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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs20\insrsid612903 Bank of Hawaii v. Chan}{\fs20\insrsid612903 , Opinion\tab \tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid612903 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1261411 
5}}}{\fs20\insrsid612903  of 7
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid1261411 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 BANK OF HAWAII}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par Plaintiff-Appellee,
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 vs.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 ALEXANDER CHAN and MICHELLE CHAN}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 and Doe Occupants 1-10}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par Defendants-Appellants.}{\insrsid1261411 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Supreme Court Case No.: CVA02-011 
\par Superior Court Case No.: CV0433-01}{\insrsid1261411 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Filed:}{\b\insrsid1261411  }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 April 4, 2003}{\insrsid1261411 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Cite as: 2003 Guam 7}{\insrsid1261411 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Argued and submitted on February 7, 2003
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
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\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid1261411 {\ul\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 For Defendants-Appellants:
\par }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Wilson A. Quinley, Esq.}{\ul\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Law Office of Wilson Quinley}{\ul\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Ste. 500 I, GCIC Bldg}{\ul\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 414 W. Soledad Ave.}{\ul\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910
\par 
\par }{\ul\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \cell For Plaintiff-Appellee:
\par }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 David P. Ledger, Esq.}{\ul\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Elyze J. McDonald, Esq.}{\ul\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Carlsmith Ball LLP}{\ul\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 134 W. Soledad Ave.}{\ul\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Bank of Hawaii Bldg, Ste. 401
\par P.O. Box BF}{\ul\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96932-5207\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow 
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}\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 BEFORE: F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice, PETER C. SIGUENZA, JR., Justice Pro Tempore, RICHARD H. BENSON, Justice Pro Tempore}{\insrsid1261411 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 BENSON, J.:}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [1]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \tab Defendants-Appellants Alexander and Michelle Chan (}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Chans}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
) appeal a Superior Court judgment that amended the complaint of Plaintiff-Appellee Bank of Hawaii (}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Bank}
{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
) from unlawful detainer to forcible detainer and found the Chans guilty of forcible detainer. Because the Bank did not submit any evidence that the Chans unlawfully kept p
ossession of property through threatened or actual force, as required for a finding of forcible detainer, we reverse the trial court}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 s judgment. We further hold that the trial court erred in amending the complaint to forcible detainer because the Bank failed to produce evidence supporting forcible detainer.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 I.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [2]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \tab This case resulted from the Chans}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  default on a mortgage held by the Bank. The Bank foreclosed on the prope
rty by private power of sale on February 6, 2001 and purchased the property at the foreclosure sale. On February 23, 2001, the Bank served the Chans with a five-day notice to vacate. The Chans did not respond to the demand letter and remained on the prope
rty. No one from the Bank had any direct contact with the Chans, and no further communication took place.
\par }{\b\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [3]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \tab On March 7, 2001, the Bank filed a complaint against the Chans for unlawful detainer. The Chans moved to dismiss the complaint on the
 basis that the unlawful detainer statute is inapplicable to a non-judicial foreclosure. The trial court denied the Chan}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 s motion after a hearing on May 5, 2001 and held a bench trial on May 16, 2001. On March 21, 2002, the trial court issued a Finding of Facts and Conclusions of Law in which the trial court }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
sua sponte}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  amended the Bank}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
s unlawful detainer action to forcible detainer and ruled that the Chans were guilty of forcible detainer. The court issued its Judgment in favor of the Bank on April 30, 2002. The Chans filed a timely notice of appeal on May 22, 2002.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 II.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [4]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \tab This court has jurisdiction over this appeal from a final judgment. Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  3107 (1994).
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 III.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [5]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \tab The Bank originally brought its complaint in unlawful, rather than forcible, detainer. Guam}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 s unlawful detainer statute provides:}{\insrsid612903 
\par }{\insrsid1261411\charrsid1261411 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 In either of the followi
ng cases, a person who holds over and continues in the possession of real property, after a three (3) day written notice to quit the same shall have been served upon him }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 89 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  may be removed therefrom as prescribed in this Chapter.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
(a) Where the property has been duly sold by virtue of an execution against him, or a person under whom he claims, and the title under the sale has been duly perfected.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 (b) Where the property has been duly sold upon the foreclosure, by pr
oceedings taken as prescribed in the Code of Civil Procedure, of a mortgage, and the title under the foreclosure has been duly perfected.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par Title 21 GCA }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  21104 (1994). }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [B]ecause an unlawful detainer action is a summary remedy, the unlawful detainer statute must be complied with strictly.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Archbishop of Guam v. G.F.G. Corp}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 , 1997 Guam 12, }{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  10; }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 see also Berry v. Soc}{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 y of St. Pius X}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
, 81 Cal. Rptr. 2d 574, 579 (Cal. Ct. App. 1999). Section 21104 does not expressly allow unlawful detainer after a non-judicial foreclosure, thus that remedy is not available to the Bank.}{\cs15\super\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid612903 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid612903  Guam}{\fs20\insrsid612903 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid612903 s unlawful and forcible detainer statutes are derived from a previous version of California}{\fs20\insrsid612903 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid612903 s unlawful detainer statutes. }{\i\fs20\insrsid612903 Archbishop of Guam v. G.F.G. Corp}{\fs20\insrsid612903 ., 1997 Guam 12, }{\fs20\insrsid612903 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid612903  10. In California, unlawful detainer is an available remedy after either a judicial or a non-judicial foreclosure. Cal. Code Civ. Proc. }{\fs20\insrsid612903 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid612903  1161a(b). Title 21 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid612903 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid612903 
 21104 differs from the corresponding California statute in that section 21104 does not contain the provision that allows unlawful detainer after a private power of sale. }{\i\fs20\insrsid612903 Compare}{\fs20\insrsid612903  21 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid612903 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid612903  21104 }{\i\fs20\insrsid612903 with}{\fs20\insrsid612903  Cal. Code Civ. Proc. }{\fs20\insrsid612903 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid612903  1161a(b).}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Baugh v. Consumers Assocs.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
, 50 Cal. Rptr. 822, 823 (Cal. Ct. App. 1966) (}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
The remedy of unlawful detainer is a summary proceeding to determine the right to possession of real property. Since it is purely statutory in nature, it is essential that a party seeking the remedy bring himself clearly within the statute.}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 ).
\par }{\b\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [6]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \tab 
Based on the inapplicability of unlawful detainer, the Chans brought a motion to dismiss. The trial court agreed that unlawful detainer was inapplicable but denied the motion to dismiss and, pursuant to 21 GCA }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  21114, permitted the Bank to proceed under a forcible detainer theory over the Chans}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  objection. }{\insrsid1261411 Section 21114 provides in part:}{\insrsid612903 
\par }{\insrsid1261411\charrsid1261411 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 When, upon the trial of any p
roceeding under this Chapter, it appears from the evidence that the defendant has been guilty of either a forcible entry or a forcible or unlawful detainer, and other than the offense charged in the complaint, the judge must order that such complaint be f
orthwith amended to conform to such proofs}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 89 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 .
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par Title 21 GCA }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  21114 (1994).
\par }{\b\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [7]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \tab The trial court}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
s amendment of pleadings to conform to proofs }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
rests largely in the discretion of the trial court and its determination will not be disturbed on appeal unless it clearly appears that such discretion has been abused.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Trafton v. Youngblood}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 , 442 P.2d 648, 657 (Cal. 1968); s}{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
ee also Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.,}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  401 U.S. 321, 330, 91 S.Ct. 795, 802 (1971); }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Hurn v. Ret. Fund Trust of Plumbing, Heating and Piping Indus. of S. Cal.}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 , 648 F.2d 1252, 1254 (9th Cir. 1981). However, some evidence must be presented before the court can amend the pleadings. }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 North 7th Street Assocs. v. Constante}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 , 111 Cal. Rptr. 2d 815, 818-19 (Cal. App. Dep}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
t Super. Ct. 2001). Here, the trial court found that }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
based on the evidence presented at trial, there was a show of proof that the Chans were guilty of forcible detainer.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  Appellants}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
 Excerpt of Record, tab 20, p. 4 (Findings of Facts and Conclusions of Law, Mar. 21, 2002). We disagree. 
\par }{\b\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [8]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \tab A person is guilty of forcible detainer if he }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [b]y force, or by menaces and threats of violence, unlawfully holds and keeps the possession of any real property, whether the same was acquired peaceably or otherwise.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  Title 21 GCA }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  21102(a) (1994). Like unlawful detainer, forcible detainer is also a summary remedy, and the statute must be strictly construed. }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 See Archbishop}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
, 1997 Guam 12 at }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  10; }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Berry}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 , 8
1 Cal. Rptr. 2d 574, 579 (Cal. Ct. App. 1999).
\par }{\b\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [9]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \tab Some jurisdictions find forcible detainer only where actual force or threats are present. }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 See}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  }{
\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Patterson v. Dombrowski}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 , 60 N.W.2d 456, 459 (Mich. 1953) (}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
[N]o actual force or violence occurred when the defendants took possession of the property nor during the time that they remained in possession. At no time was there a breach of the peace. Under such circumstances we are constrained to find that the
re was no forcible entry or detainer as contemplated by the statute}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 89 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 .}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 ). Other jurisdictions, while not requiring an actual breach of the peace, require at a minimum }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 conduct tending to create such breach.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 State v. Galen}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 , 487 P.2d 273, 276 (Wash. Ct. App. 1971) (interpreting Wash. Rev. Code }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  59.12.230, which defines forcible detainer as the unlawful use of }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 any force or violence in entering upon or detaining any lands or other possessions of another}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 ). Conduct supporting a forcible detainer action can include }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 threats or actions that give }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 89 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
 just reason to think violence will be used.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Simhiser v. Farber}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 , 71 N.W.2d 412, 425 (Wis. 1955) (interpreting Wis. Stat. }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
 291.03 (repealed 1971), in effect at the time, which defines forcible detainer as }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
forcibly hold[ing] the possession [of real property]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 ); }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 see also}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Jordan v. Talbot,}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 361 P.2d 20, 26 (Cal. 1961) (implying force from the defendant owner}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 s removal of plaintiff renter}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 s property and his admonishment to plaintiff to }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
Get the hell out of here. You}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 re out.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 ); }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Grenfell v. Anderson}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 , 56 P.3d 326, 335 (Mont. 2002) (}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 The word }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 force}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  is generally interpreted as
 including not only actual application of physical force, but such threats or display of physical force as are reasonably calculated to inspire fear of death or bodily harm.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 ) (citations omitted) (also noting its own interpretation of }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 force}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  as meaning }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 unlawful violence}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 ). 
\par }{\b\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [10]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \tab The facts of this case, however, do not support forcible detainer under either the }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 actual force or threat}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  or the }{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 conduct tending to create such force}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  standards. The only contact whatsoever between the Bank and the Chans was the Bank}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 s notice to vacate. The Bank concedes that the Chans did nothing but remain on the property. The Chans}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  conduct clearly did not amount to actual force or violence. }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 See}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
Patterson}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 , 60 N.W.2d at 459. Nor did their conduct give reason to believe that violence would result. }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 See Simhiser}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
, 71 N.W.2d at 425. We find that the Bank produced no evidence of force, menace, or threat and accordingly hold that the Chans could not be guilty of forcible detainer. Thus, the trial court abused its discretion in amending the complaint. 
\par }{\b\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [11]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \tab We note the Bank}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
s argument that refusing to define force to include remaining on the property, thus denying a summary remedy in the present situation, would reward those who illegally holdover on property a
fter a non-judicial foreclosure. This concern is properly addressed through the legislature and not the courts. }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 See, e.g.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  }{\i\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 Castro v. Peck}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 , 1998 Guam 2, }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  15-16. Although the present statutory scheme does not permit a summary remedy after a non-judicial foreclosure, other remedies, such as an ejectment or quiet title action, remain available.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 IV.}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261411 {\b\insrsid1261411 
\par }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 [12]}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 \tab Section 21104 requires a showing of force, menace, or t
hreats of violence for a person to be guilty of forcible detainer. The Bank made no such showing. The mere failure to vacate property is insufficient to sustain a judgment for forcible detainer. We also hold that in the absence of evidence of force or vio
lence, the trial court abused its discretion in amending the complaint from unlawful to forcible detainer. The trial court}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 s decision is }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 REVERSED }{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 and }{\b\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411 REMANDED}{\insrsid612903\charrsid1261411  for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
\par }}