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Department of Law}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 , Opinion\tab \tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs31\fs20\insrsid11953153\charrsid5050099 PAGE }}{\fldrslt { \cs31\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9261423 18}}}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs31\fs20\insrsid11953153\charrsid4404675 NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt {\cs31\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11800365 28}}}{ \fs20\insrsid11953153 \par _____________________________________________________________________________________________ \par }\pard \s27\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6241639 {\insrsid11953153\charrsid6241639 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ALAN F. HAEUSER, \par }{\insrsid1777724\charrsid9261423 Petitioner}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 -Appellant, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 v.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 DEPARTMENT OF LAW,}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \par }{\insrsid1777724\charrsid9261423 Respondent}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 -Appellee.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid6241639\charrsid9261423 O}{\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 PINION}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid12915305\charrsid9261423 Filed:}{\b\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\b\insrsid12915305\charrsid9261423 September 12, 2005}{ \b\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Cite as: 2005 Guam }{\b\insrsid6913438\charrsid9261423 14}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qc \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Supreme Court Case No.: CVA00-021 \par Superior Court Case No.: SP0003-92}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par }{\insrsid6241639\charrsid9261423 Submitted on the briefs on }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 June 15, 2004 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \par }{\ul\insrsid1777724\charrsid9261423 Appearing for Petitioner}{\ul\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 -Appellant:}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \par Mitchell F. Thompson, }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Esq}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . \par Maher & Thompson}{\insrsid1777724\charrsid9261423 ,}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 P}{\insrsid1777724\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 C}{\insrsid1777724\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \par 140 Aspinall Ave. Ste. 201 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa58\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9261423 { \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \par }{\ul\insrsid1777724\charrsid9261423 Appearing for Respondent-Appellees}{\ul\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 :}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \par Douglas B. Moylan \par Attorney General \par }{\insrsid6241639\charrsid9261423 Pedro\rquote s Plaza \par 287 W O\rquote Brien Dr.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa58\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard\plain \s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 \b\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b0\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 BEFORE: F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; ROBERT J. TORRES, JR., Associate Justice; ALEXANDRO C. CASTRO, Justice }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Pro Tempore}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 CARBULLIDO, C.J.:}{\b\insrsid11170725 \par }{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }{\b\insrsid6241639\charrsid9261423 [1]}{\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 This matter is before the court for the third time, and is presently before us on remand from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Ninth Circuit reversed this court\rquote s }{\insrsid12073872\charrsid9261423 prior decisions holding that}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Petitioner-Appellant Alan F. Haeuser (\'93Haeuser\'94 ) failed to mitigate his damages thereby precluding an award of back pay in his claim for }{\insrsid12073872\charrsid9261423 wrongful termination against}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Respondent-Appellee Department of Law (\'93Department\'94).}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Upon consideration of the matter on remand, we hereby affirm the trial court\rquote s original award of back pay and its decision that Haeuser mitigated his damages during the period in which he was wrongfully terminated.}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 I.}{\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid6241639\charrsid9261423 [2]}{\insrsid6241639\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In 1990, Haeuser was hired as an Assistant Attorney Ge}{\insrsid12073872\charrsid9261423 neral with the Department for a two-}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 year probationary period.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser was terminated from his position in 1991.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser filed an appeal with the Civil Service Commission (\'93CSC\'94 ), which dismissed the appeal on the ground that it lacked jurisdiction because Haeuser was an unclassified employee under }{\insrsid15288170\charrsid9261423 Title }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 4 GCA \'a7 6208.1.}{ \cs18\super\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid11953153 \chftn }{ \insrsid11953153 Section 6208.1 provides: \par \par }\pard \s17\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15288170 {\insrsid11953153 \tab \'a7 6208.1. Recruitment of Assistant Attorneys General. Not-withstanding any other provision of law, the Attorney General may hire Assistant Attorneys General necessary for the operation o f the department. Attorneys shall be hired for an initial two-year probationary period in the unclassified service, which shall by the term of the appointment expire two years from the date of the appointment if not sooner terminated by the appointing aut h ority. Attorneys reappointed after completion of their probationary period shall be employed in the unclassified service as provided under Section 4102(16) of Chapter 4 of this Title and may be removed only for cause. Attorneys presently in the classified service shall remain classified. \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid11953153 \par Title 4 GCA \'a7 6208.1 (2003). \par }}}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser thereafter filed a petition for writ of mandate in the Superior Court, arguing that he was terminated in violation of the Organic Act}{\insrsid15288170\charrsid9261423 of Guam and }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 personnel regulations because he was fired \'93without right of appeal and without right of being given reasons or charges in writing.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid15288170\charrsid9261423 Pet\rquote r }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Excerpts of Record (\'93ER\'94), tab 1, p. 2}{\insrsid15948018\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid15288170\charrsid9261423 (Pet}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{ \insrsid15288170\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid5446722\charrsid9261423 f}{\insrsid15288170\charrsid9261423 or Alternative Writ of Mandate/Review).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser sought reinstatement to his position and back pay.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser\rquote s prayer for reinstatement was grounded in the argument that section 6208.1 violated the Equal Protection (\'93 EP\'94) Clause and the Organic Act of Guam.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Superior Court denied the petition, finding no EP violation, but not ruling on the Organic Act claim.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser appealed the Superior Court decision to the Appellate Division, which affirmed the lower court\rquote s decision on the EP claim, and which further held that there was no Organic Act violation.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser appealed this decision to the Ninth Circuit.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Ninth Circui}{\insrsid5446722\charrsid9261423 t reversed, finding that section}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 6208.1, which exempted Assistant Attorneys General from the merit protections of c}{\insrsid5446722\charrsid9261423 lassified service, was in violation of the Organic Act}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The case was remanded to the Appellate Division, and then to the Superior Court.}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [3]\tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 On remand, Haeuser filed a motion for summary judgment, seeking reinstatement.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The trial court granted Haeuser\rquote s motion.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser thereafter filed a motion seeking an award of back pay and benefits.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The trial court held a hearing on the issue of back wages and mitigation.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The trial court held in favor of Haeuser in a Decision and Order filed on October 14, 1997, finding that Haeuser was entitled to back pay, and that Haeuser \'93did not fail to mitigate his damages to an extent which would preclude an award of back pay. \'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11800848\charrsid9261423 Pet\rquote r }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ER, tab 4, p. 27 (Decision and Order, Oct. 14, 1997).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 After off-setting income Haeuser received during the period of his wrongful termination, the trial court awarded him back pay in the amount of $334,109.09.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [4]}{\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Department of Law appealed the trial court\rquote s decision to this court.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 This court reversed the October 14, 1997 decision in an opinion filed on April 30, 1999, }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Hae}{\i\insrsid11800848\charrsid9261423 user v. Dep\rquote }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 t of Law, }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 1999 Guam 12 (\'93}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \'94).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , this court held that the trial court erred in finding that Haeuser mitigated his damages.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court remanded the matter to the trial court for findings consistent with the court\rquote s opinion.}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [5]}{\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 On remand, the trial court entered a judgment denying Haeuser an award of back pay.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Citing this court\rquote s opinion and mandate in }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , the trial court found that Haeuser failed to mitigate damages and therefore was not entitled to damages for back pay.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The trial court\rquote s decision was filed on April 27, 2000.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 A new judgment was entered on April 27, 2000, reflecting the court\rquote s decision.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser filed a motion for a new trial, which the trial court denied.}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [6]}{\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser thereafter appealed the trial court\rquote s judgment and order denying his motion for a new trial.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In an opinion filed on June 27, 2002, }{\i\insrsid3488332\charrsid9261423 Haeuser v. Dep\rquote }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 t of Law}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 2002 Guam 8 (\'93}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \'94), this court affirmed the trial court\rquote s judgment that was entered on remand following the }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 mandate.}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [7]}{\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser filed a Petition for Writ of Certiorari of }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 to the Ninth Circuit, and in an order filed on September 13, 2002, the Ninth Circuit granted Haeuser\rquote s Petition.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 On May 24, 2004, the Ninth Circuit issued an opinion in the case, }{\i\insrsid3488332\charrsid9261423 Haeuser v. Dep\rquote }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 t of Law}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 368 F.3d 1091 (\'93}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser III}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \'94 ), reversing both }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 and }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Ninth Circuit\rquote s judgment was filed on June 15, 2004. }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [8]}{\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The present proceedings are on remand from the Ninth Circuit.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The matter was considered and is herein decided on remand based on the existing record, and without further briefing or arguments from the parties.}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 II.}{\b\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [9]\tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Department in }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , and Haeuser in }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 appealed the trial court\rquote s respective judgments on the issue of back pay.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 This court had jurisdiction over the prior appeals from the judgments entered in the Superior Court pursuant to Title 7 GCA \'a7 3107(b), and the court\rquote s present jurisdiction over a final judgment is pursuant to 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) and Title 7 GCA \'a7 3107(b).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 When a case in which this court validly has jurisdiction is appealed, such jurisdiction is restored upon reversal and remand from the appellate court.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Cf. Carroll v. State}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 74 S.W.3d 414, 415\~(Tex. App. 2002) (\'93\lquote [W]hen a case is remanded to a lower appellate court, the }{\cs29\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 jurisdiction}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 {\*\bkmkstart SR_935} {\*\bkmkend SR_935} originally granted to the court by constitutional and statutory mandate is fully restored by the order of abatement and }{\cs29\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 remand}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 {\*\bkmkstart SR_955} {\*\bkmkend SR_955}.\rquote \'94) (quoting }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Adkins v. State,}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 764 S.W.2d 782, 784 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)); }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Hermann v. Brownell}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 274 F.2d 842, 843\~(9th Cir. 1960) (\'93When a case is ap pealed from this Court to the Supreme Court, this Court completely loses jurisdiction of the cause. Thereafter, our jurisdiction can be revived only upon the mandate of the Supreme Court itself, and even upon such restoration, the jurisdiction of this Cou rt is rigidly limited to those points, and those points only, specifically consigned to our consideration by the Supreme Court.\'94).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 We therefore have jurisdiction over this matter on remand from the Ninth Circuit.}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 III.}{\b\i\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Scope of Review on Remand}{\b\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid9261423 \par }{\b\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [10]}{\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In determining the scope of our review on remand, it is necessary to outline in further detail this court\rquote s prior decisions in }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 and }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , as well as the Ninth Circuit\rquote s decision in }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser III}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [11]}{\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , this court reviewed whether the trial court erred in determining that Haeuser\rquote s failure to mitigate damages was reasonable.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 1999 Guam 12 at \'b6 10.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In reviewing the issue, the }{\i\insrsid3488332\charrsid9261423 Hae}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 user I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court explained the rules governing mitigation as follows:}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid4920618\charrsid9261423 It is well-}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 settled that any injured party, who is entitled to damages, is required to mitigate those damages.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In the case of an award for back pay due to an aggrieved employee, that employee is under a duty to mitigate damages.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The employer h}{\insrsid15948018\charrsid9261423 as the burden of}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 showing that the employee has not mitigated damages.}{\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 1999 Guam 12 at \'b6 11 (citation}{\insrsid3488332\charrsid9261423 s}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 omitted).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court further set forth alternative tests for showing a failure to mitigate, stating that an employer may meet its burden of proving that an employee failed to mitigate by showing: \'93 a) there were substantially similar jobs available during the time in question; b) that the employee could have obtained an equivalent job; c) and the employee failed to use reasonable diligence in seeking one.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid15948018\charrsid9261423 at \'b6 12.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid15948018\charrsid9261423 The court noted}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 that, alternatively, the employer may be \'93released from a duty to establish the availability of comparable employment if he can prove that the employee made no reasonable efforts to seek such employment.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Based on these standards, the court determined that it would review the issue on appeal to determine \'93 whether the government, at trial, met either the burden of showing the availability of \lquote substantially equivalent\rquote jobs or showing that Haeuser failed to make reasonable efforts to find employment.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at \'b6 13.}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [12]\tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court thereafter set forth the evidence in the record, which showed that during the six years from the date of his termination to his reinstatement, Haeuser applied for seven (7) attorney positions, all with various government agencies.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court also found that under the evidence, Haeuser did not apply for a position with a private law firm.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at \'b6 18.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court further recognized the trial court\rquote s determination that \'93Haeuser\rquote s failure to apply for employment with a private firm did not constitute a failure to mitigate his damages,\'94 as well as the trial court\rquote s presumption that \'93many, if not all, employers would find Petitioner\rquote s previous termination a negative factor when weighing whether or not to hire him for positions within their respective offices.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at \'b6 19.} {\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Viewing the evidence against the trial court\rquote s findings and conclusion, the }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Ha}{\i\insrsid2164573\charrsid9261423 e}{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 user I }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court held: }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Based on our review of the record below, it is our belief that the trial court\rquote s presumptions and conclusions are unsupported by the record.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 We are unable to find the evidentiary basis for the trial court\rquote s presumption that Haeuser\rquote s attempts to find employment with any private law firm would have been unsuccessful.}{\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at \'b6 20.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court explained that there was no \'93evidentiary support for the trial court\rquote s conclusion that Haeuser would not have been hired by any }{\insrsid13067756\charrsid9261423 private }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 law firm.\'94}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at \'b6 21.}{\i\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Ultimately, the }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court reversed the trial court\rquote s decision, stating:}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 We are left with a definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed a mistake in its conclusions that Haeuser had reasonably mitigated his damages. The trial court's disregard of the fact that Haeuser did not apply for even one position with a private law firm is a very troubling aspect of the {\*\bkmkstart Document1zzSDUNumber10}{\*\bkmkend Document1zzSDUNumber10} factual findings of the trial court. We have not conducted a review of the evidence as presented to the trial court, but rather we have examined the basis of the trial court's conclusions regarding the efforts of Haeuser to mitigate his damages and we find that these conclusions were not plausible in light of the entire record. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the trial court finding that Haeuser reasonably mitigated his damages and remand this matter for findings consistent with this opinion.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid13134111\charrsid9261423 at \'b6 22.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [13]}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \tab On remand from }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , the trial court revisited its prior decision that Haeuser did not fail to mitigate his damages.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court found that based on this court \rquote s decision in }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haueser I}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , a failure to look for work with a private law firm constituted a failure to mitigate damages.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The trial court reviewed the six years between the time Haeuser was terminated and reinstated, and found that Haeuser did not look for a job with a private law firm during any of those years.}{ \cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court determined that Haeuser therefore did not mitigate his damages during any of the six years, and recalculated the damages award based on this finding.}{ \cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\keep\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [14]}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \tab On appeal of the trial court\rquote s decision in }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , Haeuser argued that the trial court erred in failing to award back pay in light of the }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 opinion.}{ \cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court disagreed, finding that while \'93}{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 did not expressly hold that Haeuser was not entitled to back pay award[,] . . . the back pay award issue was disposed of by implication.\'94}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at \'b6 18.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court stated that \'93it would }{\cf1\insrsid13134111\charrsid9261423 then }{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 be a fair implication of the }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 opinion that Haeuser was not entitled to damages because he did not reasonably mitigate his damages.\'94}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid13134111\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II}{\cf1\insrsid13134111\charrsid9261423 , 2002 Guam 8, \'b6 18.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court found that under the law of the case doctrine, this court\rquote s determination in }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 that Haeuser failed to mitigate his damages was binding on the trial court on remand.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at \'b6 \'b6 24-25.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court held that \'93when the law of the case doctrine is applied to this case, Haeuser\rquote s claim that the trial court err ed when it reversed the award of back pay fails.\'94}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at \'b6 25.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Overall, the }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court affirmed the lower court\rquote s decision made on remand of }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [15]}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \tab On appeal of }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 to the Ninth Circuit, Haeuser challenged this court\rquote s findings in both }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 and }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Ha}{\i\cf1\insrsid2164573\charrsid9261423 e}{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 user II}{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser III, }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 368 F.3d at 1095.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \cf1\insrsid5138604\charrsid9261423 In reviewing the case, the Ninth Circuit first found that it had the jurisdiction to review both }{\i\cf1\insrsid5138604\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{\cf1\insrsid5138604\charrsid9261423 and }{ \i\cf1\insrsid5138604\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II}{\cf1\insrsid5138604\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid5138604\charrsid9261423 Id.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The issue before the court was whether this court in }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 manifestly or clearly erred in overturning the trial court\rquote s factual finding that Haeuser did not fail to mitigate his damages.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid12457048\charrsid9261423 at 1093, 1097}{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Ninth Circuit recognized the Superior Court\rquote s original conclusion that \'93[a]lthough Haeuser did not apply for a position in the private sector during his unemployment, . . . this did not constitute a failure to mitigate damages because it was highly unlikely Haeuser would have been hired.\'94}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at 1100.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court further recognized the }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court\rquote s decision, reversing the Superior Court\rquote s finding on the issue of mitigation on the ground that \'93the Superior Court\rquote s finding that Haeuser mitigated his damages, despite his failure to apply to a single private sector position, \lquote was not plausible in light of the entire record.\rquote \'94}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at 1100-1101.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Ninth Circuit observed:}{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 However, in reaching its conclusion that Haeuser had not mitigated his damages, the Guam Supreme Court [in }{ \i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ] noted that it had not \'93conducted a review of the evidence presented to the trial court.\'94}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id.}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 at \'b6 20-22.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Acknowledging this, it then decided that there was no \'93 evidentiary support for {\*\bkmkstart Document1zzSDUNumber27}{\*\bkmkend Document1zzSDUNumber27}the trial court\rquote s conclusion that Haeuser would not have been hired by any private law firm.\'94}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id.}{\i\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at 1101.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Ninth circuit explained: }{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 [W]e cannot uphold the Supreme Court's decision to reverse the lower court's ultimate factual determinations in the absence of its having reviewed the evidentiary record upon which those determinations are based.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Before deciding whether the lower court\rquote s finding was plausible, the Supreme Court was required, under the very standard it announced earlier in its opinion, to review \lquote the record ... in its entirety, \rquote and then apply the law to the facts.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid12521769\charrsid9261423 (citation omitted).}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 After surveying this evidence in the record, the Ninth Circuit concluded: }{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In light of this evidence as well as the Supreme Court\rquote s own admission [in }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ] that it did not review the evidence as presented in trial, we conclude that it was manifest error for the Supreme Court to reverse the Superior Court\rquote s findings, made after hearing four days of testimony about the unique circumstances facing lawyers attempting to obtain work in Guam's insular legal market.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court thus reversed }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , and further found that because }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 was decided in reliance on }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , then its reversal of }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 mandated a reversal of }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II}{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [16]}{\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Considering the Ninth Circuit\rquote s reversal of }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , and because this court relied on }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 in its decision made in }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II}{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , it is necessary in the present remand to revisit the holding of }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Furthermore, the Ninth Circuit specifically explained that \'93the Guam Supreme Court must reconsider its decision in }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 after completing a full review of the record.\'94}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser}{\i\cf1\insrsid12521769\charrsid9261423 III}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 368 F.3d at 1101. It is therefore clear that the reversals of }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 and }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser II}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 do not direct this court to summarily affirm the lower court\rquote s decision which was appealed in }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Rather, we are required to conduct a full review and analysis of the issues raised in }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 We thus proceed herein as if we }{\cf1\insrsid13067756\charrsid9261423 were sitting in the position}{\cf1\insrsid1841499\charrsid9261423 of the}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx360\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 B. }{\b\cf1\insrsid15948018\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\b\cf1\insrsid1841499\charrsid9261423 Mitigation of Damages}{ \b\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\ul\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [17]}{\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , the Department appealed the lower court\rquote s award of back pay.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 On appeal, the Department argued that the lower court erred in its finding that Haeuser mitigated his damages.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [18]}{\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court determined that a finding on mitigation is one of fact which is reviewed for clear error.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 1999 Guam 12 at \'b6 14; }{ \i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 cf. Guam United Warehouse Corp. v. DeWitt Transp. Serv}{\i\cf1\insrsid1841499\charrsid9261423 .}{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , Inc.}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 2003 Guam 20, \'b6 26 (reviewing the issue of mitigation in a breach of lease context, and stating \'93[W]hether the injured party violated his duty to mitigate damages is a question of fact for the trier of fact, when there is conflicting evidence on the question.\'94 ) (citation omitted).}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Other courts are uniform in similarly characterizing the question of mitigation, and, specifically, whether an employee made reasonable effo rts to mitigate his losses, to be one of fact and therefore reviewed on appeal under a clearly erroneous standard.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 See }{\i\insrsid10636703\charrsid9261423 Texas Animal Health Comm\rquote }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 n v. Garza}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~27 S.W.3d 54, 62\~(Tex. App. 2000)}{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 (\'93}{ \cs29\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Mitigation}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 of }{\cs29\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 damages}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 is ordinarily a }{\cs29\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 question}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 of }{\cs29\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 fact}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 for the jury.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In a }{\cs29\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 wrongful termination}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 case, the adequacy of an employee\rquote s efforts to mitigate and the reasonableness of an employee\rquote s explanation for rejecting a job offer are fact questions properly left to the jury.\'94 ) (citation omitted); }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Pa}{\i\insrsid1841499\charrsid9261423 yne v. Security Sav. & Loan Ass\rquote }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 n, F.A.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~924 F.2d 109, 111\~(7th Cir. 1991) ( \'93Because the question of mitigation is a factual one, we will not overturn the district court's finding unless it was clearly erroneous.\'94); }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Higgins v. Lawrence}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~ 309 N.W.2d 194, 195-96\~(Mich. Ct. App. 1981) (\'93Whether or not an employee is reasonable in not seeking or accepting particular employment is a question for the trier of fact.\'94); }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 United Protective Workers of America, Local No. 2 v. Ford Motor Co.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~223 F.2d 49, 52\~(7th Cir. 1955) (\'93[W]here the discharged employee has not used \lquote reasonable diligence\rquote to find other suitable work, the judgment will be reduced by the amount he would have been able to earn if he had used \lquote reasonable diligence.\rquote . . .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The exercise of due or reasonable diligence is a question of fact . . . .\'94) (citations omitted).}{\ul\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [19]}{\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 We agree here that the clearly erroneous standard applies in reviewing a finding on mitigation.}{\ul\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 A finding is clearly erroneous when, even though some evidence supports it, the entire record produces the d efinite and firm conviction that the court below committed a mistake.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The appellate court accords particular weight to the trial judge\rquote s assessment of conflicting or ambiguous evidence.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The applicable standard of appellate review is narrow; the test is w hether the lower court rationally could have found as it did, rather than whether the reviewing court would have ruled differently.}{\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Yang v. Hong}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 1998 Guam}{\insrsid9919784\charrsid9261423 9, \'b6 7 (quoting }{\i\insrsid9919784\charrsid9261423 People v. Chargualaf}{\insrsid9919784\charrsid9261423 , }{\insrsid1517629\charrsid9261423 Crim. No. 88-00068A, 1989 WL 265040 (D. Guam App. Div. Sept. 26, 1989}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ).}{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [20]}{\cf1\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In determining whether the lower court clearly erred in its determination on the issue of mitigation, it is necessary to first discuss the law pertaining to mitigation.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [21]}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \tab As a general rule, courts must determine whether the employee re asonably mitigated or avoided his damages during the time period for which the employee seeks recovery.}{\cs18\cf1\super\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\fs20\super\insrsid11953153\charrsid3236246 \chftn }{\insrsid11953153 }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid11953153 In the employment context, several authorities have characterized the employee\rquote s duties after a breach in terms of avoidable consequences, rather than the duty to mitigate; the use of the term duty has been viewed as inaccurate because the mitigation rule fails to compensate employees for damages that could have been avoided rather than punishing them for breaching a duty to mitigate. }{ \i\fs20\cf1\insrsid11953153 See }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Stewart v. Board of Ed. of Ritenour Consol. School Dist., R-3}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 ,\~630 S.W.2d 130, 133\~(Mo. Ct. App. 1982) (quoting 5 Corbin on Contracts s 1039 (1954)). }{ \fs20\cf1\insrsid11953153 \par }}}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In the employment context, the logic of the mitigation rule is this:}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid1517629\charrsid9261423 Although it has been said that a plaintiff is ordinarily under a duty\line to mitigate damages, this is not strictly true, since there are no\line damages for breach of the duty;}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid1517629\charrsid9261423 rather, the plaintiff simply cannot\line recover those damages that it could have avoided.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid1517629\charrsid9261423 Damages which the\line plaintiff might have avoided with reasonable effort without undue\line risk, expense, burden, or humiliation will be considered either as not\line having been caused by the defendant's wrong or as not being chargeable\line against the defendant.}{\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\i\insrsid1134880\charrsid9261423 United Sav. Bank, F.S.B. v. United States}{\insrsid1134880\charrsid9261423 , }{\insrsid14299898\charrsid9261423 59 Fed. Cl. 126, }{\insrsid11231443\charrsid9261423 149 (2003) (quoting }{\insrsid15145898\charrsid9261423 Richard A. Lord}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , Williston on Contracts, }{\insrsid11231443\charrsid9261423 \'a7 64}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 :}{\insrsid11231443\charrsid9261423 27 (4th ed. 2003)}{\insrsid15145898\charrsid9261423 )}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 [22]}{\insrsid8392630\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 It is generally agreed that mitigation is an affirmative defense to defeat the employee\rquote s claim for recovery, and it is thus the employer\rquote s burden to prove mitigation.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 See}{\i\insrsid15145898\charrsid9261423 ,}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 McAleer v. McNally Pittsburg Mfg. Co.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 329 F.2d 273}{\insrsid15145898\charrsid9261423 , 275-6}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 (3d Cir. 1964) (\'93\lquote All evidence in mitigation is for a defendant to give.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In its nature it is affirmative, and hence it is for him to prove who asserts it.\rquote ) (}{ \insrsid15145898\charrsid9261423 quoting }{\i\insrsid15145898\charrsid9261423 King v. }{\i\insrsid2491201\charrsid9261423 Steinen}{\insrsid2491201\charrsid9261423 , 44 Pa. 99, 105,1862 WL 5202, at *5 (pa. 1862)}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ); }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Quint v. A.E. Staley Mfg. Co.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~172 F.3d 1, 16\~(1st Cir. 1999)}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 (\'93 As long as the claimant has made some effort to secure other employment, the burden to prove failure to mitigate normally resides with the defendant-employer . . . .\'94);}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Greenway v. Buffalo Hilton Hotel}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~143 F.3d 47, 53\~(2d Cir. 1998)}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 (\'93A discharged employee must \lquote use reasonable diligence in finding other suitable employment,\rquote which need not be comparable to their previous positions.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Typically, the employer has the burden to demonstrate that suitable work existed in the marketplace and that its former employee made no reasonable effort to find it.\'94) (quoting }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Ford Motor Co. v. EEOC,}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 458 U.S. 219, }{\insrsid6440323\charrsid9261423 231}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 102 S. Ct. 3057, }{\insrsid6440323\charrsid9261423 3065 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 (1982)); }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Odima v. Westin Tucson Hotel}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~53 F.3d 1484, 1497\~(9th Cir. 1995) (\'93}{\insrsid6440323\charrsid9261423 [The law]}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 requires the claimant to use reasonable diligence in finding other suitable employment.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 However, [the employer] Westin has the burden of proving that [the employee] Odima failed to m itigate his damages.\'94) (citations omitted); }{\i\insrsid15534907\charrsid9261423 Stewart v. B}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 d}{\i\insrsid15534907\charrsid9261423 .}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 of Ed}{\i\insrsid15534907\charrsid9261423 uc} {\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~630 S.W.2d 130, 133\~(Mo. Ct. App. 1982)}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 (\'93 Missouri law is in clear agreement with that of the overwhelming majority or jurisdicti}{\insrsid941076\charrsid9261423 ons to the effect that the [employer]}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 has th}{\insrsid941076\charrsid9261423 e burden of pr oving that [the employee]}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 could have mitigated her damages.\'94).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 We agree with the }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court\rquote s adoption of rule that the burden of proof on the issue of mitigation rests with the employer.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 See Haeuser I}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 1999 Guam 12 at \'b6 11}{\insrsid941076\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\b\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [23]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In determining the question of mitigation, most courts have set forth a \'93reasonable diligence\'94 test.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Se}{\i\insrsid7865381\charrsid9261423 e}{\i\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 } {\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Hunter v. Allis-Chalmers Corp.}{\insrsid7865381\charrsid9261423 , 797 F.2d 1417, 1427}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 (7th Cir. 1986) (\'93The test in employment discrimination cases is reasonable diligence.\'94);}{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 United Protective Workers of America, Local No. 2 v. Ford Motor Co.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~223 F.2d 49, 52\~(7th Cir. 1955) (\'93The correct rule is that where the discharged employee has not used \lquote reasonable diligence\rquote to find other suitable work, the judgment will be reduced by the amount he would have been able to earn if he had used \lquote reasonable diligence.\rquote \'94).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [24]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The reasonable diligence standard originated in Title VII unlawful employment practices cases in light of the existence of the standard in the relevant Title VII statute.}{\cs18\super\insrsid7865381\charrsid9261423 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7865381 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid11953153 \chftn }{\insrsid11953153 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 addresses employment discrimination and makes it unlawful for employers to make employment decisions based on a person\rquote s \'93race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.\'94 42 U.S.C. \'a7 2000e-2. The Act provides for the recovery of equitable relief. }{\i\insrsid11953153 See Great American Federal Sav. & Loan Ass'n v. Novotny}{\insrsid11953153 ,\~442 U.S. 366, 374-375, 99 S. Ct. 2345, 2350\~(1979) (\'93 The Act provides for injunctive relief, specifically including backpay relief. The majority of the federal courts have held that the Act does not allow a court to award general or punitive damages. The Act expressly allows the prevailing party to recover his attorney\rquote s fees, and, in some cases, provides that a district court may appoint counsel for a plaintiff. Because the Act expressly authorizes only equitable remedies, the courts have consistently held that neither party has a right to a jury trial.\'94 ) (footnotes omitted). }}}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 See }{\insrsid7865381\charrsid9261423 42 U.S.C.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \'a7 2000e-5(g)(1) (\'93Back pay liability shall not accrue from a date mor e than two years prior to the filing of a charge with the Commission. Interim earnings or }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 amounts earnable with reasonable diligence}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 by the person or persons discriminated against shall operate to reduce the back pay otherwise allowable.\'94) (emphasis added).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The standard has been extended to cases where the claims for back pay are based on other theories of recovery.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 See }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Richard J.}{ \insrsid7865381\charrsid9261423 Gonzales}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Satisfying the Duty to Mitigate in Employment Cases: A Survey and Guide}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 69 MISS. L.J. 749, 753 (1999) ( \'93Although not express in other federal employment discrimination statutes, courts have generally relied upon Title VII mitigation case law to hold other claimants to the same reasonable diligence standard.\'94)}{\insrsid7865381\charrsid9261423 (footnotes omitted)}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ; }{\i\insrsid12410088\charrsid9261423 see also Ford Motor Co. v. EEO}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 C}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 458 U.S. 219, 231, 102 S. Ct. 3057, 3065\~(1982) (\'93An unemployed or underemployed claimant, like all other Title VII claimants, is subject to the statutory duty to minimize damages set out in \'a7 706(g).}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 This duty, rooted in an ancient principle of law,}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 {\*\bkmkstart FN_B01615}{\*\bkmkend FN_B01615} requires the claimant to use reasonable diligence in finding other suitable employment.\'94) (emphasis added)}{\insrsid7865381\charrsid9261423 (footnotes omitted)}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [25]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Courts have set forth differing articulations of the burden to show that the plaintiff failed to exercise reasonab le diligence to mitigate his damages.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 This court in }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 adopted alternative tests to prove a failure to mitigate.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Citing the Ninth Circuit, the court found that an employer can sustain its burden by showing: \'93a) there were substantially } {\insrsid8865858\charrsid9261423 equivalent}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 jobs available during the time in question; b) that the employee could have obtained an equivalent job; c) and the employee failed to use reasonable diligence in seeking one. \'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid4530275\charrsid9261423 1999 Guam 12 at \'b6 12}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court }{\insrsid4530275\charrsid9261423 discussed}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 an exception to the above-stated requirements, recognized in the Second Circuit, in instances where the employer can \'93prove that the employee made no reasonable efforts to seek such employment.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In such cases, the employer is relieved of its burden to prove the existence of substantially similar employment.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Citing these two standards, the }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court held that the appropriate rule to apply in reviewing the issue before it would be to determine whether the government met \'93either the burden of showing the availability of}{\insrsid5050099\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \lquote substantially equivalent\rquote jobs or showing that Haeuser failed to make reasonable efforts to find employment.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at \'b6 13.}{ \insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [26]\tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 We adhere to these alternative standards for proving a failure to mitigate as expressed in }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The rationale for the exception to the general rule requiring a proof of similar employment was explained by the Second Circuit, which stated:}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 This rule provides an appropriate exception to the usual requirement that the employer prove that suitable work exists }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 and}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 that the employee has not made reasonable efforts to find it. The underlying rationale is that an employer should not be saddled by a requirement that }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 it}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 show other suitable employment in fact existed--the threat being that if it does not, the employee will be found to have mitigated his damages--when the employee, who is capable of finding replacement work, failed to pursue employment at all.}{\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Greenway}{\insrsid9261423 , }{\insrsid9061314\charrsid9261423 143 F.3d at 54}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [27]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 We are persuaded by the rationale supporting the exception, and clarify that the exception applies only in instances where the plaintiff failed to seek }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 any}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 employment during the period in question.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 See Quint}{\insrsid9061314\charrsid9261423 ,\~172 F.3d at 16\~}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 (adopting the rule which \'93 relieve[s] the defendant-employer of the burden to prove the availability of substantially equivalent jobs in the relevant geographic area once it has been shown that the former employee }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 made no effort to secure suitable employment}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \'94) (emphasis added); Gonzales, }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 supra}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , at 751 (\'93 [S]everal circuits have carved out an exception to the general rule of how an employer can satisfy its burden of proof.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 These courts have held that where an employer can prove that the claimant made }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 no reasonable effort to seek any kind of employment}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , the employer will be absolved from the burden of demonstrating that suitable employment was available to the claimant.\'94) (emphasis added).}{\i\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 We thus hold that for the exception to apply, the employer must show that the employee failed to make any effort to secure employment.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In the more co}{\insrsid2054952\charrsid9261423 mmon case where the employee does}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 seek employment, the employer must prove that \'93a) there were substantially }{\insrsid8865858\charrsid9261423 equivalent}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 jobs available during the time in question; b) that the employee could have obtained an equivalent job; c) and the employee failed to use reasonable diligence in seeking one.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 1999 Guam 12 at \'b6 12.}{\cs18\super\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\fs20\super\insrsid11953153\charrsid3236246 \chftn }{\insrsid11953153 }{\fs20\insrsid11953153 On the issue of the }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Haeuser I}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 court\rquote s adoption of these standards, the Ninth Circuit in }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Haeuser III}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 commented: \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid11953153 We are not certain whether, in citing to the conflicting mitigation standards from the S econd and Ninth Circuit, the Guam Supreme Court intended to create its own, distinct, mitigation rule or to construe our rule in }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Odima}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 . Recognizing that the appropriate mitigation standard is a matter of local law, we will assume, without deciding, that the Guam Supreme Court intended to create and apply its own mitigation standard. \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Haeuser III}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 , 368 F.3d at 1100 n.9. }{\fs20\insrsid11953153\charrsid16520178 We do not believe, as the Ninth Circuit suggested}{\fs20\cf2\insrsid11953153\charrsid11017708 }{\fs20\insrsid11953153 in }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Haeuser III,}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 that the Ninth Circuit\rquote s rule in }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Odima}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 and the Second Circuit\rquote s rule in }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Greenway }{\fs20\insrsid11953153 are \'93conflicting mitigation standards.\'94 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid11953153 The First Circuit recently explained these standards in }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Quint v. A.E. Staley Mfg. Co.}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 ,\~ 172 F.3d 1, 16\~(1st Cir. 1999). In }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Quint}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 , the court acknowledged the general rule that \'93[a]s long as the claimant has made some effort to secure other employment, the burden to prove failure to mitigate normally resides with the defendant-employer, . . .}{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 }{\fs20\insrsid11953153 which then must show that (i) though substantially equivalent jobs were available in the relevant geographic area, (ii) the claimant failed to use reasonable diligence to secure suitable employment.\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Id}{ \fs20\insrsid11953153 . The employer urged the court to adopt an exception to the rule in instances where the employee failed to make any effort to secure employment. Under this exception, \'93o nce an employer has shown that the claimant sought no jobs, it should be relieved of any burden to prove the existence of substantially equivalent positions.\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Id}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 . The court noted that some courts, including the Ninth Circuit, have not recognized this exception, and require the employer to prove both above-stated elements notwithstanding that the employee failed to seek employment. }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Id}{ \fs20\insrsid11953153 . The court noted, however, that in these cases, including }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Odima}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 , the applicability of the exception was not in issue. Th e First Circuit further noted that other courts squarely confronted with the issue \'93 uniformly have relieved the defendant-employer of the burden to prove the availability of substantially equivalent jobs in the relevant geographic area once it has been shown that the former employee made no effort to secure suitable employment.\'94 }{ \i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Id}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 . The }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Quint }{\fs20\insrsid11953153 court similarly adopted the exception as applicable in the case before it. }{\i\fs20\insrsid11953153 Id}{\fs20\insrsid11953153 . (\'93 We likewise opt for the mitigation-defense exception adopted in these cases.\'94). \par }\pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11953153 As the First Circuit in }{\i\insrsid11953153 Quint}{\insrsid11953153 explained, the }{\i\insrsid11953153 Odima}{\insrsid11953153 court was not confronted with the issue of whether the exception was applicable. Thus, it is not clear that the Ninth Circuit has squarely rejected the exception in instances where the employee failed to seek employment. }{\i\insrsid11953153 Quint}{ \insrsid11953153 , 172 F.3d at 16. Moreover, the exception works to relieve the employer of proving the existence of substantially equivalent positions, and the exception is triggered only where the employer proves the employee failed to seek any emp loyment. In the absence of such proof, the general rule requiring proof of substantially similar employment applies. We see no inconsistency between the two rules. They are simply alternative manners of proving a failure to mitigate, and are not confli cting standards as suggested by }{\i\insrsid11953153 Haeuser III}{\insrsid11953153 .}}}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [28]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 A review of the evidence shows that the exception to the general rule of proving the existence of substantially similar employment does not apply in this case.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Here, as was recognized in }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 there w as evidence in the record that Haeuser applied for seven jobs during the six years in question}{\cf6\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf6\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid16520178\charrsid9261423 T}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 his is not the rare case where the employee did not seek any employment during the period in question.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 See }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Gonzales, }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 supra}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , at 751 (\'93Cases are rare, however, where the claimant did absolutely nothing after the adverse employment decision.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Most often the issue will focus on whether the claimant\rquote s actions were sufficient to satisfy his or her duty to mitigate.\'94).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Accordingly, in determining whether the lower court erred in determining that Haeuser mitigated his damages, the question is whether the record supports a finding that the Department failed to prove that: a) }{\insrsid8865858\charrsid9261423 there were substantially equivalent}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 jobs during the period that Haeuser was wrongfully terminated; b) Haeuser could ha}{\insrsid8865858\charrsid9261423 ve obtained a similar job; and c}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ) Haeuser failed to use reasonable diligence in seeking an equivalent job.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 1999 Guam 12 at \'b6 12.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx360\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid6772012\charrsid9261423 C}{\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\b\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\b\insrsid6772012\charrsid9261423 \tab }{ \b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Elements of Proving a Failure to Mitigate}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [29]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 We must review the lower court\rquote s decision and the evidence supporting that decision in light of the elements necessary to prove a failure to mitigate. }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Substa }{\b\insrsid6772012\charrsid9261423 ntially Similar Employment}{\b\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid9261423 \par }{\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [30]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid8865858\charrsid9261423 The}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 inquiry under the first element centers on whether jobs substantially similar to Haeuser\rquote s position as an Assistant Attorney General existed on Guam during the time period in question.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [31]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Department argued on appeal that the lower court erred in finding that Haeuser\rquote s failure to seek }{ \insrsid8865858\charrsid9261423 employment outside the government, in a small firm or as a solo practitioner,}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 did not constitute a failure to mitigate.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Although not clearly articulated, it is apparent that the Department equates private practice work and work as a solo practitioner as \'93substantially equivalent employment\'94 which Haeuser f ailed to make any efforts at seeking.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [32]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 There was evidence in the record that }{\insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 both government and private practice attorney positions }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 existed on Guam during the time period in question.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 Attorney}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid1583804\charrsid9261423 R. }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Todd Thompson, hiring partner for Mair, Mair, Spade & Thompson, }{\insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 testified that his firm}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 hi}{\insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 red seven attorneys since 1992.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 Attorney}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Meredith Sayre, }{\insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 a partner at}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Carlsmith Ball, LLP, }{\insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 testified }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 that the firm receives many resumes and }{\insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 periodically searches for attorneys.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 In addition, she testified that her firm hired six new attorneys between 1991 and 1996.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 Haeuser himself testified that he was ads for government attorney positions in the newspaper.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 There was also testimony that it was possible for an attorney to start a solo practic}{ \insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 e on Guam.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 Curtis Van de Veld testified}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 that after working for the law firm of Del Priore and Gumataotao, he }{ \insrsid16345441\charrsid9261423 started a solo practice in 1992}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Thus, and as the lower court impliedly found, attorney positions existed on Guam from 1991 to 1997.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The pertinent question is whether jobs in private practice and solo practice were substantially equivalent to Haeuser\rquote s job as a government attorney.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [33]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The lower court held that \'93it is well settled that a wrongfully terminated employee need seek only substantially similar employment i n order to satisfy his or her burden to mitigate damages.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid15285231\charrsid9261423 Resp\rquote t ER, tab. A}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , p.}{\insrsid15285231\charrsid9261423 27 (Decision and Order, Oct.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 14, 1997).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court explained further: \'93 In other words, in the present case, Petitioner is an attorney and thus he is expected and has a duty to seek other attorney positions, or some reasonably related type of work.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Petitioner is not expected to obtain employment at M}{\insrsid9720666\charrsid9261423 a}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 cDonalds}{\insrsid9720666\charrsid9261423 [sic]}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 in order to satisfy his burden to mitigate.\'94}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid15285231\charrsid9261423 Resp\rquote t ER, tab. A}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , p.}{\insrsid15285231\charrsid9261423 27 (Decision and Order, Oct.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 14, 1997).}{ \insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [34]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The lower court correctly construed the standard underlying a determination of substantially similar employment.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 As expressed by one commentator, }{\insrsid12743575\charrsid9261423 courts have clarified the meaning of substantially equivalent employment by focusing on what is not substanti ally equivalent}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid1382436\charrsid9261423 See}{\insrsid1382436\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Gonzales, }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 supra}{ \insrsid12743575\charrsid9261423 , at 760}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \'93The Supreme Court, in discussing the statutory duty of Title VII claimants to minimize their damages, {\*\bkmkstart FN_B0022}{\*\bkmkend FN_B0022} noted that an unemployed claimant need not accept a lesser or dissimilar position.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Nor i s a claimant required to continue in an inferior position that she has already accepted.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 United States v. City of Chicago}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~853 F.2d 572, 578-79 \~(7th Cir. 1988) (}{\insrsid1382436\charrsid9261423 Citation and footnotes omitted}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Furthermore, in the context of a Title VII plaintiff, the court in }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Booker v. Taylor Milk Co.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~64 F.3d 860, 866\~(3d Cir. 1995), clarified that}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 [t]he duty of a successful Title VII claimant to mitigate damages is }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 not}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 met by using reasonable diligence to obtain }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 any}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 employment. Rather, the claimant must use reasonable diligence to obtain }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 substantially equivalent employment}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 \'93}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Substantially equivalent employment is that employment which affords virtually identical promotional opportunities, compensation, job responsibilities, and status as the position from which the Title VII claimant has been discriminatorily terminated.}{ \insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 \'94}{\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . (quoting }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Sellers}{ \i\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 v. Delgado College}{\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 ,}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 902 F.2d }{\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 1189,}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 1193}{\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 (5th Cir. 1990}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 )}{\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 ) (citation omitted)}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ; }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 s}{\i\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 ee also Rasimas v. Michigan Dep\rquote t}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 of Mental Health}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~714 F.2d 614, 624\~(6th Cir. 1983)}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 (}{\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 applying the same definition of \'93substantially equivalent employment\'94}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [35]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 With regard to private practice, there was little evidence on promotional opportunities and status, while there was some evidenc e on compensation and job responsibilities.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Attorney Curtis Van de Veld testified that while an associate for the law firm of Del Priore and Gumataoao, he worked moderately long hours, generally until at 8:00 or 9:00 at }{\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 night.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 From the perspective of work load, the evidence suggests that there would not have been a substantial difference between a private attorney position and Haeuser\rquote s position.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Ha}{\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 e}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 user t}{\insrsid7170666\charrsid9261423 estified that while working for the office of the Attorney General}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 prior to being terminated, his work load was extremely he}{\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 avy.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 F}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 rom a workload perspective, private practice was no more onerous than the government position.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 With regard to compensation, from the period immediately after he was fired in 1991, Haeuser\rquote s salary would have been $59,329.00.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Attorney Van De Veld testified that his first year working for the Del Priore and Gumataotao firm was around $43,000.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Attorney Thomas Parker also testified that he worked for the government as an attorney in 1990, with a starting salary of $37,000 per y ear, and that he started in the Zamsky law firm in 1995 making approximately $2000 per pay period, which was changed to $55,000.00 per year at}{\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 the time of trial in 1997.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 He also testified that unlike the government position, the Zamsky firm did not offer a }{\insrsid5189528\charrsid9261423 retirement plan.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [36]}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \tab Based on the evidence, the trial court could have found that private practice employment was substantially equivalent to Haeuser\rquote s government position.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Though the benefits such as a retirement plan were not the same, the compensa tion appears to be commensurate with experience as an attorney, and the work load did not appear to be more onerous.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 There was enough evidence in the record to support a finding that work as an associate in a small law firm and work as a government attorney were substantially similar.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The question of solo practice results in the opposite conclusion.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 [37]}{\insrsid3236246\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In its decision, the trial court cited Haeuser\rquote s testimony that he did not attempt to open his own practice because he lacked the sufficient capital, and he was concerned with the issue of finding attorneys to take over his cases in the event he returned to work at the AG\rquote s Office.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court later concluded that based on the testimony, Haeuser\rquote s \'93failure . . . to open up his own practice did not constitute a failure to mitigate his damages . . . .\'94}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid12060598\charrsid9261423 Resp\rquote t ER, tab A}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , p. 26 (Decision and Order, Oct. 14, 1997).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The trial court essentially found that it was reasonable for Haeuser to forego opening a solo practice as part of his efforts to mitigate.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [38]}{\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The finding by the trial court regarding the reasonableness of going into solo practice logically goes to the question of substantially similar employment.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The trial court\rquote s finding that it was reasonable for Haeuser to not pursue a solo practice carries an implication that the court did not view opening a practice to be substantially similar type of employment as working for the government.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Such a conclusion does find support in the evidence.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 With regard to being a solo practitioner, Attorney Van de Veld testified that his work as a solo practitioner was very demanding, requiring many more hours of work than at the law firm.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Attorney Van de Veld testified that it cost him approximately $30,000.00 to start up h}{\insrsid12060598\charrsid9261423 is solo practice.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 He testified that his salary during the first year in solo practice was under $50,000, but that at the time of trial, it was over $50,000.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 He further indicated that the time demand is the most significant problem with being a solo practitioner, as well as not having anyone else to carr}{\insrsid12060598\charrsid9261423 y the work load.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 He testified that there was no retirement plan in solo practice, and he was required to pay privat}{\insrsid12060598\charrsid9261423 e health insurance.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Finally, he testified that working for someone else has advantages because there is no risk of losing money, and as an employee you do not have to worry about the time-consuming administrative aspects of running a business.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 This evidence supports a finding that solo practice is not substantially similar to working as a government lawyer.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Unlike Haeuser\rquote s government attorney position, the hours are much more onerous, there are fewer benefits such as retirement and health insurance, and the risks of failure are present.}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [39]}{\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 While the trial court did not make an explicit finding on whether private and solo practic e constituted substantially similar employment to Haeuser\rquote s position as a government attorney, we review this element of proving a failure to mitigate in lig}{\insrsid12060598\charrsid9261423 ht of the evidence and the in}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ferences which can be drawn from the trial court\rquote s decision.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Here, it can be reasonably inferred from the trial court\rquote s decision that private practice did constitute \'93substantially similar employment,\'94 but that solo prac}{\insrsid12060598\charrsid9261423 tice did not.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid12060598\charrsid9261423 These findings a}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 r}{\insrsid12060598\charrsid9261423 e supported by the record and a}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 re therefore not clearly erroneous.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 We mu st next determine whether the record supports a finding that Haeuser could have obtained substantially equivalent employment as a private attorney.}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\insrsid12060598\charrsid9261423 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid12060598\charrsid9261423 Whether Haeuser could}{\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 have obtained substantially similar employment.}{\b\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [40]}{\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In the appeal of }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 the Department argued }{\insrsid2757760\charrsid9261423 that the trial court erred in finding that Haeuser made reasonable efforts at finding legal employment and in mitigating his damages.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid12060598\charrsid9261423 T}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 he Department contended that considering the evidence in the record, the trial court erred in concluding that Haeuser would not have been hired by a private law firm.}{\highlight7\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [41]}{\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In reversing the lower court\rquote s decision, the }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court focused on the lower court\rquote s presumptions that Haeuser would not be able to find work in the private sector.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 court agreed with the Department, and found that there simply was no basis in the record, considering that Haeuser had not even applied for one private sector job, that would support a presumption that Haeuser would not have been able to obtain a priva te law firm job.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser III}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 the Ninth Circuit criticized this holding of }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , stating that there was evidence in the record which supported the trial court\rquote s presumptions, including testimony from partners in local law firms which indicated that someone in Haeuser\rquote s position would not be viewed favorably.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Upon review of the record, we agree that the evidence supported the trial court\rquote s inference regarding the likely futility of any attempts Haeuser could have made at finding employment in private practice.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [42]}{\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid2363029\charrsid9261423 In determinin}{\insrsid12216061\charrsid9261423 g}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 mitigation, other courts have made inferences and presumptions regarding the possibility of obtaining employment based on the evidence.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Ryan }{ \i\insrsid6642833\charrsid9261423 v. }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Sup}{\i\insrsid6642833\charrsid9261423 erintendent of Schools}{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid6642833\charrsid9261423 373 N.E.2d 1178 (Mass. 1978), }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 the terminated employee was an art teacher.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The evidence showed that there was more supply for art teachers than the demand, the director of the art department for the school district would not recommend the employee for a position, and the employee was 59 years old.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid16004625\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid6642833\charrsid9261423 at 1182}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Referencing these facts in the record, the appellate court stated:}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The central dispute in this case concerns whether it was reasonably likely that Ryan could have obtained a comparable job. . . .}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 These subsidiary findings by the master clearly show that there was a limited and competitive market for art teaching positions.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 [The director of the art department]\rquote s opinion of Ryan\rquote s work, his failure to recommend her for the full time position, and the school committee\rquote s intention to discharge her for cause }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 lead to the reasonable inference}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 that she would not have received favorable recommendations had she sought other employment. }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 It is also reasonable to conclude }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 that Ryan\rquote s age, though not determinative in any hiring decision, would probably not have been viewed favorably by prospective employers. We conclude that }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 on the basis of these inferences}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 the trial judge was correct in deciding that it would have been virtually impossible for Ryan to obtain another teaching position.}{\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . }{\insrsid6642833\charrsid9261423 at 67}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 (emphasis added).}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [43]}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \tab Similarly, in }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Stewart}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,\~630 S.W}{\insrsid6642833\charrsid9261423 .2d 130}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , the court agreed with the trial court that the employer failed to prove a failure to mitigate.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid15351911\charrsid9261423 Id.}{\insrsid15351911\charrsid9261423 at 134.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 There, the employee, Stewart, was a teacher in St. Louis}{\insrsid15351911\charrsid9261423 and}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 evidence showed that teaching positions for which Stewart was qualified were available in the area du}{\insrsid15351911\charrsid9261423 ring the five-year period in question}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\i\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The testimony also showed that for each respective year during the period in question, the number of applicat ions exceeded the number of vacancies, and teaching positions in the employees\rquote field were competitive.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \'93The witnesses further testified that from 1974 to 1979 none of their districts had hired a teacher in Stewart\rquote s age bracket, with Stewart\rquote s qualifications, who had been discharged from another district. \'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Furthermore, the court observed that }{\insrsid3170403\charrsid9261423 the }{\insrsid15351911\charrsid9261423 evidence }{\insrsid3170403\charrsid9261423 did not indicate \'93}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 that there was a reasonable likelihood that Stewart could ha}{\insrsid3170403\charrsid9261423 ve received a teaching position}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \'94 and that \'93the evidence indicated that Stewart\rquote s chances of finding a teaching job were slim at best.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In further reviewing the issue, the court acknowledged that while the employer did not have to conclusively show that Stewart would have obtained a comparable job, \'93it did have t o show that it as reasonably likely that she would have obtained such a job.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court recognized Stewart\rquote s presentation of evidence that she would not have obtained a teaching position.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Overall, the court held:}{ \insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Viewing the record in its entirety, we conclude that the Board did not meet its burden of proof.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Our holding should not be construed to constitute our approval of a discharged employee\rquote s reaping a \'93reward\'94 as a consequence of her failure to make a reasonable effort to mitigate her damages. Our holding is simply a result of the Board\rquote s failure to carry its burden of proof, i.e., of showing there was a reasonable likelihood that Stewart could have obtained one of the available positions. Therefore, we affirm the trial court\rquote s decision that Stewart\rquote s recovery should not be reduced for her failure to mitigate.}{\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\b\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\keep\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [44]}{\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In the present case, there was evidence in the record which supports the trial court\rquote s presumption that Haeuser would not have been hired by a private law firm.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Two witnesses, At torneys }{\insrsid3170403\charrsid9261423 R. }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Todd Thompson and Meredith Sayre, offered testi}{\insrsid1583804\charrsid9261423 mony relevant to the issue.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid1583804\charrsid9261423 Attorney}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Sayre, a partner of the law firm Carlsmith Ball, LLP that handled hiring matters, testified that if Haeuser applied to her firm, the fact that he was fired and was suing his former employer would not necessarily cause her to}{\insrsid2757760\charrsid9261423 rule him out as an applicant.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 By contrast, }{\insrsid1583804\charrsid9261423 Attorney } {\insrsid3170403\charrsid9261423 R. }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Todd Thompson, the hiring partner of the law firm of Mair, Mair, Spade & Thompson, testified that a person in Haeuser\rquote s circumstances, having been fired by the Department of Law and suing them, would not be viewed favorably for a position within the law firm.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Furthermore, Louis Baza, a Personnel Management Specialist for the Civil Service Commission (\'93CSC\'94), testified that in his opinion, most individuals do not have jobs by the time the CSC hears their case, and that being fired is like an \'93 economic dea}{\insrsid1583804\charrsid9261423 th sentence.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid1583804\charrsid9261423 Tr. vol. I, p. 59}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 (}{\insrsid1583804\charrsid9261423 Evidentiary Hr\rquote g, }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Oct. 2, 1997).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 He further testified that in his opinion, people that get fired have a difficult time }{\insrsid985831\charrsid9261423 finding jobs.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The trial court\rquote s decision that Haeuser probably would not have been hired by a private law firm is supported by the testimony of }{\insrsid1583804\charrsid9261423 R. }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Todd Thompson and Louis Baza.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 While there was contrary evidence, it was the trial court\rquote s duty to consider and weigh any conf}{ \insrsid985831\charrsid9261423 licting or ambiguous evidence.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 This court may only reverse a factual finding if a review of \'93 the entire record produces the definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a mistake.\'94 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Yang}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 1998 Guam}{\insrsid985831\charrsid9261423 9 at \'b6 7 (quoting}{ \i\insrsid1585147\charrsid9261423 People v. Chargualaf}{\insrsid1585147\charrsid9261423 , Crim. No. 88-00068A, 1989 WL 265040 (D. Guam App. Div. Sept. 26, 1989}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 )}{\insrsid1585147\charrsid9261423 )}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Because the testimony in the record supported the trial court\rquote s decision that it was unlikely that Haeuser would have obtained a private law firm job, we cannot conclude that the lower court\rquote s decision was clearly erroneous. }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [45]}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \tab Because the lower court did not clearly err in determining that Haeuser probably would not have been hired at a private law firm, the trial court appropriately concluded that Haeuser\rquote s failure to apply for private law firm jobs did not amount to a failure to mitigate damages.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [46]}{\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid1585147\charrsid9261423 The final issue we consider}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 is whether the government proved that Haeuser was not reasonably diligent in seeking equivalent employment where he applied to only seven government positions during the period in question.}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid1585147\charrsid9261423 3.}{\b\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Reasonable Diligence}{\b\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [47]}{\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid1585147\charrsid9261423 In reviewing a finding pertaining to}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \'93 reasonable diligence\'94}{\insrsid1585147\charrsid9261423 , courts}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 have made cl}{\insrsid1585147\charrsid9261423 ear that the burden is not high}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 and is determined by the facts of each case.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Third Circuit explained:}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The reasonableness of a . . . claimant\rquote s diligence should be evaluated in light of the individual characteristics of the claimant and the job market.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Generally, a plaintiff may satisfy the \'93reasonable diligence\'94 requirement by demonstrating a continuing commitment to be a member of the work force and by remaining ready, willing, and available to accept employment. }{\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\i\insrsid15562263\charrsid9261423 Booker}{\insrsid9261423 , }{\insrsid15562263\charrsid9261423 64 F.3d at 865 (citations omitted)}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{ \b\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Sixth Circuit further clarified:}{\b\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 A claimant is only required to make reasonable efforts to mitigate damages, and is not held to the highest standards of diligence. The claimant\rquote s burden is not onerous, and does not require him to be successful in mitigation.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The reasonableness of the effort to find substantially equivalent employment should be evaluated in light of the individual characteristics of the claimant and the job market.}{ \insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Rasimas}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 ,}{\insrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 714 F.2d at 624 (citations omitted).}{ \insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [48]}{\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Here, Haeuser testified as to his efforts to seek employment.}{\cs18\super\insrsid1390017\charrsid9261423 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11953153 \tab }{\cs18\super\insrsid11953153 \chftn }{\insrsid11953153 }{\i\insrsid11953153 See}{ \insrsid11953153 Tr. Vol. II (Continued Evidentiary Hr\rquote g, Oct. 3, 1997).}}}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 This testimony revealed that Haeuser did not immediately seek employment because he thought he would appeal his termination to the Civil Service Commission, and would be reinstated after six months to one year.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser testified that on September 26, 1991, he submitted an application with the Department of Administration (\'93DOA\'94).}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Prior to May 18, 1992, Haeuser applied for an administrative hearing officer position in the Superior Court, but was not hired.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 He further testified that upon the one year expiration of his application with DOA, on October 27, 1992, he submitted another application to DOA but was informed that they were no longer receiving applications and that applications must be submitted directly through the agencies.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser testified that he applied with the Public Defender Corporation in 1992 or 1993, and interviewed with Hank Parker.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser applied for a position with Guam Legal Service on October 6, 1993, and was interviewe}{\insrsid15562263\charrsid9261423 d but not hired.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 He also applied to the Guam Power Authority in response to a newspaper ad and re-advertisement sometime between 1993 and 1994, but was not interviewed.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 He also testified to applying for a job in response to an ad at the Advocacy Office, which is federally funded, between 1994 and 1995, and that he was interviewed by the director, but was not hired.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Finally, he applied for an advertised position with the Department of Education on September 16, 1996, and interviewed with Roland Taimanglo and several key personnel, but was not selected for the position.}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser also testified that he read }{\insrsid10294173\charrsid9261423 the }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 newspaper every day and applied for all government p}{ \insrsid2757760\charrsid9261423 ositions that he was aware of. }{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [49]}{\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The trial court found these efforts to be sufficient.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 As indicated earlier, \'93[a] claimant is only required to make reasonable efforts to mitigate damages, and is not held to the highest standards of diligence.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Rasimas}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , \~714}{\insrsid10294173\charrsid9261423 F.2d at 624}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Here, Haeuser testified that he checked the ads in th e newspaper and applied for every government position of which he was aware.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The Department did not offer any evidence as to whether there were any other government positions available during the time that Haeuser was wrongfully discharged.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \'93The reasonab leness of the effort to find substantially equivalent employment should be evaluated in light of the individual characteristics of the claimant and the job market.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The evidence in the record, coupled by the Department\rquote s failure to show that the mark et for government attorneys encompassed positions which Haeuser failed to explore, supports a finding that Haeuser was rea}{\insrsid10294173\charrsid9261423 sonably diligent in seeking employment}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 during the period in question.}{\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [50]}{\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Haeuser I}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , the Department cited }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Hunter v. Allis-Chalmers Corp.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 797 F.2d 1417 (7th Cir. 1986), in support of its argument that Haeuser failed to act reasonably diligent in seeking similar employment.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 In }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Allis-Chalmers}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 , 797 F.2d 1417 (7th Cir. 1986), the employee, living in the Chicago area, lost his job in 1979.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Writing for the court, Circuit Judge Posner recounted the evidence at trial, stating that during the five years in question, the employee did not work during the first three and a half.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at 1427.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Subsequent to that he had four jobs, three of which he left after very short periods of time, and the fourth one being seasonal.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 At trial, the employee testified that \'93he kept looking for full time work throughout this period.\'94}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{ \insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court stated that \'93[a]}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 lthough he might have had difficulty find ing a job because of the ground on which he had been fired (falsifying records), his efforts at seeking work were not sufficiently assiduous to test this hypothesis.\'94}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{ \cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at 1427-28.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Specifically, the court noted that the employee was \'93 [a] skilled worker, young during the period relevant to this case (he was born in 1950), in good health, he lives only 45 minutes from downtown Chicago, which has one of the largest concentrations of employers in the world; but he could only remember havi ng applied to 16 employers (other than the four he got jobs with) during five years.\'94}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at 1428.}{ \cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Based on this evidence, the court reversed the trial court\rquote s decision that the employee was reasonably diligent in finding equivalent employment.}{ \cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court concluded by holding that based on the record, and \'93giving every benefit of the doubt to the district judge,\'94 the maximum period for which the employee could be found to have been reasonably diligent was three years.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{ \cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The court advised that \'93[a]t some point people must put their legal troubles behind them and get on with their lives.\'94}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid68341\charrsid9261423 [51]}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \tab The instant case is distinguishable from }{\i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Allis-Chalmers Corp}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 } {\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 There, the employee lived outside Chicago, }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 which, according to the court \'93has one of the largest concentrations of employers in the world.\'94}{ \cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\i\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Id}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 . at 1428.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Guam, by contrast, is a much smaller community, with fewer jobs in the legal field generally, and government legal positions specifically.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Unlike in }{ \i\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Allis-Chalmers Corp}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .,}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 the evidence in this case suggests that Ha}{\cf1\insrsid12788518\charrsid9261423 e}{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 user looked for a government position shortly after losing his job, and applied for all positions of which he was aware.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\cf1\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Considering the market and Haeuser\rquote s efforts, we cannot conclude from the evidence that Haeuser\rquote s efforts were not reasonably diligent.}{\cf1\insrsid9261423 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 IV.}{\b\insrsid9261423 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261423 {\b\insrsid14108255\charrsid9261423 [52]}{\insrsid14108255\charrsid9261423 \tab }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 Viewing separately the elements for proving a failure to mitigate, we find that the trial court\rquote s original decision that Haeuser did not fail to mitigate his damages is supported by the evidence in the record.}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{ \insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 We therefore hold that the court\rquote s original decision, filed on October 14, 1997, was not clearly erroneous, and the decision is hereby }{\b\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 AFFIRMED}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 .}{\insrsid9261423\charrsid9261423 }{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 The matter is remanded for the entry of judgment in favor of Haeuse}{\insrsid9261423 r consistent with this opinion.}{\insrsid11170725\charrsid9261423 \par }}