{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;} {\f36\fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000400000000000000}WP TypographicSymbols{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f178\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f179\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;} {\f181\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f182\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f183\froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f184\froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);} {\f185\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f186\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255; \red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192; \red255\green255\blue255;}{\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden Default Paragraph Font;}{\* \ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\langnp1024\langfenp1024 \snext11 \ssemihidden Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden footnote reference;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid3221017 \rsid4874488\rsid9508377\rsid14702322}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 10.0.6764;}{\info{\author lroberto}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2005\mo8\dy12\hr9\min6}{\revtim\yr2006\mo2\dy13\hr9\min2}{\version3}{\edmins5}{\nofpages7}{\nofwords2648}{\nofchars15096} {\*\company Superior Court of Guam}{\nofcharsws17709}{\vern16391}}\margl1440\margr1440\margb720 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\notabind\wraptrsp\transmf\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\truncatefontheight\subfontbysize\sprsbsp\wpjst\lytprtmet\hyphcaps0\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow3 \jcompress\viewkind4\viewscale100\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot3221017 \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3221017 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3221017 \chftnsepc \par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3221017 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\aftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3221017 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \sbknone\linex0\headery1440\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid3221017\sftnbj {\header \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tqr\tx9360\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs20\insrsid3221017 People v. Maysho}{\fs20\insrsid3221017 , Opinion\tab \tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid3221017 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4874488 7} }}{\fs20\insrsid3221017 of 9 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid3221017 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl-19\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4874488 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1440\shptop0\shpright10800\shpbottom19\shpfhdr1\shpbxpage\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz0\shplockanchor\shplid2049{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillBackColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn posrelh}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}} {\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxpage\dobypara\dodhgt0\dprect\dpx1440\dpy0\dpxsize9360\dpysize19\dpfillfgcr0\dpfillfgcg0\dpfillfgcb0\dpfillbgcr0\dpfillbgcg0\dpfillbgcb0\dpfillpat1\dplinehollow}}}}{\fs20\insrsid3221017 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid3221017 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 PEOPLE OF GUAM}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , \par Plaintiff-Appellee, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 vs.}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 BM BENITO MAYSHO}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , \par Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Supreme Court Case No. CRA03-014 \par Superior Court Case No. CM0096-003}{\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 OPINION}{\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Filed: January 27, 2005}{\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid4874488 }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 2005 Guam 4}{\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on July 7, 2004 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }{\ul\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Appearing for the Plaintiff-Appellee}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 : \par Monte May, Assistant Attorney General \par B. Ann Keith, Assistant Attorney General \par Office of the Attorney General of Guam \par Suite 2-200E, Guam Judicial Center \par 120 West O}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Brien Drive \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sa58\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }{\ul\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 : \par Stephen P. Hattori, Esq. \par Public Defender Service Corporation \par 200 Judicial Center Annex \par 110 West O}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Brien Drive \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sa58\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid4874488 \par }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 BEFORE: F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; FRANCES M. TYDINGCO-GATEWOOD, and ROBERT J. TORRES, JR., Associate Justices.}{\insrsid4874488 \par \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 TYDINGCO-GATEWOOD, J.:}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [1]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab The Defendant-Appellant, BM Benito Maysho (}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 ), was convicted of the petty misdemeanor crime of Reckless Driving after a bench trial.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 On appeal, Maysho challenges his conviction on the ground of insufficiency of}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 the evidence.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 We agree with Maysho and reverse his conviction. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 I.}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [2]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab On January 30, 2003, at approximately 2:25 in the afternoon, Guam Police Department Officer Daniel Anciano (}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Officer Anciano}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 ) was directing traffic in Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam, at the Route 4 and O}{\insrsid4874488 '}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Brien Drive intersection, when a vehicle driven by Maysho failed to stop immediately in accordance with Officer Anciano}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s hand and whistle instructions.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 The two exchanged words and Officer Anciano thereafter arrested Maysho and took him into custody.}{\insrsid3221017 \par }{\insrsid4874488\charrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [3]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab Maysho was charged with Failure to Comply with a Lawful Order (as a petty misdemeanor), in violation of Title 16 GCA }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 3503(d) and 9108; Reckless Driving (as a petty misdemeanor), in violation of Title 16 GCA }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 9107(a), and Disorderly Conduct (as a violation) in violation of Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 61.15(a)(2), and (c), as amended.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 After a bench trial, the trial court dismissed the charge of Failure to Comply with a Lawful Order and found Maysho not guilty of Disorderly Conduct.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 The trial court, however, found Maysho guilty of Reckless Driving.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Maysho appealed his conviction for Reckless Driving. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 II.}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [4]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab This Court has jurisdiction over this appeal from a final judgment.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 1424-1(a)(2) Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 3107(b) (2004); }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 see also}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Title 8 GCA }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 130.15(a) (1996) (permitting defendant}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 appeal from a}{\insrsid4874488 final judgment of conviction).}{\insrsid3221017 \par }{\insrsid4874488\charrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [5]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab Maysho asserts that there was insufficient evidence to support the judge}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s verdict on the Reckless Driving charge.}{ \insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 In this case of first impression, we must determine the standard of review after a bench trial when the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal.}{\insrsid4874488 }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Maysho also requests that this court expunge his criminal record.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [6]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab Generally, after a trial by jury, th e standard of review for claims of insufficient evidence depends on whether the defendant preserves his claim by making a motion for judgment for acquittal at the close of the evidence.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 If a defendant preserves the claim of sufficiency of the evidence by filing a motion for acquittal, the standard of review on appeal is }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 de novo}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 .}{\insrsid4874488 }{ \i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 See}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 United States v. Carranza}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 289 F.3d 634, 641 (9th Cir. 2002).}{\insrsid4874488 }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Failure to move for acquittal limits the review to plain error or manifest injustice.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 See}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 United States v. Delgado}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 357 F.3d 1061, 1068 (9th Cir. 2004). \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [7]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab In the instant case, Maysho failed to file a motion for acquittal.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 However, in a bench trial a motion for acquittal is not necessary to preserve a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.}{\i\insrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 United States v. Atkinson}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 990 F.2d 501, 503}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 (9th Cir. 1993) (stating that }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [i]n a bench trial, the judge acting as the trier of both fact and law implicitly rules on the sufficiency of the evidence by rendering a verdict of guilty.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 A motion to acquit is superfluous because the plea of not guilty has brought the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to the court}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s attention}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 ).}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Because the appeal before this court is from a judgment rendered after a bench trial, Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence was effectively preserved and the standard of review is }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 de novo}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 .}{\insrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 See id.;}{ \i\insrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 United States v. Carranza}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 289 F. 3d at 641.}{\cs15\super\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid3221017 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid3221017 The People incorrectly assert that the appropriate review is for clear error.}{ \fs20\insrsid4874488 }{\fs20\insrsid3221017 In each of the three cases cited by the People, the trial court made findings of fact, and such findings were appealed.}{\fs20\insrsid4874488 }{\i\fs20\insrsid3221017 See}{\fs20\insrsid3221017 }{ \i\fs20\insrsid3221017 Dubner v. City and County of San Francisco}{\fs20\insrsid3221017 , 266 F.3d 959, 964 (9th Cir. 2001); }{\i\fs20\insrsid3221017 United States v. Saya}{\fs20\insrsid3221017 , 247 F.3d 929, 935 (9th Cir. 2001); }{ \i\fs20\insrsid3221017 Anderson v. City of Bessemer City}{\fs20\insrsid3221017 , 470 U.S. 564, 573, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 1511 (1985).}{\fs20\insrsid4874488 }{\fs20\insrsid3221017 In contrast, there is nothing in the record before us which indicates that the trial court made any factual findings.}{\fs20\insrsid4874488 }{\fs20\insrsid3221017 Rather, Maysho appeals only the judgment of conviction, without reference to any other decisions, findings, or orders of the trial court.}{\fs20\insrsid4874488 }{\fs20\insrsid3221017 The cases relied upon by the People are not applicable to this case.}{ \fs20\insrsid4874488 }}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [8]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction,}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 this court inquires as to }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 whether the evidence in the record could reasonably support a finding of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid4874488 '" }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 People v. Guerrero}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 2003 Guam 18, }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 13 (citing }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 People v. Sangalang}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 2001 Guam 18, }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 20, }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 People v. Reyes}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 1998 Guam 32, }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 7, }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 People v. Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 2001 Guam 19, }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 32).}{\insrsid4874488 }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 There is sufficient evidence to support a conviction if viewing the evidence }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 in the light most favorable to the prosecution . . . any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid4874488 " }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Guerrero }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 2003 Guam 18 at }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 13; }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 see also}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 United States v. Birges}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 723 F.2d 666, 672 (9th Cir. 1984), and }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 United States v. Dole}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 136 F.3d 631, 636 (9th Cir. 1998). \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 III.}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [9]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab The sole issue raised in this appeal is whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s conviction for Reckless Driving.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Reckless Driving is defined by statute as follows:}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Every person who drives any vehicle upon a highway in a willful or wanton disregard for the safety of person or property is guilty of reckless driving.}{\insrsid4874488 " }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Title 16 GCA }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 9107(a) (1996). \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [10]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab The specific charge against Maysho stated:}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 On or about JANUARY 30, 2003, in Guam, BM BENITO MAYSHO did drive a vehicle upon a highway in a willful and wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property, in violation of 16 GCA }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 9107(a).}{\insrsid4874488 " }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Appellant}{\insrsid4874488 '}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s ER, p. ER1 (Magistrate}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s Complaint).}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Maysho argues that because the Peop le charged the defendant in the conjunctive, both elements of }{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 willful}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 and}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 }{ \insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 wanton}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 must be proven}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 to convict.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 We disagree. \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [11]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab In }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 United States v. Arias}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , the defendant argued that the prosecution must prove, as alleged in the indictment, that he intended to }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 influence and prevent}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 the testimony of a witness, despite the statute}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s disjunctive language which criminalizes any threat intended to }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 influence, delay, or prevent}{ \insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 testimony.}{\insrsid4874488 " }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 United States v. Arias}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 253 F.3d 453, 457 (9th Cir. 2001).}{\insrsid4874488 }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 The court rejected the defendant}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s argument, and held that }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 when the statute speaks disjunctively, the conjunctive is not required even if the offense is charged conjunctively in the indictment.}{\insrsid4874488 " }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Id.}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 at 457-48.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Accordingly, we reject Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s argument.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Proof of either }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 willful}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 or }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 wanton}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 may establish Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 '}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s guilt notwithstanding that the charge was phased in the conjunctive.}{\i\insrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 See United States v. Booth}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 309 F.3d 566, 572 (9th Cir. 2002) (}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 When a statute specifies two or more ways in which an offense may be committed, all may be alleged in the conjunctive in one count and proof of any one of these conjunctively charged acts may establish guilt.}{\insrsid4874488 "}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 ); }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 United States v. Jenkins}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 785 F. 2d 1387, 1392 (9th Cir. 1986).}{\insrsid3221017 \par }{\insrsid4874488\charrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [12]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab We now turn to the essential element of }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 in Title 16 GCA }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 9107(a).}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 The terms willful or wanton are not defined in our Criminal and Correctional Code.}{\insrsid4874488 }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Both terms, however, are defined by California case law and}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Maysho urges this court to adopt}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 both definitions as they are specifically defined in the context of the Reckless Driving statute.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Pertinent to this case, section 9107 is virtually identical to California}{\insrsid4874488 '}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 reckless driving statute.}{\cs15\super\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid3221017 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid3221017 California}{\fs20\insrsid4874488 '}{\fs20\insrsid3221017 s Vehicle Code, Section 23103(a) states:}{\fs20\insrsid4874488 }{ \fs20\insrsid3221017 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid3221017 Any person who drives any vehicle upon a highway in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving.}{\fs20\insrsid4874488 " }{\scaps\fs20\insrsid3221017 Cal. Veh. Code}{\fs20\insrsid3221017 }{ \fs20\insrsid3221017 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid3221017 23103(a) (West 2004).}}}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 California courts have stated that }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [t]he word }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 wilful}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 in this connection means }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 intentional. . . .}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 The intention here referred to relates to the disregard of safety, etc., not merely to the act done in disregard thereof.}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 People v. McNutt}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 105 P.2d 657, 659 (Cal. App. Dep}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 t. Super. Ct. 1940).}{\insrsid4874488 }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Guam law provides: }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [a] person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 to his conduct or to a result thereof when it is his conscious purpose to engage in the conduct or cause the result thereof.}{\insrsid4874488 " }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 4.30(a) (1996). \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [13]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab As for the definition of the term }{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 wantoness,}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 it }{\insrsid4874488 "}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 includes the elements of consciousness of one}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s conduct, intent to do or omit the act in question, realization of the probable injury to another, and reckless disregard of consequences.}{\insrsid4874488 " }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 McNutt}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 105 P.2d at 658 (citations omitted).}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Reckless}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 is defined in our statute as follows: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 A person acts recklessly, or is reckless, with respect to attendant circumstances or the result of his conduct when he acts in awareness of a s ubstantial risk that the circumstances exist or that his conduct will cause the result and his disregard is unjustifiable and constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise in the situation. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 4.30(c) (1996).}{\insrsid3221017 \par }{\insrsid4874488\charrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [14]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab With these definitions of willful and wanton, we review the trial record in a light most favorable to the People to ascertain whether any rational trier of fact could have f ound the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 See Guerrero}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 2003 Guam 18 at }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 13.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 In order to convict a defendant of Reckless Driving, it is necessary that \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 the trier of fact be convinced b y the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt and to a moral certainty that the defendant in the management of his automobile at the time and place in question intentionally did something with knowledge that injury to another was probable or acted with a wanto n}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 and reckless disregard for the safety of others and in reckless disregard of the consequences of his act. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \par }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 See}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 People v. Allison}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 226 P.2d 85, 85 (Cal. App. Dep}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 t. Super. Ct. 1951). \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [15]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab The record shows that the following occurred:}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 On January 30, 2003, Officer Anciano was temporarily assigned to direct traffic at the intersection of Route 4 and O}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Brien Drive in Hag\'e5t\'f1a.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 At approximately 2:25 p.m., a grey Nissan Quest Minivan driven by Maysho was traveling on the}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 northbound center lane of Route 4, heading towards the intersection.}{\insrsid4874488 }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Officer Anciano at this time was standing in the middle of the intersection.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 When the van was at a distance measuring about}{\insrsid4874488 }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 two hundred feet, Officer Anciano testified that he began giving the driver instructions to stop his vehicle }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 with open palms and the use of a whistle.}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Transcript (}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Tr.}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 ) vol. --, p. 5 (Bench Trial, August 5, 2003). \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [16]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab Although Officer Anciano intended the instructions to be a signal for the driver to stop, Maysho took them as a }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 warning, for me to notice him, notice that I have to slow down.}{\insrsid4874488 " }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Tr. vol. --, p. 35 (Bench Trial, August 5, 2003).}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Officer Anciano also}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 testified that the first time he ever ma de eye contact with Maysho was not until Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s van was at }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 about the crosswalk.}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Tr. vol. --, pp. 16-17 (Bench Trial, August 5, 2003).}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Maysho confirmed the officer}{ \insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s testimony as to when they first made eye contact.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Maysho stated that his}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 car }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 was about}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 66 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 maybe about, five or four feet from the white}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 66 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 white line at the traffic light}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 when he first observed the officer signaling him.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Tr. vol. }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 66 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , p. 34 (Bench Trial, August 5, 2003). \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [17]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab Officer Anciano testified that the weather was dry on the date of the incident and Maysho was not speeding when he was driving.}{\insrsid4874488 }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 The officer also stated}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 that when Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s vehicle came to a complete stop, Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 '}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s management of the stop caused no tread marks, no skid marks, no accidents and no near accidents.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Tr. vol. --, pp . 11-15 (Bench Trial, August 5, 2003). Maysho corroborated the Officer}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s observation of the slow speed he was traveling to be about fifteen to twenty miles per hour.}{\insrsid4874488 }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Both Maysho and his wife testified that Maysho was driving at this slow pace because his wife was suffering from a boil located near her rectum area.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Tr. vol. --, pp. 31, 56, 57 (Bench Trial, August 5, 2003).}{\insrsid3221017 \par }{\insrsid4874488\charrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [18]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab Officer Anciano, described the stop as follows:}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s van did}{ \insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 come to a complete stop a couple of feet from me at the center of the intersection, not from the designated stopping zone where you usually stop traffic at....}{\insrsid4874488 " }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Tr. vol. --, p. 7 (Bench Trial August 5, 2003).}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 According}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 to Officer Anciano,}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Maysho had crossed the designated stopping zone and the officer unsuccessfully attempted to have Maysho return to the zone.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Maysho said however }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 I couldn}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 t stop immediately . . . because of the car behind . . . I had to avoid, you know cars from behind me hitting me.}{\insrsid4874488 " }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Tr. vol. --, p. 34 (Bench Trial, August 5, 2003). \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [19]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab In applying the aforementioned definitions of Reckless Driving, we find that Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s conduct does not amount to Reckless Driving.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 There is no evidence that Maysho, in the management of his automobile intentionally did something with knowledge that injury was probable or that Maysho acted with a wanton and reckless disregard for the safety of others and in reckless disregard of the consequences of his act.}{ \insrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 See}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Allison}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 226 P.2d at 85. \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [20]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab Maysho may have failed to understand Officer Anciano}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s instruction to stop the van immediately, but he alleged that it was necessary to execute a safe stop in order}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 to avoid cars located}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 behind him from colliding with his van.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 It is clear that when Maysho slowed his vehicle down and ensured a safe stop, he did so with knowledge to avoid injury to any person, most especially to the drivers driving behind his van.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 In add ition, when Maysho entered the intersection, according to testimony by both the officer and Maysho, Maysho was not speeding.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Failure to observe a stop instruction immediately in and of itself cannot be said to rise to the level of Reckless Driving.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Furth ermore, entry into an intersection at a legal and slow speed is clearly an indication of a careful driver as opposed}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 to a reckless}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 driver entering an intersection at an illegal and excessive speed.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 See People v. Garo}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 144 N.Y.S.2d 107, 09 (N.Y. Co. Ct. 1955) (in reversing a conviction for Reckless Driving where the defendant failed to observe a stop sign and was thus involved in an accident, the court recognized that under the facts of the case that the failure to observe a stop sign }{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 in itself cannot be said to establish [Reckless Driving]}{\insrsid4874488 "}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 and that }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 failure to observe a stop sign on a city street is an infraction regulated by a city ordinance.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 It may occur as a}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 result of a momentary failure to concentrate, a momentary distraction or a visual omission. . . .}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 If the defendant in addition to passing a stop sign had entered the intersection at an excessive and illegal rate of speed, it might be determined that his conduct was reckless in entering an intersection in such a manner, without stopping.}{ \insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 ). \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [21]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab The evidence also showed that Maysho kept a proper lookout and in no way was in any danger of causing a collision.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Once eye contact was made between him and the officer, Maysho, in accordance with what he believed the officer}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s hand gesture to mean, slowed down and eventually came to a safe stop.}{\insrsid4874488 }{ \i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 See}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 McNutt}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 105 P.2d at 660 (in reversing a conviction for Reckless Driving, where the defendant}{\insrsid4874488 '}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s actions in failing to keep a proper lookout may have caused the collision, the court observed that the defendant}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s actions . . . is insufficient to sustain Reckless Driving conviction). \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [22]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab The officer also stated}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 that when Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s vehicle came to a complete stop, Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s management of the stop caused no tread marks, no skid marks, no accidents and no near accidents.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Clearly, the evidence is insufficient to prove that Maysho intentionally disregarded the safety of property or persons when he drove slowly and executed a safe stop.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 See People v. Thompson}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 108 P.2d 105, 107 (Cal. Super. 1940) (in reversing a conviction for Reckless Driving where the evidence showed defendant}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s conduct of weaving in and out of traffic, and other physical evidence indicating negligence and gross negligence, the court held that such evidence was insufficient proof of Reckless Driving, insofar as there was no proof of intentional disregard of the safety of property or persons). \par }{\b\insrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [23]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab Moreover,}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 applying the definition of }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 wanton disregard,}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 the evidence is insuffici ent to prove that Maysho was conscious of his conduct, intended to do or omit the act in question, realized the probable injury to another, and showed reckless disregard of consequences. }{\i\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 See McNutt}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 , 105 P.2d at 658.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 The only evidence provided by Officer Anciano was testimony of his open palmed hand gesture.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Although Maysho did not stop until he was a few feet from the officer and beyond the stopping zone by about five to eight feet, he nonetheless came to a complete and safe stop.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 There was no testimony that any other cars in front of Maysho were proceeding through the intersection, no testimony that Maysho was speeding, and no testimony that Maysho failed to slow his vehicle down upon seeing the Officer}{\insrsid4874488 '}{ \insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s hand gestures while approaching the intersection.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 The failure to stop immediately within the stop zone after receiving instructions from a uniformed traffic officer cannot by itself be deemed to establish Reckless Driving.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Simply, there is no evidence of any }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 wanton}{\insrsid4874488 "}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 disregard for the safety of persons or property. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 IV.}{\b\insrsid3221017 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\insrsid4874488\charrsid4874488 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4874488 {\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [24]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab After reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the People we find that there is insu fficient evidence that Maysho intentionally operated his vehicle with knowledge that injury was probable, or that Maysho acted with a wanton and reckless disregard for the safety of others and in reckless disregard of the consequences of his act.}{ \insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Accordingly, we find that a rational trier of fact could not have found the essential elements of Reckless Driving beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid3221017 \par }{\insrsid4874488\charrsid4874488 \par }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 [25]}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 \tab In these circumstances, we hold that the trial court erred in convicting Maysho of Reckless Driving.}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 Maysho}{ \insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s Judgment of Conviction is hereby }{\b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 REVERSED}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 .}{\insrsid4874488 }{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 We }{ \b\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 REMAND}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 the matter to the trial court for a hearing on Maysho}{\insrsid4874488 '}{\insrsid3221017\charrsid4874488 s expungement request. \par }}