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{\title IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\author lroberto}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2005\mo8\dy12\hr9\min6}{\revtim\yr2006\mo3\dy10\hr7\min49}{\version4}{\edmins6}{\nofpages20}{\nofwords8737}{\nofchars49804}{\*\company Superior Court of Guam}
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 A.B. WON PAT GUAM INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY,
\par by and through its Board of Directors,}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par Petitioner-Appellee,
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 vs.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 DOUGLAS B. MOYLAN,
\par Attorney General of Guam}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par Respondent-Appellant,}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Supreme Court Case No.:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 CVA04-008 
\par Superior Court Case No.:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 SP0055-03}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 OPINION}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Filed:}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 February 8, 2005}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 2005 Guam 5}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on October 28, 2004
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
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\par }{\ul\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Attorney for Respondent-Appellant:}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par Robert M. Weinberg, Esq.
\par Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par Civil Division
\par Guam Judicial Center, Suite 2-200E
\par 120 West O}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Brien Drive
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\par }{\ul\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Attorney for Petitioner-Appellee}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 :
\par David A. Mair, Esq. 
\par Mair, Mair, Spade & Thompson
\par A Professional Corporation
\par Attorneys at Law
\par 238 A.F.C. Flores Street
\par Suite 801, Pacific News Building
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\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 BEFORE: FRANCES M. TYDINGCO-GATEWOOD, Chief Justice (Acting)}{\cs15\super\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5839713 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
  Chief Justice F. Philip Carbullido recused himself from deciding this matter.  Associate Justice Tydingco-Gatewood, as the senior member of the panel, was designated as the Acting Chief Justice.}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
; JOHN A. MANGLONA and ALEXANDRO C. CASTRO, }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Justices Pro Tempore}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 .}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 PER CURIAM: }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [1]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab This is an appeal from the trial court}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s final judgment granting mandamus relief to the Guam International Airport Authority (GIAA), directing the Attorney General of Guam, Douglas B. Moylan, to approve as to form and legality a legal services contract between GIAA and a private law firm.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Attorney General asserts that when the United States Congress designated his office as the }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Chief Legal Officer}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  of the Government of Guam through the 1998 Amendments t
o the Organic Act of Guam(}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 1998 Amendments}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ), common law powers attached to his office which cannot be modified, restricted, or removed by local legislation.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 As such, 
the Attorney General contends that Title 12 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 1108, which authorizes GIAA to retain outside counsel, and Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 30109, which authorizes GIAA to use its own legal counsel instead of the Attorney General to conduct civil actions in which it is an interested party, are unconstitutional.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [2]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab We hold that the 1998 Amendments bestowed common law powers and duties upon the Attorney General of Guam.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 We further hold that those common law powers and duties may be subject to increase, alteration or abridgement by the Guam Legislature.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Because we hold that Title 12 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108(a) and (c) and Title 5 GCA }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  30109 are valid exercises of the Guam Legislature}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s constitutional powers granted by the Organic Act, the trial court judgment is }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 AFFIRMED}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 .
\par 
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\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [3]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab In 1998, Congress amended the Organic Act to provide, among other things, that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [t]he Attorney General of Guam shall be the Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Guam.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 48 U.S.C. }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1421g(d)(1) (West, WESTLAW through Dec. 23, 2004).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Prior to the 1998 Amendments, the Guam Legislature enacted legislation which authorized GIAA to retain private counsel.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Title 12 GCA}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108(a) and (c) (2002).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Also, prior to the 1998 Amendments, the Guam Legislature had enacted legislation prohibiting the execution of contracts for the services of legal counsel in the executive branch without the approval of the Attorney 
General as to form and legality.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  5121 and 5150 (2004).}{\insrsid5839713 
\par }{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [4]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab In a letter dated January 28, 2003, the Attorney General advised GIAA}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s Executive Manager that he had been informed of efforts to retain private counsel by government agencies such as GIAA.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Appellant}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s Excerpts of Record (}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ER}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ), pp. 68-70 (Letter from Moylan to Thompson of 1/28/03).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Attorney General noted that his approval was required }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\ul\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 prior}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  to any private attorney being retained to represent the government of Guam.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  (alteration in original).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
The Attorney General further requested that GIAA execute a memorandum of understanding (}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 MOU}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ) }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 to begin our relationship.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [5]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab On February 11, 2003, the MOU was sent by the Attorney General to GIAA, the thrust of which required that the Attorney General would hire the attorney to work for GIAA at GIAA
}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s expense, and further, that GIAA would provide such attorney with supplies and equipment and one staff person at its expense.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Appellee}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s Supplemental Excerpts of Record (}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 SER}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ), Tab 3 (Memorandum from Guthrie to Thompson of 2/11/03). 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [6]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab 
A few days after completing the procurement process, on March 3, 2003, GIAA sent the executed legal services contract with the private law firm of Mair Mair Spade & Thompson to the Attorney General for his approval.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Appellee}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s SER, Tab 6, Ex. 4 (Mair Decl.).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
That same day, the Attorney General filed suit in the District Court of Guam against the Executive Manager of GIAA.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Appellee}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s SER, Tab 6, Ex. 5 (Mair Decl., }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 8). The federal action was dismissed on April 1, 2003.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Appellee}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s SER, Tab 11 (Order).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [7]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab GIAA filed a Petition for Writ of Mandamus against the Attorney General in the Superior Court of Guam on March 7, 2003.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Appellant}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s ER, p. 1 (Petition for Writ of Mandamus).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
The Petition was granted by the trial court on May 12, 2003, Appellant}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s ER, p. 120 (Decision and Order on Writ of Mandate), and final judgment granting mandamus relief was filed on January 30, 2004.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Appellant}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s ER, pp. 138-39 (Final Judgment Granting Peremptory Writ of Mandamus) .}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 This appeal followed.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 II.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [8]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab This court has jurisdiction to }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 hear appeals over any cause in Guam decided by the Superior Court of Guam . . .}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 48 U.S.C. 1424-1(a)(2) (West, WESTLAW through Dec. 23, 2004).}{
\cs15\super\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5839713 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
  At the time of the filing of this appeal from a judgment granting mandamus relief, this court}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
s jurisdiction was based on Title 7 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713  3107 (2004).}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713 
\par }{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [9]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab An appeal from trial court judgment granting mandamus relief, where there are no issues of fact in dispute, is reviewed }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 de novo}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 .}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Holmes v. Territorial Land Use Comm}{\i\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 n}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
, 1998 Guam 8, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  6.
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [10]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Mandamus relief is an extraordinary remedy employed in extreme situations.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Guam Publ}{\i\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
ns, Inc. v. Superior Court}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 1996 Guam 6, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  10.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 A writ of mandate may be used to compel the performance of a legal duty.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Title 7 GCA }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  31202 (1994); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 People v. Superior Court of Guam (Laxamana)}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 2001 Guam 26, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  12; }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
see also Envtl. Prot. Info. Ctr., Inc. v. Maxxam Corp.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 6 Cal. Rptr. 2d 665, 670 (Dist. Ct. App. 1992) (}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The [writ of mandate] lies to compel the performance of a legal duty imposed on a government official.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 A writ may be issued where a beneficially interested party establishes that he has no plain, speedy and adequate remedy available at law.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  31203 (1994);}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Laxamana}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 2001 Guam 26 at }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  12.}
{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 III.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [11]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab In this case, a writ of mandate was issued to compel the Attorney General to approve as to form and legality the legal services contract between GIAA and the Mair law firm.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The issue of wh
ether the Attorney General has a legal duty to act and GIAA has a clear, present and beneficial right to performance of that duty, turns on a resolution of the constitutionality of Title 12 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108(a) and (c) and Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  30109.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 In other words, we must first address whether Title 12 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108(a) and (c) and Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  30109 are in conflict with the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s role as Chief Legal Officer.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
The answer to such inquiry requires this court to determine the broader issue of whether the Attorney General, as Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Guam, is vested with common law powers, and if so, the scope of such powers.}{\insrsid5839713 

\par }{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [12]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab The Attorney General argues that the Guam Legislature is without authority to diminish the powers and duties of the Attorney General, who, by virtue of th
e express language found in the Organic Act, is the Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Guam.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 In particular, the Attorney General argues that:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  
}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 (1) congressional history reflects that the legislative intent behind the 1998 Amendments was not merely t
o change the method of selecting the Attorney General, rather, the legislative intent was to incorporate the common law powers of the Attorney General, which would not be subject to prescription by the Guam Legislature; (2) as Chief Legal Officer, the Att
o
rney General is endowed with inherent common law powers, which include ensuring that a unified and consistent legal policy of the government of Guam is set, and being accountable for the conduct of all suits and other judicial proceedings involving the go
v
ernment of Guam; (3) because the Attorney General is the Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Guam, and because GIAA is an instrumentality of the government of Guam, it logically follows that, under the plain meaning rule, the Attorney General is the 
attorney for GIAA; and (4) the approval of private counsel for GIAA involves a discretionary act, and therefore, mandamus will not lie to dictate the exercise of a such discretionary act in a particular manner.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 In support of his arguments, the Attorney General relies on case law from Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, Washington, Indiana, Florida and California.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 

\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [13]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab GIAA opposes each of the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s contentions, and asserts that:}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 (1) congressional history does not support the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s arguments, but rather,}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 the legislative history is void of any indication that Congress intended to preempt, or restrict, the Legislature}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s powers to allow government agencies such as GIAA to retain independent counsel; (2) the Organic Act does not prohibit the Guam Legislature from limiting the powers of the Attorney General, and further, may permit government 
of Guam agencies to retain independent counsel; (3) local law has not been preempted by federal law; (4) mandamus relief is appropriate because the approval of contracts is purely a ministerial act; (5) the Attorney General is statutorily required to repr
esent line agencies; and (6) the Guam Legislature, and not the Attorney General, is responsible for determining public policy.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
GIAA distinguishes the cases cited by the Attorney General and maintains that they are inapplicable to the facts before us, and t
herefore urges this court to follow case law from the jurisdictions of Arizona, Kentucky, Missouri, North Dakota, Oklahoma and Utah.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [14]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab We begin our analysis with a discussion of the relevant statutory provisions.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 A.}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Relevant Statutory Provisions}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [15]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab 
The Attorney General contends that the local statutes which authorize the GIAA to retain outside counsel are inconsistent with the Attorney General provision found in section 1421g(d)(1) of the Organic Act, which provides that }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [t]he Attorney General of Guam shall be the Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Guam.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1421g(d)(1).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [16]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Specifically, Title 12 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108 authorizes GIAA to appoint an attorney, and further defines the attorney}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s role as counsel to GIAA.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 It provides in part: 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 (a) The [GIAA] Board may also app
oint . . . an attorney, all of whom shall serve at the pleasure of the Board. . . . (c) The Attorney, who must have been admitted to the practice of law in Guam, shall advise the Board and the Executive Director on all legal matters to which the Authority
 
is a party or in which the Authority is legally interested, and may represent the Authority in connection with legal matters before the Legislature, boards and other agencies of the Territory or of the United States. The Attorney for the Authority shall r
epresent the Authority in litigation concerning the affairs of the Authority.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par Title 12 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108 (2002).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 

\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [17]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Guam}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s procurement laws requires that all legal service
s contracts for the executive branch be approved by the Attorney General.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Specifically, Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  5121(b) states:
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
No contract for the services of legal counsel in the Executive Branch shall be executed without the approval of the Attorney General. Nothing in this Section or Chapter shall preclude the Attorney General or his designee from participating in negotiations
 for any contract upon the request of the government officer or agency primarily responsible for such negotiations.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  5121(b) (2004).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }
{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [18]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab However, Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  5150 states that the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s role with respect to the approval of procurement contracts is to determine correctness as to form and legality.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Section 5150 states: 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Att
orney General, the Deputy Attorney General or such Assistant Attorneys General as the Attorney General may designate, shall serve as legal counsel and provide necessary legal services to the Policy Officer and the General Services Agency. }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Attorney General shall, in addition, when he approves contracts, determine not only the correctness of their form, but their legality.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 In making such a determination of legality, he may require any or all agencies involved in the contract to supply him with evidence th
at the required procedures precedent to executing the contract were carried out. He may prescribe the forms and format required to be followed by the agencies in aiding him in his determination of legality.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  5150 (2004) (emphasis added).
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [19]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab 
Moreover, although the Attorney General is authorized to institute civil actions on behalf of the Government of Guam, an individual agency such as GIAA may instead utilize its outside counsel for such purposes.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Specifically, Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 30109(c) states that the Attorney General may }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
[c]onduct on behalf of the government of Guam all civil actions in which the government is a
n interested party; provided that those branches, departments or agencies which are authorized to employ their own legal counsel may use them instead of the Attorney General.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  30109(c) (2003).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 

\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [20]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Accordingly, the issue for this court}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s determination is whether the above statutory provisions are in conflict with the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s role as Chief Legal Officer and thus unconstitutional.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 As previously stated, the answer to such issue requires this court to determine, in the first instance, whether the Attorney General, as Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Gua
m by virtue of the Organic Act, is vested with all powers at common law, and if so, whether such powers may be altered by the Legislature.}{\insrsid5839713 
\par }{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 B.}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Legislature}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s Organic Act Powers and Constitutional Challenges to Local Law}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [21]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
The Organic Act serves the function of a constitution for Guam.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Haeuser v. Dep}{\i\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 t of Law}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 97 F.3d 1152, 1156 (9th Cir. 1996); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 see also People v. Perez,}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1999 Guam 2, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  15 (}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Until Guam creates its own Constitution, the Organic Act of Guam is the equivalent of Guam's Constitution.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Section 1423a of the Organic Act, as amended by Congress in 1998, states that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
[t]he legislative power of Guam shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation not inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter and the laws of the United States applicable to Guam.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1423a (West, WESTLAW through Dec. 23, 2004).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Congress}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  intent in amending section 1423a was to }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 clarif[y] the legislature}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s power[s] }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 to provide Guam with a greater measure of self-government.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '" }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
In re Request of Gov. Felix P. Camacho Relative to the Interpretation and Application of Section 6 and 9 of the Organic Act of Guam}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 2004 Guam 10, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  33 (quoting }{\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 H.R. Rep. No.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  105\_742 (1998), 1998 WL 658802 at *3).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 While we recognize the broad authority granted the Legislature in the Organic Act, we are equally cognizant of the }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 well-established principle in this jurisdiction that the Guam Legislature cannot enact laws which are in derogation of the provisions of the Organic Act.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 In re Request of Gov. Felix P. Camacho Relative to the Interpretation and Application of Section 11 of the Organic Act of Guam}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 2003 Guam 16, }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  15 n.5; }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 see also Haeuser}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
, 97 F.3d at 1156 (observing that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Guam}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s self\_government is constrained by the Organic Act, and [thus] the courts must invalidate Guam statutes in derogation of the Organic Act.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  ).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Whether a law or statute violates the Organic Act is a question of law.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See Perez,}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1999 Guam 2 at }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  6.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [22]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab  In assessing whether a law enacted by the Guam Legislature comports with the Organic Act, we }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 must begin with the general rule that legislative enactments are presumed to be constitutional.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 In re Request of Gov. Carl T.C. Gutierrez Relative to the Organicity and Constitutionality of Public Law 26-35}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 2002 Guam 1, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  41.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Here, the Attorney General raises the issue of whether Title 12 GCA }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 1108(a) and (c), which authorize GIAA to retain private counsel to represent its 
interests in legal matters, is unconstitutional because it is in derogation of 1421g of the Organic Act, which creates the office of the Attorney General, and designates such officer as the Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Guam. Accordingly, the A
ttorney General bears the burden of proving the unconstitutionality of Title 12 GCA sections 1108(a) and (c).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  (}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [H]e who alleges the unconstitutionality of an act bears the burden of proof . . . .}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [T]he validity of sections 1108(a) and (c) }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 is to be upheld if at all possible with all doubt resolved in favor of legality[,] and unconstitutionality will be decreed only whe
n no other reasonable alternative presents itself.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 C.}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Guam}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 1.}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Legislative and Other History}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [23]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab The Attorney General argues that the congressional record with respect to section 1421g(d) of the Organic reflects that the }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Attorney General is endowed with an entirely different character because it was }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 organically}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  created by Congress, not created or defined in local law.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 And until Congress says otherwise, the Office is immune from local control, be that executive or legislative interference or prescription.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Appellant}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s Opening Brief, p. 15 (June 14, 2004). 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [24]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab The strongest piece of legislative history in support of the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s interpretation of the 1998 Amendments is the testimony and correspondence of the former Compiler of Laws Charles Troutman, in response to the amendments proposed by former Congressman Robert Underwood, Guam}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s congressional delegate.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 More specifically, in a letter dated July 16, 1997 to Congressman Underwood, the Compiler stated, }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 inter alia}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
if there is any substantive meaning to your amendment, the Attorney General needs to have some basic constitutional powers that are not subject to the Legislature}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s total will.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Appellant}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s ER, p. 37 (Letter from Compiler to Congressman Underwood of 7/17/97).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Thus, the Compiler recommended the following language, which he claims }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 is the same idea as expressed in the 1970 Illinois Constitution:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [The legislature shall] set forth the duties and compensation of the Attorney General, }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 who, in addition,
}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  shall be the chief legal officer of the Government of Guam having cognizance over all legal matters in which the government is anywise interested.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  at p. 37.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Explaining the above language, the Compiler further stated, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
I do not see this language as eliminating the use of outside counsel for various agencies, but would keep a check on having many and diverse legal }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 empires}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  within the government of Guam.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  at p. 37.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 It is important to note, however, that the bill apparently was not amended to reflect the Compiler}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s changes.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [25]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Furthermore, in his testimony before the Committee on Resources, on October 29, 1997, the Compiler opined that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 the present proposal is seriously deficient.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\cs15\super\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5839713 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
  Note that the Compiler enumerated three reasons for the deficiency: first, he recommended repeal of the language regarding the public prosecutor; second, he recommended clarification of the duties of the Attorney General; third, he recomm
ended strengthening the tenure of the office so that the Attorney General could only be removed for cause if appointed, and by recall, if elected.  Only the issue regarding the duties of the position are relevant for our purposes and thus, it is not neces
sary to discuss the Compiler}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 s other concerns.  }}}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Appellant}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s ER, p. 42 (Acting}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Attorney General Charles H. Troutman, Witness Testimony before the Comm. on Resources (Oct. 29, 1997)).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
The Compiler expressed no preference for either an appointed or elected Attorney General, as long as the position was created in the Organic Act, and }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 the overall duties and functions [are] provided [for] in the Organic Act, much as is found in the Constitution of the State of Illinois.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Compiler suggested the following language:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Attorney Gener
al shall be the chief legal officer of the territory of Guam and shall have such other duties and such compensation as the Legislature may provide by law.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Significantly, Congress did not add the language suggested by the Compiler.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [26]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab While the Compiler clarified his stance on the constitutional role of the Attorney General, his proposed amendments were not wholly adopted by Congress.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Thus, his comments are not relevant to the issue of whether the Legislature may authorize agencies to hire outside counsel.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Rather, because Congress apparently decided not to insert }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 any}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  language regarding the Legislature}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s authority in relation to the powers and duties of the Attorney General, it appears that Congress preferred not to tie the hands of the Legislature in this regard.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [27]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Based on our review of the legislative and other history surrounding section 1421g of the Organic Act, which we discuss in detail below, we reject the Attorney General}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s assertion that Congress intended that his office be immune from all legislative control.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [28]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab The office of the Attorney General as it exists today was constitutionally created by virtue of the Guam Organic Act Amendments of 1998. H.R. 2370, 105th Cong. (1998).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Codified at 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 1421g, the provision relative to the Attorney General states in its entirety:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 (d) Attorney General
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
(1) The Attorney General of Guam shall be the Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Guam. At such time as the Office of the Attorney General of Guam shall next become vacant, the Attor
ney General of Guam shall be appointed by the Governor of Guam with the advice and consent of the legislature, and shall serve at the pleasure of the Governor of Guam.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 (2) Instead of an appointed Attorney General, the legislature may, by law, provide for 
the election of the Attorney General of Guam by the qualified voters of Guam in general elections after 1998 in which the Governor of Guam is elected. The term of an elected Attorney General shall be 4 years. The Attorney General may be removed by the peo
ple of Guam according to the procedures specified in section 1422d of this title or may be removed for cause in accordance with procedures established by the legislature in law. A vacancy in the office of an elected Attorney General shall be filled}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 66 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li2160\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
(A) by appointment by the Governor of Guam if such vacancy occurs less than 6 months before a general election for the Office of Attorney General of Guam; or
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li2160\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 (B) by a special election hel
d no sooner than 3 months after such vacancy occurs and no later than 6 months before a general election for Attorney General of Guam, and by appointment by the Governor of Guam pending a special election under this subparagraph.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1421g.
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [29]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
As reported from the Committee on Resources, the purpose of H.R. 2370 [was] to amend the Organic Act of Guam to clarify local executive and legislative provisions in such Act.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
H.R. Rep. No.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  105\_742, 105th Cong. (1998), available at 1998 WL 658802, at *2.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
It is worth noting that while H.R. 2370 amended the Organic Act to create the office of the Attorney General and give such office the title of Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Guam, it also expanded the local legislative power to include }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 all rightful subjects of legislation}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 not inconsistent with [the Organic Act],}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  in order to achieve }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 a greater measure of self-government equal to that of the U.S. Virgin Islands.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  at *3 (emphasis added).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [30]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Specifically in relation to the Attorney General provisions in H.R. 2370, the House Report states,}{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  in its entirety}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 :
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Guam}{\i\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s Attorney General is currently appointed }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 by the Governor of Guam w
ith the advice and consent of the Guam Legislature. The appointment of the Attorney General is to a four year term or until the end of the term of the appointing Governor, whichever is sooner. The Governor may remove }{\insrsid15686445 
the Attorney General for cause.}{\insrsid5839713 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Controversies have arisen in the past because of the appointment nature}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 of the position of Attorney General.}{\i\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Public concerns revolve around political interference with investigations, inefficiency of case work and dismissal of the Attorney General without cause. 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
In response to the growing number of complaints, a survey was conducted to determine an acceptable resolution. It was clear that respondents (69%) favored an elected position. The survey also asked whether the position should be mandated by Congress, or
 left to the Guam Legislature to create. A slight majority of citizens favored local legislation. An amendment to Guam's Organic Act is needed to allow for an elected Attorney General. }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
This legislation provides a mechanism for elected legislators to act on this issue.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  at *2-3 (emphases added).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [31]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Thus, it appears that the provisions with respect to the Attorney General were in direct response to controversies resulting from the }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 appointment nature}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  of the Attorney General.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
The House Report also alludes to a survey conducted on Guam which sought feedback from residents as to whether they desired an elected Attorney General, and if so, whether Congress shoul
d mandate the elected office, or whether the creation of the elected office should be left to local legislators.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
According to the survey, 69% of respondents desired an elected Attorney General.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Of the 69% desiring an elected Attorney General, a slight ma
jority wished to leave the creation of the elected office to the local legislature.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
It can be argued that H.R. 2370 was thus a direct response by Congress to the desires of the people of Guam as reflected by the survey results }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 66 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  through the 1998 Amendments, Congress authorized the Legislature, if it so desired, to change the appointed nature of the Attorney General to an elected one.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [32]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Moreover, with respect to committee action, the House Report states that an amendment by way of a substitute bill was offered and adopted by the committee.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 This substitute bill H.R. 2370 thus focused on changes regarding the }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 elective}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 nature of the Attorney General, and quorum size and powers of the Legislature.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Specifically, the House Report provides:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
On July 29, 1998, the Committee met to mark up H.R. 2370. An amendment in the nature of a substitute to focus the changes to the Organic Act of Guam to provisions about }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 the election }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
of the Attorney General of Guam, quorum size, and clarification of legislative powers was offered by Mr. Underwood and adopted by voice. The bill was then ordered favorably reported to the House of Representatives by voice vote.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  at *3-4 (emphasis added).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [33]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Similarly, in a subsequent report of the legislative and oversight activities of the Committee on Resources during the 105th Congress, the committee reported that it }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 passed the }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Guam Organic Act Amendments}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 (H.R. 2370) authorizing changes to the Federal law authorizing the government structure in Guam by allowing the people of Guam to determine if the Attorney General should be an elected offi
ce, adjust the size of the legislative quorum to a simple majority to correspond with the size of the legislature, and to clarify the authority of the legislature over local matters.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 at *6.
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [34]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Upon review of the house reports, it is clear that Congress intended to respond to the controversies of the }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 appointment nature}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  of the Attorney General, and by virtue of the 1998 Amendments, }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 provide[d] a mechanism for elected legislators to act on this issue.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  }{\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 H.R. Rep. No.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  105\_742, 1998 WL 658802 at *3.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 For this reason, the provisions of H.R. 2370 focused on }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
the election of the Attorney General of Guam.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Equally clear is that nothing in the House Report expresses or implies that Congress intended to grant all common law powers and duties to the Attorney General which could never be altered by the Legislature.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 In other words, the legislative history of section 1421g of the Organic Act provides no support for the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s assertion that Congress intended, by designating the Attorney General as the Chief Legal Officer, to prohibit the local legislature from altering powers that the office might otherwise possess at common law.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid15686445 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [35]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Testimonies provided by former Senators Elizabeth Barrett-Anderson and Ben Pangelinan of the 24th Guam Legislature also fail to support the Attorney General}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s position that Congress intended to vest the Attorney General with common law powers which cannot otherwise be proscribed by the Legislature. 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [36]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Through testimony provided to the Subcommittee on Native American and Insular Affairs on July 24, 1996, Senator Barrett-Anderson discussed at length the importance of t
he creation of an }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 elected}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  Attorney General.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 Cong. Testimony of Sen. Barrett-Anderson, July 24, 1996, 1996 WL 10830029. She stated, in relevant part:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Why an elected Attorney General?}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Empowering the people of the Territory to elect their Attorney General is a statement of greater self\_
government on the part of the people of Guam. . . . Electing an Attorney General is not an unrealistic concept which seeks to create new legal theories of self\_ government . . . . Today 46 states elect t
heir Attorney General under constitutional guidelines. . . . The people of Guam expect their Attorney General to protect their interest above all else.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
An appointed Attorney General, unfortunately, must respond to a great extent to the concerns of the Governor.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Attorney General of Guam has historically suffered from this dilemma.}
{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The people of Guam are frankly tired of the constant criticisms focused on the very position which the people demand the highest degree of legal integrity.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Senator Barrett-Anderson}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s testimony focused solely on the }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 means}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  of selecting the Attorney General.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
She asserted that the people of Guam expect the Attorney General to protect their interest above all else, and for that reason, proposed that the only solution was to allow the citizens of Guam to elect the Attorney General.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Moreover, focusing on the elective versus appointive nature of the Attorney General, Senator Barrett-Anderson also provided a prime, personal example 
of the conflict of interest that arises through the appointment nature of the Attorney General.}{\cs15\super\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5839713 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5839713   Senator Barrett-Anderson testified that during her term as Attorney General, she advised t
he Governor of the unconstitutionality of a local law.  However, because she was appointed by and answerable to the Governor, she hesitated to file a suit to enjoin him from executing the law, and further, she could not represent his interests when the la
w was challenged on appeal.  }}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [37]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab At the July 24, 1996 oversight hearing in which Senator Barrett-Anderson testified, Chairman Elton}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Gallegly of the Subcommittee on Native American and Insular Affairs similarly expressed that the purpose of the 1998 Amendments was to create an elected office of the Attorney General.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  Statement of Chairman Gallegly, July 24, 1996, 1996 WL 10830027 (}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Legislature of Guam . . . requests that the Congress give Guam the authority to determine the method of selecting their attorney general.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 No doubt there is a compelling reason the Legislature identified }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 the selection of the attorney general }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 as a matter warranting a change in current law.
}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ) (emphasis added).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Likewise, in a statement provided at the oversight hearing, Allen P. Stayman, Director of the Office of Insular Affairs, stated:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Legislature of Guam . . . requests that the Organic Act of Guam be }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 amended to require election 
of the Attorney General}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  of Guam.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 At present, the Attorney General is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the Governor of Guam.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 I believe that the }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 issue of appointment or election}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  of the Attorney General is a local self\_
government issue, which should be decided in Guam.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Statement of Director Stayman, July 24, 1996, 1996 WL 10830030 (emphasis added).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [38]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Senator Barrett-Anderson again testified before the subcommittee on October 29, 1997.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  Cong. Testimony of Sen. Elizabeth Barrett-Anderson, Oct. 29, 1997, 1997 WL 14153025.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
At this time, the senator was particularly concerned with the language of H.R. 2370, which did not firmly establish the Attorney General as a co-equal executive branch position which fell outside of the Governor}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s general supervision and control powers.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
She also took issue with the language of H.R. 2370 which granted the Legislature the power to decide whether to create an elected office.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Rather, she urged Congress to mandate, through the Organic Act, that the position be elected.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 On behalf of the 24th Guam Legislature, she transmitted her testimony, along with the Legislature}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s Resolution No. 186, which 
delineated the proposed changes to the Organic Act as she described.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Seemingly, her primary and arguably sole concern, again, was the interference by the Governor inherent in an appointed position and the continued interference should Congress decide not to expressly except the Attorney General from the Governor}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s general supervision and control powers. 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [39]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Senator Ben Pangelinan}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s testimony before the committee simil
arly focused on the importance of insulating the Attorney General from the control of the Governor, by mandating the election of the office of the Attorney General.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  Cong. Testimony of Sen. Ben Pangelinan, Oct. 29, 1997, 1997 WL 16138742.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Senator Pangelinan testified, in relevant part: 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
I further wish to convey the unequivocal desire of the people of Guam to elect their Attorney General. This expression of their desire has been reiterated and embodied in the resolutions overwhelmingly passed by both the Twenty\_Third and the Twenty\_
Fourth Guam Legislature. The direct selection by the will of the people of Guam of the Attorney General is right, just, and prudent for the people of Guam to have an independent Attorney General, unfettered by incessant politi
cal intervention from a single individual. 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab . . . . 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Thus I seek a clear language that grants the people of Guam the right to elect our attorney general, so that we will have removed another obstacle to our self\_governance and once again reaffirm our high level of political maturity.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [40]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab From the testimonies of both senators, it appears that the intent of the 1998 Amendments was to create in the Organic Act the }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 elected}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  office of the Attorney General and insulate such officer from the control of the Governor, and no more.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Significantly, any and all concern regarding }
{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 political interference}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 was in reference to the Governor, and not the Legislature through its power to enact laws which arguably affect the powers and duties of the Attorney General, such as authorizing the retention of private counsel by government agencies.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [41]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab It is
 important to note that although neither senator discussed the powers or duties of the Attorney General, Resolution 186, passed by the 24th Guam Legislature and submitted to Congress, suggested the following amendment to the language of H.R. 2370:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Atto
rney General shall be the chief legal officer of the government of Guam, shall be vested with common law powers and such additional powers and duties as may be prescribed under the laws of Guam, not inconsistent with this chapter.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Attorney General sha
ll prosecute all criminal violations of Guam law, provide legal advice to the government, and represent the government in all civil cases in which the government of Guam may be interested. . . . 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par Res. 186, 24th Guam Leg. First Reg. Sess. (1997).}{\cs15\super\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5839713 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5839713   We note that the recital clauses do not discuss the powers or duties of the Attorney General.  Rather, the recital clauses express the Legislature}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 s de
sire to amend the proposed H.R. 2370 to create the elected office of the Attorney General and to insulate the officer from the general supervision of the Governor.  Res. 186, 24th Guam Leg. First Reg. Sess. (1997). (stating the desire }{
\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 to provide for an elected Attorney General of Guam, independent from the general supervision of the Governor . . .}{
\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 ); }{\i\fs20\insrsid5839713 see}{\fs20\insrsid5839713  Cong. Testimony of Sen. Elizabeth Barrett-Anderson, Oct. 29, 1997,
 1997 WL 14153025 (}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
The 24th Guam Legislature by Resolution #186 strongly advises that Congress enact an amendment that clearly, and unequivocally establishes the attorney general as a co\_equal executive branch position.}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 ).  Accordingly, the Legislature, through Resolution 186, included a proposed amendment to the Organic Act which would vest the executive power in }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, and the Attorney General.}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713  }}}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Even more important is that Congress }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 did not adopt such language}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 . 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [42]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Accordingly, contrary to the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s assertion that Congress clearly intended that his office be immune from all local control, the legislative and other history reflects that Congress in fact did not incorporate proposed amendments which would have clearly delineated the Attorney General}
{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 powers in relation to the Governor and the Legislature.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 For this reason, we find that the legislative and other history of section 1421g provide no guidance in our determination of whether the Attorne
y General, as Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Guam, is vested with all powers at common law, and if so, whether such powers may be altered by the Legislature.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 2.}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Common Law Powers
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \fi1440\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 a.}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Jurisdictions Relied upon by the Attorney General
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [43]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab 
The Attorney General relies primarily on Illinois cases which hold that the Attorney General possesses all common law powers which cannot be regulated by the state legislature.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
The Illinois Supreme Court has observed:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
[T]his court has consistently held, under both the 1870 and 1970 constitutions, that the Attorney General is the chief legal officer of the State; that is, he or she is }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 the law officer of the people, as represented in the State government, and its only legal representative in the courts.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '" }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Envtl. Prot. Agency (EPA) v. Pollution Control Bd.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 372 N.E.2d 50, 51 (Ill. 1977) (quoting }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Fergus v. Russel}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
, 110 N.E. 130, 143 (Ill. 1915)).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Thus, the Illinois Attorney General, as chief legal officer of the State, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 has the constitutional duty of acting as legal adviser to and legal representative of State agencies.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 He or she has the prerogative of conducting legal affairs for the State.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 EPA}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 372 N.E.2d at 51.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [44]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab While the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s representation of the Illinois cases is accurate, his reliance on these cases is misplaced.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
A thorough review of the Illinois constitutional and case law history establishes that the Illinois Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s powers stem from the Illinois Supreme Court}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s interpretation of the phrase }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
prescribed by law}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  as it appears in the Illinois constitution, and not from his designation as }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Legal Officer.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [45]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab To begin with, the 1870 Illinois constitution created the office of Attorney General and provides that the Attorney General shall }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 perform such duties as may be prescribed by law.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Ill. Const. }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 of 1870, art. V, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1 (}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
The executive department shall consist of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State . . . and Attorney General. . . . [who] shall perform such duties as may be prescribed by law}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 see People ex rel. Scott v. Briceland}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 359 N.E.2d 149, 153 (Ill. 1976) (recognizing the absence of the term }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Legal Officer}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  in the 1870 constitution). 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [46]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab The seminal case interpreting the 1870 constitutional provision with regard to the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s powers is }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Fergus v. Russel}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 110 N.E. 130 (Ill. 1915).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The court, construing the phrase }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 prescribed by law}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 as it existed in the 1870 constitution, rejected such language as limiting the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s powers to those specified by statute, and held that the term }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 law}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  includes common law.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  at 143.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The court specifically stated that }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
[t]he common law is as much a part of the law of this state, where it has not been expressly abrogated by statute, as the statutes, and is included within the meaning of this phrase.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Further, recognizing the common law history of the state, the court stated with respect to the}{\insrsid15686445  powers of the Attorney General}
{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 :
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Under our form of government all of the prerogatives which 
pertain to the crown in England under the common law are here vested in the people, and if the Attorney General is vested by the Constitution with all the common-law powers of that officer, and it devolves upon him to perform all the common-law duties whi
c
h were imposed upon that officer, then he becomes the law officer of the people, as represented in the state government, and its only legal representative in the courts, unless by the Constitution itself or by some constitutional statute he has been dives
ted of some of these powers and duties.}{\insrsid5839713 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The court in }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Fergus}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  thus observed:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
By our Constitution we created this office by the common-law designation of Attorney General and thus impressed it with all its common-law powers and duties. As the office of 
Attorney General is the only office at common law which is thus created by our Constitution the Attorney General is the chief law officer of the state, and the only officer empowered to represent the people in any suit or proceeding in which the state is 
t
he real party in interest, except where the Constitution or a constitutional statute may provide otherwise. With this exception, only, he is the sole official adviser of the executive officers, and of all boards, commissions, and departments of the state 
government, and it is his duty to conduct the law business of the state, both in and out of the courts.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  at 145.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [47]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab The court in }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Fergus}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  unequivocally established the Attorney General as an officer }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 with expansive powers which the General Assembly lacked the power to diminish.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Shawn W. Denny, }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 History of the Office of the Illinois Attorney General}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
, http://www.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/about/history.html, (last visited Feb. 8, 2005).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See Briceland}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 359 N.E.2d at 153 (}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The rationale of the }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Fergus}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 decision is that the 1870 Constitution granted the Attorney General all the powers associated with that office at commo
n law, and that, while the legislature could add to these powers, the legislature could not reduce the Attorney General's common law authority.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 )
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [48]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab For many years following, every Illinois case which addressed the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s authority and held that the General Assembly could not diminish the powers of the Attorney General, relied on the }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Fergus}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  decision and its interpretation of the 1870 constitution.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The 1970 Illinois constitution}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 continued the Office of the Attorney General as it had been established under the 1870 Constitution.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Denny, }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 supra}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 .}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 In the 1970 constitution, the office was thus described:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
The Attorney General shall be the legal officer of the State, and shall have the duties and powers that may be prescribed by law.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Ill. Const.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 of 1970, art. V, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  15 West, WESTLAW through Sept. 15, 2004).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Significantly, the term }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 chief legal officer}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  does not even appear in the 1970 Illinois constitution.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 In fact, in designating the Attorney General as }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 legal officer,}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 the delegates had no intention to either enlarge or diminish the powers of the Attorney General as it existed in the 1870 constitution.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Rather, the delegates acknowledged the }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Fergus}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  decision, and desired the law to remain status quo.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See Briceland, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
359 N.E.2d at 156 (recognizing, after a lengthy review of the constitutional debate, that it is clear }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 the delegates intended to retain the holding of }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Fergus}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  that the Attorney General is }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
the only officer empowered to represent the people in any suit or proceeding in which the State is the real party in interest, except where the constitution or a constitutional statute may provide otherwise.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '"}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ) (quoting }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Fergus}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 110 N.E. at 145)).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [49]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab We decline to adopt the Illinois court}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s interpretation of its constitution.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 First, only two relevant words in the language in our Organic Act can be found in the 1970 Illinois constitution:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
legal officer.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 It is therefore unreasonable to assume, as the Attorney General asserts, that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 the model for Guam}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s Attorney General was based upon the Illinois Attorney General Constitution,}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  and even more unreasonable that this court should feel compelled to follow the Illinois court}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s interpretation.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  Appellant}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s Opening Brief, p. 15 (June 14, 2004).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [50]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Second, the Illinois line of cases was based on the 1870 constitution}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s language that the Attorney General had duties as }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 prescribed by law.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Because that specific phrase, in the context of the Illinois constitution, 
was presented to Congress through the testimony provided by the former Compiler of Laws, and obviously rejected, the }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Fergus}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 case and all other cases which follow it, are completely inapplicable to the case before us.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [51]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Third, the term }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
legal officer}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  as used in the 1970 Illinois constitution was not meant to }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 clarify}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  the powers of the Attorney General.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
In other words, the Illinois Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s common law powers derive from the phrase }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 prescribed by law}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  and not }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 legal officer.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 In determining whether the Attorney Gen
eral of Guam, as Chief Legal Officer, is vested with common law powers which cannot be diminished by the Legislature, Illinois cases are inapplicable as the use of the term }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 legal officer}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 had no effect on the state of the Illinois law with regard to the source of the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s common law powers.
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [52]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Finally, the Illinois court}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s interpretation has been regarded as one which does not follow the general rule, but rather gives }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
the Attorney General of Illinois . . . perhaps the broadest power of all the Attorneys General within the United States.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 David Edward Dahlquist, }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Comment, Inherent Conflict:}{\i\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 A Case Against the Use of Contingency Fees by Special Assistants in Quasi\_Governmental Prosecutorial Roles}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 50 }{
\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 DePaul L. Rev.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  743, 765 (2000).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Not surprisingly, the Illinois interpretation has received criticism.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See EPA}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 372 N.E.2d at 51 (where the Illinois Supreme Court noted that the court has not wavered since the }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Fergus}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  decision despite criticism regarding the power granted to the to the Attorney General).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [53]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab The Attorney General also relies on cases from courts in Mississippi, Alabama, Washington, Indiana, California and Florida.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 However, GIAA correctly points out that in the cases cited from the jurisdictions of Mississippi, Alabama, Washington and Indiana,}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
the courts found that the respective state agency or board in question was without express statutory authority to retain independent counsel to represent its interests, and accordingly upheld the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s authority to represent the state entity.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See Wade v. Miss. Coop. Extension Serv.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
, 392 F. Supp 229, 231 (N.D. Miss. 1975) (observing that under a Mississippi statute, the Attorney General has }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 the sole power to bring or defend a lawsuit on behalf of a state agency}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ) (quoting }{\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Miss. Code Ann.}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  7-5-1 (West, WESTLAW through end of 2004 
Regular and First Ex. Sess.)); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Ex Parte Weaver}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 570 So. 2d 675, 678-79 (Ala. 1990) (observing Alabama statute which states that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [a]ll litigation concerning the interests of the state, or any department thereof, shall be under the direction and control of the attorney general . . . .
}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ) (quoting }{\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Ala. Code}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  36-15-21 (West, WESTLAW through end of 2004 Regular Sess.)); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 State v. Gattavara}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
, 47 P.2d 18, 21 (Wash. 1935) (observing that Washington law }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
did not give authority to departments to institute actions in their own right, but only in conjunction with the authority of the Attorney General,}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  and further, under statutory law, }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 the Attorney General shall be the legal adviser to the joint board and represent it in all proceedings}
{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ) (quoting Rem. Rev. Stat }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 7697)); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Banta v. Clark}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 398 N.E. 692, 693 (Ind. Ct. App. 1979) (observing that under Indiana law, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
[n]o agency. . . shall have any right to name, appoint, employ or hire any attorney. . . to represent it or perform any legal services on behalf of such agency . . . without the written consent of the attorney general.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "
}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ) (quoting }{\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Ind. Code}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  4-6-5-3 (West, WESTLAW through end of 2004 Regular Sess.)).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [54]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab In contrast to the above jurisdictions, the Guam Legislature has expressly authorized GIAA to retain outside counse
l to provide legal advice and represent its legal interests in any forum.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  12 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108(a) and (c).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 In fact, the agency is only required to receive the Attorney General}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s approval of the legal services contract with respect to form and legality.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  5150. 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [55]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab In California, state agencies }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 may employ special counsel to protect its rights, unless specifically prohibited from so doing by statutory or charter provisions. . . .}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 State Comp. Ins. Fund v. Riley}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 69 P.2d 985, 987 (Cal. 1937).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 However, in }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Riley}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , the California Supreme Court found that the civil service laws specifically prohibited the retention of independent counsel, and thus found in favor of the Attorney General.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  at 987.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Again, in contrast, Guam statutes expressly allow GIAA to retain outside counsel.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  12 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108(a) and (c).
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [56]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Finally, the Florida case relied upon by the Attorney General does not provide support for the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s position.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Rather, it supports GIAA.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The case of }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 State ex rel. Shevin v. Exxon Corp.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 526 F.2d 266, 271 (5th Cir. 1976), was correctly cited by the Attorney General for the conclusion that, at common law, the Attorney General}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s powers included instituting, defending or intervening }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 in any litigation or quasi-judicial administrative proceeding which he determines in his sound official discretion involves a legal matter of compelling public interest.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 However, the Fifth Circuit Court also observed that such powers may be limited by the legislature.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 at 268 (recognizing that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [t]here is a
nd has been no doubt that the legislature may deprive the attorney general of specific powers; but in the absence of such legislative action, he typically may exercise all such authority as the public interest requires.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 
"}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 This was true even where the constitution explicitly designated the Attorney General as Chief State Legal Officer of the state.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  }{\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Fla. Const}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ., art 4, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  4(a) (West, WESTLAW through Nov. 2, 2004) (}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 There shall be a cabinet composed of an attorney general . . . they shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as may be prescribed by law.);}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Fla. Const}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ., art 4, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 4(b) (West, WESTLAW through Nov. 2, 2004) (}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
The attorney general shall be the chief state legal officer.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ).
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \fi1440\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 b.}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Other Jurisdictions}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [57]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Contrary to the Illinois line of cases which hold that the term }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 prescribed by law}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  means that the Attorney General has all common law powers which cannot be regulated by the l
egislature, some courts have found that where the constitution provides that the attorney general shall have duties }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 as provided by law,}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  such language is construed as completely removing all common law powers of the attorney general.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See In re Estate of Sharp}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 217 N.W.2d 258, 262 (Wis. 1974) (recognizing that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Wisconsin, unlike numerous states, has specifically circumscribed the powers and duties of the office of the Attorney General.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Art. VI, Sec. 3 of the Wisconsin Constitution limits those powers and duties to those }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 prescribed by law.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 ' }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
This constitutional principle has been interpreted by the courts in numerous decisions as removing from the office of the Attorney General any powers and duties which were found in that office under common law.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Ariz. State Land Dep}{\i\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 t v. McFate}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
, 348 P.2d 912, 914 (Ariz. 1960) (noting that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Article V. Section 1 Arizona Constitution, establishes the office of the Attorney General within the Executive Department of the State.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Section 9 thereof provides: }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 the powers and duties of Attorney General, shall be as prescribed by law.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 ' }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 This Court has held that the }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
law}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  referred to in Article V, Section 9, is the statutory law of the State and not the common law.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Today, a mere seven states deny the Attorney General }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 all}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  common law powers.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }
{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Dalhlquist, }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 supra}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  at 763.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
They include Arizona, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, New Mexico, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  at n.148. 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [58]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab In other states whose constitutions similarly include the phrase }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 prescribed by law}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 or a similar phrase, courts have held that while the Attorney General possesses common law powers, such powers may be modified by the Legislature.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 See Johnson v. Commonwealth}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 165 S.W.2d 820, 829 (Ky. 1942) (recognizing that the state constitution authorizes the legislature to }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 prescribe}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  duties to the Attorney General and holding that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 while the Attorney General possesses all the power and authority appertaining to the office under common law and naturally and traditionally belonging to it, nev
ertheless the General Assembly may withdraw those powers and assign them to others or may authorize the employment of other counsel . . . . );}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Shevin}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 526 F.2d at 270 (recognizing that, while the Attorney General possesses common law powers, such powers may be modified by statute); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 State ex rel. Derryberry v. Kerr-McGee Corp.}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 516 P.2d 813, 818-19 (Okl. 1973) (holding that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
[i]n the absence of express statutory or constitutional restrictions, the common law duties and powers attach themselves to the office as far as they are applicable and in harmony with our system of government.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [59]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Unlike a majority of jurisdictions, section 1421g of the Organic
 Act provides that the Attorney General shall be the chief legal officer of the government of Guam, however, aside from this, the Organic Act is silent as to the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s duties, or, for that matter, whether the duties are limited to that prescribed or provided by law.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 In states where the constitutions do not limit or define the attorney general}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s powers through the phrase }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
prescribed by law}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  or a similar phrase, it has been held that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [t]he absence of a [constitutional] provision for specific powers for the attorney general . . . vests the office with all of the powers of the attorney general at common law.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 State ex rel. Nixon v. Am. Tobacco Co.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 34 S.W.3d 122, 136 (Mo. 2000) (en banc) (interpreting the provision of the constitution which simply provided that }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [i]n addition to the governor and lieutenant governor, there shall be [an] attorney general.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ) (second bracket in original); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Bd. of Pub. Util. Comm}{\i\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
rs v. Lehigh Valley R.R. Co.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 149 A. 263, 266 (N.J. 1930) (citing with approval a New Jersey case that stated:}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [e]xcept as modified by constitutional or statutory regulation, his [the attorney general}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s] functions here are similar to those exercised by the representative of the crown. . . .}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Superintendent of Ins. v. Att}{
\i\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 y Gen.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 558 A.2d 1197, 1200 (Me. 1989) (}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The Attorney General, in this State, is a constitutional officer endowed with common law powers.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
As the chief law officer of 
the State, he may, in the absence of some express legislative restriction to the contrary, exercise all such power and authority as public interests may, from time to time require, and may institute, conduct, and maintain all such actions and proceedings 
. . .}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ) (citation omitted); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Watson v. Caldwell}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
, 27 So. 2d 524, 529 (Fla. 1946) (holding that the Internal Improvement Fund had the statutory authority to retain outside counsel and not use the Attorney General as counsel, despite his designation in the Florida constitution as Chief Legal Officer).}{
\cs15\super\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5839713 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
  Florida}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 s constitution, like Guam}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 s Organic Act, designates the Attorney General as the Chief Legal Officer.  }{\scaps\fs20\insrsid5839713 Fla. Const}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 ., art 4, }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713  4(b) (West, WESTLAW through Nov. 2, 2004).  However, Florida}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{
\fs20\insrsid5839713 s constitution also states that the Attorney General}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 s duties shall be }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 prescribed by law.}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
 }{\scaps\fs20\insrsid5839713  Fla. Const}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 ., art 4, }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
 4(a) (West, WESTLAW through Nov. 2, 2004).  As previously discussed, in states where the constitutions }{\i\fs20\insrsid5839713 do not}{\fs20\insrsid5839713  limit or define the Attorney General}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 s powers, courts have held, }{\i\fs20\insrsid5839713 consistent}{\fs20\insrsid5839713  with the Florida (and many other states similarly defining the term }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 prescribed by law}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
), that the Attorney General has common law powers which may be modified by statute.  }}}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [60]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab However, in these states, it is also held that while the attorney general}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s powers are broad, they are not without limit, and }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
[a]s with other common law precepts, the attorney general}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s authority can be restricted by a statute enacted specifically for the purpose of limiting his power.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Am. Tobacco}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 34 S.W.3d at 136.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 It is also noted that the
 statute must actually limit the attorney general}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s powers, and that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [a] grant by statute of the same or other powers does not operate to deprive him of those belongin
g to the office under the common law, unless the statute, either expressly or reasonable intendment, forbids the exercise of powers not thus expressly conferred.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Id.}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  (quoting 6 C.J. 816)
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [61]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab This preceding approach, applied in the absence of constitutional language defining or limiting the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s powers, is consistent with the line of cases holding that the legislature may add to or reduce the common law powers of the Attorney General.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Indeed, it has been recognized that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
[i]n many jurisdictions, the attorney general of a state, in addition to the powers conferred and duties imposed by statute, 
is charged with all the common-law powers and duties pertaining to the office as well, except insofar as they have been expressly restricted or modified by statute or the state constitution.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  7 }{\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Am. Jur.2d}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Attorney General}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  7 (2004); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 see also}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  Dahlquist, }{
\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 supra}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  at 764 (stating that most jurisdictions follow the general rule that }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 unless a state legislature expressly terminates the common law powers of the Attorney General, it can be assumed that such powers are part of the office.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [62]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab We therefore adopt the general rule and hold that the Attorney General, as Chief Legal Officer, in
 addition to the powers conferred and duties imposed by the Legislature, is charged with all the common-law powers and duties pertaining to the office, except insofar as they have been expressly restricted or modified by statute.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Stated another way, }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
the common-law powers and duties of the attorney general are subject to increase, alteration, or abridgment by the legislature. . .}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  7 }{\scaps\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
Am. Jur.2d}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Attorney General}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}
{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  8 (2004).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 We note that this result is consistent with Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  30103, which states that the Attorney General has common law powers except as limited by statute.
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \fi1440\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 c.}{\b\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Title 12 GCA }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108(a) and (c)}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [63]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Section 1108(a) and (c) expressly states that GIAA may appoint an atto
rney, and that such attorney may advise its officers, or the agency, on legal matters and represent the agency in any forum.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Title 12 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108(a) and (c) (}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 The [GIAA
] Board may also appoint . . . an attorney. . . [who] shall advise the Board and the Executive Director on all legal matters to which the Authority is a party or in which the Authority is legally interested, and may represent the Authority in connection w
ith legal matters before the Legislature, boards and other agencies of the Territory or of the United States. The Attorney for the Authority shall represent the Authority in litigation concerning the affairs of the Authority.}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ).}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Moreover, Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  30109(c) states that the Attorney General may }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [c]onduct on behalf of the government of Guam all civil actions in which the government is an interested party; }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
provided that those branches, departments or agencies which are authorized to employ their own legal counsel may use them instead of the Attorney General}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 .}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 " }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  30109(c) (emphasis added).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [64]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab Accordingly, we hold that Title 12 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108(a) and (c) and Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  30109 are}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 valid exercises of the Legislature}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
s power to remove the common law power of the Attorney General to act as legal counsel to represent to the interests of GIAA, and do not violate the Organic Act.}{\cs15\super\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5839713 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
  While we recognize the legislative authority, in this instance, to withdraw common law powers from the Attorney General, we note that at least one court has held that although the legislature }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 may withdraw those powers and assign them to others . . .  the office may not be stripped of }{\i\fs20\insrsid5839713 all}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
 duties and rights so as to leave it an empty shell . . . . }{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713   }{\i\fs20\insrsid5839713 Johnson v. Commonwealth}{
\fs20\insrsid5839713 , 165 S.W.2d 820, 829 (Ky. 1942) (emphasis added).  }}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [65]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab It is clear that the Attorney General has the authority to review contracts with respect to their legality and form pursuant to Title 5 GCA }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  5150.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
However, when determining whether to approve or disapprove contracts, the Attorney General may only consider the legality and form of the proposed contract.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
See Citizens Energy Coalition of Indiana v. Sendak}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 594 F.2d 1158, 1162 (7th Cir. 1979); }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 see also State ex rel. Fahlgren Martin, Inc. v. McGraw}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
, 438 S.E.2d 338, 344-345 (W. }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Va. 1993) (holding that reviewing a contract for }{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 form}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  does not include matters extrinsic to the actual contract}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 "}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 ).}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Thus, the Attorney General has the legal duty to approve a contract which is lawful as to form and content.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\i\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
See Sendak}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 , 594 F.2d at 1162 (holding that the Attorney General has no discretion to reject a contract that is lawful and correct in form).}{\cs15\super\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5839713 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5839713  We hesitate to call the review of a contract for form and legality a me
re ministerial act or duty.  }{\i\fs20\insrsid5839713 See Mother Goose Nursery Schs., Inv. v. Sendak}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
, 770 F.2d 668, 674 (7th Cir. 1985).  However, once the Attorney General reviews a contract and determines that it is lawful as to form and content, a legal duty arises to approve t
he proposed contract.  The Attorney General has not alleged that the contract at issue in this case is not lawful as to form or content.}}}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [66]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab In light of the constitutionality of Title 12 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108(a) and (c) and Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 30109, we hold that the Attorney General has a legal duty to approve the legal services contract between GIAA and the Mair firm as to form and legality, and further, GIAA has a clear, present
 and beneficial right to the performance of the Attorney General}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s duty.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
We therefore affirm the trial court judgment granting mandamus relief to GIAA.}{\cs15\super\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5839713 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5839713   The trial court}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{
\fs20\insrsid5839713 s judgment ordered the Attorney General to represent all executive line agencies.  GIAA in its opening (opposition) brief agrees with such conclusion and raises several points regarding the Attorney General}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 s duty to represent the line agencies.  However, the Attorney General, as appellant, does not appeal from that portion of the trial court}{
\fs20\insrsid5839713 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 s judgment, nor does he address such argument in his Reply Brief.  It should be noted that GIAA}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 s petition for writ of mandate requested no such holding from the trial court, nor was it addressed in the trial court}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5839713 s decisio
n and order which formed the basis for the final judgment granting mandamus relief.  Moreover, the interests of the various line agencies are not represented by any party in this proceeding. Thus, we do not address such issues in this opinion. }}}{
\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\insrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 IV.}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15686445 {\b\insrsid15686445 
\par }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 [67]}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 \tab 
We hold that the Attorney General, as Chief Legal Officer, is charged with all the powers and duties pertaining to the office at common law, except insofar as they have been expressly restricted or modified by statute.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  
}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 Accordingly, we hold that Title 12 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445  1108(a) and (c) and Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
 30109 are valid exercises of the Guam Legislature}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s constitutional powers granted by the Organic Act.}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445  }{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 
The trial court}{\insrsid15686445\charrsid15686445 '}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 s Judgment granting mandamus relief to GIAA is }{\b\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 AFFIRMED}{\insrsid5839713\charrsid15686445 .
\par }}