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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid5187138 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 NISSAN MOTOR CORPORATION IN GUAM}{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 SEA STAR GROUP INC.}{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.}{\insrsid5187138 
\par 
\par }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Supreme Court Case No. CVA01-001
\par Superior Court Case No. CV1047-98}{\insrsid5187138 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 OPINION}{\insrsid5187138 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Filed:}{\b\insrsid5187138  }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 April 9, 2002}{\insrsid5187138 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid5187138  }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 2002 Guam 5}{\insrsid5187138 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on December 11, 2001
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid5187138 
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\par }{\ul\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Appearing for the Plaintiff-Appellee/}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\insrsid5187138  }{\ul\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Cross-Appellant}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 :
\par Louie J. Yanza, Esq.
\par McKeown Vernier Price Maher
\par 115 Hesler Place, Ground Floor
\par Governor Joseph Flores Building
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell 
\par }{\ul\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellant/
\par }{\insrsid5187138  }{\ul\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Cross-Appellee}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 :
\par Kevin J. Fowler, Esq.
\par Dooley Lannen Roberts & Fowler LLP
\par Suite 201, Orlean Pacific Plaza
\par 865 South Marine Drive
\par Tamuning, Guam 96911\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow 
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\par }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 BEFORE:}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Justice}{\cs15\super\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \chftn {\footnote 
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 The Chief Justice recused himself from hearing this matter.  Justice Carbullido, as the senior member of the panel, was designated as the Acting Chief Justice.}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
, JOHN A. MANGLONA, Designated Justice, and ANITA A. SUKOLA, Justice }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Pro Tempore}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 .}{\insrsid5187138 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 CARBULLIDO, J.:}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [1]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant Nissan Motor Corporation (hereinafter }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
) filed suit against Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee Sea Star Group (hereinafter }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Sea Star}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 ) to recover for property damage suffered by Nissan as a result of Sea Star}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s negligence.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
The trial court found Sea Star negligent, and awarded Nissan the estimated cost of repair for eleven of the fourteen damaged vehicles.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 The trial court also refused to award Nissan damages for it
s lost profits, finding that sale prices in the car industry are too speculative for measuring loss of income.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Sea Star and Nissan appeal.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
We find that the trial court did not err in its findings, and therefore affirm the trial court}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s judgment.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 I.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [2]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Nissan sought recovery for fourteen vehicles that were damaged during Typhoon Paka.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
The vehicles were among several hundred new vehicles stored by Nissan on a lot adjacent to property owned by Sea Star.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Sea St
ar maintained a twenty-seven-foot aluminum storage container on its property that was used as a satellite office.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
In preparing for the arrival of the typhoon, Sea Star attempted to secure the container by moving it up against a cyclone fence and pinning it to the ground by bending four rebar stakes around the container}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s edges.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 During Typhoon Paka}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s passage, the container was picked up and carried approximately 130 feet.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
It eventually landed on the fence separating Nissan and Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s lots, coming to rest against the rear of five Nissan vehicles.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Nissan also alleges that nine other vehicles suffered damage from the container}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s flying debris.}{\insrsid8789670 
\par }{\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [3]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Nissan filed suit against Sea Star arguing that Sea Star negligently failed to secure its property and that this negligence resulted in the damage to Nissan}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s property.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
The trial court found in favor of Nissan, concluding that Sea Star failed to exercise ordinary care in securing the container.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Nissan was awarded the estimated cost of repair on eleven of the fourteen damaged vehicles.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
With respect to the remaining three vehicles, the trial court determined that Nissan failed to establish that Sea Star was the proximate cause of the damage.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 This appeal followed. 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 II.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [4]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab This court maintains jurisdiction over final judgments of the Superior Court.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  3107, 3108(a) (1994).
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 III.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 A.\tab Sea Star}{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s Appeal}{\b\insrsid8789670 
\par }{\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [5]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Sea Star asserts three findings b
y the trial court were in error: (1) that the maximum wind speed during Typhoon Paka was 150 miles per hour (mph); (2) that Sea Star owed Nissan a duty of care; and (3) that Sea Star failed to exercise reasonable care in securing its container.}{
\insrsid8789670 
\par }{\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 1.\tab Wind speed}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [6]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Sea Star argues that the trial court erred in finding that the maximum speed of Typhoon Paka}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s winds was 150 mph.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 We disagree.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 A lower court}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s findings of fact are reviewed for clear error.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Yang v. Hong}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 1998 Guam 9, }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  4.}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
A finding is clearly erroneous when, even though some evidence supports it, the entire record produces the definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a mistake.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Yang}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 1998 Guam 9 at }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  7 (citation omitted). 
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [7]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Experts for both parties did place the speed of Typhoon Paka}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s wind gusts at over 150 mph.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript vol. --, p. 157 (Bench Trial, July 17, 2000); Transcript vol. --, p. 28 (Continued Bench Trial, July 18, 2000).}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 However, eyewitness testimony presented during the trial recalled that Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s container was tossed by the Typhoon}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s strong winds, and not specifically by a wind gust.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript vol. --, pp. 38-39 (Bench Trial, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
In light of this testimony, a specific finding by the trail court as to the maximum speed of Typhoon Paka}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s wind gusts was not necessary.
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [8]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab The trial court}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s finding that }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Typhoon Paka struck Guam with winds over one hundred and twent
y-five miles per hour (125 mph) up to one hundred and fifty miles per hour (150 mph)}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
 can be construed as a statement limited to the storm}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 sustained}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  wind speeds.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Experts for both parties testified that Typhoon Paka had sustained winds within the 125 mph and 150 mph range.}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript vol. --, p. 154 (Bench Trial, July 17, 2000); Transcript vol. --, pp. 28-29, 37 (Continued Bench Trial, July 18, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Thus, the evide
nce provided by both experts would support a finding by the trial court that the maximum sustained winds of Typhoon Paka were 150 mph.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [9]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab We do not have a definite and firm conviction that the trial court}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s finding as to maximum wind speeds was erroneous.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Even if we were to conclude that the trial court}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s finding was in error, the error would be harmless, since extraordinary wind speed will not act to relieve Sea Sta
r of its liability, as will be discussed further.
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 2.\tab Duty}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [10]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Sea Star argues that policy considerations support relieving it of its duty to act as a reasonable landowner.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [T]he existence of a legal duty in a given factual situation is a question of law . . . .}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Andrews v. Wells}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
, 251 Cal. Rptr. 344, 347, 204 Cal. App. 3d 533, 538 (Ct. App. 1988).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Questions of law are reviewed }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 de novo}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 .}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Town House Dep}{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 t Stores, Inc. v. Ahn}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 2000 Guam 29, }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  5.
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [11]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Under Guam law, every landowner owes a duty to exercise reasonable care in the management of his property.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Title 18 GCA }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  90107 (1995).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Section 90107 is derived from and identical in language to California Civil Code section 1714.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 18 GCA }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  90107; }{\scaps\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Cal. Civ. Code}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  1714 (West 1998).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 In }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Rowland v. Christian}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
, 443 P.2d 561, 70 Cal. Rtpr. 97 (1968), }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 superceded by statute as stated in Perez v. S. Pac. Transp. Co.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
, 267 Cal. Rptr. 100 (Cal. App. Ct. 1990), the Supreme Court of California recognized that a departure from the standard set forth in section 1714 required a balancing of several policy factors.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Rowland}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 443 P.2d at 564, 69 Cal. 2d at 100.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Specifically, these factors are:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\insrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 the foreseeability of harm to the plaintiff, the degree of certainty 
that the plaintiff suffered injury, the closeness of the connection between the defendant}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s conduct and the injury suffered, the moral blame attached to the defendant}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s
 conduct, the policy of preventing future harm, the extent of the burden to the defendant and consequences to the community of imposing a duty to exercise care with resulting liability for breach, and the availability, cost, and prevalence of insurance fo
r the risk involved.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Id.}{\i\insrsid8789670 
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [12]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab 
While we find that the above factors present sound policy arguments for departing from the reasonable person standard of care, applying these factors to the matter at hand does not persuade us that Sea Star should be relieved of its duty to Nissan.}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Typhoons are indigenous to this geographic region and frequently affect Guam.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Moreover, damage caused by flying debris is one of the major threats posed during any typhoon.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Thus, the harm suffered by Nissan was a foreseeable type of harm caused by a foreseeable type of event.}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 There is also a direct and close connection between Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s conduct and Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s injury.}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s failure to properly secure the container allowed the container to be picked up by the storm}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s wind and moved onto Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s property, causing damage.}{\insrsid8789670 
\par }{\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [13]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Recognizing a duty among landowners to secure their property during a typhoon admittedly imposes a burden on the community, but it is not an extraordinary burden.}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Contrary to Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s argument, a finding of duty in this instance does not effectively give rise to strict liability.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
We are not adopting the position that during a typhoon landowners have an absolute duty to keep debris and other items from flying off their property and onto their neighbor}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s property.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 The duty imposed is a limited one, }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 to wit}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , landowners must exercise reasonable care in securing their property when faced with an approaching typhoon.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Given that Guam is often th
e target of passing typhoons, it makes good policy sense to hold landowners accountable when they fail to reasonably secure their property.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [14]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab The balance of factors does not present a strong policy reason for relieving Sea Star of its statutorily imposed duty.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
We decline to adopt as a matter of law the proposition that the mere occurrence of a typhoon bearing super-strength winds relieves Guam landowners of their duty to re}{\insrsid5187138 asonably secure their property.}{\insrsid8789670 
\par }{\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 3.\tab Causation}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [15]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab The issues raised by Sea Star in its duty argument are more appropriately addressed by a discussion of causation.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
When a defendant argues that some force of nature has acted, and that this force should relieve the defendant of his liability, he is raising a defense that courts have labeled an }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 act of God.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 The theory underlying an act of God defense is that a defendant should not be held liable for an act that he could not foresee or protect against.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 See}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  6 }{\scaps\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Am. Jur}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 . }{\scaps\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 3d}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Proof of Facts}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  319, }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  2 (1989); }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 see also Lee v. Mobile Oil Corp.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 452 P.2d 857, 860 (Kan. 1969) (}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
When harm results from the intervention of an unforeseeable force of nature liability does not fall on the defendant.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 );}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Fairbrother v. Wiley}{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s, Inc.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 331 P.2d 330, 336 (Kan. 1958) (}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 an }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Act of God}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  or }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 vis major}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  will shield a defendant from liability.}{\insrsid5187138  }
{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 One is not required to anticipate such phenomena, since their effects cannot be prevented by any reasonable means . . . .}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 ).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 This raises an issue of causation, not duty.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 See}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
 6 }{\scaps\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Am. Jur.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  }{\scaps\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 3d}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Proof of Facts}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  319, }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  7 (1989) (}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Where the plaintiff asser
ts that the defendant was negligent in causing an injury or loss, the question whether liability can be avoided because of the occurrence of an act of God generally depends on how the matter of }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 causation}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  is resolved. . . . The importance of }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 causation}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  in determining the effect of an act of God on a defendant}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s liability for negligence cannot be overstated.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 ) (emphasis added); }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 see}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 also Mancuso v. S. Cal. Edison Co.}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 283 Cal. Rptr. 300, 310 & n.18, 232 Cal. App. 3d 88, 103 & n.18 (Ct. App. 1991); }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Fairbrother}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 331 P.2d at 336-37.}{\insrsid8789670 
\par }{\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [16]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Because we find that the act of God defense more appropriately addresses the substance of Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s duty argument, we must review the trial court}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s finding of causation.}{\cs15\super\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid8789670 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid8789670   We note that Sea Star did raise this issue directly in its brief, citing to the Restatement (Second) of Torts }{\fs20\insrsid8789670 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid8789670  451, which provides:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid8789670 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid8789670 An intervening operation of a force of nature without which the other}{\fs20\insrsid8789670 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid8789670 s harm would not have resulted from the actor}{\fs20\insrsid8789670 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid8789670 s neglige
nt conduct prevents the actor from being liable for the harm, if
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li2160\ri1440\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin1440\lin2160\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid8789670 (a) \tab the operation of the force of nature is extraordinary, and
\par (b) \tab the harm resulting from it is of a kind different from that the likelihood of which made the actor}{\fs20\insrsid8789670 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid8789670 
s conduct negligent.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid8789670 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\scaps\fs20\insrsid8789670 Restatement (Second) of Torts}{\fs20\insrsid8789670  }{\fs20\insrsid8789670 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{
\fs20\insrsid8789670  451 (1965).  Sea Star argued that even assuming it was negligent in securing the container, the intervention of Typhoon Paka}{\fs20\insrsid8789670 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{
\fs20\insrsid8789670 s extraordinary winds should prevent a finding of liability.}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Determining whether an act of God severed the causal link, thereby relieving a defendant of liability is a factual issue, }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Lee}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 452 P.2d at 861 (}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Whether a particular flood is of such extraordinary and unprecedented nature as to constitute an }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 act of God}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  is a question of fact for the jury.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 ); }{
\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 see also Olan Mills, Inc. v. Cannon Aircraft Executive Terminal, Inc.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 160 S.E.2d 735, 743 (N.C. 1968) (}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Proximate cause is ordinarily a question for the jury.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
It is to be determined as a fact from the attendant circumstances.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
), and thus reviewed for clear error, }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Yang}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 1998 Guam 9 at }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5187138  4.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [17]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab In order for an act of God to relieve a defendant of negligence liability, it must be shown that: (1) that the act is }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 so extraordinary that the history of climatic variations and other conditions of the particular locality afforded no reasonable warning of it}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Olan Mills}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
, 160 S.E.2d at 741; (2) that the defendant}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s own negligence did not combine with the act of God to cause the plaintiff}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s injury; and (3) that no precaution on the defendant}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s part could have prevented the injury.}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 See}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  6 }{\scaps\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Am. Jur. 3d}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Proof of Facts}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  319, }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  1 (1989) (discussing the three elements necessary to sustain an act of God defense); }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 see also Mancuso}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 283 Cal. Rptr. at 310, 232 Cal. App. 3d at 103-04 (}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
The defense that an event was an }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 act of God}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  exists and may be asserted in those limited cases where an }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 unanticipated}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
 natural occurrence is the }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 sole}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  cause of a plaintiff}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s injury or damage.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 );}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 S. Pac. Co. v. Loden}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 508 P.2d 347, 351-52 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1973).}{\insrsid8789670 
\par }{\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [18]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab 
A review of the record reveals that substantial testimony was presented before the trial court establishing the common occurrence of typhoons on Guam and in the surrounding area.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Transcript, vol. --, pp. 13, 51, 155-56, 171-72 (Bench Trial, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 The direct passage of a typhoon with super-typhoon strength winds is not an unprecedented occurrence.}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript, vol. --, pp. 159-60 (Bench Trial, July 17, 2000) (testimony that the rate of return for super-typhoons on Guam is approximately once every twenty years).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Although Typhoon Paka was one of the larger typhoons to hit Guam in the last several years, a storm }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
cannot be termed an act of God merely because it is of unusual or more than average intensity.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Loden}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 508 P.2d at 352.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Furthermore, the testimony indicated that Sea Star was given at least forty-eight hours ad
vance warning of the storm and its anticipated strength.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript, vol. --, pp. 151, 170 (Bench Trial, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Given that residents received forewarning of the storm}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s intensity and approach, and cons
idering the history of typhoons on Guam, we find that }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [t]he storm was not }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 so far outside the range of human experience that ordinary care did not require that it shou
ld be anticipated or provided against.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Olan Mills}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 160 S.}{\insrsid5187138 E.2d at 741 (citation omitted).}{\insrsid8789670 
\par }{\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [19]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab The record also indicates that Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s conduct combined with the winds of Typhoon Paka to contribute to Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s damage.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 If a defendant}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s negligence combines with a force of nature to produce injury, then the defendant may still be held liable.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Rubin v. Appel}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
, 194 So. 2d 318, 319 (Fl. Dist. Ct. App. 1967); }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 see also Mancuso}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 283 Cal. Rptr. at 310, 232 Cal. App. 3d at 104 (}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 If defendant}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s negligence combines with an }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 act of God}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  to cause injury, liability will result.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 ) (citation omitted);}{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  Olan Mills}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 160 S.E.2d at 741 (}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 He whose negligence joins with the act of God in producing injury is liable therefor.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 ) (citation omitted); }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Fairbrother}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 331 P.2d at 336.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Here, the trial court found that Sea Star failed to exercise ordinary care in securing the container in preparation of the storm}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s arrival.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Testimony by Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s expert witness suggested that the use of rebar to pin down the corners of a container is not a reasonable method of securing it.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Transcript, vol. --, pp. 57-58 (Bench Trial, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Both Nissan and Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}
}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s experts discussed an alternative method of securing the container, known as the }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 chain and bind}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  or }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 blocking}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  method.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript, vol. --, pp. 57, 104-05 (Bench Trial, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
This method involves chaining or wiring a container to other, heavier objects, such as heavy equipment or cemented fifty-five gallon drums.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript, vol. --, pp. 57, 104-05 (B
ench Trial, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 The testimony supported a finding by the trial court that it was Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s failure to utilize a better method of securing its container, together with the winds of Typhoon Paka, that caused the damage to Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s property.
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [20]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Last, it must be shown that }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 no reasonable human foresight, prudence, diligence, and care}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
 could have prevented Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s injury.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Fairbrother
}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 331 P.2d at 336 (citation omitted); }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 see also Loden}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 508 P.2d at 352 (}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Ordinary, expectable, and gradual weather conditions are not regarded as acts of God . . . because man had the opportunity to control their effects.}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 ) (citation omitted).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
As discussed above, Sea Star had available to it a more reasonable method of securing the container.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s expert testified that use of the chain and bind method has prevented him from losing any of his containers.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Transcript, vol. --, p. 60 (Bench Trial, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s expert witness testified that a properly secured container is less likely to blow or tumble during a typhoon.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Id.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  at 121.}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 The court could therefore find that had Sea Star utilized the chain and bind method, the container would not have been picked up by Typhoon Paka}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s winds, thereby preventing Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s injury.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Because Sea Star could have prevented its container from harm
ing Nissan and because Sea Star had a duty to do so, the act of God defense does not relieve Sea Star of liability.
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par [21]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab After reviewing the record, this court does not have a definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed error.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
To the contrary, the record reveals significant support for the trial court}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s finding that it was the unreasonable conduct of Sea Star which caused Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s in
jury and that the intervention of Typhoon Paka}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s winds was not so extraordinary so as to supercede Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s liability.}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 As noted in }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Rubin}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 it is within the knowledge of all who have long resided in this area that we are occasionally subjected to winds of hurricane force, and that these winds have a tendency to . . . send unsecured objects flying about.}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 These storms are not beyond reasonable anticipation.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Rubin}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 194 So. 2d at 319.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Thus, Typhoon Paka}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s extraordinary winds did not constitute an act of God which would have relieved Sea Star of its liability.
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 4.\tab Breach}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [22]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Sea Star asserts that the trial court erred in finding that it acted unreasonably in securing the container.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Breach is a factual question, }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Andrews}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 251 Cal. Rptr. at 347, 204 Cal. App. 3d at 538, and thus reviewed for clear error,}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Yang}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 1998 Guam 9 at }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  4.}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 As cited above, the transcripts reveal that Sea Star knew the Typhoon was coming and took steps to secure its property in order to avoid objects getting blown away.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
It was the method utilized by Sea Star that is the focus of the breach question.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Evidence before the trial court revealed that an alternative method of securing the container was available to Se
a Star, but that Sea Star did not to utilize it.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s expert testified that the use of rebar was not a reasonable means of securing the container, and that the chain and bind method was a more reasonable way to prevent the container from taking flight during the Typhoon.}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript, vol. --, p. 56-59 (Bench Trial, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Furthermore, Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s expert testified that he secured his own containers by binding them to heavier objects.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Transcript, vol. --, p. 104 (Bench Trial, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Relying on the testimony of these experts, the trial court concluded that a reasonable landowner would secure a container using the chain and bind method.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Thus, the evi
dence supports a finding that Sea Star did not exercise ordinary care when it simply pinned its container to the ground with rebar instead of securing the container to heavier equipment.}{\cs15\super\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid8789670 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid8789670 
  In affirming the trial court's finding of breach, we emphasize the
 limited scope of our ruling.  As an appellate court, our role is confined to reviewing findings of facts for clear error. The trial court here found it unreasonable for a commercial landowner to pin down a twenty-seven foot aluminum container to a coral 
b
ase with number four rebar.  The record before us supports this finding.  However, this case should not be utilized as the catalyst for unreasonably holding commercial and residential landowners liable for property damage caused by flying debris during a 
typhoon.  Our findings are confined to the facts of this case.}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Our review of the record does not create a definite and firm conviction that the trial court}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s findings were in error.
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 B.\tab Nissan}{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s Cross-Appeal}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 

\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [23]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Nissan appeals from the trial court}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s award of damages on eleven vehicles, and asks this court to award it damages for the vehicles}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  diminution in value.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Nissan also appeals the trial court}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s denial of recovery for the remaining three vehicles, arguing that the trial court erred in finding that Nissan failed to establish proximate cause.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 1.\tab Damages}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [24]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab The trial court denied Nissan recovery for its loss of income on the ground that measuring the loss based on Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s listed wholesale price was too speculative.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Nissan counters by arguing that its request for }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 loss of income}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  was in essence a request for}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
diminution in value}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  damages.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Nissan further argues that since the evidence revealed that repairs did not restore the vehicles to their pre-tort condition, Nissan is entitled to recover the vehicles}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  depreciated value in addition to the cost of repair.
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [25]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Nissan is correct in its assertion that in cases of automobile damage, recovery is often permitted for both the cost of repair and any remaining depreciation in the vehicle}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s value.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 See Merchant Shippers Ass}{
\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 n v. Kellogg Express & Draying Co.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
, 170 P.2d 923, 926-27, 28 Cal. 2d 594, 600 (1946);}{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  see also Byrne v. W. Pipe & Steel Co.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 253 P.2d 776, 777, 81 Cal. App. 270, 274 (Dist. Ct. App. 1927);}{
\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  Brown v. Rowland}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 104 P.2d 138, 141, 40 Cal. App. 2d Supp. 825, 828 (App. Dep}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 t Super. Ct. 1940).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 However, Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s claim to diminution in value damages suffers a fundamental defect.
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [26]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab In order for Nissan to seek recovery for diminution in value damages, it should have raised the issue before the trial court.}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 See B.M. Co. v. Avery}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 2001 Guam 27, }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  32-33 (rejecting a claim for diminution in value damages because the relief was requested for the first time on appeal).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Nissan argues that it established diminution in value damages at the trial level by presenting the court with evidence of its loss of income.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 In essence, Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s position is that its calculation for }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 loss of income}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
 was in substance a measure of each vehicle}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 diminution in value.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138 
 }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Even if we accept Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s position and assume the matter was raised at the trial level, Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s argument is flawed.}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 What Nissan presents to this court as a simple re-characterization of damages is in actuality a misapplication of damage principles.
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [27]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Loss of income is }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
measured by the amount of profit that a plaintiff could prove would have been generated had the plaintiff not been deprived of the use of the property . . . .}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 United Trucking Rental Equip. Leasing, Inc. v. Kleenco Corp.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 929 P.2d 99, 109 (Haw. Ct. App. 1996).}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 As a retailer, Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s loss of income is measured by the price
 it could have sold a vehicle for before it was damaged versus the price it is able to sell a vehicle for after it is damaged.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Nissan presented the trial court with a listing of the }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 wholesale price}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  of each vehicle damaged by Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s negligence.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Appellee/Cross-Appellant}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s Supp. Excerpts of Record, p. 38 (Exhibit 56).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Nissan defines }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 wholesale price}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  as }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 the final selling price of a vehicle. . . . the bottom line price that we}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 d normally sell this vehicle for, every day.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}
}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript, vol. --, p. 19 (Reporter}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s Transcript of Extract of Proceedings on Appeal, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Thus, Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 wholesale price}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  is actually the retail or selling price of a vehicle, i.e., the price a }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 consumer}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
 would have to pay to purchase the vehicle.
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [28]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab In contrast, }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
wholesale price,}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  as the term is generally used, refers to the price that a }{
\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 retailer}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  pays to purchase the vehicle in a wholesale market.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 See United Trucking}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
, 929 P.2d at 107 (defining retailer and explaining that retailers purchase goods on a wholesale market as opposed to retail market).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 The distinction is important because when a retailer}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s goods are damaged, the measure of loss is different than when a consumer}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s goods are damaged.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 See id.}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  (}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Whether the 
retail or wholesale price will govern when calculating damages depends on the replacement market available to the injured party.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 ) (citation omitted).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Because the vehicles damaged on the Nissan lot were being held as stock, }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
the measure of damages is the difference between what the wholesale price of the car . . . would be immediately before the collision and the market value immediately after the damage occurred.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Whaley v. Crutchfield}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 294 S.W.2d 775, 779 (Ark. 1956); }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 see also}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Chevron Chemical Co. v. Streett Indus., Inc.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 534 F. Supp. 801, 803 (E.D. Mo. 1982).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 But see Brown
}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 104 P.2d at 141, 40 Cal. App. 2d Supp. at 828 (measuring an automobile dealer}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s damages for a car held in stock by the difference between the car}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s sale price and list price).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Thus, given the circumstances here, diminution in value should be measured by the cost to Nissan of buying the vehicle on the wholesale market and not Nissan}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s pre-damage, }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 bottom line}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , selling price.
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [29]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab There is substantial policy that supports the distinction between a retailer and consumer for purposes of measuring damages.}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
The theory underlying this rule is that if the owner of lost or destroyed property is a retailer . . . the goods may be replaced at their wholesale value and subsequently sold at retail just as the original goods would have sold.}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Chevron}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 534 F. Supp. at 803.}{\insrsid5187138  
Furthermore,}{\insrsid8789670 
\par }{\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
when a court is dealing with a stock of goods held for sale, or even with a portion of such a stock, the value to be found is its value as a stock or part of a stock of goods, that is, its wh
olesale value, without the profit of resale which enters into the retail value; for at the time of valuation that profit has not yet been earned . . . .}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Whaley}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 294 S.W.2d at 779 (citation omitted).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 In other words,}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
awarding a retailer the retail market value of damaged or lost goods would be tantamount to giving the retailer his or her profits without the retailer having to incur the expense of selling the goods.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 United Trucking}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 929 P.2d at 107 (citations omitted).}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Thus, }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
the damages award for lost or destroyed property should be based upon the market value, retail or wholesale, which will actually or as precisely as possible compensate the injured party.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Id.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  (citation omitted).
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [30]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab The record before this court reveals no evidence presented by Nissan to the trial court as to the wholesale costs incurred in first acquiring the eleven damaged vehicles.}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Nissan provided testimony and exhibits establishing each vehicle}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s repair costs and Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s estimation of its lost profits.}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 However, there is a complete absence of evidence showing the vehicles}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  diminished wholesale value, which is necessary to establish that Nissan suffered a loss over the cost of repairs already awarded by the trial court.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Without evidence of the vehicles}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
 wholesale values, this court has no basis for disturbing the trial court}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s award of damages.}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Cf. Rhodes v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
, 197 P. 392, 394-95, 51 Cal. App. 569, 574 (Dist. Ct. App. 1921) (holding that if the only evidence produced at trial pertained to cost of repair, a defendant cannot later seek a reduction of damages based on diminution in value when no evidence
 was presented to establish diminution in value).
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 2.\tab Proximate Cause}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [31]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab The trial court}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s determination that Nissan failed to establish that Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s negligence pro
ximately caused the damage to the Maxima, QX4, and Q45 is a factual finding.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Andrews}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 251 Cal. Rptr. at 347, 204 Cal. App. 3d at 538.}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Thus, it is reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Yang}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 1998 Guam 9 at }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  4.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Proximate cause includes a determination that the negligent conduct of an actor is the cause-in-fact of the injury suffered as well as a determination that the act produced the injury in a natural and
 continuous sequence unbroken by any new independent cause which supersedes the negligent conduct of the original actor.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Daly v. Lynch}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 600 P.2d 592, 596 (Wash. Ct. App. 1979).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 The factual connection is the fo}{\insrsid5187138 
cus of our inquiry here.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [32]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Nissan argues that there is no conflicting or ambiguous evidence to undermine its assertion that Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s negligence proximately caused damage to the three vehicles.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Nissan did present testimony that it was debris from the container that damaged the QX4 and Q45.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript, vol. --, p. 11 (Reporter}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s Transcript of Extract of Proceedings on Appeal, July 17, 2000). Nissan also presented witnesses who testified that no other debris was found on the lot, Transcript, vol. --, p. 41 (Bench Trial, July 17, 2000); Transcript, vol. --, p. 10 (Reporter}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s Transcript of Extract of Proceedings on Appeal, July 17, 2000),}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 thereby indirectly establishing that it was debris from the container that damaged the Maxima.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 While the record does contain evidence indicating it was Sea Star}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s conduct that damaged the three vehicles, we emphasize that it is within the purview of the trial court to weigh the credibility of witnesses and their testimony.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 See Yang}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 , 1998 Guam 9 at }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  4 (}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 ) (citation omitted).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
As an appellate court, we must uphold the lower court}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s findings if the trial court could rationally have found as it did.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Id. }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138  7.}{\insrsid8789670 
\par }{\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [33]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Of the fourteen vehicles alleged to have been damaged by Sea Star, five were Quests, six were Pathfinders, two were Infinities (QX4 and Q45), and one was a Maxima.}{
\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Appellee/Cross-Appellant}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s Excerpts of Record, p. 38 (Exhibit 56).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 The vehicles on Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s lot are arranged so that the similar models are placed together.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript, v. --, p. 31 (Reporter}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s Transcript of Extract of Proceedings on Appeal, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Photos revealed that the container directly collided with the five Quests and that debris from the container was found in and around the six Pathfinders.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Appellee/Cross-Appellant}{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s Excerpts of Record, pp. 32-37 (Exhibits 33 through 38).}{\insrsid5187138  }{
\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 In contrast, Nissan failed to provide any similar direct evidence placing debris in or around the area of the QX4 or Q45.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Moreover, testimony presented by Nissan placed the Infinities approximately four rows over from the area of impact.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript, v. --, p. 11 (Reporter}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s Transcript of Extract of Proceedings on Appeal, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
The same testimony also established that there was debris other than the debris from Sea Star's container, such as loose gravel, which caused damage to vehicles on Nissan}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s lot.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Transcript, v. --, p. 11 (Reporter}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 s Transcript of Extract of Proceedings on Appeal, July 17, 2000).}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
The record was completely devoid of any evidence with respect to the Maxima, except for the estimated cost of repairs.}{\insrsid8789670 
\par }{\insrsid5187138\charrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [34]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab Therefore, the trial court had more than ample evidence to conclude that Nissan failed to show that Sea Star}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
s negligence was the proximate cause of the damage to the Maxima, QX4, and Q45, and the trial court did not commit clear error in denying Nissan recovery for those vehicles.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 IV.}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\b\insrsid5187138 
\par }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 [35]}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 \tab After
 reviewing the record and considering the written and oral arguments presented by both parties, we find that the record supports the findings of the trial court on each issue.}{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 
Based on the above, the findings of fact and conclusions of law as issued by the trial court are hereby }{\b\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 AFFIRMED}{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 .}{\insrsid5187138 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 JOHN A. MANGLONA\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 ANITA A. SUKOLA
\par Designated Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid5187138  }{\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Justice }{\i\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 Pro Tempore}{\insrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\insrsid5187138 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5187138 {\insrsid8789670\charrsid5187138 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO
\par Chief Justice, Acting
\par }}