the specific violation of the act had to be agreed upon unanimously by the jury.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid8260957\charrsid5188267 Si}{\fs24\insrsid4980883\charrsid5188267 nce no objection was made at tri}{\fs24\insrsid8260957\charrsid5188267 al, we review the instructions for plain error and will not reverse unless (1) there was an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious under current law; (3) the error affected substantial rights; and (4) a miscarriage of justice would otherwise occur.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid8260957\charrsid5188267 Jung}{\fs24\insrsid8260957\charrsid5188267 , 2001 Guam 15 \'b6 50.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid6174274\charrsid5188267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls19\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid6174274\charrsid5188267 Knowledge that the proceeds were derived from a violation}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [25]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 The trial court gave the following instructions with respect to the Money Laundering charge: }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 The People must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, Edward Bonham Stover Jones, II, did:}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 knowingly;}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid1442265\charrsid5188267 receive or}{\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 acquire;}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 proceeds from transactions;}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 that}{\fs24\insrsid351889\charrsid5188267 were in violation of the Unifor}{\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 m Controlled Substance Act of Guam;}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 on or about the period between August 12, 2000 and August 12, 2003.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\fs24\insrsid6975724\charrsid5188267 Appellant\rquote s ER, at}{\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 10}{\fs24\insrsid6975724\charrsid5188267 (Transcript at 154, Nov. 18, 2003)}{\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 .}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid8260957\charrsid5188267 Obviously,}{\fs24\insrsid12597265\charrsid5188267 the trial court }{\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 commi}{\fs24\insrsid4980883\charrsid5188267 t}{ \fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 t}{\fs24\insrsid4980883\charrsid5188267 ed}{\fs24\insrsid12597265\charrsid5188267 error}{\fs24\insrsid4980883\charrsid5188267 in this}{\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 instruction.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 The error was the failure of the trial court to instruct on the mental state required with respect to the nature of the proceeds.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [26]}{\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 \tab The indictment charged the defen}{\fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 dant with a violation of Title 9 GCA \'a7 67.410 (a) (2005), which }{ \fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 clearly }{\fs24\insrsid2170091\charrsid5188267 delineates two mental state elements}{\fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 :}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 a [p]erson shall not }{\i\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 knowingly or intentionally}{\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 receive or acquire proceeds, or engage in transactions involving proceeds, }{\i\fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 known}{ \fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 to be derived from a violati}{\fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 on of this Act.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 9 GCA \'a7 67.410}{ \fs24\insrsid5859199\charrsid5188267 (a) (emphasis added).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid10179702\charrsid5188267 The trial court committed error by failing to include }{\fs24\insrsid12597265\charrsid5188267 in the jury instructions }{\fs24\insrsid10179702\charrsid5188267 the sec}{\fs24\insrsid10687634\charrsid5188267 ond mental state element}{\fs24\insrsid10179702\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid10687634\charrsid5188267 which requires that the defendant knew the proceeds were derive}{\fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 d from a violation of the Act.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid12597265\charrsid5188267 Based on the stat}{ \fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 utory language of 9 GCA \'a7 67.410}{\fs24\insrsid12597265\charrsid5188267 (a), it is clear }{\fs24\insrsid8260957\charrsid5188267 or obvious that the trial court }{\fs24\insrsid12597265\charrsid5188267 erred in failing to include both m}{\fs24\insrsid1442265\charrsid5188267 ental states in}{\fs24\insrsid12597265\charrsid5188267 its jury instructions.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [27]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid14816647\charrsid5188267 The third step under our plain error analysis is to determine whether or not the error has affected the substantial right}{\fs24\insrsid11036169\charrsid5188267 s}{ \fs24\insrsid14816647\charrsid5188267 of the defendant.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14816647\charrsid5188267 The Supreme Court of the United States has articulated the test }{\fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 for reviewing jury instructions for plain error }{\fs24\insrsid14816647\charrsid5188267 as }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid14816647\charrsid5188267 whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury has applied the challenged instruction in a way that violates the Constitution.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\i\fs24\insrsid14816647\charrsid5188267 Jones v. United States}{ \fs24\insrsid14816647\charrsid5188267 , 527 U.S. 373, 390 (1999) (quotation omitted).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14711667\charrsid5188267 It is the defendant who bears the burden of demonstrating substantial prejudice.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid14711667\charrsid5188267 United States v. Olano}{\fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 , 507 U.S. 725, 734 }{\fs24\insrsid14711667\charrsid5188267 (1993).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [28]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid6573340\charrsid5188267 As with indictments, a single jury instruction should not be judged in artificial isolation.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \i\fs24\insrsid6573340\charrsid5188267 United States v. Dixon}{\fs24\insrsid2449068\charrsid5188267 , 201 F.3d 1223, 1230}{\fs24\insrsid6573340\charrsid5188267 (}{\fs24\insrsid2449068\charrsid5188267 9th Cir. 2000).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid15479533\charrsid5188267 Instead, instructions should be considered and reviewed as a whole.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid15479533\charrsid5188267 United States v. Echeverry}{ \fs24\insrsid15479533\charrsid5188267 , 759 F.2d 1451, 1455 (9th Cir. 1985).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13710624\charrsid5188267 In}{\fs24\insrsid6573340\charrsid5188267 discussing the instructions in }{ \i\fs24\insrsid6573340\charrsid5188267 Jones}{\fs24\insrsid6573340\charrsid5188267 , }{\fs24\insrsid8260957\charrsid5188267 527 U.S. 373, }{\fs24\insrsid6573340\charrsid5188267 the Court noted that }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{ \fs24\insrsid6573340\charrsid5188267 instructions that might be ambiguous in the abstract can be cured when read in conjunction with other instructions.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\i\fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 Jones}{ \fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 , 527 U.S. at 391}{\fs24\insrsid6573340\charrsid5188267 (citations omitted).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [29]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid8260957\charrsid5188267 Here, }{\fs24\insrsid15479533\charrsid5188267 Jones argues that the jury did not understand that the elements of the money laundering charge included knowledge that the proceeds were derived from a violation of the Act.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid15479533\charrsid5188267 Therefore, he asserts that the jury }{\fs24\insrsid12984334\charrsid5188267 could have convicted him for mere receipt o}{\fs24\insrsid4345111\charrsid5188267 f proceeds.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [30]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid4345111\charrsid5188267 In the instant case, the trial court gave numerous additional instructions to the jury.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid4345111\charrsid5188267 Among these was an instruction}{\fs24\insrsid9851405\charrsid5188267 regarding the definition of }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid9851405\charrsid5188267 knowingly}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid9851405\charrsid5188267 :}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid9851405\charrsid5188267 A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to his conduct or to attendant circumstances when he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that those circumstances exist.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid9851405\charrsid5188267 A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to a result of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct is practically certain to cause the result.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\fs24\insrsid2821080\charrsid5188267 Transcr}{\fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 ipt}{\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 (}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 Tr}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{ \fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 )}{\fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 , at}{\fs24\insrsid2821080\charrsid5188267 157}{\fs24\insrsid2581474\charrsid5188267 (Jury Trial, Nov. 18 2003)}{\fs24\insrsid1442265\charrsid5188267 ; 9 GCA \'a7 4.30(b) (2005)}{\fs24\insrsid2821080\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid2903312\charrsid5188267 Furthermor}{\fs24\insrsid1442265\charrsid5188267 e, a large portion of}{\fs24\insrsid2903312\charrsid5188267 the evidence presented }{\fs24\insrsid1442265\charrsid5188267 during trial }{\fs24\insrsid2903312\charrsid5188267 focused on whether or not Jones knew the proceeds were derived from violations of the Act.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [31]}{\fs24\insrsid9713220\charrsid5188267 \tab }{\fs24\insrsid544508\charrsid5188267 The evidence presented at trial concerning the money laundering charge consisted mainly of the }{ \fs24\insrsid15887206\charrsid5188267 testimony of Sean McCauley and the defendant}{\fs24\insrsid544508\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid544508\charrsid5188267 McCauley testified that he and Jone s were involved in a narcotics operation in which McCauley would sell marijuana and send a portion of the proceeds to Jones.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid544508\charrsid5188267 Jones testified that the money he received from McCauley was for the sale of }{\fs24\insrsid15887206\charrsid5188267 the remaining }{\fs24\insrsid544508\charrsid5188267 materials, tools and equipment following the close of Jones\rquote business, Island Fence Company.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid544508\charrsid5188267 The outcome of the trial basically turned on whether the jury believed McCauley or Jones. Given the instruction on knowledge and the evidence provided at trial, we find that Jones has not met his burde n of proving that there was a reasonable likelihood that the jury found him guilty for mere receipt.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [32]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid2903312\charrsid5188267 Following the return of the verdict, Jones filed a Motion for Judgme}{\fs24\insrsid13381028\charrsid5188267 nt of Acquittal and New Trial.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid9713220\charrsid5188267 Arguing in}{\fs24\insrsid13381028\charrsid5188267 support of the motion, Jones reasoned that the verdicts demonstrated the jury\rquote s la}{ \fs24\insrsid2624832\charrsid5188267 ck of understanding with regard}{\fs24\insrsid13381028\charrsid5188267 to the knowledge requirement.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13381028\charrsid5188267 The jury returned a guilty verdict for only one of the three money laundering charges in the indictment, charge three.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14711667\charrsid5188267 At that time, }{\fs24\insrsid13381028\charrsid5188267 Jones asserted that the jury instructions given with regard to }{\fs24\insrsid9713220\charrsid5188267 the different }{\fs24\insrsid14711667\charrsid5188267 money laundering }{\fs24\insrsid9713220\charrsid5188267 charges }{ \fs24\insrsid14711667\charrsid5188267 resulted in the verdicts he believed to be inconsistent.}{\cs18\fs24\insrsid4672179\charrsid5188267 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6321150 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid14236712 \chftn }{\insrsid14236712 Although the instructions given for charge five did explicitly outline two scienter elements, the instructio ns for charge four did not. In fact, the instructions for charge four outlined the elements of that charge in a manner that was substantially similar to those set forth in charge three.}}}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid14711667\charrsid5188267 After hearing the arguments advanced by Jones, the trial court judge believed that there was no reasonable likelihood that the jury interpreted the instructions to allow conviction in the absence of knowledge that the proceeds were derived from a violati on of the Act.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14711667\charrsid5188267 We agree.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [33]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid8928144\charrsid5188267 Finding that the error made by the trial court did not affect the substantial rights of the defendant, we need not address whether correction is necessary to avoid manifest injustice.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid8928144\charrsid5188267 The trial court\rquote s failure to outline two scienter requirements does not amount to plain error in the instant case.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid15887206\charrsid5188267 However}{ \fs24\insrsid15542368\charrsid5188267 , judges }{\fs24\insrsid4980883\charrsid5188267 must be}{\fs24\insrsid15542368\charrsid5188267 diligent in preparing thorough and comprehensive jury instructions which track the requisite statutory elements.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid10577562\charrsid5188267 A comprehensive formulation of jury instructions will reduce the likelihood of error}{\fs24\insrsid12189713\charrsid5188267 and thereby conserve judicial resources}{ \fs24\insrsid10577562\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid8928144\charrsid5188267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls19\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid8928144\charrsid5188267 Violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act of Guam}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [34]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid8928144\charrsid5188267 Jones alleges that the trial court erred by not including}{\fs24\insrsid6974168\charrsid5188267 either an identification of the particula r violation of the Act from which the proceeds were derived or an instruction that the jury must unanimously agree on the particular violation.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [35]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid6974168\charrsid5188267 Reviewing the instructions, we find that there was no error with regards to the instructions on the violation element}{\fs24\insrsid14701393\charrsid5188267 of the money laundering charge}{\fs24\insrsid6974168\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14701393\charrsid5188267 Generally, the trial court has wide discretion in its formulation of the jury instructions so long as it covers fairly and adequately the issues involved in the case.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid14701393\charrsid5188267 United States v. Hicks}{\fs24\insrsid14701393\charrsid5188267 , 217 F.3d 1038, 1045 (9th }{\fs24\insrsid16343420\charrsid5188267 Cir. 2000).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid16343420\charrsid5188267 In the instant case, the jury instructions adequately covered all the issues involved.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid16343420\charrsid5188267 The jury instructions, as a whole, included violations of the Act which could act as the source of the proceeds.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid16343420\charrsid5188267 Furthermore, the instructions give n by the trial court judge included a general unanimity instruction.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid16343420\charrsid5188267 Generally, it is sufficient to give a jury a single jury instruction that their verdict has to be unanimous even where there are multiple counts or schemes.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid16343420\charrsid5188267 Echeverry}{ \fs24\insrsid16343420\charrsid5188267 , 7}{\fs24\insrsid15887206\charrsid5188267 19 F.2d at 974}{\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 ; }{\i\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 United States v. Ferris}{\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 , 719 F.2d 1405, 1407 (9th Cir. 1983)}{\fs24\insrsid16343420\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid16343420\charrsid5188267 However, if there is a genuine issue }{\fs24\insrsid15290121\charrsid5188267 that there might be confusion or that a conviction might occur as a result of the jury concluding the defendant committed different acts, a trial court should augment the general unanimity instruction.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \i\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 Echeverry}{\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 ,}{\fs24\insrsid15290121\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 719 F.2d }{\fs24\insrsid15290121\charrsid5188267 at 975 (citing a case which involved multiple schemes to defr}{\fs24\insrsid2624832\charrsid5188267 aud as an example of a case which might require an additional instruction}{\fs24\insrsid15290121\charrsid5188267 ).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid15290121\charrsid5188267 In the instant case, there was not a risk of confusion as the charge did not consist of multiple conspiracies or complicated fact patterns.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [36]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid15546308\charrsid5188267 In sum}{\fs24\insrsid15290121\charrsid5188267 , we find that there was no error in the instruction with regards to this particular element of the money laundering charge.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 B}{\b\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 .}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\b\fs24\insrsid4330542\charrsid5188267 C}{\b\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 ontinuing }{ \b\fs24\insrsid4330542\charrsid5188267 C}{\b\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 riminal }{\b\fs24\insrsid4330542\charrsid5188267 E}{\b\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 nterprise}{\b\fs24\insrsid10695514\charrsid5188267 Charge}{ \b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid15887206\charrsid5188267 1}{\b\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 .}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\b\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Indictment }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [37]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Similar to his arguments with respect to the third charge of the indictment, Jones asserts that the eighth charge failed to allege two essential elements of the crime of }{\fs24\insrsid1270464\charrsid5188267 CCE}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 .}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 The eighth charge of the superseding indictment charged the following:}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 On or about the period between July 14, 2000 and July 14, 2003, inclusive, in Guam, [the defendant] did knowingly engage in a continuing criminal enterprise on Guam relative to a controlled substance by: }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-540\li1980\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls9\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 Committing a felony }{ \fs24\insrsid8723136\charrsid5188267 o}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 ffense under any provision of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act of Guam;}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-540\li1980\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls9\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Which is a part of a series of offenses undertaken by Edward Jones in concert with two (2) or more other persons with respect to whom Edward Jones occupies a position of organizer, a supervisory position or any other position of management; and }{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-540\li1980\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls9\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 from w hich such persons obtained substantial income or resources }{\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 in violation of 9 GCA \'a7 67.409.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 Appellant\rquote s ER, at 3}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\insrsid14238737\charrsid5188267 4 (Superseding I}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 ndictment).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 } {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 The language in the indictment subst}{\fs24\insrsid2624832\charrsid5188267 antially tracks the language of }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 9 GCA \'a7 67.409 (2005).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Generally, an indictment which tracks the language of the statute will be sufficient.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 In the instant case, the defendant asserts that two essential elements were missing, the specific identification of the felony and the specific identification of the continuing series of offenses.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid2624832\charrsid5188267 a}{\b\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 .}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\b\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Specific identification of the felony}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [38]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 As noted in our discussion of the third charge, we read the indictment very broadly when challenged for the first time on appeal.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Citing to }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Joyner}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 ,}{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Jones argues that the felony must be identified with specificity.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 However, Jones}{\fs24\insrsid2624832\charrsid5188267 \rquote }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 reliance on }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Joyner}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 is misplaced; that case dealt with an indictment which contained only two charges, a CCE charge and a conspiracy charge.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Joyner}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 313 F.3d 40, 47}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 48.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Therefore, the indictment charged no other offenses whic h could have comprised the series of offenses required under the statue.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 In addition, identification of the felonies comprising the series of offenses necessary has been found to be unnecessary by the Second Circuit, the same court that decided }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Joyner}{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 United States v. Flaharty}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 295 F.3d 182 (2d Cir. 2002).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 In }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Flaharty}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , the court stated, }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 [a]lthough }{ \fs24\insrsid2624832\charrsid5188267 [precedent]}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 requires that the jury be unanimous on each of the constituent felonies, we have held that an indictment that does not identify which of many all eged felonies constituted the series is not thereby defective.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Id. }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 at 197}{ \fs24\insrsid2624832\charrsid5188267 (citing }{\i\fs24\insrsid2624832\charrsid5188267 Richardson v. United States}{\fs24\insrsid2624832\charrsid5188267 , 526 U.S. 813 (1999))}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 In the instant case, the indictment contained seven other charges, which could have constituted the series of offenses.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 W e agree with the Second Circuit and reject }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 the contention that the lack of specificity meant that the CCE count failed to charge an offense.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Id.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid2624832\charrsid5188267 b}{\b\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 .}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\b\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Specific identification of the continuing series of offenses}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid10516697\charrsid5188267 [39]}{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 \tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Jones contends that the indictment was deficient because it failed to specifically identify the violations that constituted the }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 series}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "} {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 of offenses under the charge of }{\fs24\insrsid1270464\charrsid5188267 CCE}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Again citing to }{ \i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Joyner}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 ,}{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Jones argues that the series must be identified with specificity.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Failure to specifically identify the offenses which comprise the series in the indictment does not necessarily constitute a failure to allege a crime.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Therefore, we find no error in the eighth charge of the superseding indictment.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [40]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 In the absence of plain error, we hold the CCE charge as contained in the superseding indictment to be sufficient.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Thus, the CCE charge stands.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid2624832\charrsid5188267 2}{\b\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 .}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\b\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 Jury i}{ \b\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 nstructions}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [41]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Jones cites to numerous errors contained in the jury instructions for charge eight, the }{\fs24\insrsid1270464\charrsid5188267 CCE}{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 charge.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 As with charge three, Jones argues the trial court erred by failing to instruct on the essential elements of CCE and failing }{ \fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 to give a unanimity instruction}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Again, we review for plain error.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 a}{\b\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 .}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\b\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 Failure to instruct on essential e}{\b\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 lements}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [42]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 The trial court gave the following jury instruction for the eighth charge:}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 The People must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, Edward Bonham Stover Jones, II:}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 knowingly;}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 engaged in continuing criminal enterprise;}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 on Guam;}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Relative to a controlled substance;}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 by committing a felony offense under any provision of the Uniform Controlled Substance Act of Guam;}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 and from which such persons obtained substantial income or resources;}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 on or about the period July 14, 2000 and July 14, 2003.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Tr}{\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 at }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 157}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{ \fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 15}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 8}{\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 (Jury Trial, Nov. 18, 2003)}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Jones asserts that trial court failed to instruct on six elements of the offense.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 In order to determine whether there was error, we turn to the statutory language which defines the crime.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Title 9 GCA \'a7 67.409(a) (2005) states:}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally to engage in a continuing criminal enterprise relative to a controlled substance.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 A person is engaged in a continuing enterprise relative to a controlled substance if:}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 (1)\tab he commits an offense under any provision of this Act and the offense is a felony; and}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 (2) \tab }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 such offense is part of a continuing series of offenses pursuant to this Act}{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 :}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 (i)}{\fs24\insrsid5188267 \tab }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 which are undertaken by such person in concert with two (2) or more other persons with respect to whom such person occupies a position of organizer, a supervisory position or any other position of management}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 ; and}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 (ii) from which such persons obtain substantial income or resources.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 (E}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 mphasis added).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 The court erred in failing to include numerous elements in the instruction which are contained in the statutory language.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [43]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Having determined there was error, the standard under the second step of the analysis is whether or not the error is clear or obvious under current law.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Johnson}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 520 U.S. at 467.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 Among the elements that the instruction omitted was the requirement that }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 the prosecution must prove the defendant occupied a position of organizer, supervisor or manager.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 This has been held to be an essential element of continuing criminal enterprise.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 United States v. }{ \i\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 Vega}{\i\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Figueroa}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 234 F.3d 744, 757 (1st Cir. 2000) (outlining the essential elements of 21 U.S.C. \'a7 848 which is substantially similar to 9 GCA \'a7 67.409(a)).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 In addition, the instruction fails to require that the felony must be a part of a series of offenses which is another essential element.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Hughey v. State}{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 840 S.W.2d 183}{\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 , 184}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 (Ark}{\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 1992); }{ \i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 see also Joyner}{\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 , 313 F.3d at 48}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Furthermore, the trial court failed to instruct the jury that the offenses must have been undertaken in concert with two or more persons.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [44]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 In the absence of direct instruction of these particular elements, we look to the jury instructions as a whole in order to determine if these elements were established elsewhere in the instructions.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 The missing elements were not adequately covered by the trial court elsewhere and the People fail to point us to anything which covered those missing elements.}{\cs18\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10889610 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid14236712 \chftn }{\insrsid14236712 In their brief, the People asserted that all of the arguments advanced by the defendant related to the jury instructions for the CCE charge were moot, and therefore, did not address the flaws in the instructions given by the judge. }}}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Therefore, the error committed by the trial court was plain and obvious under current law.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [45]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Under our plain error analysis, the error must still have had a prejudicial effect on the outcome of the proceedings.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 United States v. Olano}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993);}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 see also Jung}{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 2001 Guam 15 \'b6}{\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 50.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 In the instant case, the prejudicial effect on the outcome is evident.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Due to the trial court\rquote s failure to properly inform the jury of the essential elements of the crime of continuing criminal enterprise, the jury was effectively deprived of their fact finding duties.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 See United States v. Fuchs}{\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 , 218 F.3d 957, 962}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding the omission of a particular jury instruction affected the defendant\rquote s substantial rights as the absence of the particular instruction created a genuine possibility that the jury convicted on a legally inadequate ground);} {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 United States v. Sayetsitty}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 107 F.3d 1405, 1413 (9th Cir. 1997) (finding that a case where a jury was permitted to find the defendant guilty without finding an essential element, due to the failure to include the element in the jury instructions }{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 would be a significant miscarriage of justice}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 ).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [46]}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 \tab Applying the test of whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury applied the instruction in an unconstitutional manner, we find the possibility of such an application to be inordinately high in the instant case.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 As the instruct}{\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 ions were deficient with regard}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 to numerous elements, the likelihood that the jury found Jones guilty without finding each of these elements is considerable.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 At no point during the instructions was the jury informed that the defendant had to occupy a position of organizer, supervisor, or manager; nor were they informed that Jones must have acted in concert with two or more persons.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 At oral argument, the People argued that the conspiracy instruction was sufficient to cover the element in this instruction.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 The relevant portion of the conspiracy instruction given by the trial court alleged that the defendant did }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 agree with; on e or more persons, to wit: each other and a person known to the grand jury.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Tr}{\fs24\insrsid5973340\charrsid5188267 . at}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 153}{ \fs24\insrsid5973340\charrsid5188267 (Jury Trial, Nov. 18, 2003)}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 The People\rquote s argument must fail because the conspiracy instruction required only that the jury find beyond a reasonable doubt that the de fendant acted in concert with one or more persons whereas the CCE charge requires proof that the defendant acted in concert with two or more persons.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Though we will read instructions broadly and construe them liberally, neither the conspiracy instruction, nor any other instr}{\fs24\insrsid5973340\charrsid5188267 uction given by the trial court }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 sufficiently or adequately covered the missing elements.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Therefore, the error did affect the defendant\rquote s substantial rights.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [47]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 With the first three prongs of our plain error analysis satisfied, we turn now to the final step.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 As }{\fs24\insrsid12189713\charrsid5188267 previously discussed}{\fs24\insrsid1454271\charrsid5188267 , this court\rquote s power to review plain error}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 is discretionary and }{ \fs24\insrsid12189713\charrsid5188267 should}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 only be exercised in order to prevent a miscarriage of justice.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid12189713\charrsid5188267 Jung}{ \fs24\insrsid12189713\charrsid5188267 , 2001 Guam 15 \'b6}{\fs24\insrsid5973340\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid12189713\charrsid5188267 50.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [48]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Reversal under plain error review is rare.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 At least one court has held that }{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 [p]lain error will not be found unless [the defendant] establishes that the outcome of his trial would have been otherwise except for the trial court\rquote s alleged improper action.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 State v. Conway}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 842 N.E.2d 996, 1023 (Ohio 2006).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 However, most courts have interpreted the standard necessary to reverse as demanding something short of a showing of innocence.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 See Murray v. Carrie}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 477 U.S. 478, 493}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 -}{\fs24\insrsid5973340\charrsid5188267 9}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 4 (1986) (finding the showing of prejudice required by a habeas petition, that requires a showing }{\fs24\insrsid5973340\charrsid5188267 is significantly higher than}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 what one must demonstrate under plain error).}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 In }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 United States v. Bear}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , }{\fs24\insrsid10889610\charrsid5188267 439 F.3d 565, 568 (9th Cir. 2006), }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 the Ninth Circuit reversed a conviction because the trial court failed to instruct the jury on the defendant\rquote s affirmative defense.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Previously, convictions have been upheld where the erroneous instruction pertained to a fact that was either uncontroverted or supported by overwhelming evidence.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Id. }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 at 570 (citing }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Johnson}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 520 U.S. at 470).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 One court has held that }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 [a]llowing the defendant\rquote s conviction to stand, given the likelihood that th}{ \fs24\insrsid5973340\charrsid5188267 e jury may not have convicted had they been}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 properly instructed, would be a \lquote miscarriage of justice.\rquote }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 United States v. Fuchs}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 218 F.3d 957, 963 (9th }{\fs24\insrsid5973340\charrsid5188267 Cir. }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 2000).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [49]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 In the instant case, the evidence at trial was not overwhelming nor were the facts essentially uncontroverted.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 At trial, there was physical evidence which connected McCauley to the drugs.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 However, the evidenc e against Jones consisted primarily of the Jones\rquote testimony and McCauley\rquote s testimony.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Jones asserts that the money he received from McCauley was for the sale of equipment Jones left in McCauley\rquote s care.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 McCauley asserts the money sent to Jones consisted o f proceeds from the sale of marijuana.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Though there is no precise definition of what would amount to a miscarriage of justice, we find that the result in this case meets that standard.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Here, there is a reasonable probability that the jury convicted Jones without finding each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 It is the duty of the prosecution to prove each element beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 People v. Root}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 , 2005 Guam 16 \'b6}{ \fs24\insrsid5973340\charrsid5188267 13}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 It is evident to this court that to allow the conviction to sta nd would relieve the prosecution of this burden.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 The elimination of this burden on the prosecution would certainly }{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{ \fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{\i\fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 United States v. Dobson}{ \fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 , 419 F.3d 231, 241 (3d Cir. 2005).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 "}{\fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 [T]he omission of an essential element of an offense [in a jury instruction] }{ \i\fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 ordinarily}{\fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 constitutes plain error.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 [This] is consistent with the Supreme Court's instruction that due process requires \lquote proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which [the defendant] is charged.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 " }{ \i\fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 United States v. }{\fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 Haywood, 363 F.3d 200 (3d Cir. 2004)(citations omitted)}{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 (internal quotes omitted)(quoting}{ \fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 }{\i\fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 United States v. Xavier,}{\fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 2 F.3d 1281, 1287 (3d Cir.1993}{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 )}{\fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 and }{\i\fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 In re Winship,}{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 397 U.S. 358, 364}{\fs24\insrsid4611801\charrsid5188267 (1970)).}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [50]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Therefore, all four prongs of the plain error analysis have been met.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Consequently, the defendant\rquote s conviction for continuing criminal enterprise must be reversed.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5973340\charrsid5188267 b}{\b\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 .}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\b\fs24\insrsid5973340\charrsid5188267 Unani mity i}{\b\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 nstruction}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [51]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Since the reversal of the conviction is necessary for failure to instruct on essential elements, we need not address the unanimity instruction issue raised by Jones.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 However, as previously indicated on page 15}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 ,}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 a trial court should augment the general unanimity instruction if there is a genuine possibility that a conviction might occur as a result of the jury concluding the defendant committed different acts.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \i\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 See}{\i\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 Ferris}{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 , 719 F.2d at 1407}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid6321150\charrsid5188267 c.}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 Sen}{\b\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 tencing on a lesser included o}{\b\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 ffense}{\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [52]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 The People argue in their opening brief that Jones\rquote s substantial rights were not affected because he was ultimately sentenced for a lesser included charge , making his appeal with respect to charge eight moot.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 We disagree.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Jones was found guilty of the }{\fs24\insrsid1270464\charrsid5188267 CCE}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 charge.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 His plea for leniency in sentenc ing cannot be interpreted as a}{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 relinquishment of any}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 right}{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 s}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 .}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 The trial court se}{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 ntenced Jones pursuant to }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 9 GCA \'a7 80.22 (2005) which reads:}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 If, when a person has been convicted of an off ense, the court, having regard to the nature and circumstances of the offense and to the history and character of the offender, is of the vie}{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 w that it would be unduly harsh}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 to sentence the offender in accordance with the code, the court may enter judgment for a lesser included offense and impose sentence accordingly.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Therefore, the trial }{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 court\rquote s power to sentence Jones}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 for the lesser included offense was predicated on the CCE conviction.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 Accordingly, we must vacate the sentence imposed pursuant to section 80.22 as we reverse the CCE}{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 conviction.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 W}{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 ithout the conviction, the trial court would have been without the power to impose the sentence in the first instance.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [53]\tab }{\fs24\insrsid8476991\charrsid5188267 Accordingly, }{\fs24\insrsid9267656\charrsid5188267 because we reverse the CCE conviction and}{\fs24\insrsid8476991\charrsid5188267 vacate the sentence imposed und er section 80.22, }{\fs24\insrsid9267656\charrsid5188267 we now}{\fs24\insrsid8476991\charrsid5188267 remand }{\fs24\insrsid9267656\charrsid5188267 the case for further proceedings to ascertain whether the People will proceed against the defendant}{ \fs24\insrsid11293761\charrsid5188267 on }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 the CCE charge}{\fs24\insrsid9267656\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 S}{ \fs24\insrsid4084236\charrsid5188267 hould the People choose to }{\fs24\insrsid9267656\charrsid5188267 proceed against the defendant once more on the CCE}{\fs24\insrsid4084236\charrsid5188267 charge}{\fs24\insrsid11293761\charrsid5188267 alone}{ \fs24\insrsid4084236\charrsid5188267 , the People will not have the benefit of the other charges in the indictment which were helpful in the instant case with providing the defendant with notice of the charges against him.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid13382832\charrsid5188267 A}{\fs24\insrsid9267656\charrsid5188267 lthough we hold the indictment sufficient under plain error review, had there bee n a timely objection, our decision today might be different.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\b\fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 V.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5188267 {\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 [54]}{\fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 \tab We hold the indictment was sufficient with resp}{\fs24\insrsid2171563\charrsid5188267 ect to}{\fs24\insrsid1381979\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid8476991\charrsid5188267 both }{\fs24\insrsid1381979\charrsid5188267 the third }{\fs24\insrsid8476991\charrsid5188267 and eight }{\fs24\insrsid1381979\charrsid5188267 charge}{\fs24\insrsid8476991\charrsid5188267 s}{ \fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 , money l}{\fs24\insrsid1381979\charrsid5188267 aundering}{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 and continuing criminal enterprise}{\fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 .}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 Furthermore}{\fs24\insrsid13595855\charrsid5188267 ,}{\fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 the instructions given to the jury for the money laundering charge do not amount to plain error.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 Accordingly, we }{\b\fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 AFFIRM}{\fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 the conviction for money laundering on charge three.}{ \fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{\fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 However, the instructions for charge eight}{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 , continuing criminal enterprise}{\fs24\insrsid1381979\charrsid5188267 ,}{ \fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 do amount to plain }{\fs24\insrsid2295392\charrsid5188267 error,}{\fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 and correction is necessary to avoid a miscarriage of justice.}{\fs24\insrsid5188267\charrsid5188267 }{ \fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 Therefore, we }{\b\fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 REVERSE}{\fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 t}{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 he}{\fs24\insrsid2452130\charrsid5188267 conviction for continuing criminal enterprise on charge eight}{\fs24\insrsid11293761\charrsid5188267 , we }{\b\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 VACATE}{\fs24\insrsid11293761\charrsid5188267 the sentence imposed,}{\fs24\insrsid8476991\charrsid5188267 and }{\b\fs24\insrsid8476991\charrsid5188267 REMAND }{\fs24\insrsid8476991\charrsid5188267 for further proceedings}{\fs24\insrsid11293761\charrsid5188267 to ascertain whether the People will still pursue the }{\fs24\insrsid5844118\charrsid5188267 continuing criminal enterprise}{\fs24\insrsid5188267 charge against the defendant.}{\fs24\insrsid11285126\charrsid5188267 \par }}