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Cundiff}{\fs20\insrsid13249928 , Opinion\tab Page \chpgn of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid13249928 NUMPAGES \\* ARABIC }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid463650 24}}}{\insrsid13249928 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid13249928 \par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15141802 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop0\shpright0\shpbottom0\shpfhdr0\shpbxmargin\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz0\shplid2049 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 19050}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}} {\sp{\sn posrelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxmargin\dobypara\dodhgt8192\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx0\dppty0\dpx0\dpy0\dpxsize0\dpysize0\dplinew30\dplinecor2\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}} {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop7\shpright9360\shpbottom7\shpfhdr0\shpbxmargin\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz1\shplid2050{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12192}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn posrelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxmargin\dobypara\dodhgt8193\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx9360\dppty0 \dpx0\dpy7\dpxsize9360\dpysize0\dplinew19\dplinecor2\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\insrsid13249928 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pndec\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnlcltr\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pnlcrm\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pndec\pnstart1 {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pnlcltr\pnstart1 {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6 \pnlcrm\pnstart1 {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pndec\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1 }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15141802 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid15141802 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 PEOPLE OF GUAM,}{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Plaintiff}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellant,}{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 vs.}{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 AUGUST CASTRO CUNDIFF,}{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Defendant}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellee.}{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Supreme Court Case No.:}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 CRA05}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 005 \par Superior Court Case No.:}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 CF0041}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 05 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 OPINION}{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Filed:}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 September 27, 2006}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 2006 Guam 12}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on March 20, 2006 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph120\trleft0\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid8944985 { \ul\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 For Plaintiff}{\ul\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\ul\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellant:}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par Alisha L. Molyneux, }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Esq.}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 (briefed) \par Marianne Woloschuk, }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Esq.}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 (argued) \par }\pard \ql \fi-3000\li3000\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin3000\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Assistant Attorneys General\tab \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Office of the Attorney General \par 287 W. O\rquote Brien Dr. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }{\ul\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 For Defendant}{\ul\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\ul\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellee:}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par Richard S. Dirkx, }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Esq.}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par Assistant Public Defender \par Public Defender Service Corp. \par 110 W. O\rquote Brien Dr. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph120\trleft0\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt \clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par BEFORE:}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; FRANCES M. TYDINGCO}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 GATEWOOD, Associate Justice; ROBERT J. TORRES, JR., Associate Justice. \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 TYDINGCO}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 GATEWOOD, J.:}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [1]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Plaintiff}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellant People of Guam appeal from a Superior Court Decision and Order grantin g a motion to suppress evidence filed by Defendant}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellee August Castro Cundiff in this criminal case.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The court affirms in part, and reverses in part, the trial court\rquote s order. \par }{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 I. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [2]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab The following facts were adduced at a hearing on Cundiff\rquote s Motion to Suppress Evidence, conducted on May 26, 2005 and continued to May 27,}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 2005.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The only testimony provided was from Guam Police Department Officers Andrew Atoigue and Jude Ascura. \par }{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [3]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab On February 6, 2005, about 6:00 a.m., police officers responded to a report of a robbery in progress at the Sugo\rquote Naya game room in Agat, Guam.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The victim, Rory Surigao,1{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14436850 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \super\insrsid13249928 1}{\fs20\insrsid13249928 The Indictment identified the victim as \'93Rory V. Surigao.\'94 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (\'93ER\'94), Tab 1 (Indictment). During the suppression h earing, Officer Jude Ascura, who interviewed the victim after the incident, testified that the victim was \'93Rory Serengau.\'94 Transcript (\'93Tr.\'94) at 13 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress, May 27, 2005). It would appear that the discrepancy in the spelling of the victim\rquote s surname may be the result of difficulty in pronouncing the name, or simply a mispronunciation. Using the transcript of the suppression hearing does not assist us, as Officer Ascura was not asked to spell the name during the suppression hearing. At an y rate, neither the People nor Cundiff have raised this inconsistency in this appeal, and there is no allegation that the victim was incorrectly identified.}} was an attendant at the game room.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Ascura interviewed Surigao at the scene, and testified that Surigao said he was held at knife point and robbed of $180.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Surigao also told Officer Ascura said that his assailant frequented the game room.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Surigao had described his assailant to Officer Ascura as a }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 male Guamanian . . . known as \lquote August,\rquote to him, First name, August.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Transcript of Proceedings (}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 ) at 8 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress, May 27, 2005).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Surigao also told Officer Ascura that }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 August}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 was with another person, }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Andrew,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 on the day of the robbery.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [4]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab According to Officer Ascura, Surigao did not give }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 August\rquote s}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 last name, and the surname }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Cundiff}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 did not}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 come up in the initial interview of Surigao.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Instead, the surname }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Cundiff}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 came from Officer R.J. Santiago, the desk watch officer at the Agat Precinct, at some point after the interview of the victim.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Ascura testified that Officer Santiago had advised }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 that he had knowledge of an August, whose last name was Cundiff, who fit the description.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 10 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 According to Officer Ascura\rquote s testimony, Office r Santiago said that }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 279 San Vicente Street, in Agat}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 was the address for }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 August Cundiff.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 15 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Ascura testified that an All Points Bulletin was then issued, because with a suspect and a }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 first}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 name basis description,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 that }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 it\rquote s good enough to put out an A.P.B.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 19 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [5]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Officers Ascura and Atoigue proceeded to the San Vicente Street address, and spoke to Rosario Castro, Cundiff\rquote s mother.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Atoigue testified that they }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 gave the mother the full name}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 when speaking to her.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 9 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 He further testified that}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [s]he said that he doesn\rquote t stay there, he stays at another address which is just right down the street from Sugo\rquote Naya,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 specifically, }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 229 North Perino Street, Agat.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 9 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [6]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Officer Andrew Atoigue testified that he, with Officers Ascura and O.J. Mendiola, went to the North Perino address and }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 were going to inquire if in fact he \endash August Cundiff resided there.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 20 (Mot. to Suppress}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 May 26, 2005).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 At the suppression hearing, Officers Ascura and Atoigue presented somewhat contradictory testimonies regarding their contact with the occupants of the North Perino Street residence, namely, Brian Torres and Francine Dudkiewicz.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 According to Officer Atoigue, upon approaching the residence, he spoke to two people in the front yard, who were later identified as Torres and Dudkiewicz.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Atoigue testified that he }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 inquired if August was there, August Cundiff and Andrew Dudkiewicz, and they said, \lquote Yes, they\rquote re in the room.\rquote }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 So we asked them for consent to search in reference to the robbery, they let us go.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 They gave us consent to go in, so we went in.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 9}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 10 (Mot. to Suppress).}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Ascura\rquote s testimony, on the other hand, did not expressly state that Francine Dudkiewicz was present.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 He testified that he and other officers had spoken only to Torres, and told him that they were }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 looking for an August Cundiff. . . . We asked him if we could enter the residence, he said yes.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 16 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress). }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [7]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Officers Atoigue, Ascura and Mendiola entered the residence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Atoigue testified that when he walked up to the door, he was carrying a shotgun at the }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [h]igh ready,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 that is, aiming the gun.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 24, (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 He further described the scene as follows: }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 When we entered the room \endash the livingroom [sic] area, August was coming out of the room, so, of course, I held him at bay and told him, }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Guam Police.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Get on the ground.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 And then I inquired from him who he was, he said his name was August.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 And I asked him his last name, he say, }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Cundiff.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 10 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Cundiff was then placed in handcuffs.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Atoigue further testified that when asked about Andrew\rquote s whereabouts, Cundiff indicated that Andrew }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 was inside the room that he came out of.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 So we went in there and then Officer Mendiola at the time secured [Andrew] in handcuffs.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 10 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Ascura also testified that the bedroom }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 belonged basically to Andrew,}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 however, the record is unclear as to how he obtained this knowledge.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 17 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress).}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [8]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab According to Officer Ascura, he asked Andrew for permission to search the bedroom, and Andrew agreed.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Ascura testified that he }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 just searched the room, looked under the bed, (indiscernible) basic search, looked into the closet.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 28 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 He testified that a }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 small pocketknife . . . on some clothes on a small ironing board,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 was found in the room.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 16 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Ascura further described the search that occurred after the two men had been handcuffed:}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-2880\li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 A. [by Officer Ascura]\tab I made a check, an area check, at which time the small pocketknife was loc ated, the black bicycle, and the victim\rquote s pouch.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 . . . .}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-2880\li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Q. [by counsel]\tab \tab How did you find those items?}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Did you get a search warrant to find those items?}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 A.\tab \tab \tab \tab No.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 We asked the \endash again, Mr. Torres, if we could make a check around the residence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Q.\tab \tab \tab \tab And what did he tell you?}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 A.\tab \tab \tab \tab He said yes.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Q. \tab \tab \tab \tab So did you have a consent to search the house?}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 A.\tab \tab \tab \tab Yes.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 16 (Con\rquote t Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Specifically, Officer Ascura testified that the officers had recovered a }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 bicycle [that] was in the garage area, and the pouch [which] was in some heavy vegetation area behind the residence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 16 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress). }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [9]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Officer Atoigue testified that he transported August to the police station, purportedly for further questioning, but Andrew was tranported by another officer.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Both August and Andrew were in handcuffs at the North Perino Street residence, when they were}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 being brought to the station, and when they were removed from the patrol car.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 35 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Cundiff was advised of his rights at about 7:40 a.m., which he waived, and made a statement denying any involvement in the robbery of Surigao.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [10]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Officer Atoigue testified that Cundiff told him that }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 he was at the Sugo\rquote Naya game room wit h Andrew until about 3 a.m. . . . He said he was operating a black bicycle. . . . He wanted to take it inside because the owner said that things were getting stolen, so he wanted to bring it into the game room.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 15}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 16 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Although specific details are unclear from the hearing transcripts, it appears that at some point, Surigao was at the precinct and identified Cundiff as his assailant.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 39 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Cundiff was then arrested }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 after his interview, because of the t estimony of the witness [Surigao] and evidence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 17 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [11]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab After Cundiff made this statement and was arrested, Officer Atoigue testified that he and }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 all the other officers . . . were getting all the evidence together . . . All these items that were located, we left it there [at North Perino Street], had it all photographed by the Crime Lab and all that.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 41}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Cundiff then made another statement, about 10:30 a.m., }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 regarding what he did and where all the items were, [and police] later found it.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 17}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 18, 40 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 According to Officer Atoigue, Cundiff\rquote s }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 second statement . . . said that he was there [at the gameroom] at 6 a.m. with Andrew, that he did intend on robbing or taking the pouch away from Rory, the attendant.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 16}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 That same day, Cundiff was brought back to the North Perino Street residence by police, because Cundiff had told police that the }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 money was stashed in a backpack,}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 apparently referring to the pouch that had been found earlier in the bushes behind the North Perino Street residence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 43, 46 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 There was no money inside the pouch. Police also searched the room inside the residence, which was purportedly Andrew \rquote s room, and found glass pipes which Cundiff identified as ice pipes, but which he denied owning.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 47 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [12]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab The People obtained an Indictment against Cundiff, charging him with Second Degree Robbery (As a 2nd Degree Felony), with a S pecial Allegation of Possession and Use of a Deadly Weapon in the Commission of a Felony; Third Degree Robbery (As a 3rd Degree Felony); Possession of Amphetamine}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 based Controlled Substance (As a 3rd Degree Felony); and Monetary Theft and Assault as Misdemeanors.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Cundiff filed a Motion to Suppress on May 6, 2005, and the People filed an Opposition on May 17, 2005.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The trial court held hearings on the motion on May 26 and 27, 2005.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 On June 3, 2005, the court granted the motion to suppress.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 See}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 ER}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 ), Tab 2 (Decision and Order).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The People timely appealed from the trial court\rquote s suppression of evidence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 II.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [13]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Orders granting motions to suppress may immediately be appealed by the government.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 130.20(a)(6) and 130.40 (2005); 7 GCA \'a7 3107(b) (2005).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 III.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [14]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 We review a trial court\rquote s decision on a defendant\rquote s motion to suppress evidence }{ \i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 de novo}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 .}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 People v. Chargualaf}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 2001 Guam 1 \'b6 12.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The trial court\rquote s factual findings are reviewed for clear error.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 People v. Hualde}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 1999 Guam 3 \'b6 19 (citing }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 United States v. Noushfar}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 78 F.3d 1442, 1447 (9th Cir. 1996)).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Issues of statutory interpretation are reviewed }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 de novo}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 .}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 People v. Flores}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 2004 Guam 18 \'b6 8 (quoting }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Ada v. Guam Tel. Auth.}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 1999 Guam 10 \'b6 10).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 IV.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [15]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab This appeal involves the People\rquote s challenge of the trial court\rquote s suppression of evidence, including physical objects from the North Perino Street residence and statements from Cundiff.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The issue requires that this court interpret 8 GCA \'a7 20.35 (2005) regarding the statutory formalities of an arrest, the }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Stop and Frisk}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Statutes found at Chapter 30 of 8 GCA, and the consent exception to the warrant requirement.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [16]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab The People argue that suppression was improper because the failure to comply with statutory formalities of an arrest should not result in the suppression of evidence.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Alternatively, the People argue that the police officers had probable cause to arrest Cundiff.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The People also maintain that Cundiff must provide a nexus between the first (exculpatory) and second (inculpatory) statement in order for the second statement to be suppressed.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The People next argue that the trial court erred in applying the Stop and Frisk statutes, found at Chapter 30 of 8 GCA.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Finally, the People maintain that even w ithout a warrant, the searches were nonetheless valid because of exigent circumstances and consent was obtained.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [17]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Cundiff counters each argument.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 He maintains that the officers had no probable cause, and although Guam \rquote s }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Stop and Frisk}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 statutes allow for brief detentions without probable cause, the officers\rquote actions went beyond any conduct acceptable by law.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Cundiff next argues that where there is a warrantless seizure or search based on consent, the People bear the burden of proof that consent to search was freely and voluntarily given.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 People v. Santos}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 1999 Guam 1 \'b6 33 (Siguenza, J.).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 He argues that the searches here were unlawful because there was no lawful arrest, no probable cause, and any consent given was invalid as to the bedroom. }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 A.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Lawful Arrest}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 1.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Definition of }{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 arrested}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [18]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab We first examine whether Cundiff was arrested at N. Perino St..}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Guam law defines an arrest as follows:}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 An arrest is made by an actual restraint of the person, or by submission to the custody of the person making the arrest.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The person arrested may be subjected to such restraint as is reasonable for his arrest and detention.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 8 GCA \'a7 20.10 (2005).}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Both Officer Atoigue and Officer Ascura testified that Cundiff was not arrested until he was at the police preci nct, and they repeatedly characterized their control over Cundiff as merely detention for questioning.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The testimony they gave at the suppression}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 hearing, however, contradict their assertions.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 a.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Actual restraint}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [19]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Despite the officers\rquote testimony and belief that they had only detained Cundiff, a review of their actions at North Perino Street shows that there was }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 actual restraint}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 of Cundiff, as defined by 8 GCA \'a7 20.10.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Ascura testified that after }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 August . . . was instructed to lay on the ground, [Office Ascura] quickly replaced him in hand restraints (sic).}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 2{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14436850 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid13249928 2}{ \fs20\insrsid13249928 According to Officer Atoigue\rquote s testimony, Officer O.J. Mendiola had placed handcuffs on August. }{\i\fs20\insrsid13249928 See}{\fs20\insrsid13249928 Tr. at 10 (Mot. to Suppress).}}}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 18 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress, May 27, 2006).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Similarly, Officer Atoigue testified that when the man who came out of the bedroom of the North Perino Street residence }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 said he was August,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 then another officer }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 secured him in handcuffs.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 28 (Mot. to Suppress, May 26, 2006).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The officers\rquote testimonies concur that Cundiff had been placed in handcuffs at the North Perino Street residence.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Their testimony reveals that Cundiff was actually restrained and thus, was indeed arrested in accordance with the definition set forth in 8 GCA \'a7 20.10.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 b.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 A person\rquote s belief that he is }{ \b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 not free to leave}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [20]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab As discussed above, physical restraint has been interpreted as an arrest.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Sibron v. New York}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 392 U.S. 40 (1968).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 When the policeman grabbed [the suspect] by the collar,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [the officer] abruptly \lquote seized\rquote him and curtailed his freedom of movement . . . . }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Id.}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 at 67.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Testimony that Cundiff was not under arrest is belied by the fact that he was handcuffed at North Perino Street; this physical restraint of Cundiff }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 curtailed his freedom of movement.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Id.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [21]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab An arrest may also occur even if police have not formally arrested the person, or if there is no physical restraint.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The United States Supreme Court has long held that }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [a] person has been \lquote seized\rquote within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment only if, in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{ \i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 United States v. Mendenhall}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [22]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab The facts of instant case parallel the facts in }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Dunaway v. New York}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 442 U.S. 200 (1979), where police, without probable cause, took the defendant into custody, transported him to the police station and detained him for interrogation.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Id.}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 at 216.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The Court held that the police officers\rquote actions were unconstitutional, and held that }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 detention for custodial interrogation \endash regardless of its label \endash intrudes so severely on interests protected by the Fourth Amendment . . . [that such] trigger[s] the traditional saf eguards against illegal arrest.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Id.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [23]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Here, Officers Atoigue and Ascura testified that Cundiff was not arrested until he was at the police precinct.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 However, Officer Ascura testified that once Cundiff was handcuffed, Cundiff was not free to leave.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 See}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 18 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Atoigue also testified that:}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Ever since [Cundiff] was secured and identified, he was not allowed to go anywhere.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 He was detained.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 17 (Mot to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 It is undisputed that Cundiff was placed i n handcuffs, placed in a police vehicle, and escorted to the police station, where he was interrogated by Officer Atoigue.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 From the officers\rquote testimonies, a reasonable person in Cundiff\rquote s position would believe that he was not free to leave, either from the North Perino Street residence or from the police station.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [24]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab We agree with the trial court that the arrest in this case occurred at the moment Cundiff was physically restrained when placed in handcuffs at the North Perino Street residence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The prosecutor even conceded this during the hearing on the motion to suppress, stating that Cundiff }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 was basically arrested because he was restrained.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 37 (Cont\rquote d Mot to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 It is undisputed that the officers did not obtain a warrant to arrest Cundiff.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 2.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Probable Cause}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [25]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Having determined that Cundiff was arrested at North Perino Street, we must next examine whether there was probable cause to support the arrest.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Without probable cause, the officers\rquote conduct is unconstitutional.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 See Dunaway}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 442 U.S. 200.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [26]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab It is undisputed that the police officers did not obtain a warrant to arrest Cundiff.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 A search or seizure made without a warrant is per se unreasonable unless it falls within the specifically established and well delineated exceptions.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Katz v. United States}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The Court has articulated the following rule when examining the constitutionality of the police officers\rquote search or arrest in a situation as here:}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The constitutional validity of the search in this case, then, must depend upon the constitutional validity of the [defendant\rquote s] arrest. }{ \i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Whether that arrest was constitutionally valid depends in turn upon whether, at the moment the arrest was made, the officers had probable cause to make it \endash whether at that mo ment the facts and circumstances within their knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the [defendant] had committed or was committing an offense}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 . }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Beck v. Ohio}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 379 U.S. 89, 91 (1964) (emphasis added).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [27]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Determining the existence of probable cause requires determining whether officers had }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 reasonably trustworthy information.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 We do not believe, based on the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing, that the People h ave satisfied its burden to prove that the officers had probable cause to arrest Cundiff.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [28]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab According to Officer Ascura, Surigao\rquote s initial identification of his assailant was }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 a male Guamanian . . . known as \lquote August,\rquote to him.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 8 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 From this information, the investigating officers then were notified by Officer Santiago at the precinct desk watch, of a person who }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 fits the description.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 8 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Santiago stated that he }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 had knowledge of an August, who\rquote s [sic] last name is Cundiff, and [who] resides at an address in Agat. . . .}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 10 (Cont\rquote d Mot to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 We are concerned by the record regarding the description of Surigao\rquote s assailant.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Although there is testimony of a person }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 fit[ting] the description,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 it does not appear that any detailed description, other than }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 a male Guamanian}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 was given.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 See Tr. at 8}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 (Cont\rquote d Mot to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Such a description is essentially no description at all.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Furthermore, Surigao was only able provide a first name; without more, this description falls far short of }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 reasonably trustworthy information.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Beck}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 379 U.S. at 91.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [29]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Additionally, the officers\rquote testimonies reveal that they were unsure whether Cundiff was the person identified by Surigao as his assailant.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Atoigue, the primary officer, testified that even with the information given by Surigao and Officer Santiago regarding the person identified as }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 August,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 the officers were }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 not too sure if it\rquote s him.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 9 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 This lack of clear identification is apparent in Officer Ascura\rquote s testimony when questioned about regarding the need for a warrant:}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-2160\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Q. [by prosecutor]\tab Okay.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 After you took this complaint did you obtain an arrest warrant?}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 A. [by Officer]\tab No.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Q.\tab \tab \tab And why didn\rquote t you?}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 A.\tab \tab \tab After I took this complaint, it still was investigated.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 At the time we didn\rquote t know much more of August, who he was, until later.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab . . . .}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-2160\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 A.\tab \tab \tab We didn\rquote t have a reason to obtain a search warrant; }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 we didn\rquote t know who we were looking for at that point}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 .}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 15 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress) (emphases added).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [30]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Finally, there is some question regarding whether the }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 armed}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 robbery even occurred.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Ascura, who interviewed Surigao, testified as to Surigao\rquote s description of the incident: }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 That earlier t hat morning, around 6:05, at the game room, the defendant, August, wanted his game cashed out, and [Surigao] gave August his money, at which time . . . August had grabbed his pouch, and told him that, you know, \lquote I\rquote m going to rob you.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Give me the money.\rquote }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The victim . . . pushed his hand away, told him, \lquote Stop f}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 ------}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 around,\rquote at which time he felt something sharp to the right side of his stomach, looked down, and saw a . . . small pocketknife with a black handle, held by August.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 August had a friend, Andrew, who was telling him to stop, put the knife away . . . }{\insrsid14436850\charrsid8944985 .}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 13 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Ascura testified that Surigao told him that Cundiff had indeed }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 put the knife away.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 20 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Furthermore, when Officer Ascura was asked whether }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 at the time the pouch was taken, there was no knife involved, right?}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Ascura responded, }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Not at that point.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 21}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 22}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress). } {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [31]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab The officers\rquote testimonies as a whole reveal that they were not sure as to the identity of the perpetrator, and that they did know who they were looking for.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The description provided by the victim was only a first name, }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 August.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Although admittedly an uncommon name, the combined information of the name }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 August}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 and a description of }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 a male Guamanian}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 who frequented the game room is insufficient and inadequate to be considered }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 reasonably trustworthy information}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 which would }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 warrant a prudent man in believing}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 that Cundiff had committed the robbery.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Beck}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 379 U.S. at 91. }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [32]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab We hold that there was no probable cause to support Cundiff\rquote s arrest, and thus, the arrest was unlawful.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 In so holding, we specifically decline to adopt the trial court\rquote s rationale for suppressing the evidence, which we address next.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 B.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Statutory Formalities of an Arrest}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [33]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab We next examine the trial court\rquote s rationale for suppressing evidence, as its primary focus was on 8 GCA \'a7 20.35 (2005), which states:}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \'a7 20.35.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Formalities in Making Arrest; Exceptions.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 (a) The p erson making an arrest shall inform the person to be arrested of the intention to arrest him, the offense for which he is being arrested, and the authority permitting the person to make the arrest.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 (b) Subsection (a) shall not apply when the person making the arrest has reasonable cause to believe that the person to be arrested is engaged in the commission of an offense, or the immediate flight therefrom, until the arrest has been completed.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The court held that the formalities of arrest required by section 20.35 were }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 absolute requirements,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 and because the police officers had failed to comply with the statutory requirements, consequently, the arrest of Cundiff was unlawful.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The trial court further concluded that there was no intervening event to purge the taint of the unlawful arrest, thus, the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine applied and required the suppression of evidence gathered as a result of the unlawful arrest and detention.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [34]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab The interpretation of section 20.35 is an issue of first impression for this court.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The source of the Guam statute is California Penal Code \'a7 841.3{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa80\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15880044 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid13249928 3}{ \fs20\insrsid13249928 Cali}{\fs20\insrsid15880044 fornia Penal Code \'a7 841 states:}{\fs20\insrsid13249928 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa80\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15880044 {\fs20\insrsid13249928 }{\b\fs20\insrsid13249928 \'a7 841. Formalities in making arrest; exceptions. \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri1440\sa80\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15880044 {\fs20\insrsid13249928 The person making the arrest must inform the person to be arrested of the intention to arrest him, of the cause of the arrest, and the authority to make it, except when the person making the arrest has reasonable cause to believe that the person to be arrested is actually engaged in the commiss ion of or an attempt to commit an offense, or the person to be arrested is pursued immediately after its commission, or after an escape. \par The person making the arrest must, on request of the person he is arresting, inform the latter of the offense for which he is being arrested. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid13249928 Cal. Pen. Code \'a7 841 (Westlaw, through Ch. 11 of 2006 R}{\fs20\insrsid15880044 eg. Sess. urgency legislation).}}}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 See }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Foreword (1953) }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 in }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Penal Code of the Territory of Guam (1970).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 This court may }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 look to the substantial precedent developed within that state to assist in interpreting parallel Guam provisions.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 People v. Superior Court (Laxamana)}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 2001 Guam 26 \'b6 8.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Therefore, we look to California court decisions to assist us in interpreting parallel Guam statutes.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 1.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Subsection (a)}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [35]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab We examine the trial court\rquote s holding, which Cundiff agrees should be upheld, that the failure to strictly comply with the formalities found in 8 GCA \'a7 20.35 requires the suppression of evidence obtained pursuant to such arrest.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The California Supreme Court, in disagreement with the trial court\rquote s interpretation and Cundiff \rquote s position, has held:}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 If the officer has reasonable couse [sic] to make an arrest, a violation of section 841 would be unrelated and collateral to the securing of evidence by a search incident to the arrest, for what the search turns up will in no way depend on whether the officer informed \lquote the person to be arrested of the intention to arrest him, of the cause of the arrest, and the authority to make it.\rquote }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 People v. Maddox}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 294 P.2d 6, 9 (Cal. 1956) (citing Cal. Pen. Code \'a7 841).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 This holding is reiterated in }{ \i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 People v. Hall}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 396 P.2d 700, 702 n.5 (Cal. 1964), when the court stated that }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [s]uch a violation [of section 841], however, is not a ground for excluding evidence obtained after an otherwise lawful arrest.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Therefore, if there is an otherwise lawful arrest, the failure to strictly comply with the statutory requirements for an arrest does not necessitate suppression of evidence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [36]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab We decline to adopt the trial court\rquote s interpretation that the failure to comply with statutory requirements of an arrest pursuant to section 20.35(a) would necessitate the suppression of evidence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Although in the instant case, we agree with the trial court that the evidence must be suppressed, we disagree with the trial court\rquote s conclusion that the statutory formalities of an arrest set forth in section 20.35(a) are }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 absolute requirements}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 and the failure to comply with these requirements is an unlawful arrest which constitutes grounds for the suppression of evidence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellant\rquote s ER, Tab 2 (Decision and Order).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Rather, we agree with the interpretation of the California Supreme Court, and hold that if there is an otherwise lawful arrest, a violation of the statutory requirements of an arrest under 8 GCA \'a7 20.35(a) does not automatically result in the suppression of evidence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 2.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Subsection (b) }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [37]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Separate from our holding above regarding subsection (a), we next address the trial court\rquote s analysis regarding whether Cundiff\rquote s arrest }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 properly fit within the circumstances under which subsection (b) should be utilized.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellant\rquote s ER, Tab 2 at 5 (Decision and Order).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Under 8 GCA \'a7 20.35(b), the statutory requirements of subsection (a) do not apply when an officer has }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 reasonable cause to believe that the person to be arrested is engaged in the commission of an offense, or the immediate flight therefrom.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 In short, if an officer has reasonable cause to believe a person is committing or fleeing from a crime, the officer may comply with the statutory formalities of subsection (a) after the suspect has been arrested.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [38]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab We agree with the trial court that the record is devoid of any indication that a crime was committed (and there is no allegation that it was committed ) in the presence of a police officer.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 It is not apparent, however, that officers must be in }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 hot pursuit}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 of a suspect; the statute requires only that the suspect be in the }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 immediate flight}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 from the commission of a crime.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 8 GCA \'a7 20.35(b).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 In this case, the robbery at Sugo\rquote Naya was reported about 6:00 a.m. and police arrived at the North Perino Street home about 7:00 a.m.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Although there is a difference of only about one an hour, it is not clear that Cundiff was immediately fleeing the crime scene.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Because Cundiff was neither engaged in the commission of an offense, nor was he immediately fleeing from the crime scene, subsection (b) is inapplicable and the plain words of the statute require that the officers comply with the formalities set forth in subsection (a).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Our agreement with the trial court is limited to this precise issue.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 As discussed above, we agree that the evidence was properly suppressed, but do not believe that 8 GCA \'a7 20.35(a) set forth absolute requirements, such that the failure to strictly comply results in the automatic suppression of evidence.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 C.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Stop and Frisk}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Statutes, Chapter 30 of 8 GCA}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [39]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab We next address Cundiff\rquote s argument that the }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Stop and Frisk}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 statutes, codified at Chapter 30 of 8 GCA, apply to the instant case.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 According to 8 GCA \'a7 30.10 (2005), }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Whenever a peace officer encounters any person under circumstances which reasonably indicate that such person has committed, is committing or is about to commit a criminal offense, the peace officer may detain such person. }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Such detentions, however, are limited to 15 minutes, and }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 shall not extend beyond the place where it was first effected or the immediate vicinity thereof.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 8 GCA \'a7 30.30 (2005).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Moreover, the stop }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 shall be for the purpose of ascertaining the identit y of the person detained and the circumstances surrounding his presence abroad which lead the officer to believe that he had committed, was committing, or was about to commit a criminal offense, but such person shall not be compelled to answer any inquiry of the peace officer.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 8 GCA \'a7 30.20 (2005).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The trial court, in its Decision and Order, recognized Cundiff\rquote s reliance on:}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 statutes that govern situations where individuals are not arrested but instead are detained }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 for the purpose of ascertaining the id entity of the person and the circumstances surrounding his presence abroad which lead the officer to believe that he has committed, was committing, or was about to commit a criminal offense. . . .}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellant\rquote s ER, Tab 2 at 6 (Decision and Order) (quoting 8 GCA \'a7 30.20)).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The trial court, however, did not rule on whether the }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Stop and Frisk}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 statutes applied, having found that arrest infirm on other grounds.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 See}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellant\rquote s ER, Tab 2 (Decision and Order)}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [40]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Police officers may conduct an investigatory stop as }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [t]he Fourth Amendment permits brief detentions when a police officer has a reasonable suspicion that an individual was engaged in or is about to be engaged in illegal conduct.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 People v. Johnson}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 1997 Guam 9 \'b6 4 (quoting}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Terry v. Ohio}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 392 U.S. 1 (1968)).}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Contrary to Cundiff\rquote s assertion, the Stop and Frisk statutes, codified at Chapter 30 of 8 GCA do not apply to the facts of the case at bar, because the contact between the officers and Cundiff was not an investigatory stop contemplated by the Stop and Frisk statutes.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Atoigue\rquote s testimony describes his actions upon entering the North Perino Street residence and seeing Cundiff:}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 I had my weapon right on him and I told him to get on the ground, \lquote Guam Police.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Get on the ground,\rquote and he got on the ground, we secured him.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 We asked him if he was August or Andrew, he said he was August, so we go ahead (sic) and secured him in handcuffs.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 28 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Pointing a weapon at a suspect, ordering him to the ground and securing him, goes beyond }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 ascertaining the identity of the person detained and the circumstances surrounding his presence abroad which lead the officer to believe that he had committed, was committing, or was about to commit a criminal offense.} {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 8 GCA \'a7 30.20.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Such action cannot be interpreted as an investigatory stop; it is not a }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 brief detention}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 contemplated by this court in }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Johnson}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 1997 Guam 9 \'b6 4.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 We reject any contention that the Stop and Frisk statutes apply to the circumstances here, hold, therefore, that t he arrest of Cundiff at the North Perino Street residence was unlawful.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 D.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Warrantless Search of the North Perino Street Residence}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 1.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [41]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Because we hold that Cundiff\rquote s arrest was unlawful, we next examine whether the evidence derived therefrom must be suppressed under the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 See Wong Sun v. United States}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 371 U.S. 471 (1963); }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 People v. Santos}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 2003 Guam 1 \'b6 64 (Carbullido, J.)}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Before evidence may be suppressed under this doctrine,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 the court must initially resolve }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 whether the challenged evidence was come at by exploitation of [the initial] illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Segura v. United States}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 468 U.S. 796, 804}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 05, 104 S.Ct. 3380, 3385 (1984) (alteration in original) (internal quotations and citations omitted).}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Subsequent statements made, even after an illegal arrest, are not automatically excluded if }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 intervening events break the causal connection between the illegal arrest and the confession so that the confession is sufficiently an act of free will to purge the primary taint.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Elstad}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 470 U.S. at 306, 105 S.Ct. at 1291 (internal quotations and citations omitted).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Santos}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 2003 Guam 1 \'b6 65.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The People have failed to present independent evidence, and we have}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 found none, that would }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 break the causal connection}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 between Cundiff\rquote s unlawful arrest at the North Perino Street residence and the evidence obtained from the events at the police precinct.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Oregon v. Elstad}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 470 U.S. 298, 306 (1985).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 In this case, such evidence includes Cundiff\rquote s statements and the identification of Cundiff by Surigao.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 We therefore hold that because Cundiff was brought to the precinct as a direct result of the unlawful arrest, Cundiff\rquote s statements made at the precinct and the precinct identification by Surigao, are fruits of such unlawful arrest and are therefore suppressible.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 2.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Warrant}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 requirement}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [42]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab This court must next examine the admissibility of the items recovered at the North Perino Street residence, obtained through a warrantless search.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [W]arrants are generally required to search a person\rquote s home or his person unless \lquote the exigencies of the situation\rquote make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that the warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\i\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Mincey v. Arizona,}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 437 U.S. 385, 393}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 394 (1978).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 In the absence of a warrant, the police may lawfully conduct a search or seizure only if an exception to the warrant requirement applies.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Chargualaf}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 2001 Guam 1 \'b6 14.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The general rule that warrantless searches are presumptively unreasonable, however, is subject to certain well established exceptions . . . .}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 People v. Camacho}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 2004 Guam 6 \'b6 16.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Exceptions include voluntary consent to the search, }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Santos}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 1999 Guam 1 \'b6 33, as well as police officers\rquote good faith reliance on a defective search warrant and the plain view doctrine.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Camacho}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 2001 Guam 1 \'b6 16.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [43]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab The People argue that the warrantless searches were lawfully conducted, as there were exigent circumstances and that the officers had obtained consent.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Because the trial court based its suppression on the officers\rquote violation of 8 GCA \'a7 20.35, it did not consider the exceptions to the warrant requirement.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 We believe that the trial court erred in failing to address these exceptions, and consider the People\rquote s arguments below.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 a.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [44]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab We first address whether, as the People assert, there were exigent circumstances.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The Peopl e contend that the case involved a violent crime and there was probable cause based on the victim\rquote s identification of Cundiff.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 We note that contrary to the People\rquote s contention, according to Officer Ascura\rquote s testimony, Surigao stated that Cundiff had put away the knife at the time the pouch was taken.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 21}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 22}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress). }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [45]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Furthermore, in light of our holding herein that officers lacked probable cause to support Cundiff\rquote s arrest, we need not make the determination of whether the evidence presented by the officers at the suppression hearing articulate the existence of exigent circumstances.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 See}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Santos}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 1999 Guam 1 \'b6 2 (declining to}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 address }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 the issue of whether exigent circumstances existed at the time of the search}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 because }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 probable cause was never established.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 ); }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 see also Kirk v. La.}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 536 U.S. 635, 638 (2002) (}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 As }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Payton}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [}{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 v. New York}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 445 U.S. 573 (1980)] makes plain, police officers need either a warrant or probable cause plus exigent circumstances in order to make a lawful entry into a home.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 ).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 b.}{\b\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Voluntary consent exception to the warrant requirement}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [46]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab We next evaluate whether there was valid consent to search.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Voluntary consent is a recognized exception to the warrant requirement.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Chargualaf}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 2001 Guam 1 \'b6 14.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Further,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The Fourth Amendment generally prohibits the warrantless entry of a person\rquote s home, whether to make an arrest or to search for specific objects.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The prohibition does not apply, however, to s ituations in which voluntary consent has been obtained, either from the individual whose property is searched, or from a third party who possesses common authority over the premises. }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Ill. v. Rodriguez}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 497 U.S. 177, 181 (1990) (citations omitted).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [47]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab The People argue that police officers obtained consent from Cundiff himself, while he was in custody at the precinct, to return to the North Perino Street residence and conduct a search.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellant\rquote s Brief, at 21 (Oct. 17, 2005).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Because of our holding th at the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine results in the suppression of Cundiff\rquote s statements at the police precinct, it is unnecessary to discuss the consent purportedly given by Cundiff after his second statement, as such statements would similarly be suppressed.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [48]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab We next address the People\rquote s argument that Torres and Dudkiewicz, the occupants of the North Perino Street residence, gave valid consent to the search.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellant\rquote s Brief at 21 (Oct. 17, 2005).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 It appears, from the officers\rquote testimony, t hat there were two separate requests to search the premises.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The first request was made when officers approached the residence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Atoigue testified that }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 we asked [Brian Torres and}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Francine Dudkiewicz] for consent to search in reference to the robbery, they let us go.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 They gave us consent to go in, so we went in.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 9}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 10 (Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The second request was apparently after Cundiff and Andrew had been arrested, as Officer Ascura testified that }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [w]e asked the \endash again Mr. Torres, if we could make a check around the residence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 16 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [49]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab The People bear the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that consent was given voluntarily.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Chargualaf}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 2001 Guam 1 \'b6 25. }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [V]oluntariness is determin ed from the totality of the circumstances. . . . Factors in determining voluntariness include: 1) whether the defendant was detained and the length of time of the questioning; 2) whether the defendant was threatened or intimidated by the police; 3) whethe r the defendant relied on misrepresentations or promises made by the police; 4) whether the person was in custody or under arrest when the consent was given; 5) whether the person was in a public or a secluded place; and 6) whether the defendant objected t o the search.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Id.}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 (citations omitted).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Looking at the totality of the circumstances, and upon evaluating each factor, it appears that the consent of Torres and Dudkiewicz was voluntary.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Neither Torres nor}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Dudkiewicz were detained.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 There was no testimony presented that Torres or Dudkiewicz were threatened or intimidated by the police or that they relied upon misrepresentations or promises of the officers.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Torres and Dudkiewicz were not in custody and not under arrest when they gave consent; they apparently were outside their home.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Finally, there was no testimony that they objected to the search.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [50]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab Furthermore, there was no contention that the officers went beyond the scope of consent when they conducted their search.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The standard for measuring the scope of a suspect\rquote s consent under the Fourth Amendment is that of \lquote objective\rquote reasonableness \endash what would the typical reasonable person have understood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect?}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Florida v. Jimeno}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 500 U.S. 248, 251 (1991).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Here, Officer Atoigue testified that he and other officers asked for }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 consent to search in reference to the robbery,}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 9}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 10 (Mot. to Suppress, May 26, 2006).}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Officer Ascura testified that he asked if he }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 could make a check around the residence.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 16 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress, May 27, 2006).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Both requests were granted.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 It seems reasonable that, as a result, the officers could look around the North Perino Street home.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 According to Officer Ascura\rquote s testimony, after Andrew was arrested, officers in the bedroom saw the pocketknife }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 on some clothes on a small ironing board.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 16 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 In addition, officers found a }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 bicycle [that] was in the garage area, and the pouch [which] was in some heavy vegetation area behind the residence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 16 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 There is no testimony that Torres or Dudkiewicz imposed any limitations on their consent; rather, it appears that they gave consent for the officers to }{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 check around}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 the home.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 16 (Cont\rquote d Mot. to Suppress, May 27, 2006).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Cundiff argues that Torres\rquote consent was not effective as to entry into the room occupied by Cundiff and Andrew, based on Officer Ascura\rquote s testimony that the room }{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 "}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 belonged basically to Andrew.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 " }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Tr. at 17 (Cont\rquote d Mot to Suppress, May 27, 2006).}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 However, there was no clear testimony that the room was primarily and exclusively used by Andrew or Cundiff.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 A third party who has common authority over the premises may give consent to a search.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 United States v. Matlock}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , 415 U.S. 164, 171 (1974); }{ \i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 cf.}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 }{\i\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Ga. v. Randolph}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 , \endash U.S. \endash , 126 S.Ct. 1515 (2006) (holding that the warrantless search of a home, based the consent of one occupant over the objection of a physically present co}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 occupant, is unreasonable and invalid as to the objecting co}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 occupant).}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Here, both co}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 occupants, Torres and Dudkiewicz gave voluntary consent to search the premises and therefore, the evidence derived therefrom \endash the pocket knife, the pouch, and the bicycle \endash are admissible.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 V.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8944985 {\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 \par }{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 [51]}{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 \tab We hold that, notwithstanding the testimony of the police officers, the arrest in this case occurred at the moment Defendant}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 -}{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Appellee August Castro Cundiff was placed in handcuffs at the North Perino Street residence.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 We further hold that in circumstances where there is an otherwise lawful arrest, the failure to strictly comply with the statutory requirements for an arrest pursuant to 8 GCA \'a7 20.35(a) does not necessitate suppression of evidence.}{ \insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Finally, we hold that the testimony presented at the suppression hearing was insufficient to show that officers had probable cause to arrest Cundiff.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{ \insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Therefore, the evidence derived therefrom, including Cundiff\rquote s statements at the precinct and the identification made by the victim, must be suppressed under the Exclusionary Rule as being fruits of the u nlawful arrest.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 The physical evidence obtained at the home \endash the pocket knife, the pouch, and the bicycle \endash are admissible despite the warrantless search, as officers obtained voluntary consent to search the premises prior to recovering these items.}{\insrsid8944985\charrsid8944985 }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 Accordingly, the trial court is }{ \b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 AFFIRMED }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 in part, and}{\b\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 REVERSED }{\insrsid13249928\charrsid8944985 in part. \par }}