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Leon Guerrero v. Moylan}{\fs20\insrsid6049249 , Opinion \tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid6049249 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2516728 15}}}{\fs20\insrsid6049249  of 20
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid2516728 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 DORIS LEON GUERRERO,}{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Plaintiff-Appellee,
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 DOUGLAS B. MOYLAN,
\par }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Defendant-Appellant.}{\insrsid2516728 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Supreme Court Case No. CVA01-020
\par Superior Court Case No. DM0457-97}{\insrsid2516728 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Filed:}{\b\insrsid2516728  }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 September 26, 2002}{\insrsid2516728 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par }\pard \qc \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Argued and submitted on June 17, 2002
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\par }{\ul\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 :
\par Curtis C. Van de Veld, Esq.
\par The Vandeveld Law Offices, P.C.
\par Union Bank Bldg., Suite 215
\par 194 Hernan Cortes Ave.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell 
\par }{\ul\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 :
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\par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appearing for the Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 :}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \chftn 
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  Pursuant to Guam Rule of Appellate Procedure 36, the Attorney General  participated as }{\i\fs20\insrsid6049249 amicus curiae}{\fs20\insrsid6049249  in these proceedings.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  
\par }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Monty May
\par Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General, Family Division
\par 130 East Marine Drive
\par Suites 101B/103B
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }{\insrsid2516728 
\par 
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\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 BEFORE:}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 PETER C. SIGUENZA, JR., Chief Justice, JOHN A. MANGLONA, Designated Justice, and RICHARD H. BENSON, Justice }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Pro Tempore}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 .}{\insrsid2516728 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 SIGUENZA, C.J.:}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [1]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Defendant-Appellant Douglas B. Moylan (}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ) appeals from the lower court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s order that Moylan pay child support to Plaintiff-Appellee Doris Leon Guerrero (}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ) in the amount of $523.32 per month.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Moylan argues that the lower court should not have applied the Guam Child Support Guidelines (}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Guidelines}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ) in determining his child support obligation.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Moylan further argues that even if the Guidelines could be utilized, the lower court improper
ly calculated his child support under them.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Last, Moylan challenges the effective date of the order and the participation of the Office of the Attorney General (}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 AG}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ) in lower court proceedings.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [2]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab We find that the trial court acted within its discretion in utilizing the Guidelines.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 However, we agree with Moylan and f
ind that the trial court erred in the calculation of his child support.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 We also find that the trial court erred by ordering, without justification that}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 the child support order be effective from the date the motion was heard and not the date the motion was made.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Last, regarding participation by the AG in these proceedings, we find no error.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 I.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [3]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Moylan and Leon Guerrero divorced on June 13, 1997.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
The final decree of divorce granted the parties joint and equal legal and physical custody of their two minor children but left the matter of child support unresolved.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 See}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  Appellant}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s Excerpts of Record, pp. 1-7 (Final Decree of Divorce, Oct. 3, 1997; Interlocutory Judgment of Divorce, Oct. 3, 1997).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 In the interi
m, Moylan paid temporary child support in the amount of $1,014.88 per month.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [4]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab On December 29, 2000, Moylan moved to set permanent child support.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
The lower court heard the matter on February 7, 2001, and on March 6, 2001, issued its Decision and Order.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Pursuant to this decision, Moylan was ordered to pay Leon Guerrero temporary child support in the amount of $523.32 per month.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 In setting child support, the court added the amount owed in }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 basic child support}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  ($1,714.51) to the amount owed in }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 necessary expenses}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 ($752.92) to arrive at a total child support obligation of $2,467.43.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Moylan was obligated to pay Leon Guerrero 71.25% of that amount or $1,758.04, and Leon Guerrero was obligated to pay Moylan 28.75% of that amount or $709.39.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Both 
of these amounts were adjusted downward by 50% to account for the parties}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  joint custody arrangement.}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Moylan was then ordered to pay the difference between his and Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s obligations, which equaled $523.32.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Moylan moved to amend the order, and the trial court denied his motion.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Moylan now appeals the March 6, 2001 child support order and the denial of his motion to amend.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 II.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [5]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
An order for child support is a final judgment as to any installment or payment of money which has accrued up to the time either party makes a motion to set aside, alter or modify the order.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  34121 (1996).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 This court has jurisdiction to review all final judgments of the Superior Court, Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  3107(a) (1994), and therefore has jurisdiction over the instant appeal.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Leon Guerrero v. Moylan}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 2002 Guam 17, }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  4.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 III.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [6]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Moylan attacks the child support order on several different grounds.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 He argues t
hat the trial court erred in using the Guidelines to calculate child support in a joint and equal custody arrangement.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 He also believes that the Guidelines are null and void because they are }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ultra vires}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  and because they have not been updated as required by Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  34118(a) (1996).}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [7]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Assuming the Guidelines are valid and applicable, Moylan disputes the trial court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s calculation of his child support obligation under the Guidelines.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 First, Moylan argues that the court improperly exceeded the Guidelines}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  schedule when setting the parties}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  basic child support obligation amount.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Second, Moylan argues that the trial court should not have calculated his child support payments based on his earning capacity instead of his actual earnings.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Last, Moylan asserts that the trial court erred in failing to impute income to Leon Guerrero for her free housing.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [8]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Moylan raises two final grounds in his appeal.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
He believes that the court erred in retroactively applying the child support order to the date the lower court heard the motion instead of the date Moylan brought his motion to set permanent support.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
He also contends that the AG should have been disqualified from participating in the case due to a conflict of interest.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 A.\tab Guidelines applicability
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [9]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Pursuant to 5 GCA }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 34118, the AG promulgated a schedule of child support payments, now set forth in Article 2 of Title 19 of the Guam Administrative Regulations (}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 GAR}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
The authority vested in the AG was limited to formulating guidelines for payments }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 to be paid by a }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 non-custodial}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  parent to a }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 custodial}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  parent.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 5 GCA }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  34118(a) (emphasis added).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
The first issue before this court focuses on the above language, and whether by its terms, it precludes the application of the Guidelines to a joint and equal custody arrangement.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Matters of statutory interpretation are questions of law and reviewed }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 de novo}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 .}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 See Ada v. Guam Tel. Auth.}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 1999 Guam 10, }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  10.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [10]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab A non-custodial parent is defined as }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 any person who is responsible for the support of a child, and who is absent from the household whether the person}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s location is known or unknown.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  34202(h) (as reenacted by P.L. 25-161:2 (August 31, 2000)).}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Moylan argues that in a joint and equal custody arrangement, there is no non-custodial parent because both parents are custodial parents.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Thus, the Guidelines cannot be applied to him.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The lower court disagreed, stating:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
[I]n every shared custody situation, there is always at a given point in time one party who is the custodial parent and another party who is the non-custodial parent.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
When the time comes for these parties to exchange custody of their children, the custodial parent becomes the non-custodial parent and the non-custodial parent becomes the custodial parent.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appellant}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s Excerpts of Record, p. 53 (Decision and Order, March 6, 2001).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Thus, the trial court found and the AG agreed, that each parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s status changes when custody is exchanged.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
When the children are with Leon Guerrero, Moylan is the non-custodial parent; and when the children are with Moylan, Leon Guerrero becomes the non-custodial parent.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [11]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab The lower court relied on }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Erickson v. Erickson}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
, 978 P.2d 347 (N.M. Ct. App. 1999), wherein one court faced with a shared custody arrangement declared }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 each parent is, in a sense, both a custodial parent and a non-custodial parent.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Erickson}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 978 P.2d at 352.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 However, the court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s reliance on }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Erickson}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  is misplaced.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
It is distinguishable from the instant case because }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Erickson}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  involved a split custody arrangement.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Each parent had custody of one child and no custody of the other at any given time, and was thus a custodial and non-custodial parent }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 simultaneously}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 .}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 In other words, the parent was a custodial parent with respect to the child in his possession and a non-custodial parent with respect to the child not in his possession.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
No parallel situation exists here, wherein both children are in the custody of only one parent at a time. 
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [12]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab More applicable is }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Baraby v. Baraby}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
, 681 N.Y.S.2d 826 (App. Div. 1998), the last in a developing line of New York cases which dealt with the use of child support guidelines in joint custody situations.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Like Guam, the language of New York}
{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s child support guidelines relies on the distinction between custodial and non-custodial parents.}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Thus, the position that New York courts have taken in applying its guidelines to shared custody arrangements provides our court with guidance in determining the applicability of Guam}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s Gu}{\insrsid2516728 idelines in similar situations.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [13]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Baraby}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  involved a factual situation identical to the one now b
efore us, with the parties sharing joint and equal custody.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Baraby}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  found that New York}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s child support guidelines applied to joint and equal custody arrangements, citing to }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Bast v. Rossoff}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 635 N.Y.S.2d 453 (Sup. Ct. 1995).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 In }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Bast}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , a New York court found that although the guidelines}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  use of the terms }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 custodial parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 and }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 non-custodial parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  did not contemplate joint custody arrangements, the guidelines could be applied to joint custody.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Bast}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 635 N.Y.S.2d at 454.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Baraby}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  justified this}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 app
lication of the guidelines by stating that it is necessary }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
to assure that children will realize the maximum benefit of their parents}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 resources and continue, as near as possible, their preseparation standard of living in each household.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Baraby}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 681 N.Y.S.2d at 827.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 In calculating child support under the guidelines, the court}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 identified the non-custodial parent as }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
the parent having the greater pro rata share of the child support obligation . . . .}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id.}{\i\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [14]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab New York is not the only jurisdiction which holds that guidelines promulgated for sole custody situations can be applied to shared custody cases.}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Florida addressed the matter in }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Simpson v. Simpson}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 680 So. 2d 1085 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1996).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Although }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Simpson}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  is distinguishable from the instant matter in that it involved a split custody situation, the reasoning it adopted can be extended to joint custody.}{\insrsid2516728  }
{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The court found that its child support guidelines did not speak to a split custody arrangement.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Simpson}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 680 So. 2d at 1085.}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 When faced with this scenario, the court stated:}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
If the guidelines do not cover this circumstance, as both parties and the dissent seem to agree, we think it impossible to contend that there has been an unwarranted deviation from them.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
A trial court judge cannot logically be accused of deviating from a standard that by its own terms does not purport to apply to the facts.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
We thus recur to the rule of discretion that governs dissolution of marriage cases.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  at 1086 (citations omitted).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Under this approach, the court is free to exercise its discretion and utilize the framework set forth in the guidelines to calculate child support in a shared custody case as long as the resulting child support payments are not arbitrary or unfair.}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id.}{\i\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 However, this would not be the exclusive method available to a judge.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
The judge would be free to apply whichever method he finds appropriate absent an abuse of discretion, unless that discretion was otherwise limited by statute.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 See}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 id.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [15]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Pennsylvania adopted a similar approach.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 In }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Fee v. Fee}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
, 496 A.2d 793 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1985), a father appealed a child support order on the ground that the court could not use the guidelines to calculate child support in a shared custody arrangement.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Fee}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 496 A.2d at 794.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The court found the lower court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s use of the guidelines inappropriate, but only because it failed to explain how the guidelines reflected the children}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s reasonable needs in a shared custody context.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  at 795-96.}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Thus, if a court elects to apply the guidelines in a shared custody case, it must show that such a framework will provide for the reasonable needs of the children.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
If application of the guidelines would provide reasonable support, then it appears that Pennsylvania would have allowed for their u}{\insrsid2516728 se in a shared custody setting.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [16]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab We agree with the approach taken by the above-mentioned courts.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The ultimate goal in any child 
support case is to protect the best interests of the children.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Unless otherwise limited by statute, courts are vested with discretion to set child support in the amounts necessary to effectuate that purpose.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Like New York}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s guidelines, the enabling statute for Guam}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s Guidelines relied on the distinction between custodial and non-custodial parents, revealing that it did not contemplate shared custody.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
However, the court may exercise its discretion and use the Guidelines as a framework for setting child support in a shared custody case, as long as application of the Guidelines meets the reasonable needs of the children.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 B.\tab Guidelines validity
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 1.\tab }{\b\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Ultra vires}{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [17]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s second contention is that because provisions of the Guidelines speak to shared custody, the Guidelines exceed the enabling statute and are thereby void.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
A review of the Guidelines reveals two sections which address shared custody cases.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 First, 19 GAR }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  1203(i) restricts a court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s ability to lower child support in shared custody situations without certain findings.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Second, 19 GAR }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  1203(q) requires that }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 all}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 child support awards be made pursuant to the Guidelines. Moylan argues that these provisions exceed the authority conferred in 5 GCA }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  34118 wherein the AG is directed to establish a schedule for payments to be paid by a non-custodial parent to a custodial parent; not}{\insrsid2516728  for parents who share custody.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [18]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
It is well established that in exercising its rule-making authority an administrative agency cannot extend the meaning of the statutory language to apply to situations not intended to be embraced within the statute.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Trump-Equitable Fifth Ave. Co. v. Gliedman}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 443 N.E.2d 940, 943 (Ct. App. 1982).}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 In our earlier discussion, we found that the language of 5 GCA }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  34118, which relies on the distinction between custodial and non-custodial parents, did not contemplate a shared custody arrangement.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 See Bast}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 635 N.Y.S.2d at 454.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
A statute which creates an administrative agency and invests it with powers restricts it to the powers granted.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The agency has no powers except those mentioned in the statute.}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Gouge v. Davis}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 202 P.2d 489, 498 (Or. 1949).}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 While the court possesses the authority to use the Guidelines to calculate child support in joint custody cases, the AG cannot force the court to use the Guidelines in those instances.}{\insrsid2516728  }
{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Thus, the provisions of the Guideline which seek to limit the court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s discretion or bind the court to the Guidelines in shared custody cases are }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ultra vires}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  in that they exceed the authority confer}{\insrsid2516728 red to the AG in section 34118.}{
\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 2.\tab Failure to update
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [19]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Section 34118(a) requires the AG to update the Guidelines biannually.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 This has not
 been done since the regulations were enacted in 1996.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Moylan argues that due to the failure of the AG to update the Guidelines, the Guidelines have expired and are thereby ineffective.}{\insrsid2516728 
 }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 We disagree.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [20]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Section 34118(e) directly addresses this contention, stating that, }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [u]ntil a new schedule is promulgated as required by this section, the schedule previously promulgated by the Director of Public Health and Social Services shall continue to be used in the manne
r specified by Public Law 18-17 as a guideline in cases where the court deems it relevant.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 5 GCA }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  34118(e) (1996).}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Pursuant to this section, the Guidelines shall continue to be valid and effective despite the failure of the AG to provide a biannual update.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [21]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab We note that section (e) fails to reflect the transfer of authority over child support matters from the Department of Public Health and Social Services to t
he Office of the Attorney General.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 However, it would be unreasonable to read section (e) as requiring the re-institution of an older schedule promulgated by the Director of Public Health.}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Instead, we interpret this provision as seeking only to continue in effect the most recently enacted schedule.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Therefore, the Guidelines have not expired, and continue in full force and effect.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 C.\tab Exceeding the Guidelines
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [22]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab The payment schedule provided in Title 19 of the Guam Administrative Regulations sets the maximum basic child support obligation for two children at $1,222.50.}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 However, the table also vests in the court discretion to award an additional amount should the parents}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  combined adjusted gross income exceed $7,500 per month.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Here, the parties}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  combined adjusted gross income totaled $10,518.48.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Thus, the lower court applied the statutory percentage of 16.3% to arrive at a basic child support obligation of $1,714.51.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Moylan argues on several different grounds that the trial court abused its discretion by exceeding the Guidelines}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  cap.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 1.\tab Contract limits
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [23]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Moylan argues that the court was prohibited from exceeding the Guidelines}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  table based on contract principles.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
The parties signed a stipulated agreement of divorce, which the court incorporated into both the Interlocutory Judgment of Divorce and the Final Decree of Divorce.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 See}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 Appellant}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s Excerpts of Record, pp. 1-7 (Final Decree of Divorce, Oct. 3, 1997; Interlocutory Judgment of Divorce, Oct. 3, 1997).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 While the agreement did not settle the matter of child support, i}{\insrsid2516728 
t stated:}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
[C]hild support will be resolved by the parties if possible or the parties may petition the court for determination of the amount of support to be paid by defendant to plaintiff, however, the amount of support shall in any event be based on a }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 strict application}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 of the Child Support Guidelines of the Government of Guam, except that the parties mutually agree that each party shall equally contribute to the cost of health insurance of the minor children.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appellant}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s Excerpts of Record, p. 5 (Interlocutory Judgment of Divorce, Oct. 3, 1997) (emphasis added). Moylan argues that because the agreement dictated that the Guidelines be strictly applied, the court was stripped of its discretion to deviate from th
ose Guidelines when calculating child support.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [24]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab 
While contract principles are applied to settlement agreements, courts are unanimous in concluding that parents cannot by agreement limit or divest a court of its discretion in setting child support.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
See}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 e.g.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Labass v. Munsee}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
, 66 Cal. Rptr. 2d 393, 399, 56 Cal. App. 4th 1331, 1341 (Ct. App. 1997); }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Straub v. B.M.T.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 645 N.E.2d 597, 599-600 (Ind. 1994); }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Calton v. Calton}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 485 So. 2d 309, 310 (Miss. 1986); }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Tammen v. Tammen}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 182 N.W.2d 840, 841-42 (Minn. 1970).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 A child}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s right to support from his or her parents is a right belonging to the child, and cannot be contracted away by his or her parents.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Calton}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 485 So. 2d at 310; }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Straub}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 645 N.E.2d at 599.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Moreover, the primary purpose of the court in setting child support is to protect the welfare of children.}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Tammen}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 182 N.Y.2d at 842.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 An agreement purporting to limit the court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s ability to achieve that goal is void as against public policy.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Lusby v. Lusby}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 75 Cal. Rptr. 2d 263, 269, 64 Cal. App. 4th 459, 471 (Ct. App. 1998) (}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
the court in child support proceedings, to the extent permitted by the child support statutes, must be permitted to exercise the broadest possible discretion in order to achieve equity and fairness in these most sensitive and emotional cases.}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ) (quotation omitted).
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [25]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab The position of courts across the country is clearly contrary to Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s contention.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The lower court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s discretion to exceed the Guidelines}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 table could not be limited by the parties}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  agreement to }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 strictly apply}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  the Guidelines.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 This argument is not further buttressed by the fact that the parties}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  agreement was incorporated by the court into the final decree.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 See LaBass}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
, 66 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 399, 56 Cal. App. 4th at 1340.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Therefore, the lower court did not err by deviating from the Guidelines even if such a deviation was in contravention of the parties}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  agreement. }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 2.\tab Contract clause
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [26]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Moylan also argues that, by deviating from the parties}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  agreement, the trial court substantially impaired obligations set forth in the contract, thereby committing a constitutional violation. The Contracts clau
ses of the Organic Act and the U.S. Constitution prohibit the government from enacting any law that impairs the obligation of a contract.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 48 U.S.C. 1421b(j); }{\scaps\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
U.S. Const}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 . art. I, }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  10.}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The prohibition is aimed at the legislative power of the state and not judicial decisions of the court.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
In order for an act to unconstitutionally impair the obligation of a contract, there needs to be action by the legislature; no decision or action by the court can amount to such a violation.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Cleveland & P.R. Co. v. City of Cleveland}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 235 U.S. 50, 53-54, 35 S. Ct. 21, 22 (1914).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Thus, this court disregards Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s contention that the lower court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s support order amounted to a constitutional violation of the Contracts clause.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 3.\tab Failure to make findings
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [27]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s final challenge to the court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s exceeding of the Guidelines}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 cap is that the trial court set the basic child support in excess of the schedule without making any finding that the increase was necessary to meet the children}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s needs.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 New York has held that }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [t]he blind application of the statutory formula to the combined parental income over [the statutory cap] without any express findings of the children}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s actual needs constitutes an abdication of judicial responsibility and renders meaningless the statutory provisions setting a cap on strict application of the formula.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Chasin v. Chasin}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 582 N.Y.S.2d 512, 514 (App. Div. 1992) (citations omitted).}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Oregon followed suit, citing to }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Chasin}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  and ruling, }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [a]ny decision to set child support above the guidelines cap must, at a minimum, be based primarily on the child}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s needs.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Stringer v. Brandt}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 877 P.2d 100, 102 (Or. Ct. App. 1994).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Alabama adopts a similar position, but adds a second factor for the court}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s consideration, the parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s ability to pay.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Dyas v. Dyas}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 683 So. 2d 971, 973-74 (Ala. Ct. Civ. App. 1995) (
}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
When the combined adjusted gross income exceeds the uppermost limit of the child support schedule, the amount of child support awarded must rationally relate to the reasonable and necessary needs of the child . . . }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 and}
{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  must reasonable relate to the obligor}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s ability to pay for those needs.).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 But see Galbis v. Nadal}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 626 A.2d 26, 32 (D.C. Ct. App. 1993) (finding that because the parents}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  combined gross income exceeded the guidelines, }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 the court is not so obliged to adhere to the guideline percentages or justify deviations in writing . . . .}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ).
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [28]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab In this instance, the trial court did not make any factual findings to support setting the basic child support obligation beyond the Guidelines}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  cap.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The court simply 
referred to statutory policy without showing a corresponding need for an increase in child support to benefit the children.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Specifically, the court stated:}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [I]t would be consistent with the purposes of the Guidelines to increase the basic support obligation. . . .}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
The court finds this to be in furtherance of the guidelines that support be provided consistent with the parties ability to pay and consistent with the purpose of the guidelines that maximum support amount established under the schedules is a ba
se amount and it is not intended to be a cap or a ceiling.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appellant}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s Excerpts of Record, p. 69 (Decision and Order, March 6, 2001).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [29]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab While we recognize that the court is not bound to apply the Guidelines,
 its election to use the Guidelines as a framework for setting child support demands that deviations from the Guidelines be supported by findings. These findings must be more than a simple recitation by the court of relevant statutory factors; the court m
ust relate those factors to the specific facts in the case before it.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Gluckman v. Qua}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 687 N.Y.S.2d 460, 462-63 (App. Div. 1999).}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The court must show how the figure it is using reflects the reasonable needs of these particular children in these particular circumstances.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
The court in this instance failed to makes such findings.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Therefore, we find that it abused its discretion in setting the parties}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  basic child support obligation at $1,714.51.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 D.\tab Earning capacity
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [30]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab The trial court calculated Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s child support obligation using his previous salary as counsel for the Twenty-Fifth Guam Legislature, which was approximately $98,000.00, instead of the in
come he currently earns as a partner in a private law firm, which is around $70,000.00.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Moylan argues that it was improper for the trial court to impute an income of almost $30,000.00 to him for a good faith change of employment.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The lower court has disc
retion to impute income to a parent based on his or her earning capacity.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 See}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  19 GAR }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  1203(5).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Thus, we review the trial court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s use of Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s earning capacity for an abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Padilla v. Padilla}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 45 Cal. Rptr. 2d 555, 557, 38 Cal. App. 4th 1212, 1216 (Ct. App. 1995).}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 1.\tab Voluntariness}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [31]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Moylan first argues that use of his earning capacity is inappropriate because his change of employment was involuntary.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s appointment as legislative counsel automatically expired by operation of law when the term for the 25th Guam Legislature ended.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Standing Rules for the 25th Guam Legislature }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  22.09.25 (}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 All appointments to positions in [the 25th Guam Legislature] shall }{\i\ul\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 automatically}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  expire on January 2, 2001 . . . .}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 This technically may have rendered Moylan}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s change of employment involuntary, thereby making the use of Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s earning capacity to calculate child support inappropriate.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 However, }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 labels can be deceiving and are not always determinative as to whether one acted in good faith.}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 In re Marriage of Barnard}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
, 669 N.E.2d 726,730 (Ill. Ct. App. 1996).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
[A] change in employment which may outwardly appear to be involuntary may, in reality, be voluntary and treated accordingly.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id. }{\insrsid2516728 at 731.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [32]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab In determining whether a parent has the opportunity to work, the court must determine whether there is a }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 substantial likelihood that a party could, with reasonable effort, apply his or her education, skills and training to produce income.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Cohen v. Cohen}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 76 Cal. Rptr. 866, 871, 65 Cal. App. 4th 923, 930 (Ct. App. 1998).
}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Although Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s positi
on was technically terminated at the end of the legislative term, he failed to take any steps to retain or seek reappointment with the incoming legislative body.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Moylan argues that given the financial distress of the government and change in make-up of the legislature, his continued employment with the legislature was speculative at best.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Thus, he seems to be asserting that any effort to acquire his previous position would have been futile and that he had no opportunity to earn such an income.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [33]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab However, Moylan also revealed an unwillingness to continue his legislative employment.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Willingness to obtain employment generating a higher income is shown by good faith efforts, due diligence, and meaningful attempts to secure employment.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Padilla}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
, 45 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 558, 38 Cal. App. 4th at 1218.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Here, Moylan made no effort to retain his employment with the Twenty-Sixth Guam Legislature, but instead justified his leaving the government position for work in the private sector.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 He a
rgued that work in a private firm would allow him to spend significantly more time with his children, build equity and security in a law practice, and improve his overall quality of life.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
His unwillingness to continue his legislative employment supports the lower court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s finding that Moylan}
{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s change of employment was voluntary.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 2.\tab Balancing test
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [34]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Moylan also argues that the court erred in using his earning capacity because his change of employment was done in good faith.}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Despite the voluntariness of Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s departure from the Guam legislature, the lower court expressly found that Moylan did not act in bad faith.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appellant}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s Excerpts of Record, p. 64 (Decision and Order, March 6, 2001).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Many jurisdictions require a finding of bad faith on the part of a parent prior to using that parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s earning capacity instead of actual earnings in setting child support.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Williams v. Williams}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 202 Cal. Rptr. 10, 14, 155 Cal. App. 3d 57, 62 (Ct. App. 1984) (}{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 superceded by statute on other grounds}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Romero v. Romero}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 122 Cal. Rptr. 2d 220, 9
9 Cal. App. 4th 1436 (Ct. App. 2002)) (}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [A]pplication of the ability to earn standard is limited.}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The standard is not imposed unless there is some conduct by the supporting spouse indicating deliberate behavior designed to avoid his financial responsibilities to his children.}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ); }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 DuBois v. DuBois}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
, 956 S.W.2d 607, 610 (Tex. Ct. App. 1997) (}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
[T]here must be evidence that the parent reduced his income for the purpose of decreasing his child support payments.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ); }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 In re Marriage of Barnard}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 669 N.E.2d 726,729 (Ill. Ct. App. 1996) (}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 A voluntary change in employment which results in diminished financial status may constitute a substantial change in circumstances if undertaken in good faith.}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Requiring a showing of bad
 faith before imputing income benefits a supporting parent by recognizing that there are times when a parent changes employment to his immediate detriment in order to reap long term economic gain.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Fogel v. Fogel}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 168 N.W.2d 275, 277 (Neb. 1969); }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Kowski v. Kowski}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 463 N.E.2d 840, 844 (Ill. Ct. App. 1984).}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Furthermore, }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
refus[ing] to recognize a change in occupation or employment as a basis for modification would force the defendant to be frozen in his present employment.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Fogel}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 168 N.W.2d at 278; }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Kowski}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 463 N.E.2d at 844.}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [35]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab However, the lower court chose instead to apply a balancing test developing in several jurisdictions, and relied heavily on the Supreme Court of Arizona}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s decision in }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Little v. Little}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
, 975 P.2d 108 (Ariz. 1999).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Little}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  court examined the flaws inherent in the good faith test, particularly }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 its focus on the parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s motivation for leaving employment rather than upon the parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s responsibility to his or her children and the effect of the parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s decision on the best interest of the children.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Little}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 975 P.2d at 112.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Finding that the good faith test did not comport with public policy, wherein the paramount factor in setting or modifying child support should be the financial impact of the decision on the child, the court rejected the good faith
 test and opted instead to use a balancing test.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Under the balancing test, a court looks first at the impact a change of employment will have on the children.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ; }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
see also Zorn v. Zorn}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 828 P.2d 481, 482 (Or. Ct. App. 1992).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Then, the court considers the overall reasonableness of a parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s decision, looking at both the nature and reasons for the change.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Little}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 975 P.2d at 112.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 We find the trial court employed a sound approach.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [36]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Applying this test, the trial court found that in Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s case, spending more time with his children was not a good reason to leave his employment with the legislature because they were no longer of preschool age and were only in Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s custody half of the time.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appellant}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s Excerpts of Record, p. 63 (Decision and Order, March 6, 2001).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Moreover, the court found that Moylan failed to take into consideration the needs and lifestyles of his children before changing jobs.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appellant}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s Excerpts of Record, p. 65 (Decision and Order, March 6, 2001).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Based on these considerations, the court held that Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s change of employment was unreasonable and thereby attributed to him his previous income.
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [37]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab The lower court made no specific findings as to the detriment the children would suffer as a result of their father}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s approximately $30,000.00 decrease in pay, the paramount consideration under the balancing test.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Furthermore, the court did not address all of Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s reasons for changing jobs, such as building future equity in a firm and securing a position that lasts longer than two years.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 These considerations may render Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s decision to leave the legislature more reasonable.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
A parent ought to be able to pursue employment opportunities for the purpose of increasing future earning capacity and occupational fulfillment as long as that pursuit does not unreasonably compromise that parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s ability to provide support for his children.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
The trial court in this instance failed to address a fundamental issue - how specifically did Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s change of employment impact the financial well being of his children.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The court cannot determine the reasonableness of Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s change in employment without one side of the balance.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Thus, the lower court abused its discretion by imputing income to Moylan without making any findings as to the detrimental impact that would be suffered by his children as a result of his change of employment.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 E.\tab Free housing
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [38]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab 
Moylan contends that the trial court erred in failing to include as gross income the value of free housing to Leon Guerrero. He argues that living rent free constitutes a gift, and is therefore income under 19 GAR }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  1203(a)(1).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
The trial court declined to attribute such income to Leon Guerrero because Moylan failed to provide authority in support of his position.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [39]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab This court has before it no record as to the manner in which Moylan raised this issue below or how Moylan argued his position before the trial court.}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Moylan cites in his brief to }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 page 4, footnote 7,}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  an apparent reference to a record
 from the court below, but he fails to identify or provide the document to which he is citing.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appellant}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s Opening Brief, p. 41.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 In our review, we are left only with the lower court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s statement that, }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [t]he Defendant has provided no authority for this proposition and thus the Court will deny that request.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}
}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appellant}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s Excerpts of Record, p. 68 (Decision and Order,}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 March 6, 2001).
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [40]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Relying on the lower court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s brief statement and its use of the term }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 authority,}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 we can only infer that the lower court found Moylan failed to establish a sufficient legal basis to attribute free housing as income.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Thus, the issue before the trial court, whe
ther free housing may be classified as income, is a question of law and reviewed }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 de novo}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 .
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [41]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab The Guidelines state that gross income }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 may include}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 gifts, but do not further specify what items constitute a gift.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 See}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  19 G.A.R. }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  1203(a)(1).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Guam is among those jurisdictions wherein gifts }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 may}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  be included in a parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s gross income, but it is left to the court to determine whether an item is a gift and whether to include that gift in a parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s gross income.}{\cs15\super\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid6049249 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid6049249 
  There are several jurisdictions which adhere to the position that the principal amount of gifts should not be considered as income.  However, unlike Guam, the statutes in these jurisdictions do not appear to expressly list gifts as an item which the cou
rt may consider gross income.  For example, in Alaska, the child support statute defines annual income as income from all sources minus certain deductions.  The Alaskan Supreme Court, in }{\i\fs20\insrsid6049249 Nass v. Seaton}{\fs20\insrsid6049249 
, 904 P.2d 412, 416 (Alaska 1995), found that pursuant to this statute, the principal amount of gifts cannot be considered income for purposes of calculating child support.  }{\i\fs20\insrsid6049249 Nass}{\fs20\insrsid6049249 , 904 P.2d at 416.  }{
\fs20\insrsid6049249 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid6049249 [A]ny other approach blurs the easily administered and well-established historical distinction between gifts and earned income.
}{\fs20\insrsid6049249 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid6049249   }{\i\fs20\insrsid6049249 Id.}{\fs20\insrsid6049249   }}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [42]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Maryland has a statute similar to Guam}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s wherein a parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s actual income is defined as }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 income from any source,}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  and gifts are listed as an item that may be included.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Petrini v. Petrini}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
, 648 A.2d 1016, 1019-20 (Md. 1994).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Petrini }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 court affirmed the lower court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s finding that rent-free housing could constitute a gift and thus gross income for purposes of calculating child support.}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id. 1}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 021-22. According to this court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s rationale:}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
[I]f a parent is relieved of some of these [basic living] expenses through outside contributions, it may be appropriate under certain circumstances to increase the parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s actual income to account for such contributions.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Manifestly, these benefits may have the effect of freeing up other income that may not have otherwise been available to pay a child support award.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  at 1021.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The court also
 noted that there are several considerations the trial judge may take into account in deciding whether to include a gift as income, such as a parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s actual ability to pay the child support award, any lack of liquidity or marketability of a party}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s assets, the fact that the parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s take-home income is not an accurate reflection of his or her actual standard of living, and whether either party is voluntarily impoverished.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  at 1020; }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 see also Barnier v. Wells}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 476 N.W.2d 795, 797 (Minn. Ct. App. 1991) (finding the regular receipt of a gift from a dependable source
 may render a gift income for purposes of determining a parent}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s child support obligation).
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [43]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Clearly, there is legal authority to support Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s position that the court may impute income to Leon Guerrero for her free housing.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Petrini}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 serves as an example of when free housing may constitute a gift, and pursuant to 19 GAR }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 1203(a)(1), a gift may be included as income.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Therefore, we remand this issue to the lower court so that it may apply its discretion and determine whether the facts of this case warrant such an attribution of income.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 F.\tab Order effective
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [44]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Next, Moylan challenges the effective date of the child support order.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Moylan filed his motion for modification on December 29, 2000 and the matter was set for hearing on February 7, 2001.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 When the court issued its decision, it stated, }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The motion was heard by the Co
urt on February 7, thus the court will make the order of support retroactive to the monthly support due in February, 2001.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Appellant}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s Excerpts of Record, pp. 74-75 (
Decision and Order, March 6, 2001).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Moylan argues that the court should have ordered his child support payments retroactive to the date he filed his motion for modification.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [45]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Modification of a child support order may take effect any time after the filing of the motion to modify.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 See}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  34121 (1996).}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Setting the effective date is left to the discretion of the trial court, and thus we review such a determination for an abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Harris v. Harris}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 714 A.2d 626, 633 (Vt. 1998).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 It was within the lower court}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s discretion to order the modified child support amount be retroactive to the date of the hearing instead of the date Moylan filed his motion to modify.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
The issue is whether the court had to justify using the hearing date instead of the filing date.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [46]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab In }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Boone v. Boone}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
, 960 P.2d 579 (Alaska 998), the Supreme Court of Alaska required its lower court to make such a justification.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Its rules permitted retroactive application of a support order from the date the motion was served on the opposing party.}{\cs15\super\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid6049249 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid6049249   Although Alaska}{\fs20\insrsid6049249 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid6049249 s statute is distinguishable in that it relies on the date of }{\i\fs20\insrsid6049249 service}{\fs20\insrsid6049249  rather than the date of }{\i\fs20\insrsid6049249 filing}{
\fs20\insrsid6049249 , for purpose of our analysis, this is a distinction without a difference.  }{\i\fs20\insrsid6049249 Boone}{\fs20\insrsid6049249 , 960 P.2d at 585 n.8. }}}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Like Guam}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s statute, the text of Alaska}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s rule expressed no preference or presumption that modification become effective on the date of service, nor did it limit that lower court}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s discretion in selecting a later date.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Boone}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 960 P.2d at 585.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 However, the court in }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Bonne}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
 established a preference for the earlier date and imposed upon lower courts the requirement that they make findings before selecting any later effective date. }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
The reasoning was that }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
[d]elays in resolving such disputes should not disadvantage parties entitled to relief.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 In addition, }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
[t]he needs of the children, upon which the court focuses in determining whether a substantial change of circumstance has occurred, are examined as of the date the petition is filed.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Id.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  (}{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 citing Kruse v. Kruse}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
, 464 N.E.2d 934, 939 (Ind. Ct. App. 1984)).
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [47]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab The reasoning of }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Boone}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  is persuasive.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
As recognized by the Indiana Court of Appeals, granting modification from later dates }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
detracts from the purposes of the changed circumstances rule and serves to encourage and benefit dilatory tactics.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Kruse}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 464 N.E.2d at 939.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Moreover, a motion to modify child 
support indicates that a change in circumstances has occurred at the time the petition is filed.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Thus, it is reasonable for a court to establish a preference that orders granting modification be made effective from that date.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Therefore, we find that the 
trial court abused its discretion by failing to justify making the child support order retroactively apply to February 2001 instead of December 2000.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 G.\tab AG disqualified}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [48]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s final argument is that the trial court erred by allowing the AG to participate in the proceedings based on an apparent conflict of interest.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Specifically, Assistant Attorney General Kathryn Montague (}
{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Montague}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ), who had previously represented Leon Guerrero while in private practice, was permitted to appear in the lower court on behalf of the AG.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Moylan asserts that such appearances by Montague violated Guam Rules of Professional Conduct (}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 GRPC}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ) 1.7, 1.9, and 1.11.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Moreover, Montague}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s failure to separate herself from the rest of the AG}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s office imputed that disqualification on the entire office.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Therefore, the AG should have been disqualified from participating in any of the lower court proceedings.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [49]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab GRPC 1.7 and 1.9 both address an attorney}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s conflict of interest, and prohibit an attorney from representing a client whose interests are adverse to the interests of another former or current client.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Initially, this court may question whether Moylan has standing to assert a conflict of interest and disqualify opposing counsel.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Some jurisdictions find that without an attorney-client relationship or some other relationship imposing a duty of confidentiality, a party has no standing to bring a motion to disqualify based on a conflict of interest.}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 DCH Health Services Corp. v. Waite}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 115 Cal. Rptr. 2d 847, 850, 95 Cal. App. 4th 829, 833 (Ct. App. 2002); }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Johnson v. Prime Bank}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 464 S.E.2d 24, 26 (Ga. Ct. App. 1995).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 However, irrespective of standing, GRPC 1.7 and 1.9 are not applicable in the matter before us.}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The interests of Leon Guerrero, Montague}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s former client, and the interests of the AG}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s office, are not di
rectly adverse to one another, and so there is no conflict.}{\insrsid6049249 
\par }{\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [50]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab GRPC 1.11 addresses Montague}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s transfer from the private sector to a public office.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Section (c) prohibits successive government and private employment.}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 The concern in these situations is the sacrifice of the public interest for private gain.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Prosecutors cannot be permitted to utilize their public office to benefit their private clients.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [51]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab However, }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
a violation of professional ethics rules does not alone trigger disqualification, rather, a trial judge should primarily assess the possibility of prejudice at trial that might result from the attorney}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s unethical act.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid2516728  }{
\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Papanicolaou v. Chase Manhattan Bank}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 , 720 F. Supp. 1080, 1083 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) (internal citations omitted).}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
We find no showing of prejudice to Moylan as a result of Montague}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s prior appearances; they appear to be few and preliminary in nature.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 We also find no showing that the AG}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s office in its entirety was compromised.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Therefore, we find no abuse of discretion by the lower court in refusing to disqualify}{
\insrsid2516728  the AG from these proceedings.}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 IV.}{\b\insrsid6049249 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\insrsid2516728\charrsid2516728 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2516728 {\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [52]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab The Guidelines as a whole are valid and can be applied to joint and equal custody arrangements.}{
\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 However, sections 1203(i) and 1203(q) of the Guidelines are }{\i\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 ultra vires}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  in that they attempt to bind the court}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 s discretion with respect to shared custody.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [53]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab In calculating the parties}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  child support obligations, the lower court committed three different errors.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
First, the lower court set the basic child support obligation at $1,714.51 without making a corresponding finding of need on the part of the children.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
Second, the lower court imputed income to Moylan without showing how Moylan}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 
s change of employment detrimentally affected his children.}{\insrsid2516728  }{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 Last, the lower court found there was no legal authority for it to consider attributing income to Leon Guerrero for her free housing.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [54]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab However, the lower court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to disqualify the AG from participating in further proceedings.
\par }{\b\insrsid2516728 
\par }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 [55]}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 \tab Therefore, the matter is }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 REVERSED}{\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  and }{\b\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728 REMANDED}{
\insrsid6049249\charrsid2516728  for further findings consistent with this opinion and for the recalculation of child support.}{\insrsid2516728 
\par }}