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Perez}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 , Amended Opinion\tab \tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid14554634 PAGE }}{\fldrslt { \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8406872 6}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 of 9 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid14554634 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl-9\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8406872 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1440\shptop0\shpright10800\shpbottom9\shpfhdr1\shpbxpage\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz0\shplockanchor\shplid2049{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillBackColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn posrelh}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}} {\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxpage\dobypara\dodhgt0\dprect\dpx1440\dpy0\dpxsize9360\dpysize9\dpfillfgcr0\dpfillfgcg0\dpfillfgcb0\dpfillbgcr0\dpfillbgcg0\dpfillbgcb0\dpfillpat1\dplinehollow}}}}{\insrsid14554634 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid14554634 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5993866 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid5993866 \par \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 PEOPLE OF GUAM,}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par Plaintiff-Appellant, \par \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 vs.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 ANN CABRERA PEREZ,}{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Defendant-Appellee.}{\insrsid5993866 \par \par }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Supreme Court Case No. CRA03-007 \par Superior Court Case No. CF0066-03}{\insrsid5993866 \par \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 AMENDED OPINION}{\cs15\super\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\super\insrsid14554634 \chftn }{\insrsid14554634 }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid14554634 ADVANCE \\d4}}{\fldrslt }}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 Subsequent to the issuance of the Opinion in this case filed on May 5, 2004, the court }{\i\fs20\insrsid14554634 sua sponte}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 discovered errors in the cover page of the Opinion. This Amended Opinion is issued to cor rect the designation of the parties and aside from the addition of this footnote does not otherwise alter the substance of the Opinion filed on May 5, 2004. This Amended Opinion shall supercede the Opinion filed on May 5, 2004. }{\insrsid14554634 \par }}}{\insrsid5993866 \par \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Filed:}{\b\insrsid5993866 }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 May 6, 2004}{\insrsid5993866 \par \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid5993866 }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 2004 Guam 4}{\insrsid5993866 \par \par }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on October 21, 2003 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid5993866 \par \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid5993866 {\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }{\ul\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Appearing for the Plaintiff-Appellant}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 : \par J. Basil O}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Mallan, III \par Assistant Attorney General \par Office of the Attorney General \par General Crimes Div. \par Suite 2-200E, Guam Judicial Ctr. \par 120 W O}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Brien Dr. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell \par }{\ul\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellee}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 : \par Anthony Perez, Esq. \par Lujan, Aguigui & Perez, LLP \par Pacific News Bldg., Ste. 300 \par 238 Archbishop Flores St. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf1 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\insrsid5993866 \par }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 BEFORE: F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; FRANCES M. TYDINGCO-GATEWOOD, Associate Justice; Alexandro C. Castro, Justice }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Pro Tempore }{\insrsid5993866 \par \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 TYDINGCO-GATEWOOD, J.:}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [1]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab The People of Guam appeal from the trial court}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s Decision and Order dismissing the prosecution of Ann Cabrera Perez on }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 de minimis}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 grounds.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s dismissal pursuant to Title 9 GCA }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 7.67(b), and accordingly, we }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 AFFIRM}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 the trial court}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s Decision and Order. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 I.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\b\insrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [2]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab On February 19, 2003, Ann Cabrera Perez (}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 ) was indicted on the charges of Improper Influe nce Over Notary (As a 3rd Degree Felony), in violation of Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 33522, 33104(1) and (11), and Official Misconduct (As a Misdemeanor), in violation of Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 49.90(a).}{\cs15\super\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid14554634 \chftn }{\insrsid14554634 }{\i\fs20\insrsid14554634 See}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 Appellant}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 s Excerpts of Record, pp. 1-2 (Superceding Indictment). }}}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 The charges stem from allegations that Perez, along with Therese Hart (}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Hart}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 ), improperly solicited, coerced and/or influenced Deborah Alicto (}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Alicto}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 ), a notary, to perform a notarial act of acknowledgment, without the signatories being physically present.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab \par }{\b\insrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [3]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab On March 14, 2003, Perez filed a Motion to Dismiss: }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 De Minimis}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Infraction/Inappropriate Prosecution, which the People opposed.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 The trial court granted Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s motion, holding that a dismissal of Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s prosecution was warranted under Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 7.67(a), (b) and (c).}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 The People appealed. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 II.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\b\insrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [4]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab This court has jurisdiction of this appeal from a final order pursuant to Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 3107(b) (repealed and re-enacted by P.L. 24-139, Feb. 7, 1998). \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 III.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\b\insrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [5]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab The People raise two issues on appeal: first, whether the trial court erred in dismissing, as a }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 de minimis}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 infraction, the prosecution against Perez for Improper Influence Over a Notary; and second, whether the trial court erred in dismissing, as a }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 de minimis}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 infraction, the prosecution against Perez for Official Misconduct.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634 \par }{\insrsid5993866\charrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [6]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab In determining whether a prosecution requires dismissal on }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 de minimis}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 grounds, a trial court }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 must first make factual determinations with respect to the conduct charged and the attendant circumstances,}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 which are reviewed for clear error.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 See State v. Carmichael}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 , 53 P.3d 214, 218 (Haw. 2002) (as amended) (citation omitted).}{ \insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 A finding is clearly erroneous when, even though some evidence supports it, the entire record produces the definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a mistake.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5993866 }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Yang v. Hong,}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 1998 Guam 9, }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 7 (citation omitted). \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [7]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab A trial court}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s decision to dismiss a prosecution on }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 de minimis}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 grounds is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 See Commonwealth v. Przybyla}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 , 722 A.2d 183 (Pa. Super. Ct.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 1998); }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Carmicbael}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 , 795 P.2d at 219.}{\insrsid5993866 }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 An abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court exercises its discretion }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 to an end not justified by the evidence. . . .}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5993866 }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 See People v. Tuncap}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 , 1998 Guam 13, }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 12.}{\insrsid5993866 }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Under this standard, we do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 See id.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Rather, we review the trial court}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s decision to determine whether it was }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 based on an erroneous conclusion of law or whether }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 the record contains no evidence on which the [trial court] could have rationally based the decision.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 }{ \i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Lujan v. Lujan}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 , 2002 Guam 11, }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 7 (}{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 quoting}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Midsea Indus., Inc. v. HK Eng}{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 g, Ltd.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 , 1998 Guam 14, }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 4).}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [8]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 7.67 is Guam}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 de minimis}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 prosecution statute.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 It states, in relevant part: \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 The court shall dismiss a prosecution if, having regard to the nature of the conduct charged to constitute an offe nse and the nature of the attendant circumstances, it finds that the defendant's conduct: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin0\itap0\pararsid11947428 {\insrsid11947428 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li1440\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 (a) Was within a customary license or tolerance, neither expressly negated by the person whose interes t was infringed nor inconsistent with the purpose of the law defining the offense; \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin0\itap0\pararsid11947428 {\insrsid11947428 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li1440\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 (b) Did not actually cause or threaten the harm or evil sought to be prevented by the law defining the offense or did so only to an extent too trivial to warrant the condemnation of conviction; or \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin0\itap0\pararsid11947428 {\insrsid11947428 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li1440\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 (c) Presents such other extenuations that it cannot reasonably be regarded as envisaged by the Legislature in forbidding the offense. . . . \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 7.67 (1994).}{\insrsid14554634 \par }{\insrsid11947428\charrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [9]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab The statute directs the trial court to dismiss a prosecution if it finds that the defendant}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s conduct falls within }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 at least one}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 of three distinct circumstances.}{\insrsid5993866 }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Therefore, should we find that the trial court}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s factual findings are without clear error, and further, that it committed no abuse of discretion in dismissing Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s prosecution with respect to at least one subsection of 9 GCA }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 7.67, then it is our duty to affirm the trial court}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s decision and order.}{\insrsid5993866 }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 We find that the trial court committed no clear error in its factual findings, and did not abuse its discretion in dismissing Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s prosecution pursuant to subsection (b) of section 7.67, and therefore, we affirm.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [10]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab The trial court found that under subsection (b), Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}} {\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s conduct }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [d]id not actually cause or threaten the harm or evil sought to be prevented by the law defining the offense or did so only to an extent too trivial to warrant the condemnation of conviction.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5993866 }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Id.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 (emphasis added).}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Guam}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s statute recognizes that }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [i]t would be unrealistic to believe that judges never enter a finding of not guilty even though guilt is proven where a conviction is considered to be inappropriate,}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 and therefore authorizes the trial court }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 to mitigate the general provisions of the criminal law to prevent absurd applications.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 9 GCA }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 7.67 cmt.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 We agree.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [11]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab Section 7.67 is modeled after the Model Penal Code }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 2.12 and a similar New Jersey.}{\cs15\super\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid14554634 \chftn }{\insrsid14554634 }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 New Jersey, Maine, Hawaii and Pennsylvania are the only other jurisdictions aside from Guam which have adopted a version of the Model Penal Code }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{ \fs20\insrsid14554634 2.12. }{\i\fs20\insrsid14554634 See}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 }{\scaps\fs20\insrsid14554634 N.J. Stat. Ann.}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt \f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 2C:2-11 (West 1995); }{\scaps\fs20\insrsid14554634 Me. Rev. Stat. Ann.}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 tit. 17-A, }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{ \fs20\insrsid14554634 12 (West 1983); }{\scaps\fs20\insrsid14554634 Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann.}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 702-236 (Michie 1994); 18 }{\scaps\fs20\insrsid14554634 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann.}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 312 (West 1983). The statutes in New Jersey, Maine and Hawaii, however, have substituted the term }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 may}{ \fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 for the term }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{ \fs20\insrsid14554634 shall}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 in the first sentence of the provision, whereas Guam and Pennsylvania follow the Mo del Penal Code, and use the mandatory term }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 shall.}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 }}}{\insrsid5993866 }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Id.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Because we have not previously addressed the powers and duties of the trial court pursuant to section 7.67, we look to case law from New Jersey for guidance in determining whether the trial court erred in its dismissal of Perez}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s prosecution based on the inappropriateness of prosecution. \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [12]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab In }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 State v. Zarrilli}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 , t he New Jersey appellate court articulated an approach which focused primarily on objective factors directly related to the defendant}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s conduct and, in particular, the consequences for the societal interests involved.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 State v. Zarrilli}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 , 523 A.2d 284 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. 1987), }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 aff}{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 d}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 , 532 A.2d 1131 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1987). The court stated:}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 The protection to which society is entitled is provided by a dismissal only when the offense is truly }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 trivial.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Consequently, it is public risk that determines what is trivial.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 The one question to be asked and answered in response to a }{ \i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 de minimis}{\insrsid11947428 motion is therefore:}{\insrsid14554634 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid11947428 {\insrsid11947428\charrsid5993866 \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 What is the risk of harm to which society is }{\insrsid11947428 exposed by defendant's conduct?}{\insrsid14554634 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin0\itap0\pararsid11947428 {\i\insrsid11947428\charrsid5993866 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Id.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 at 288.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 To answer the question concerning the risk of harm to which society is exposed, the }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Zarrilli}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 court proffered the following factors relevant to an analysis of section 7.67(b):}{ \insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 (a) the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offense;}{\cs15\super\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid14554634 \chftn }{\insrsid14554634 }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 We note that the }{\i\fs20\insrsid14554634 Zarrilli}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 court excluded speculation, deterrence and the defendant}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 s background as irrelevant factors in considering dismissal under the similar New Jersey statute. }{\i\fs20\insrsid14554634 Id. }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 at 287-88. We agree with }{\i\fs20\insrsid14554634 Zarrilli}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 that such factors do not aid us in determining the appropriateness of a dismissal under section 7.67(b) and should be excluded. First, }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{ \fs20\insrsid14554634 [e]very trivial offense can be seen as the first step toward serious misconduct,}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 and, therefore, }{ \fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 [s]peculation is not appropriate.}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 }{\i\fs20\insrsid14554634 Id.}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 at 287. Second, deterrence is a sentencing concern and should not be considered during this phase of a criminal case. }{\i\fs20\insrsid14554634 Id.}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 at 287. (recognizing that deterrence }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 is one of the purposes of punishment}{ \fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 and }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{ \fs20\insrsid14554634 does not measure triviality}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 ). Finally, a defendant}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 s }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 background and character are sentencing considerations and doubtful indicators of the trivial.}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 }{\i\fs20\insrsid14554634 Id.}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 (b) the existence of contraband; (c) the amount and value of property involved; (d) the use or threat of violence; and (e) the use of weapons. }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Id}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 . at 288. \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [13]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab In the instant case, Perez was charged with Improper Influence Over Notary (As a 3rd Degree Felony), in violation of Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 33522, 33104(1) and (11).}{ \cs15\super\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid14554634 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 Section 33522, entitled }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 Improper influence,}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 provides that }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 [a]ny person who knowingly solicits, coerces, or in any way influences a notary to commit official misconduct is guilty of a third degree felony. Title 5 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 33522. Section 33104 states in relevant part that: \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid14554634 (1) }{\i\fs20\insrsid14554634 Acknowledgment }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 means a notarial act in which a notary certifies that a signer, whose identity is proven on the basis of satisfactory evidence, has admitted, in the notary's presence, having signed a document voluntarily for its stated purpose [and] \par }\pard \qj \fi1440\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid14554634 . . . \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid14554634 (11) }{\i\fs20\insrsid14554634 Official misconduct}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 means: (i) a notary's performance of or failure to perform any act prohibited or mandated, respectively, by this Chapter or by any other law in connection with a notarization; or (ii) a notary's performance of a notarial act in a manner found by the Attorney General to be negligent or against the public interest. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid14554634 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid14554634 Title 5 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 33104 (1), (11) (1994).}{ \insrsid14554634 }}}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Perez was also charged with Official Misconduct (As a Misdemeanor), in violation of Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 49.90(a).}{\cs15\super\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid14554634 \chftn }{\insrsid14554634 }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 This offense is defined as follows: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid14554634 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid14554634 A public servant commits a misdemeanor if, with intent to benefit himself or another person or to harm another person or to deprive another person of a benefit; \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li1440\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid14554634 (a) he commits an act relating to his office but constituting an unauthorized exercise of his official functions, knowing that such act is unauthorized . . . . \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid14554634 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid14554634 Title 9 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid14554634 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid14554634 49.90 (1994). }}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [14]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab The record before us reveals that Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s involvement was confined to the following three actions: First, Perez called Alicto to Hart}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s office and asked Alicto to notarize a document.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Second, when Alicto indicated that the signatories were not present to sign her journal, Perez stated that }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 the document really needs to be notarized.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Appellant}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s Excerpts of Record, p. 28 (Decision and Order).}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Third, Perez allegedly told Alicto to give the notary journal to Elaine Leon Guerrero and Leon Guerrero would have the journal signed at a board meeting.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Appellant}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s Excerpts of Record, p. 6 (Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s Motion to Dismiss).}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [15]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab Based on these alleged facts, Perez was charged with Improper Influence Over a Notary, by knowingly soliciting, coercing and/or influencing Alicto to commit official misconduct, by performing the act of acknowledgment, without the signatories in her presence.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 The same alleged facts support the charge of Official Misconduct, in that, with the intent to benefit herself and harm the Government of Guam, Perez knowingly and unlawfully influenced Alicto to commit an unauthorized act.}{\insrsid5993866 }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [16]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab For purposes of a motion to dismiss on }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 de minimis}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 grounds, and viewing as true all the factual allegations made against Perez, we find that Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s conduct constitutes the offense of Improper Influence of a Notary.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 See Zarrilli}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 , 523 A.2d at 286 (stating that in determining whether a dismissal under section 7.67(b) is appropriate, }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 it must be assumed that the conduct charged actually occurred}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 because }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [t]he motion does not provide a setting for a determination of guilt or innocence.}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 ).}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Perez knowingly solicited Alicto to commit official misconduct when she asked her to notarize a document, even after she was told by Alicto that the signatories must be present.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Moreover, again taking all the factual allegations as true, Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s conduct constitutes an offense of Official Misconduct.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Specifically, Perez, while employed by the government, intended to benefit herself or another, namely Hart, or to harm the government, by soliciting}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Alicto to commit official misconduct.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [17]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab Despite the fact that Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s alleged conduct constituted a chargeable crime, the trial court found, in applying section 7.67(b) to both charges, that }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 there is no evidence that any of Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s actions caused any harm. . . . [t]he evidence presented by Defendant Perez, which was not contradicted by the Government, is that Alicto was hesitant to notarize the document until Defendant Hart became involved.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Appellant}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s Excerpts of Record, p. 28 (Decision and Order).}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 According to the trial court, the extent of Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s involvement was the relaying of a message from her boss to Alicto that a document needed to be notarized.}{\insrsid5993866 }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Perez had no knowledge of the contents of the document.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Further, Alicto hesitated to sign the document without the signatories present until Hart asked her a question to the effect, }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Are you happy where you are at?}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Thereafter, Alicto }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 heart began beating}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 and she }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 was afraid something might happen to her}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 if she did not notarize the document.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 For this reason, the court found that }{ \i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Perez}{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s actions}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 did not }{ \i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 cause}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 the harm or evil sought to be prevented by the statutes criminalizing the improper influence of a notary or official misconduct.}{\insrsid5993866 }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab Upon our review of the trial court}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s factual findings with respect to subsection (b), we are unable to find that }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 the entire record produces the definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a mistake,}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 and thus, we hold that the trial court}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s findings in this regard are not clearly erroneous.}{ \insrsid5993866 }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Yang}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 , 1998 Guam 9 at }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 7.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [18]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab Turning now to the trial court}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s decision to dismiss the prosecution, which we review for abuse of discretion, the question to be asked and answered in the context of a motion to dismiss for a }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 de minimis}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 infraction is, }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 what is the risk of harm to which society is exposed }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 by defendant}{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 conduct?}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5993866 }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Zarrilli}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 , 523 A.2d at 288 (emphasis added). \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [19]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab Applying the factors set out in }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Zarrilli}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 to determine the risk of harm exposed by Perez, we consider the trial court}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s factual findings of the conduct charged and the attendant circumstances surrounding the commission of the offense as discussed above, specifically, that }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 it was not Perez}{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s actions that caused or threatened the harm or evil which the statute protects}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 .}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 In so doing, we do not sidestep the fact that harm has occurred in this case, assuming the facts as alleged are true.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 While Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s conduct falls within the reach of the statutes which criminalize the improper influence of a notary and official misconduct, her con duct did not expose society to the risk of harm which resulted in this case - which is a $150,000.00 settlement paid out by the Guam Memorial Hospital, pursuant to a document which was unlawfully notarized by Alicto.}{\insrsid5993866 }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Because Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s actions did not cause or threaten this harm, the first factor weighs in favor of Perez.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Considering the second }{\i\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Zarrilli}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 factor, there was no contraband in this case.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Third, the value of property involved was about $150,000.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Fourth, there was no use or threat of violence by Perez.}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Fifth, there were no weapons involved. \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [20]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab While the value of the property involved is significant, we balance such factor along with the other factors, which weigh in favor of dismissal.}{\insrsid5993866 }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Based on our view of the specific facts of this case, a balancing of these factors leads us to conclude that a dismissal was appropriate }{\insrsid8406872 pursuant to subsection 7.67(b).}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }{\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [21]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s decision to dismiss Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s prosecution pursuant to 9 GCA }{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 7.67(b).}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s actions }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 did not actually cause or threaten the harm or evil sought to be prevented by the law defining the offense or did so only to an extent too trivial to warrant the condemnation of conviction.}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 9 GCA }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 7.67(b). \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11947428 {\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 IV.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5993866 {\b\insrsid11947428 \par }{\b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 [22]}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \tab We hold that the trial court committed no clear error in its factual findings and committed no abuse of discretion in its dismissal of Perez}{ \insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 s prosecution pursuant to Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 7.67(b).}{\insrsid5993866 }{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 For this reason, and based on the specific facts of this case, we }{ \b\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 AFFIRM}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 the trial court decision and order dismissing Perez}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid11947428 s prosecution.}{\insrsid14554634\charrsid5993866 \par }}