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\i\insrsid876938 People v. Root,}{\insrsid876938  Opinion\tab \tab Page \chpgn  of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid876938 NUMPAGES \\* ARABIC }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9327327 15}}}{\fs24\insrsid876938 
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\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 THE PEOPLE OF GUAM,}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
\par Plaintiff-Appellee,
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 vs.}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 ARTHUR SALAS ROOT,
\par }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Defendant-Appellant.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Supreme Court Case No. CRA04-002
\par Superior Court Case No. CM0004-04}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 OPINION}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Filed: October 14, 2005}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Cite as:}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 2005 Guam 16}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080 

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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on February 16, 2005
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080 
\par 
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\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\ul\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 :
\par }\pard \ql \fi-2280\li2280\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin2280\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 J. Basil O\rquote Mallan, III\tab 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par 287 W. O\rquote Brien Dr.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910
\par \cell }{\fs24\ul\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 : 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-3000\li3000\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin3000\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Stephen P. Hattori\tab \tab 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Assistant Public Defender
\par Public Defender Service Corp.
\par 200 Guam Judicial Ctr. Annex
\par 110 W. O\rquote Brien Dr.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow 
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\par BEFORE: FRANCES M. TYDINGCO-GATEWOOD, Presiding Justice}{\fs24\super\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 1{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9327327 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
{\fs24\super\insrsid876938 1}{\fs24\insrsid876938  }{\insrsid876938  Associate Justice Tydingco-Gatewood, as the senior member of the panel, was designated as the Presiding Justice.}}}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 ; ROBERT J. T
ORRES, Associate Justice; and MIGUEL S. DEMAPAN, }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Justice Pro Tempore}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 .}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 TYDINGCO-GATEWOOD, P.J.:}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [1}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Defendant-Appellant Arthur Salas Root appeals from a
 Superior Court judgment of conviction on the charges of Family Violence and Assault.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Root argues on appeal that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that the People of Guam must prove, as an element of the crime of Family Violence, that his actions did not include acts of self-defense.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Root also contends that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on self-defense as a defense to Assault.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Finally, Root challenges the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [2}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
While we find that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that the People bear the burden of proving, as an element of Family Violence, that Root did not act in self defense, we hold that such error is harmless error.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 We further hold that the trial court properly denied Root\rquote s request to instruct the jury on self-defense, as a defense to Assault.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Finally, we hold that there was sufficient evidence to sustain the convictions of both Family Violence and Assault.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Accordingly, we affirm.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 I.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
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\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [3}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Defendant-Appellant Arthur Salas Root was convicted by a jury of Family Violence (as a Misdemeanor), in violation of Title 9 Guam Code Annotated \'a7 30.10(a)(1) and 30.20(a), and Assault (As a Misdemeanor), in violation of Title 9 Guam Code Annotated 
\'a7 19.30(a)(1) and (3).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 The charges upon which Root was convicted state, in full:}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Family Violence (As a Misdemeanor), First Charge (Count One):}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li1296\ri864\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin864\lin1296\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
On or about December 31, 2003, in Guam, ARTHUR SALAS ROOT did recklessly cause and attempt to cause bodily injury to another family member or household member, that is, THERESE LEHMAN, to wit: by kicking and slapping, in violation of 9 GCA \'a7\'a7
 30.10(a)(1) and 30.20(a).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin720\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Assault (As a Misdemeanor), Third Charge (Count One):}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li1296\ri1008\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1008\lin1296\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 On or about December 31, 2003, in Guam, ARTHUR SALAS ROOT did recklessly cause and attempt to cause bodily injury to another, that is, 
THERESE LEHMAN, to wit: by kicking and slapping, in violation of 9 GCA \'a7 19.30(a)(1) and (e).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri1008\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1008\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (\'93ER\'94), pp. 1-2 (Magistrate\rquote s Complaint).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [4}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Root requested the trial court to instruct the jury, with respect to the Family Violence charge, that the People must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Root\rquote s acts did not include acts of self-defense.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 The trial court denied Root\rquote s request, on the basis that it was not an element of the crime, and further, that the definition of family violence found in the jury instructions adequately addressed Root\rquote 
s concerns. }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [5}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Root also requested that the trial court instruct the jury on self-defense, as a defen
se to the Assault charge.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 The trial court similarly denied Root\rquote s request, finding that the evidence did not support the self-defense instruction. }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 

\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [6}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Root moved for a judgment of acquittal at the close of the People\rquote 
s case, which was denied.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Final judgment was entered on the docket on May 20, 2004.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
This appeal followed.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 II.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [7}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
We have jurisdiction over this appeal from a final judgment of conviction.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (West, W}{\scaps\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 estlaw}{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , through Pub. L. 109-85 (excluding P.L. 109-59) (2005)); Title 7 GCA \'a7 3107(b) (West, W}{\scaps\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 estlaw}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
 through Guam Pub. L. 28-037 (2005)); and Title 8 GCA \'a7 130.15(a) (West, W}{\scaps\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 estlaw}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  through Guam Pub. L. 28-037 (2005)).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [8}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 The issue of whether a trial court\rquote 
s jury instruction misstates elements of a statutory crime is reviewed }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 de novo}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 .}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
United States v. Phillips}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 367 F.3d 846, 854 (9th Cir. 2004).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [9}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Similarly, \'93[i]ssues of statutory interpretation are reviewed }{
\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 de novo}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 .\'94 }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 People v. Flores}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 2004 Guam18, \'b6 8 (quoting}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Ada v. Guam Tel. Auth.,}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  1999 Guam 10, \'b6 10).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 It is \'93
[o]ur duty to interpret statutes in light of their terms and legislative intent\'94 and thus, \'93[a]bsent clear legislative intent to the contrary, the plain meaning prevails.\'94 }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Flores}{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 2004 Guam 18 at \'b6 8 (citations omitted).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [10}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 We review for abuse of discretion \'93
whether the required factual foundation exists to support a requested jury instruction.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 United States v. Hairston}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
, 64 F.3d 491, 493 (9th Cir. 1995).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Once it is determined that the factual foundation exists, the \'93[f]ailure to instruct the 
jury on an appropriate defense theory is a question of law reviewed }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 de novo.}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \'94 }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 United States v. McGeshick}{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 41 F.3d 419, 421 (9th Cir. 1994).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 III.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Family Violence}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 1.}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Statutory Elements}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [11}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Root argues that the trial court erred in failing to instr
uct the jury that it must find, as an element of the Family Violence charge, that Root did not act in self-defense.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Specifically, Root relies on the language of Title 9 GCA \'a7
 30.10(a), which defines an act of family violence as excluding acts of self-defense.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
He argues that the failure to instruct on an element of the offense is a constitutional error which requires reversal.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [12}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
The People contend that the language found in section 30.10(a), which excludes acts of self-defense from the term \'93family violence,\'94 is not an element of the Family Violence charge.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Rather, the People argue, \'93[t]he requirement that the actions of the defendant not be in self-defense is part of the definition of [Title ] 9 GCA \'a7 30.10 and is not a separate statutory el
ement which must be proven by the prosecution.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Appellee\rquote s Brief, p. 5 (Nov. 8, 2004).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Additionally, the People argue that the definition of family violence, and the fact that it does not include acts of self-defense, was provided to the jury in a separa
te jury instruction, and thus viewing the jury instructions as a whole, it is clear that the jury was correctly instructed on the applicable law.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [13}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \'93
The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that no one will be deprived of liberty without \lquote due process of law\rquote ; and the Sixth, that \lquote 
[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury.\rquote \'94}{\i\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 United States v. Gaudin}{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 515 U.S. 506, 509-510, 115 S. Ct. 2310, 2313 (1995).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Accordingly, the Court has held that \'93
these provisions require criminal convictions to rest upon a jury determination that the defendant is guilty of }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 every element}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
 of the crime with which he is charged, beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Id.}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 515 U.S. at 510, 115 S. Ct. at 2313 (emphasis added).}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 In addition, Guam law is clear that \'93[i]t is the People\rquote s burden to prove all the elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 People v. Evaristo}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 1999 Guam 22, \'b6 12.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [14}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 An \'93element\'94 has been defined as \'93a constitu
ent part of the offense which must be proved by the prosecution }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 in every case}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  to sustain a conviction under a given statute.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Singh v. Ashcroft}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 386 F.3d 1228, 1231 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 United States v. Innie}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
, 7 F.3d 840, 850 (9th Cir. 1993); }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 see also}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  }{\scaps\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Black\rquote s Law Dictionary}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
 (8th ed. 2004) (defining \'93elements of crime\'94 as \'93[t]he constituent parts of a crime \endash  usu. consisting of the actus reus, mens rea, and causation \endash  that the prosecution must prove to sustain a conviction.\'94).}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Thus, the relevant inquiry in this case is whether the phrase \'93does not include acts of self-defense,\'94 found in the definition of family violence, Title 9 GCA \'a7
 30.10(a), is an \'93element\'94 of the offense of Family Violence. }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [15}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Title 9 GCA \'a7 30.20(a) criminalizes the offense of Family Violence, and provides: \'93
Any person who intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly commits an act of }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 family violence, as defined in \'a7 30.10}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
 of this Chapter, is guilty of a misdemeanor, or of a third degree felony.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Id. }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 (West, W}{\scaps\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
estlaw}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  through Guam Pub. L. 28-037 (2005)) (emphasis added).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 In turn, section 30.10, entitled \'93Definitions,\'94 states in relevant part:}
{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 (a)}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Family violence means the occurrence of one (1) or more of the following acts by a family or household member, }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 but does not include acts of self-defense}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  or defense of others:}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 1. Attempting to cause or causing bodily injury to another family or household member . . . .\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Title 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(1) (West, W}{\scaps\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 estlaw}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
 through Guam Pub. L. 28-037 (2005)).}{\fs24\super\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 2{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx0\tx432\tx864\tx1296\tx1728\tx2160\tx2592\tx3024\tx3456\tx3888\tx4320\tx4752\tx5184\tx5616\tx6048\tx6480\tx6912\tx7344\tx7776\tx8208\tx8640\tx9072\tx9504\tx9936\tx10368\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\fs24\super\insrsid9327327 \tab }{\fs24\super\insrsid876938 2}{\fs24\insrsid876938   }{\insrsid876938 Title 9 GCA \'a7 30.10 states, in its entirety: 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li864\ri432\nowidctlpar\tx0\tx432\tx864\tx1296\tx1728\tx2160\tx2592\tx3024\tx3456\tx3888\tx4320\tx4752\tx5184\tx5616\tx6048\tx6480\tx6912\tx7344\tx7776\tx8208\tx8640\tx9072\tx9504\tx9936\tx10368\faauto\rin432\lin864\itap0 {\insrsid876938 \'a7
 30.10.  Definitions.  As used in this Chapter:  
\par (a) Family violence means the occurrence of one (1) or more of the following acts by a family or household member, but does not include acts of self-defense or defense of others:
\par }\pard \qj \li1296\ri864\nowidctlpar\tx0\tx432\tx864\tx1296\tx1728\tx2160\tx2592\tx3024\tx3456\tx3888\tx4320\tx4752\tx5184\tx5616\tx6048\tx6480\tx6912\tx7344\tx7776\tx8208\tx8640\tx9072\tx9504\tx9936\tx10368\faauto\rin864\lin1296\itap0 {\insrsid876938 
1.  Attempting to cause or causing bodily injury to another family or household member;
\par 2.  Placing a family or household member in fear of bodily injury.
\par }\pard \qj \li864\ri432\nowidctlpar\tx0\tx432\tx864\tx1296\tx1728\tx2160\tx2592\tx3024\tx3456\tx3888\tx4320\tx4752\tx5184\tx5616\tx6048\tx6480\tx6912\tx7344\tx7776\tx8208\tx8640\tx9072\tx9504\tx9936\tx10368\faauto\rin432\lin864\itap0 {\insrsid876938 
(b) Family or household members include:
\par }\pard \qj \li1296\ri864\nowidctlpar\tx0\tx432\tx864\tx1296\tx1728\tx2160\tx2592\tx3024\tx3456\tx3888\tx4320\tx4752\tx5184\tx5616\tx6048\tx6480\tx6912\tx7344\tx7776\tx8208\tx8640\tx9072\tx9504\tx9936\tx10368\faauto\rin864\lin1296\itap0 {\insrsid876938 
1.  Adults or minors who are current or former spouses;
\par 2.  Adults or minors who live together or who have lived together;
\par 3.  Adults or minors who are dating or who have dated;
\par 4. Adults or minors who are engaged in or who have engaged in a sexual relationship;
\par 5. Adults or minors who are related by blood or adoption to the fourth degree of affinity;
\par 6.  Adults or minors who are related or formerly related by marriage;
\par 7. Persons who have a child in common; and
\par 8. Minor children of a person in a relationship described in paragraphs (1) through (7) above.
\par }\pard \qj \li864\ri432\nowidctlpar\tx0\tx432\tx864\tx1296\tx1728\tx2160\tx2592\tx3024\tx3456\tx3888\tx4320\tx4752\tx5184\tx5616\tx6048\tx6480\tx6912\tx7344\tx7776\tx8208\tx8640\tx9072\tx9504\tx9936\tx10368\faauto\rin432\lin864\itap0 {\insrsid876938 
(c) Bodily injury as used in this Chapter, has the same meaning as that provided in subsection (b) of \'a7 16.10 of this title;
\par (d) Attempt as used in this Chapter, has the same meaning as that provided in \'a7 13.10 of this title;
\par (e) Peace officer means any person so defined in 8 GCA \'a7 5.55;
\par (f) Victim means any natural person against whom a crime, as defined under the laws of Guam, has been committed or attempted to be committed;
\par (g) Witness means any natural p
erson, (i) having knowledge of the existence or nonexistence of facts relating to any crime, or (ii) whose declaration under oath is received or has been received as evidence for any purpose, or (iii) who has reported any crime to any peace officer, or (i
v) who has been served with a subpoena issued under the authority of any court in Guam, or (iv) who would be believed by any reasonable person to be an individual described in subparagraphs (i) through (iv), above, inclusive;
\par }\pard \qj \li864\ri432\sa240\nowidctlpar\tx0\tx432\tx864\tx1296\tx1728\tx2160\tx2592\tx3024\tx3456\tx3888\tx4320\tx4752\tx5184\tx5616\tx6048\tx6480\tx6912\tx7344\tx7776\tx8208\tx8640\tx9072\tx9504\tx9936\tx10368\faauto\rin432\lin864\itap0 {
\insrsid876938 (h) Prosecuting attorney as used in this Chapter means the Attorney General of Guam and those persons employed by the Attorney General's office specifically designated by the Attorney General.}}}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Thus, in order to charge and convict a defendant of Family Violence, section 30.20(a) incorporates the definition of \'93family violence\'94 found in section 30.10 as an element of the offense.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 In other words, while section 30.20(a) provides the mental state required for the offense of family violence, the facts found in section 30.10 provide the additional, \'93
constituent part[s] of the offense which must be proved\'94 by the People in order to sustain a conviction of Family Violence.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Under a plain reading of section 30.20(a), the definition of family violence found in section 30.10, including the requirement that the act }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 not}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
 be an act of self-defense, is incorporated as an element of the offense of Family Violence.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 We therefore hold that the phrase defining family violence as an act which \'93
does not include [the] act[s] of self-defense\'94 is an element of the offense of Family Violence, which must be proved by the People beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 2.}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Jury Instructions}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [16}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
The next issue we consider is whether the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury, with respect to the Family Violence charge, that the People bear the burden of proving that Root did not act in self-defense.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 The trial record reveals that the jury was instructed, with respect to the elements of the Family Violence charge, as follows:}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 The People must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the Defendant, ARTHUR SALAS ROOT did: }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li1440\ri1152\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1152\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 1.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 recklessly;}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri1152\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1152\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-1008\li1728\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1728\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 2.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 cause or attempt to cause;}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi11\li709\ri1440\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\tx-720\faauto\rin1440\lin709\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 3.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
bodily injury to another family member or household member, }{\fs24\insrsid12610487\charrsid4682080 that is, T}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 herese Lehman;}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri1296\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1296\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin720\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 4.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 to wit: by kicking and slapping;}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 

\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin720\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 5.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 on or about the 31st day of December, 2003;}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin720\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 6.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 within Guam.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 ER6 (Jury Instruction No. 4A, \'93Essential Elements of 1st Charge\endash Count I\'94).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Clearly, the trial court did not enumerate as an essential element of the offense, that the People must prove that Root did not act in self-defense.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 ]17}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Moreover, the trial court\rquote 
s separate jury instruction on the definition of family violence found in section 30.10(a) is a misstatement or misdescription of section 30.10(a).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Specifically, the jury was instructed as follows: \'93Family Violence means the occurrence of the following act by a family or household member, but does not include }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 self-defense of others:}{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  Attempting to cause or causing bodily injury to another family or household member.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 ER6 (Jury Instruction No. 4Q, \'93\lquote 
Family Violence\rquote  Defined\'94) (emphasis added).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 But see }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a) (\'93
Family violence . . . does not include self-defense or defense of others\'94).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Thus, upon an examination of the jury instructions as a whole, we find that the jury was not properly instructed that it must find that Root\rquote s actions did not include acts of self-defense.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [18}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Based on the above, we hold that the t
rial court erred in failing to charge the jury that the People must prove, as an element to the offense of Family Violence, that Root\rquote s actions did not include acts of self-defense.}{\fs24\super\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 3{\footnote 
\pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9327327 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\super\insrsid876938 3}{\insrsid876938 
  We only decide, based upon the circumstances of the case at bar and our
 reading of  the jury instruction as a whole, that the jury was not properly instructed as to the elements of family violence.  Because the trial court incorrectly stated the definition of family violence, we need not pass on the issue of whether a proper
 jury charge on the definition of family violence will satisfy the court\rquote 
s duty to instruct the jury as to every element of an offense.  Nonetheless, and based on our discussion herein, it is advisable for the trial court to delineate, separate from definin
g the crime of family violence, that as an element of the offense of family violence, the prosecution bears the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant\rquote 
s actions do not include acts of self-defense, or acts in defense of others, what
ever the case may be.  We are aware that this may pose some difficulty, especially in a case where self-defense would not otherwise appear to be at issue, yet, we are bound by the statute as passed by the Guam Legislature, which places the burden on the p
rosecution to prove that the defendant\rquote s actions were not acts of self-}{\insrsid12610487 defense or defense of others.  }}}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [19}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Based on the above, we hold that the trial court erred in failing to charge the jury that the People must prove, as an element to the offense of Family Violence, that Root actions did not include acts of self-defense.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 3.}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Harmless Error Review }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [20}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Where a trial court erroneously instructs a jury as to an element of an offense, whether the error be one of omission or a misstatement of the law, such error is subject to the harmless error review.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 In particular, the United States Supreme Court has held that \'93where a reviewing court concludes beyond a reasonable doubt that the omitted element was uncontested and supported by overwhelming evidence
, such that the jury verdict would have been the same absent the error, the instruction is properly found to be harmless.\'94 }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Neder v. United States}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
, 527 U.S. 1, 17, 119 S. Ct. 1827, 1837 (1999).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Therefore, in order to properly determine whether an error is 
harmless, we must review the trial record and assess whether it was uncontested that Root\rquote s actions did not include acts of self-defense, and further, whether there exists overwhelming evidence that Root\rquote 
s actions did not include acts of self-defense.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 If the above two inquiries are answered in the affirmative, then it necessitates a finding of harmless error in this case.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [21}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Upon review of the evidence presented at trial, both }{
\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Neder}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  requirements appear to be satisfied.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 This is especially true where, 
as here, the jury found that Root acted \'93recklessly.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Section 4.30(c) of the Criminal Code defines the term \'93recklessly\'94:}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li864\ri864\keep\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin864\lin864\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A person acts recklessly, or is reckless, with respect to attendant circumstances or the result of his conduct when he acts in awaren
ess of a substantial risk that the circumstances exist or that his conduct will cause the result }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 and his disregard is unjustifiable}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
 and constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise in the situation.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 9 GCA \'a7 4.30(c) (West, W}{\scaps\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 estlaw}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  through Guam Pub. L. 28-037 (2005)) (emphasis added).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 The Criminal Code further states, with respect to self-defense:}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \'93[T]he use of force upon or toward another person is}{
\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  justifiable}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  when the defendant believes that such force is
 immediately necessary for the purpose of protecting himself against the use of unlawful force by such other person on the present occasion.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Title 9 GCA \'a7
 7.84 (Westlaw through Guam Pub. L. 28-037 (2005)). }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [22}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A reading of the above statutory sections
 indicates that a finding of recklessness, or unjustifiable disregard,}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 necessarily negates a finding of self defense, which is a justifiable use of force.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Duran v. State}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 990 P.2d 1005, 1008 (Wyo. 1999) (\'93The state proved to the satisfaction of the jury 
that appellant acted recklessly. The same evidence that proved appellant acted recklessly also proved that appellant did not act in self-defense since proof of recklessness under the facts of this case negates self-defense.\'94) (quoting }{
\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Small v. State, }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 689 P.2d 420 (Wyo. 1984)).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [23}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Accordingly, we apply the }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Neder}{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  standard to determine if the error was harmless.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 First, it was uncontested that Root\rquote 
s actions were reckless and not acts of self-defense.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Neither Root nor any other witness proffered evidence of his acting in self-defense.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  
}{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 See e.g., Neder}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 527 U.S. at 15, 119 S. Ct. at 1836 (finding that, although the element of materiality was omitted from the jury instruction, \'93
Petitioner underreported $5 million on his tax returns, and did not contest the element of materiality at trial.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Petitioner does not suggest that he would introduce any evidence bearing upon the issue of materiality if so allowed.\'94). }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [24}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Second, there is overwhelming evidence that Root\rquote 
s actions, that is, kicking and/or slapping the victim, were not acts of self-defense.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Turning to the evidence at trial, the victim testified as to events inside her house as follows: }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2115\li2835\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin2835\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A. [by Lehman}{\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 \tab }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 All I
\rquote m doing is walking, you know, toward \endash  he was asking me his clothes.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 So, I was walking toward it and then next thing, swung the hand.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 I don\rquote t know if it was a straight hand or a back hand, or what.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
All I know is there was a blow, you know; there was a hit. }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li2835\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 . . .}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-1872\li2592\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin2592\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.\tab \tab \tab He hit my facial \endash  my face. }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li2880\ri432\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin2880\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 . . .}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-1872\li2592\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin2592\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 A.\tab \tab \tab }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 On the left side.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Transcript, vol. I, p. 23 (Trial, Mar. 30, 2004).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
The victim testified as to a subsequent event outside her house, that Root subsequently \'93gave me a side swap and everything. . . . Like a hit back or something like that.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
He was walking away . . . [and] he hit me again.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Tr. vol. I, pp. 25-26 (Trial, Mar. 30, 2004).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
And still later, after a phone call to her daughter:}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2115\li2835\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin2835\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A. [by Lehman}{\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 \tab }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 He was arguing with me and everything.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 But he moved away.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
He stopped.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 He was walking out the door.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q. [by Atty. O\rquote Mallan}{\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 So what did you do?}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2160\li2880\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin2880\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.\tab \tab \tab Was just looking right behind him and everything like that.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 He was reaching to his car. }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li2880\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin2880\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 . . . }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2160\li2880\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin2880\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.\tab \tab \tab Then I noticed he was reaching . . . to get something in the car \endash 
 reaching in for something in the car, or something.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 . . . }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2160\li2880\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin2880\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.\tab \tab \tab I noticed because there was a pipe there that he was reaching at.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Tr., vol. I, p. 28 (Trial, Mar. 30, 2004).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 The}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
dialogue at trial with respect to the victim\rquote s use of force against Root, was as follows:}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin720\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q. [by Atty. O\rquote Mallan}{\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Okay.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 What did you think was going to happen?}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-1440\li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 . . . }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2115\li2835\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin2835\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.\tab \tab \tab That was it for me.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Either I have to start defending myself or what.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab Okay.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 So, what did you do?}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2115\li2835\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin2835\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.\tab \tab \tab I have a outside \endash  in the outside \endash  I spoke outside.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 So there was a can of \endash  a coffee can filled with sand.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 That was the only thing I did.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 I picked that up fast and I hit him and I kept on.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 So that kinda like make him forget about grabbing the pipe.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 He just went after me like a rage.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q.\tab \tab \tab So did you run?}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 \tab }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab Kept on, like we were sparring.[}{
\fs24\super\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 4{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9327327 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\super\insrsid876938 4}{\fs24\insrsid876938   }{
\insrsid876938 The victim later clarified that when she said sparring, she meant she was defending, or blocking, Root\rquote s hits/kicks with her hands.  }}}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 ]}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q.\tab \tab \tab No.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
After you threw the can, did you run?}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.\tab \tab \tab Yes, I moved away, yes.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
But he just kept on.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q.\tab \tab \tab Kept on doing what?}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab Kept on hitting me.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab Okay.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Were you trying to get away from him?}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab Yes.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab And how was he hitting you?}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab 
Fist, knee, keep trying to kick or what. But it was . . . }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab What did he do with his knee? }{
\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2115\li2835\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin2835\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A. \tab \tab \tab That was later on when I got cornered but he kept on using his knee but I kept blocking it.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab Okay.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 But did he ever hit you with his knee?}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab Yes, he did.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab Where?}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 

\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2115\li2835\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin2835\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab 
When I got into the situation that I got caught in the soft grass.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 I\rquote m wearing heel.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
My foot got caught in that area and that\rquote s when he was able to give him a front knee \endash  kneecap in the middle part.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab Where?}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 

\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab 
He gave me a blow in the middle, my private.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2304\li3024\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin3024\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab Okay.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 And then what else happened?}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2115\li2835\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin2835\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab That\rquote s when I went down.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 He gave me a blow there and he knocked me, like you know, keep hitting me down there.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 So I went down.}
{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 And then when I went down \endash  I was down on the ground \endash  he kept on kicking me from back to front, wherever.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 But I was down.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2880\li5715\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin5715\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 . . .}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2880\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2115\li2835\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin2835\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Q.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab 
And then after you were on the ground and he\rquote s kicking you while you\rquote re on the ground, what did you do?}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2115\li2835\ri288\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin288\lin2835\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \tab \tab \tab He just kept \endash 
 while he was kicking me, thank God the cops came. . . .}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Tr., vol. I, pp. 29-31 (Trial, Mar. 30, 2004).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Even the p
receding excerpt from the trial record, which is the only evidence of any use of force against Root, suggests that Root\rquote s use of force against the victim was not an act of self-defense.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Stated another way, based on a review of the trial transcript, Root\rquote s acts of kicking and slapping the victim was not a result of his belief that it was \'93
immediately necessary for the purpose of protecting himself\'94 from the victim\rquote s use of unlawful force.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 9 GCA \'a7 7.84.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [25}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 We therefore hold that the trial court\rquote 
s error in failing to instruct the jury as to the element of Family Violence, that is, that Root\rquote s actions did not include acts of self-defense, was harmless.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 B.\tab 
Assault}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6692544 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 1.}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Self-defense Instruction}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [26}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Root contends that the trial court erred in fail
ing to instruct the jury on self-defense as a defense to the Assault charge.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
He argues that the evidence presented at trial was that Root kicked the victim after she struck him with the Folgers can, and thus, there was factual foundation to submit the def
ense to the jury and require the prosecution to disprove the defense beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [27}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
The People contend that because there was no evidence of self-defense presented to the jury, the trial court\rquote s actions in refusing to so instruct the jury was proper.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [28}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \'93
Courts are not bound to present every conceivable defense potentially suggested by the evidence.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 People v. Camacho}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 1999 Guam 27, \'b6
 20.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 A \'93defendant [is] entitled to a jury instruction on self-defense if there [is] evidence in the record to support it.\'94 }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
United States v. Jackson}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 726 F.2d 1466, 1468 (9th Cir. 1984).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 More specifically, the standard is that \'93
an instruction must be given if there is evidence upon which the jury could rationally sustain the defense.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Id.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [29}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Root c
ites to the incident with the Folgers coffee can as support for his theory of self-defense.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 See supra }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 pp. 10-11.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 While it is true that the victim at this time used force on Root, this alone is insufficient to support a self-defense instruction.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 There was no evidence from which the jury could find, or even infer, that Root believed that the force he used on the victim was necessary to protect himself.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [30}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
We therefore hold that there was insufficient evidence in the record to support a self-defense jury instruction, and therefore, the trial court\rquote s failure to so instruct was proper.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 C.}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Sufficiency of the Evidence}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [31}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Root argues that there was insufficient evidence to prove that Root kicked and slapped the victim, as alleged in the complaint, and thus, his convictions should be reversed.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Root argues that because the People charged in the conjunctive, the People must also prove its case in the conjunctive.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
In addition, Root claims that there was insufficient evidence that he slapped the victim and further argues that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that he kicked the victim.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 

\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [32}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
The People provide excerpts from the trial transcript in support of their argument that the evidence presented at trial was sufficient for the jury to fi
nd that Root kicked and slapped the victim, and thus the Family Violence and Assault convictions should be affirmed.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [33}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 \'93\lquote In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction,
\rquote  this court inquires as to 'whether the evidence in the record could reasonably support a finding of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.\rquote \'94 }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 People v. Guerrero,}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
 2003 Guam 18, \'b6 13 (quoting }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 People v. Sangalang,}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  2001 Guam 18, \'b6 20); }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 see also People v. Reyes}{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 1998 Guam 32, \'b6 7; }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 People v. Leon Guerrero}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 2001 Guam 19, \'b6 32.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 There is sufficient evidence to support a conviction if viewing the evidence \'93
in the light most favorable to the prosecution . . . any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94 }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Guerrero,}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
 2003 Guam 18 at \'b6 13 (quoting .}{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Sangalang,}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  2001 Guam 18 at \'b6 20).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\keep\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [34}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Root essentially argues that the People failed to prove that Root kicked }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 and}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  slapped the victim.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
We have very recently addressed Root\rquote s argument that the People must prove in the conjunctive any crime so charged, notwithstanding the disjunctive language found in the statute criminalizing a defendant\rquote s actions.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 In }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 People v. Maysho}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 2005 Guam 4, \'b6 11, we expressly rejected such contention.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Quoting language from }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 United States v. Arias}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 253 F.3d 453, 457 (9th Cir. 2001), we stated: \'93
when the statute speaks disjunctively, the conjunctive is not required even if the offense is charged conjunctively in the indictment.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Maysho}{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 , 2005 Guam 4 at \'b6 11.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Accordingly, where, as here, the 
statutes criminalizing an offense speak disjunctively, the conjunctive is not required for a conviction, regardless of whether the offense is charged conjunctively.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Thus, proof of either kicking or slapping may establish Root\rquote s guilt despite the conjunctive language, \'93kicking and slapping,\'94 as alleged in the complaint.}{\i\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
See id.}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  (rejecting the defendant\rquote s similar argument and holding that \'93proof of either \lquote willful\rquote  or \lquote wanton\rquote  may establish [the defendant\rquote 
s] guilt notwithstanding that the charge was phased in the conjunctive\'94).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [35}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
However, while the People were only required to prove }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 either}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  kicking }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 or}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
 slapping to convict Root of Family Violence and Assault, there is sufficient evidence in the trial record to support the conjunctive charge.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Root\rquote 
s sole contention with respect to this issue is that there was insufficient evidence that Root kicked and/or slapped the victim.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
A review of the trial evidence in the light most favorable to the jury verdict proves otherwise.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [36}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 In addition to testimony provided by the victim, }{\i\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
see supra}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080  at pp. 9-12, Guam Police Officer Antonio Virgilio tested that upon interviewing the victim after the incident with Root, he noticed \'93
the redness to her left and right facial area; redness to her neck; bruising to her thighs \endash  both thighs; and redness to her shins.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
Tr., vol. I, p. 97 (Trial, Mar. 30, 2004).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [37}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Dr. Aurelio Espinola, Chief Medical Examiner, testified that a photo depicting the victim
\rquote s left side at the mid-thigh level was a bruise caused by blunt trauma, including \'93a kick.\'94}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Tr., vol. II, p. 83-84 (Trial, Mar. 31, 2004).}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 In addition, Dr. Espinola testified that the bruise pictured in the picture had to have occurred \'93within two days\'94 of the injury.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Tr., vol. II, p. 85 (Trial, Mar. 31, 2004).}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 The vic
tim testified that the photo was taken on January 2, 2004, two days after the victim claimed to have been injured by Root.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Tr., vol. I, p. 36 (Trial, Mar. 31, 2004). }{
\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [38}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Finally, Dr. Olivia Cruz, the emergency room physician who examined the victim sho
rtly after the incident, also noted redness in the lower part of the victim\rquote s abdomen.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [39}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Upon this review the trial evidence, we hold that the record reasonably supports the jury
\rquote s finding of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to the Family Violence and Assault charges. }{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 IV.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6692544 {\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4682080 {\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 [40}{\b\fs24\insrsid9327327\charrsid4682080 ]}{\b\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
We find that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that the People bear the burden of proving, as an element of Family Violence, that Root did not act in self defense, but we hold that such error is harmless error.}{
\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 We also hold that the trial court properly denied Root\rquote s request to instruct the jury on self-defense, as a defense to Assault.}{\fs24\insrsid4682080\charrsid4682080  }{
\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 Finally, we hold that there was sufficient evidence to support the conviction of both the Family Violence and Assault charges. The trial court judgment of conviction is hereby }{\b\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 
AFFIRMED}{\fs24\insrsid876938\charrsid4682080 .}{\fs24\insrsid4682080 
\par }}