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{\title IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\author lroberto}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2005\mo8\dy12\hr9\min4}{\revtim\yr2006\mo3\dy10\hr15\min19}{\version6}{\edmins9}{\nofpages16}{\nofwords7036}{\nofchars40107}{\*\company Superior Court of Guam}
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\fs20\insrsid676800 , Opinion\tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid676800 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13200208 16}}}{\fs20\insrsid676800  of 25
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid14696932 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 PAUL CARLSON, JOHN BORLAS, }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 and}{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  JAY SHEDD; 
\par }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Individuals, and}{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  IT&E OVERSEAS, INC.; }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 and}{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  GUAMCELL COMMUNICATIONS INC., }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Guam Corporations, and}{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  
\par KUENTOS, }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 a Guam Business}{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ,
\par }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Plaintiffs-Appellees
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\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GUAM TELEPHONE AUTHORITY; }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 and}{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  PETER ROY MARTINEZ,
\par RALPH TAITANO, SCHOLASTICA RIVERA and EDWARD AGUON,
\par }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 in their capacities as members of the Guam Telephone Authority 
\par Board of Directors, and}{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  VINCE ARRIOLA, }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 in his capacity as the 
\par Guam Telephone Authority General Manager}{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ,
\par }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Defendants-Appellants}{\insrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Supreme Court Case No. CVA01-015Superior Court Case No. CV1949-00}{\insrsid14696932 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 OPINION}{\insrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Filed:}{\b\insrsid14696932  }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 September 6, 2002}{\insrsid14696932 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid14696932  }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 2002 Guam 15}{\insrsid14696932 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Appeal from the Superior Court of GuamArgued and submitted on March 15, 2002Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
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\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid14696932 {\ul\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Appearing for Defendants-Appellants:}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par F. Randall Cunliffe, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Esq.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par Cunliffe & Cook, P.C.
\par 210 Archbishop F.C. Flores St.
\par Suite 200
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\ul\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Appearing for Plaintiffs-Appellees 
\par }{\insrsid14696932  }{\ul\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Kuentos and Paul Carlson}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 :
\par Arthur B. Clark, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Esq}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Calvo and Clark, LLP
\par Attorneys at Law
\par 655 S. Marine Dr., Suite 202
\par Tamuning, Guam 96911\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \trowd \irow0\irowband0
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\par }{\ul\insrsid14696932\charrsid14696932 Appearing for Plaintiffs-Appellees}{\insrsid14696932\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\insrsid14696932  }{\ul\insrsid14696932\charrsid14696932 GuamCell, Inc. and Jay Shedd}{\insrsid14696932 :}{\insrsid14696932\charrsid14696932 
\par Jay Shedd, }{\i\insrsid14696932\charrsid14696932 Pro Se}{\insrsid14696932\charrsid14696932 \tab 
\par GuamCell Comm., Inc.
\par Century Plaza, 2nd Floor
\par 219 S. Marine Dr.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid14696932\charrsid14696932 Tamuning, Guam 96913}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid14696932 {
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\ul\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Appearing for Plaintiffs-Appellees
\par }{\insrsid14696932  }{\ul\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 IT&E, Overseas Inc. and John Borlas}{\insrsid14696932 :}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par Robert J. Torres, Jr., }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Esq}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .
\par Alicia A. G. Limtiaco, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Esq}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .
\par Torres, P.C.
\par Suite 206A, Ada Plaza Ctr.
\par 173 Aspinall Ave.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\lastrow 
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\cellx4560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid14696932 
\par }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 BEFORE:}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 PETER C. SIGUENZA, JR., Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; and JOHN A. MANGLONA, Designated Justice.}{\insrsid14696932 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 CARBULLIDO, J.:}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\insrsid14696932\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [1]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab The Plaintiffs-Appellees, Paul Carlson, John Borlas, Jay Shedd, IT&E, Overseas Inc., GuamCell Communications, Inc., and Kuentos (hereinafter collectively referred to as }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 IT&E}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ) filed a complaint for declaratory relief and a permanent injunction against Defendants-Appellants, Guam Telephone Authority, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 et al.}{
\cs15\super\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid676800 \chftn }{\insrsid676800  }{
\fs20\insrsid676800 The defendants named in this action were GTA, Peter Roy Martinez, Ralph Taitano, Scholastica Rivera, and Edward Aguon.}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  (hereinafter referred to as }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ), to enjoin GTA from operating its new internet service provider GuamTel.Net.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
After a hearing, the trial court granted a preliminary injunction on the ground that GTA did not have the statutory power to provide such service.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Upon consent of the parties, the trial court entered final judgment for IT&E and issued a permanent injunction on the grounds set forth in its order granting the preliminary injunction.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GTA appealed.}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 We agree that GTA exceeded its statutory power in offering internet access service through GuamTel.Net and therefore affirm the trial court}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s judgment.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 I.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [2]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab On December 2, 2000, GTA commenced operation of an internet service provider GuamTel.Net.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
On December 5, 2000, IT&E filed an }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ex}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 parte}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 motion for a temporary restraining order to enjoin GTA from further providing internet access service, and a complaint for declaratory relief and a permanent injunction on the ground that GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s action in providing internet access service was }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ultra vires}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 On December 20, 2000, the lower court denied IT&E}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ex parte }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 motion and the case proceeded to the preliminary injunction stage.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 After a hearing on the matter, the cou
rt, on January 26, 2001, granted IT&E}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s motion for a preliminary injunction.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GTA thereafter filed a Notice of Appeal of the preliminary injunction.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 This court ordered that the parties brief the issue of the court}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s jurisdiction to hear the appeal of an interlocutory order.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
After reviewing the briefs, this court exercised its discretion under Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  3108
(b) and dismissed the appeal.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [3]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab On May 31, 2001, the parties stipulated to a judgment and a permanent injunction and the trial court entered judgment to that effect on June 28, 2001.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 This appeal followed.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 II.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [4]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab This court has jurisdiction to hear appeals of final judgments entered by the Superior Court pursuant to Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  3107 and 3108(a) (1994).}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 III.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [5]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab GTA argues that the trial court erred in two regards in entering judgment and granting an injunction in favor of IT&E.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
First, GTA contends that the party seeking an injunction has the burden to show that they are likely to win on the merits.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GTA asserts that the trial court erroneously assumed tha
t IT&E would win on the merits and impermissibly shifted the burden to GTA to show why the injunction should not issue.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Second, GTA argues that the lower court erred in determining that GTA}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling legislation does not allow it to provide internet access services.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 A.\tab Burden of Proof }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [6]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab In its January 26, 2001 Decision and Order, the trial court announced the standard in determining whether a preliminary injunction should be granted, specific
ally noting that the burden is on the moving party to show probable success on the merits and the possibility of irreparable harm.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Appellant}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s Excerpts of Record, p. 14 (Decision and Order, Jan. 26, 2001).}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The court then stated: }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 in order to defeat Plaintiff}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s likelihood of success on the merits, GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s actions in providing internet service . . . must fall within the definition of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 or }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  . . . .}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Appellant}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s Excerpts of Record, p. 15 (Decision and Order,}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Jan. 26, 2001).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GTA argues that in making this statement, the trial co
urt improperly assumed IT&E would likely succeed on the merits and improperly shifted the burden to GTA to disprove the likelihood of success.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 We disagree.
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [7]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Upon reviewing the January 26, 2001 Decision and Order, the trial court}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s statement does not indicate that the court shifted the burden to GTA to disprove the likelihood of success on the merits; rather, it is more properly viewed as the court}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s statement of th
e issue that the court proceeded to analyze immediately after making the statement, which was whether internet access services fall within the terms }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  or }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Our determination that the trial court did not improperly shift the burden to GTA is further supported by the trial court}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s pronouncement, after making the legal determination that GTA did not have the power to provide internet services, that }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Plaintiffs are likely to succeed on the merits . . . .}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Appellant}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s Excerpts of Record, pp. 16-17 (Decision and Order, Jan. 26, 2001).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Moreover, after analyzing the remaining elements in granting an injunction, the trial court concluded that }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 a preliminary injunction . . . is appropriate because the }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Plaintiff}{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s have demonstrated}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 . . . a combination of probable success on the merits and the possibility of irreparable injury . . . .}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Appellant}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s Excerpts of Record, p. 18 (Decision and Order, Jan. 26, 2001) (emphasis added).}{\insrsid676800 
\par }{\insrsid13200208\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [8]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Upon review of the Decision and Order in its entirety, it is evident that the trial court applied the correct standard when considering whether to grant the injunction.}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See Textile Unlimited, Inc. v. A. BMH Co., Inc.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 240 F.3d 781, 786 (9th Cir. 2001) (explaining that the mov
ing party carries the burden to demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits and irreparable injury).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
The court then made a finding that IT&E met its burden to prove the elements supporting injunctive relief.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 We therefore reject GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s argument that the trial court improperly placed the burden on GTA to show why an injunction should not issue and find that the trial court did not err in this regard.}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 B.\tab Statutory Authority}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [9]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab The central issue in this case is whether GTA has the statutory authority to provide internet access service.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Because GTA is a creature of statute, GTA may only act within its powers as specifically granted by the legislature.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See Ada v. Guam Telephone Authority}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 1999 
Guam 10, }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  11.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
As creatures of legislation, the powers of administrative agencies and their executive officers are }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
dependent upon statutes, so that they must find within the statute warrant for the exercise of any authority which they claim.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
They have no general or common law powers but only such as have been conferred upon them by law expressly or by implication.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . (citations omitted).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Thus, GTA may only provide internet access service if such service is within its powers as granted by the legislature.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s powers are set forth in Title 12 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  7104.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [10]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Relevant to the instant case, GTA has the power }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 to install, maintain, sell and supply to individuals, firms, corporations and governments, including the government of Guam, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Title 12 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  7104(a) (1993) (emphasis added).}{\cs15\super\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid676800 \chftn }{\insrsid676800  }{\fs20\insrsid676800 Title 12 GCA 7104 provides in full: 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid676800 The Authority shall have and exercise each and all of the following powers:
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid676800 (a) To install, maintain, sell and supply to individuals, firms, corporations and governments, including the government of Guam, telephone services;
\par (b) Acquire, subject to the laws of the territory of Guam, by
 grant, purchase, gift, devise or lease, or by the exercise of the right of eminent domain in accordance with the provisions and subject to the limitations of 21 GCA Chapter 15, and hold and use any real or personal property necessary or convenient or use
f
ul for the carrying on of any of its powers pursuant to the provisions of this Article. The provisions of 5 GCA Chapter 5 (Procurement Law) shall be applicable to the Authority except when requirements of federal law or federal loans with respect to the e
xpenditure of federal funds are inconsistent with the provisions of Title VII-A of this Code and under such conditions federal law or federal requirements shall control;
\par (c) Establish its internal organization and management and adopt regulations for the administration of its operations;
\par (d) Establish and modify from time to time, with
 approval of the Public Utility Commission, reasonable rates and charges for the telephone service, at least adequate to cover the full cost of such service, including the cost of debt service and collect money from customers using such service, all subje
ct to any contractual obligations of the Board to the holders of any bonds, pursuant to any such contractual obligation; and refund charges collected in error.
\par (e) Enter into contracts and execute all instruments necessary or convenient in the exercise of its powers, adopt a seal, and sue or be sued in its own corporate name;
\par (f) Construct works along or across any street or public highway or watercourse, or over any of the lands which are the property of the Territory; and with respect to federal lands, the
 Authority shall have the same powers with respect to the construction of such works as possessed by the government of Guam. The Authority shall restore any such street or highway to its former state as near as may be, and shall not use it in a manner to 
impair unnecessarily its usefulness;
\par (g) At any time or from time to time, incur indebtedness pursuant to Article 2 of this Chapter;
\par (h) Enter into contracts with government of the Territory, with the United States or with a reputable institution for loans or grants;
\par (i) Employ, retain or contract for the services of qualified managers, specialists or experts, as individuals or as organizations, to advise and assist its Board of Directors and employees;
\par (j) Adopt such rules and regulations as may be necessary for the exercise of the powers and performance of the duties conferred or imposed upon the Authority or the Board by this Article;
\par (k) Control, operate, improve, equip, maintain, repair, renew, replace, reconstruct, alter and insure the telephone system subject to compliance with any applicable regulations of the territory of Guam;
\par (l) Do any and all other things necessary to the full and convenient exercise of the above powers.
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid676800 Nothing contained in this Section or elsewhere in this Article shall be const
rued directly or by implication to be in any way in derogation or limitation of powers conferred upon or existing in the Authority or the Board by virtue of any provisions of the Organic Act of Guam or statutes of the Territory or any other provisions of 
this Chapter.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid676800  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid676800 Title 12 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid676800 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid676800  7104 (1993) (as amended).}}}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The determinative issue is whether internet access service falls within the definition of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  as set forth in section 7104(a).}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [11]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab The trial court}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s finding that GTA exceeded its statutory authority in providing internet access service was based on its finding that under GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling act, and the }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada v. GTA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 decision, 1999 Guam 10, GTA has the power to provide }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone service}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and, or, }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications service.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Relying on terms used in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the trial court found that because internet access service is a subset of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information services,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  it did not fall within the categories of either }
{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone service}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  or }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
telecommunications service,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and, therefore, GTA acted outside its statutory powers.}{\insrsid14696932  
}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [12]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab GTA argues that the trial court erred in finding that it lacked statutory authority to operate GuamTel.Net.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
GTA submits two points of error to support this argument.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 First, GTA asserts that the lower court erroneously relied on cases that interpret the Federal Telecommunications Act of 199
6 in concluding that there is a distinction between }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunication services}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information services.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
The trial court found this distinction important, finding that the former includes permissible action under GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling act and the latter includes internet access services and which is not within GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling act powers.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Second, GTA argues that if the legislature intended to limit GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s powers to }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
telecommunication services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  only and not }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information services,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  it could have done so between 1973 and the present, especially in light of the }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 decision.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Because the legislature has not limited GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s authority, it can be implied that the legislature intended, and in fact acquiesced in the }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 court}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s determination, that GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling statute be read broadly to grant GTA the power to provide internet access services.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [13]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab IT&E counters both arguments.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
First, IT&E contends that because GTA only recently commenced operation of GuamTel.Net, and the propriety of GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s actions has been subject to the current litigation, the legislature has not acquiesced in GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s actions in providing internet access services.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 As to the merits of the lower court}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s finding that GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s enabling statute did not allow it to provide internet access services, IT&E contends that in }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada v. GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , this court found that GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling statute, which allows them to provide }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone service,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 should be read to give GTA broad authority to provide }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services.}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Because federal courts have consistently and unambiguously held that internet access services fall into the category of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and not }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  the lower court correctly determined that GTA exceeded its enabling act powers by providing internet access services through GuamTel.Net. }{\insrsid676800 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208\charrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 1.\tab Standard of Review}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [14]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab The parties further disagree as to the proper standard of review in the instant case.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 IT&E argues that the trial court}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s charact
erization of the nature of internet access services is reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Specifically, IT&E argues that whether internet access services is }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  as opposed to }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
telecommunications services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  is a question of fact reviewed for clear error.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GTA, on the other hand, argues that because the trial court}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s reliance on the distinction between }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 was made pursuant to its ultimate determination of the definition of the term }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  in GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling act, the trial court}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s findings are reviewed }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 de novo}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [15]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab First, we note that the final judgment issued in the instant case was based on the trial court}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s findings in its order granting a preliminary injunction.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The lower court}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s final judgment supported its issuance of a permanent injunction in the instant case.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 While the grant of a permanent injunction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion, we }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 review any determination underlying the grant by the standard that applies to that determination . . . .}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}
{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Dare v. California}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 191 F.3d 1167, 1170 (9th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted).}{\cs15\super\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid676800 \chftn }{\insrsid676800  }{\fs20\insrsid676800 
Similarly, a lower court's grant of a preliminary injunction is generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion.  However, }{\fs20\insrsid676800 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid676800 
if a district court's ruling rests solely on a premise as to the applicable rule of law, and the
 facts are established or of no controlling relevance, the court may undertake plenary review of [the] issues rather than limit its review in a case of this kind to abuse of discretion.}{\fs20\insrsid676800 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid676800   }{\i\fs20\insrsid676800 Gorbach v. Reno}{\fs20\insrsid676800 , 219 F.3d 1087, 1091 (9th Cir. 2000) (internal quotations and citation omitted).}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [16]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Here, the determination underlying the grant of injunctive relief involved an interpretation of GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s powers.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 We agree with GTA that the standard of review that applies to the lower court}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s interpretation of GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s statutory powers is }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 de novo}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
The issue before both the trial court and this court is whether GTA has the statutory authority to provide internet access services.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s statute allows it to provide }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Whether internet access services are telephone services within the meaning of the statute requires statutory interpretation, and is therefore properly considered a question of law reviewed }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 de novo}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{\i\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 1999 Guam 10 at }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  10 (issues of statutory interpretation are reviewed }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 de novo)}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ;}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 see also Minnesota Microwave, Inc. Pub. Servs. Comm}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 n}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
, 190 N.W.2d 661, 664 (Minn. 1971) (rejecting the argument that the agency}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s conclusion was one of fact and determining that }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 whether appellant is supplying }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone service}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  [as set forth in the statute] is a question of law to be determined on the basis of the operative facts determined by the commission.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Furthermore, whether the trial court correctly relied on the two terms }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
information services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  in interpreting GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling act calls for a review of the trial court}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s method of statutory interpretation and is similarly a question of law reviewed }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 de novo}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [17]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab We are also cognizant of the rule that while }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 an agency}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s interpretation of a statute is a question of law reviewed }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 de novo}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 if a statute is silent or ambiguous, courts should defer to the agency}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s reasonable interpretation of the statute.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 1999 Guam 10, at }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  10; }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Blas v. Guam Customs & Quarantine Agency,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  2000 Guam 12, }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  12; }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 see also Nat}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 l Cable & Telecomms. Ass}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 n}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 v. Gulf Power Co.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 534, U.S. 327, -- , 122 S. Ct. 782, 786 (2002) (}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 If the statute were thought ambiguous, however, the FCC}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s reading must be accepted nonetheless, provided it is a reasonable interpretation}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 This rule of deference stems from the principle announced in }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 467 U.S. 837, 104 S. Ct. 2778 (1984).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 1999 Guam 10, at }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  10 (citing }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Chevron}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 467 U.S. at 843, 104 S. Ct. at 2782).}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Deference is given to the agency interpretation so long as that interpretation neither contravenes clear legislative intent nor frustrates the policy that legislature sought to implement.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .; }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Blas}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 2000 Guam 12, at }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  12.
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [18]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab IT&E contends that GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s present argument is not an agency interpretation and is thus not to be accorded any deference.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 While there is authority to the contrary, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 see}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 AT&T Corp. v. City of Portland}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 216 F.3d 871, 876 (9th Cir. 2000) (implying that an agency}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s litigation argument, as }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 amicus curiae}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
, regarding the proper interpretation of a statute, is to be given deference under }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Chevron}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ), we find it unnecessary to consider IT&E}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s argument.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Even assuming GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s interpretation is an agency interpretation which should be accorded deference if reasonable, we decline to defer to GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s interpretation in the instant case.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Deference is generally given to an agency interpretation when the agency has specialized knowledge in the area.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See Westmark}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Asset Mgmt. Corp. v. Joseph}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 37 P.3d 516, 521 (Colo. Ct. App. 2001) (}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
As a general rule, we defer to an administrative agency}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s interpretation of a statute it administers involving a subject matter that calls for the technical expertise the agency possesses.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Yamaha Corp. of Am. v. State Bd. of Equalization}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 960 P.2d 1031, 1041, 78 Cal. Rptr. 2d 1, 6 (Cal. 1998); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Gen. Elec. Co}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 v. U.S. E.P.A.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 53 F.3d 1324, 1327 (D.C. Cir. 1995).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
However, deference should not be accorded and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 the }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 de novo}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  standard is applied[,] where it is clear from the lack of agency precedent that the case is one of first impression for the agency and the agency lacks special expertise or experience in determining the question presented.
}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Kitten v. State Dep}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 t of Workforce Dev.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 634 N.W.2d 583, 590 (Wis. Ct. App. 2001); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Lynch v. Lyng}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 872 F.2d 718, 724 (6th Cir. 1989) (}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
[T]he amount of weight accorded an agency interpretation diminishes further when the interpretation does not require special knowledge within the agency's field of technical expertise.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 see also Lolling v. Midwest Patrol}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 545 N.W.2d 372, 375 (Minn. 1996).}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Where technical knowledge is not necessary in interpreting a statute, courts accord the agency interpretation less weight.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Minn. Microwave}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 190 N.W.2d at 665. 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [19]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab First, the 
record in this case indicates that GTA did not consider whether it possessed the statutory authority to operate as an internet service provider prior to commencing operation of GuamTel.Net.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Supplemental Excerpts of Record, p. 62 (Hearing on Mot. for Prelim. Inj., Jan. 8, 2001)); Appellant}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s Excerpts of Record, p. 23 (Stipulated Judgment and Permanent Injunction, May 31, 2001).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
It is evident that GTA only had occasion to review its enabling act powers as a result of the instant litigation; therefore, GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s interpretation of its enabling act powers is not longstanding.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Minn. Microwave}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ., 190 N.W.2d at 665 (finding that an agency}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s interpretation is not longstanding if the agency had no occasion to consider the question prior to the institution of litigation).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Furthermore, the statute in question is not technical in nature, and there is nothing that indicates that GTA is better able to determine the scope of the term }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  in its enabling act.}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See id.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  at 664-65 (determining that the statute regulating telephone companies did not contain language that was }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
exceedingly technical in nature, such that only specialized agencies may be thought able to understand it . . . . thus, [there is] no good reason for deferring to administrative expertise for its interpretation.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Lynch}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 872 F.2d at 724 (}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 There is nothing about the Secretary's expertise in administering the food stamp program that would make him
 better able to divine congressional intent as to effective dates.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ).}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Accordingly, we find that GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s interpretation of the term }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  in 12 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 7104(a) should not be accorded deference in the instant case.}{\insrsid676800 
\par }{\insrsid13200208\charrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 2.\tab Analysis.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [20]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab As stated earlier, the determinative issue is whether internet access service falls within the definition of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 as set forth in section 7104(a).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The trial court correctly deduced that there is no definition of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  in GTA}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling act.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [21]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Where a statute contains an undefined term, it is useful to reference other courts}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  interpretation of that term.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See Van Bennett Food Co. v. City of Reading}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 486 A.2d 1025, 1026 (Pa. 1
985).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 There are no cases in this jurisdiction that specifically address the scope of GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s power to provide }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  as set forth in section 7104(a).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
The only case which is arguably useful in answering the question is }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada v. GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 1999 Guam 10.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [22]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab In }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , GTA submitted a bid to acquire a Federal Communications Commission (}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 FCC}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ) license to provide and operate Personal Communications Services (}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 PCS}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ) in both Guam and the CNMI.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 1999 Guam 10, at }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  1-2.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Senator Tom Ada filed a suit against GTA, requesting, among other things, a declaratory judgment that GTA did not have the authority to operate PCS i
n the CNMI and an injunction to enjoin GTA from taking further action towards the operation of PCS in the CNMI.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . at }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  2-3.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The trial court ultimately entered judgment on the pleadings in favor of GTA pursuant to Guam Rules of Civil Procedure 12(c).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . at }
{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  5- 8.}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 This court affirmed.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . at }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  1, 19.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [23]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab The issue announced by the }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  court was }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 whether GTA had the authority to engage in the bidding process for acquisition of the PCS licenses from the FCC.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . at }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  11.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The court ultimately held that such action was within GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s powers.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Specifically, the court referenced GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling act, and found that:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid13200208 {\insrsid13200208 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [A] plain reading of . . . [12 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  7104(a)] provides that GTA has the authority to }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
install, sell and supply to individuals, firms, corporations and governments, including the government of Guam, telephone services.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
PCS is a wireless telecommunications service that combines features of cellular telephones with advanced digital technologies. It is not unexpected that a broad grant of authority would be necessary in order for GTA to adapt to
 and acquire new telecommunications technologies and fulfill its purpose of providing and enhancing these services to its customers.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . at }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 13 (internal citation omitted).
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [24]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab The parties have differing interpretations of }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
IT&E posits the interpretation pronounced by the trial court.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The trial court used }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 in conjunction with the GTA enabling statute, determining that GTA may only provide }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services
}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  as mandated in section 7104 or }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  as determined in }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Relying on cases which 
interpret the Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996, the court held that because internet services was an }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information service,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  it did not qualify as either a }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications service}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  or }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
telephone service,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and therefore, GTA did not have the authority to provide internet access services.}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 In contrast, GTA focuses on }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s language that GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s enabling act should be read as giving GTA a broad grant of authority.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GTA argues that this broad grant of authority includes the authority to provide internet access services.
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [25]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab It is important to note that both the trial court and IT&E view }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 to be a determination by this court that pursuant to GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling act, GTA may only provide }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  as defined by the Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 We find that both the trial court and IT&E misinterpreted 
}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 court was confronted with the issue of GTA}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s power to acquire PCS licenses.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Although the }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  court properly recognized that PCS service has been characterized as a }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications service}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  by the FCC, the }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  court did not specifically consider whether the term }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  in GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling statute is interpreted as }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 as used by the FCC.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 In fact, the }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 court acknowledged that the parties in that case did not dispute that GTA had the statutory authority to procure PCS licenses.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . at }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  14.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Thus, it is not at all clear that the }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 court used the FCC term }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
telecommunications}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  with the explicit purpose of defining the scope of GTA}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s powers under section 7104(a).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Rather, the }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 holding is more properly interpreted as a finding that PCS, which is characterized as a }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications service}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  by the
 FCC, falls within the definition of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  under GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling act.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Because the issue in }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 was whether GTA could procure PCS licenses, and not internet access services, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 is not on point.}{\insrsid676800 
\par }{\insrsid13200208\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [26]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Accordingly, because we hold that }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 does not dispose of the issue before us, we reject IT&E}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s argument that because the }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
court referred to GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling act powers as the power to provide }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  the Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996 and cases interpreting its terms are highly relevant.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Moreover, having acknowledged that }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  is inapposite, we further decline to rely on FCC terminology in the instant case.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 We find it unnecessary to r
ely on FCC terminology, specifically the terms }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information services,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 arising out of Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996, in resolving the issue before us.}{\insrsid13200208 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [27]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab The Telecommunications Act of 1996 and its predecessor, the Communications Act of 1934, are regulatory in nature.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Both the regulatory purposes of the 1996 Act and the importance of the terms used in the Act in relation to defining the FCC}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s jurisdiction are important factors in determining whether this court should rely on the federal law in determining whether GTA may provide internet access services.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Thus, we provide the following brief overview of both the 1934 and 1996 Acts.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [28]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab The Federal Communications Commission was created by the Communications Act of 1934. }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  John C. Roberts, 
}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The Sources of Statutory Meaning: An Archeological Case Study of the 1996 Telecommunication Act}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 53 SMU L. R}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 EV}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
. 143, 145-46 (2000).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The FCC was given jurisdiction to regulate telephone and radio.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . at 146; }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 see Computer & Communications Indus. Ass}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 n v. F.C.C.}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 693 F.2d 198, 207 (D.C. Cir. 1982).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The 1934 Act was written broadly, and did not offer much specific guidance to the FCC regarding its regulatory powers.}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Roberts, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 supra}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , at 146.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 During most 
of the 20th Century, the telephone system was run by the Bell Company, which had a virtual monopoly over telephone services in the United States.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Transmission of voice telephone messages was considered by all to be a classic }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 natural monopoly}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 and was regulated as such by the FCC, state commissions, and the Justice Department (through consent decrees).}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . at 152.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The Bell system was regulated in a similar manner as railroads, consisting of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 filed rates (tariffs), requirements of open access by custome
rs and non-discrimination between them, and public utility style cost-of-service ratemaking.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [29]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab The FCC}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s regulation of the Bell system was generally static until the emergence of the potential for the transmission of complex }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 non-voice information}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 over the traditional Bell telephone system in the mid-1960}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
With the advent of a different type of technology, the FCC was confronted with the issue of whether these data processing services would be subject to regulation, thus prompting a series of three FCC cases commonly known as the Computer Inquiries.}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
The first three Computer Inquiries were endeavors by the FCC to interpret its vague regulatory powers in the 1934 Act in light of new, developing technologies in the communications industry.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See id}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . at 152-54; }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 see also Computer & Communications}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 693 F.2d at 207.
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [30]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Finally, Congress offered some guidance to both the FCC and the industry by amending the 1934 Act with the Telecommunications Act of 1996.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The purpose of the 1996 Act was }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 to prom
ote competition and reduce regulation in order to secure lower prices and higher quality services for American telecommunications consumers and encourage the rapid deployment of new telecommunications technologies.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 United States TeleCom Assoc. v. F.C.C.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
, 290 F.3d 415, 417 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (internal quotations and citations omitted).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The 1996 Act differed greatly from the 1934 Act in that the 1996 Act comprehensively delineated the scope of the FCC}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s regulatory authority.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Roberts, }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 supra}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , at 147-48.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
The 1996 Act introduced terms of art to be used to describe which services would be subject to regulation and which would be exempt.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See id}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 .}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The terms }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 coined}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  by Congress in the 1996 Act, and relied upon by both the trial court and GTA, included }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunication services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information services.}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Under the 1996 Act, common-carriers offering }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  are subject to regulation regarding, for instance, rates and access, while those providing }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}
}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  are generally exempt from such regulation.}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See FTC v. Verity Int}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 l, Ltd}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ., 124 F. Supp. 2d 193, 202 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
While basic communications services long have been covered by filed tariffs, enhanced and information services have not.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 AT&T Corp.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
, 216 F.3d at 877 (determining that because internet service providers provide information services, they are therefore not subject to regulation as telecommunications carriers); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 FTC v.}{\i\insrsid14696932  }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GTE.Net v. Cox Communications, Inc. }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 185 F. Supp. 2d 1141, 1145 (S.D. Cal. 2002) (}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The FCA places wire services into three categories with distinct regulatory implications: cable services, telecommunications services, and information services.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Traditionally, the FCA requires carriers of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services
}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  to be treated as }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 common carriers}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 subject to the obligations of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  201(a) and 202(a)}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  governing nondiscrimination, inte
rconnection, and reasonableness of charges.) (internal citation omitted).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Telecommunications}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  is defined under the Act as }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 the transmission, between or among points specified by the user, of information of the user}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s choosing, without change in the form or content of the information as sent and received.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 47 U.S.C. }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  153(43) (2000).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Information services}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  is defined as }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
the offering of a capability for generating, acquiring, storing, transforming, processing, retrieving, utilizing, or making available information via telecommunications, and includes electronic publishing, but does not include any use of any such capa
bility for the management, control, or operation of a telecommunications system or the management of a telecommunications service.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 47 U.S.C. }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  153(20) (2000).}{\insrsid676800 
\par }{\insrsid13200208\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [31]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab The FCC has determined that the terms }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  are mutually distinct categories that parallel the prior distinction made between }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 basic}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 enhanced}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 services established in the Second Computer Inquiry (}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Computer II}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Federal-State Board on Universal Service, H.R. R}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 EP}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  NO. 96-45 (1998), }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 reprinted in}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  13 F.C.C.R. 11501, }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  13; Roberts, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 supra}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , at 154 (noting that in }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Computer II}
{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , the FCC created the distinction between }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 basic}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 enhanced}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 services, the former subject to regulation and the latter exempt); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 see also Am. Online, Inc. v. GreatDeals.Net}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 49 F. Supp. 2d 851, 856 (E.D. Va. 1999).}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The courts and the FCC have both determined that internet service providers (}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ISPs}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ) are end-users of telecommunications, 
and are themselves providers of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information services,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and thus not subject to common carrier regulation under the 1996 Act.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
See AT&T Corp.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 216 F.3d at 877-78;}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  see also Am. Online}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 49 F. Supp. at 856;}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Deployment of Wireline Service Offering Advanced Telecomm. Capability, 15 F.C.C.R. 385, }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 34 (Dec. 23, 1999), }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 vacated on other grounds by}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Worldcom Inc. v. Federal Communications Comm}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 n, }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 246 F.3d 690 (D. C. Cir. 2001); Roberts, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 supra}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
, at 176.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [32]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab As shown above, the 1996 Act, like its predecessor, deals with federal regulation of a rapidly developing telecommunications industry.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Many cases which arise under the Act center around the issue of whether a certain type of service is subject to regulation under the Act.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See AT&T Corp.}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 216 F.3d at 873-74 (identifying the issue as whether the open access requirement under the 1996 Act applies to providers of cable broadband transmission facilities);}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  Ass}{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 n of Communications Enters. v. F.C.C.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
, 253 F.3d 29, 30-31 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (identifying the issue as whether the resale requirement under the 1996 Act applies to an ILEC}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s offering of advanced services).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Regulation under the 1996 Act is entirely }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 depend[ent] on application of the statutory categories established in the definitions section}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  of the Act.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Roberts, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 supra}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
, at 172 (quoting Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service, H.R. R}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 EP}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  NO. 96-45 (1998), }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 reprinted in}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  13 F.C.C.
R. 11501, }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  21).
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [33]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Thus, the terms }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
telecommunications services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information services,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  relied upon by both the trial court and IT&E in defining the term }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  in GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling act, are terms of art specific to the 1996 Act.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See id.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  at 174 (}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [I]t is hard to see how terms like }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information service}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telecommunications carrier}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  could have a commonly understood meaning outside the world of the FCC.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The terms are clearly relevant in identifying the FCC}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s regulatory jurisdiction and the scope of the FCC}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s authority.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Because the
 terms used in the 1996 Act were coined in a specific federal regulatory context, the relevance of those terms in deciding the issue in this case is not readily apparent.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
The 1996 Act is regulatory in nature and defines jurisdiction, whereas GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s statute confers powers to provide services.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Accordingly, we do not find the distinctions made in the 1996 Act to be determinative in the instant context.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Furthermore, because }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada v. GTA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 does not answer the question before us, we must conduct an independent analysis of the scope of the term }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  in 12 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid13200208  7104(a).}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [34]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Undefined terms in a statute are generally ascribed their common ordinary meaning.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See United States v. New Mexico}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 536 F.2d 1324, 1327-28 (10th Cir. 1976); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ass}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 n of Communications Enters.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 253 F.3d at 31 (referring to the dictionary definition of an undefined term in the statute).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Several courts have been presented with the task of defining the term }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone service}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  in their statutes.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 These courts describe the term }
{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone service}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  as implicating the terms }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephony.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See Minn. Microwave}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 190 N.W.2d at 665; }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Application of Radio-Fone}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 193 N.W.2d 442, 447-48 (Neb. 1972) }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 rev}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 d}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  on other grounds by }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 A.T.S. Mobile Tel. Inc. v. Gen. Communications. Co.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 282 N.W.2d 16 (Neb. 1979); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Commercial Communications, Inc. v. Pub. Utils. Comm}{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 n}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 327 P.2d 513, 518-19, 50 Cal. 2d 512, 522-23 (1958).}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 As one court plainly articulated: }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
[I]t appears to be basic that what a telephone company actually provides and maintains is the facilities for the transmission of telephone messages, or for communication by telephone.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Commercial Communications, Inc.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 327 P.2d at 519, 50 Cal. 2d at 522-23.}{\insrsid676800 
\par }{\insrsid13200208\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [35]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab The word }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephony}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  is defined as }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 the use or operation of an apparatus for transmission of sounds between widely removed points with or without connecting wires.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 M}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ERRIAM}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  W}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 EBSTER}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 S}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  C}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 OLLEGIATE}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  D}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ICTIONARY}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 1211 (10th ed. 1997).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Telephonic}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  is defined as }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 of, pertaining to, or happening by means of a telephone system}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  is defined as }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 an apparatus, system, or process for transmission of sound or speech to a distant point, esp[ecially] by an electrical device.}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 T}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 HE}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  W}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 EBSTER}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 S}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  E}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 NCYCLOPEDIC}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  D}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ICTIONARY}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  O}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 F}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  T}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 HE}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  E}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 NGLISH}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  L}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ANGUAGE}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 681 (1997).}{\insrsid14696932  }
{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Thus, telephonic communication is characterized as the transmission of speech over distances.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Courts have further characterized }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone service}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  as the providing of facilities for two-way communication.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See Minn. Microwave}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Inc}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ., 190 N.W.2d at 665-66.
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [36]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Thus, GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s enabling act gives it the power to provide telephone service as defined above.}{\insrsid13200208  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Furthermore, we find that the term }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 reasonably includes ancillary services }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
designed to supplement or to work in conjunction with existing telephone services.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Minn. Microwave, Inc}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ., 190 N.W.2d at 666 (interpreting a statute which allowed for regulation of}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone service}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 As GTA emphasizes, section 7104(a) was drafted in the plural, and not the singular, thus indicating the legislature}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s intent that GTA have the authority to provide more than one type of service related to telephonic communication.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
See Stamford Ridgeway Assocs. v. Bd. of Representatives}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 572 A.2d 951, 963 (Conn. 1990); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 State v. Fenter}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 569 P.2d 67, 69 (Wash. 1977).}{
\insrsid13200208 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [37]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Additionally, terms should be defined in accordance with the legislature}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s reasonable contemplation.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 New Mexico}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 536 F.2d at 1328.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 As set forth in }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada v. GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
, the nature of the telephone industry leads to the conclusion that the legislature reasonably contemplated that the term }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  in GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling statute be interpreted to take into account technological developments in the telephonic communications industry.}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See Ada}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 1999 Guam 10 at }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  13 (}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
It is not unexpected that a broad grant of authority would be necessary in order for GTA to adapt to and acquire new telecommunications technologies and fulfill its purpose of providing and enhancing these services to its customers.}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 see also Minn. Microwave}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
, 190 N.W.2d at 666 (}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
It is not disputed that the grant of jurisdiction made to the commission in 1915 can properly take account of and regulate changes on telephone service brought about by mere changes in the state of the art of telephony.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 );}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  Digital Paging Sys., Inc. v. Pub. Serv. Comm}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 n}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 360 N.Y.2d 931, 934-35 (N.Y. App. Div. 1974) (accepting the commission}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s conclusion that }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 the statutory definitions of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone line}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone corporation}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  were legislatively drafted in broad enough terms to include technological advances in the telephonic communications industry}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  and that paging services were a type of telephonic communication); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Radio-Fone}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
, 193 N.W.2d at 447 (determining that the holder of a government issued certificate to provide }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
telephone service}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  authorizes the holder to use }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 new and improved devices and methods for telephonic communication}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  including non-wire mobile phone service).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Thus, the term }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 in section 7104(a) should be defined with the view that the legislature expected GTA to provide telephonic services which integrate technological advancements in telephonic communication, and not telephone services as conducted in 1973, the year section 
7}{\insrsid13200208 104(a) was enacted.}{\insrsid676800 
\par }{\insrsid13200208\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [38]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Thus, in accordance with a plain reading of section 7104(a), the issue in the instant case is whether internet access service either (1) falls within the definition of }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone service,}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  or (2) supplements such telephone service, both taking into account technological developments in the telephonic communication industry.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 This requires a discussion of the nature of internet access services.
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [39]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
An [Internet Service Provider] . . . is an entity that provides its customers with the ability to obtain a variety of on-line information through the Internet.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Deployment of Wireline Services, 15 F.C.C.R. 385, at }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  34.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid13200208 Specifically, an ISP}{\insrsid676800 
\par }{\insrsid13200208\charrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 is an entity whose function is to allow dial-in users to access the Internet. . . .}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
To serve its customers, an ISP sets up a center which has modems, routers, World Wide Web servers, authentication servers, and mail servers.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 From this dial-up center, customers}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  traffic is routed to the Internet backbone over dedicated facilities or to other on-line services.

\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par Jamie N. Nafziger, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Time to Pay Up: Internet Service Providers}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 Universal Service Obligations Under the Telecommunications Act of 1996}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 16 J. M}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ARSHALL}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  J. C}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 OMPUTER}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  & I}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 NFO}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . L. 37}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 62 (1997); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 see also }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Supplemental Excerpts of Record, p. 6 (Definitions admitted as Exhibit 7).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 To access a dial-up connection, a user needs a telephone line, a modem, and a computer.}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Nafziger,}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  supra}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 . at 56.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GuamTel.Net was designed to provide interne
t access using digital subscriber line (}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 DSL}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 )}{\cs15\super\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid676800 4 }{\fs20\insrsid676800 DSL technology is a relatively new data transfer technology that can turn a single pair of copper telephone wires ("a c
opper pair") into a high-speed, multi-channel, data delivery system. A basic DSL system consists of two high- speed modems located at each end of a conventional telephone line--one at the telephone company's end, and one at the customer's end. This techno
logy allows customers to gain high-speed access to large sources of data, including the internet, without the need for expensive additional wiring.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid676800 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\i\fs20\insrsid676800 Bell Atlantic Network Services, Inc. v. Coval Communications Group, Inc.}{\fs20\insrsid676800 , 262 F.3d 1258, 1262 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (describing DSL technology in detail).
}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  service.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Supplemental Excerpts of Record, pp. 63-66, 98-99}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 (Transcript of Proceedings).}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The ISP provides }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 access}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  to the internet.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The internet, in turn, has been described as}{
\insrsid13200208 :}{\insrsid676800 
\par }{\insrsid13200208\charrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 a network of networks. {\*\bkmkstart Document0zzFN_B115}{\*\bkmkend Document0zzFN_B115}
It allows people to communicate with each other through various interconnected communications networks.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 These network
s use twisted pair copper wire, coax cable, fiber optic cable, satellites, and wireless technologies to transmit information from one computer to another at speeds of billions of bits per second.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par Nafziger, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 supra}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ,}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 at}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 55; }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 see also }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Supplemental Excerpts of Record, p. 6 (Definitions admitted as Exhibit 7).
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [40]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab In addition to providing internet-access, most ISPs offer }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}
}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 user e-mail accounts and a Web portal site, a default home page gateway offering Internet search capabilities and proprietary content devoted to chat groups, interactive gaming, shopping, finance, news, and other topics.}
{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 AT&T}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 216 F.3d at 874; }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 see also }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Supplemental Excerpts of Record, p. 6 (Definitions admitted as Exhibit 7).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Furthermore, in distinguishing internet access from cable services, the Ninth Circuit }{\insrsid13200208 made the following observation:}{\insrsid676800 
\par }{\insrsid13200208\charrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Internet access is not one-way and general, but interactive and individual . . . .}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Accessing Web pages, navigating the Web's hypertext links, corresponding via e-mail, and participating in live chat groups involve two-way communication and information exchange . . . .}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
[C]ommunication with a Web site involves a series of connections involving two- way information exchange and storage, even when a user views seemingly static content.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 AT&T}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 216 F.3d}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 at 886-87.}{\insrsid676800 
\par }{\insrsid13200208\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [41]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Referencing both the dictionary definitions and judicial interpretations, it is evident that a telephone service is a system for two-way communication of speech.}{
\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 We find that internet access service does not fall within this definition.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Internet access service is more appropriately considered a system for two-way communication of data.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Nafziger, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 supra}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , at 55-56 (explaining that the internet allows people to transmit }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 information}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  from one computer to another at fast speeds); }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 AT&T}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 216 F.3d at 886-87 (recognizing that the internet allows for two-way information exchange); }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 cf. W. Telepage, Inc. v. Tacoma Dep}{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 t of Fin.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
, 998 P.2d 884, 990 (Wash. 2000) (characterizing paging services as }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
the transmission or communication of data because the service transmits numeric and alpha-numeric information to customers by microwave}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 ISPs offer access to the internet.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Internet access allows the user to transmit data in several ways, including web searches and electronic mail.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 We recognize that}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
internet access can be used to communicate with others in a manner similar to that of traditional telephone services, such as a new technology called IP telephony or Voice over IP (VoIP) which allows two people to talk using internet lines.}{
\cs15\super\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid676800 \chftn }{\insrsid676800  }{
\fs20\insrsid676800 IP telephony has been described by the FCC as follows:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid676800 
\par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid676800  }{\fs20\insrsid676800 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid676800 IP telephony}{\fs20\insrsid676800 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid676800  services enable
 real-time voice transmission using Internet protocols.  . . . The services can be provided in two basic ways: through software and hardware at customer premises, or through "gateways" that enable applications originating and/or terminating on the PSTN. G
a
teways are computers that transform the circuit-switched voice signal into IP packets, and vice versa, and perform associated signaling, control, and address translation functions.  The voice communications can be transmitted along with other data on the 
"public" Internet, or can be routed through intranets or other private data networks for improved performance. . . . Companies such as IDT and Qwest employ gateways to offer users the ability to call from their computer to ordinary telephones connected 
{\*\bkmkstart Document0zzSDUNumber65}{\*\bkmkend Document0zzSDUNumber65}
to the public switched network, or from one telephone to another.  To use the latter category of services, a user first picks up an ordinary telephone handset connected to the public switched network, then dials the 
phone number of a local gateway.  Upon receiving a second dialtone, the user dials the phone number of the party he or she wishes to call.  The call is routed from the gateway over an IP network, then terminated through another gateway to the ordinary tel
ephone at the receiving end.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid676800 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid676800 Federal-State Joint Bd., H.R. R}{\fs18\insrsid676800 EP}{\fs20\insrsid676800  N}{\fs18\insrsid676800 O}{\fs20\insrsid676800 . 96-45 (1998); }{\i\fs20\insrsid676800 
reprinted in }{\fs20\insrsid676800 13 F.C.C.R. 11501, }{\fs20\insrsid676800 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid676800  84 (internal footnotes omitted).}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Roberts, }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 supra}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , at 156-57.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 However, the question before u
s is not whether IP telephony is a telephone service; but rather, whether internet access service is a telephone service.}{\cs15\super\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid676800 \chftn }{\insrsid676800  }{\fs20\insrsid676800 
GTA argues that it has the statutory authority to provide internet access service, not IP telephony service.  }}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The access ISPs provide can be used to make voice or telephonic calls }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 if}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  the individual either procures IP telephony software or connects with companies that offer gateways which transmit the call.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
The fact that the special software or gateway companies exist and can be utilized does not render internet access service a }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone service.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
To use internet access for voice transmission, the subscriber must take an additional, completely voluntary step.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Because ISPs offer internet access and its concomitant data transmission capability, without necessarily providing the technology necessary to place an IP telephony call, ISPs do not provide a }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone service.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The access provided by the ISP and the platform for placing a voice call are too independent to render the former the equivalent of the latter.
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [42]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Internet access service is more properly regarded as a data-transmission service.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 As such, it is not a }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone service}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  under 12 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 7104(a) as defined previously.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 The issue, therefore, is whether internet access service is a supplement to telephone service.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [43]\tab }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Certain types of data transmission services have been characterized as supplementing telephone service, such as one-way paging systems.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See Minn. Microwave}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 190 N.W.2d at 666-67.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
The nexus between these types of services and ordinary telephone service is readily apparent.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 By contrast, internet access and internet use is not 
logically or inherently seen as supplementing ordinary telephone service.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
While it cannot be doubted that internet access allows for communication which conveniently substitutes or replaces telephonic communication (such as electronic mail), this is disti
nct from a service which supplements or works in conjunction with telephone service.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
Internet access service allows for a type of transmission of data and information that is by-and-large unrelated to ordinary telephone service, and therefore does not supplement such service.
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [44]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab 
Thus, as internet access service is neither a telephonic communication service, nor is it readily viewed as supplementing telephonic communication, internet access service does not fall under the definition of }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 telephone services}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}
{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  under 12 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  7104(a).}{\insrsid676800 
\par }{\insrsid13200208\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [45]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Finally, we reject GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s argument that the legislature}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s failure to limit GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s power to exclude internet services should be viewed as legislative approval of GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s providing of such services.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 GTA argues that the legislature}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s inaction indicates that the legislature intended, and in fact acquiesced in the }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Ada }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 court}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s determination, that GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s enabling statute be read broadly to grant GTA the power to provide internet services.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 We disagree.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Considering that the issue in the instant case was being litigated in the court
s only three days after GTA commenced providing internet access services, the legislature in this instance had virtually no time to act one way or the other.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
It would be a different situation altogether if the legislature}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s inaction with regard to GTA}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s offering of internet access service was over the course of many years.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See Hudson v. Arthur Treachers}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 , 343 S.E.2d 97, 99 (Va. Ct. App. 1986);}{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  see also Hughes Props., Inc. v. State}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
, 680 P.2d 970, 972 (Nev. 1984).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 However, we cannot say that the legislature}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s failure to act between the time GuamTel.Net was started a year and a half ago, and now, indicates acquiescence on its part in GTA}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s decision to provide internet access services.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [46]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab Accordingly, we hold that GTA does not have the statutory authority to provide internet access services and GTA therefore exceeded its statutory aut
hority in attempting to do so through its operation of GuamTel.Net.}{\cs15\super\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid676800 \chftn }{\insrsid676800  }{\fs20\insrsid676800 
We recognize the societal benefits which flow from increased availability of internet access.  However, our duty is to interpret statutes in light of their terms and legislative intent.  Policy arguments favoring GTA}{\fs20\insrsid676800 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid676800 s participation in the ISP business are more properly directed to the legislature.  Courts are not in the business of judicial legislation.  }{
\i\fs20\insrsid676800 Bank of Guam v. Reidy}{\fs20\insrsid676800 , 2001 Guam 14, }{\fs20\insrsid676800 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid676800  22. }{\insrsid676800    }}}{\insrsid14696932 
 }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 In light of our holding, we decline to address IT&E}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s argument that GTA is prohibited from providing internet access service on the ground that such service is not a governmental function and therefore not a public use.
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 C.\tab Attorney}{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s Fees}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [47]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab IT&E requests attorney}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s fees in the instant case pursuant to Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  7112.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Section 7112 directs a court to award reasonable costs and attorney}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s fees in favor of a taxpayer who brings suit under Chapter 7 of Title 5 of the Guam Code Annotated.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  7112 (2001).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }{\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [48]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab We note that IT&E requested attorney}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s fees in the lower court, and that the lower court did not rule on the issue in entering final judgment.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\i\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 See}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  Appellant}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s Excerpts of Record, pp. 5, 6 (Complaint for Declaratory Judgment and Injunctive Relief, Dec. 5, 2001) (requesting attorney}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s fees pursuant to 5 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  7112); Appellant}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s Excerpts of Record, p. 24 (Stipulated Judgment and Permanent Injunction, May 31, 2001) (allowing IT&E to make a motion for attorney}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s fees).}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 We decline to address IT&E}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s request for attorney}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 s fees.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 That issue is more properly determined by the lower court in the first instance.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 IV.}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\b\insrsid13200208 
\par }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 [49]}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 \tab In sum, we find that the lower court did not shift the burden to GTA to prove that it was not likely to win on the merits of a claim for an injunction.}{\insrsid14696932  }{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Under an analysis of 12 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
 7104(a), we find that internet access services are neither a telephone service, nor a supplement to telephone service.}{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Accordingly, GTA does not have the st
atutory authority to provide internet access services and the judgment of the trial court is }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 AFFIRMED.}{\b\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 We }{\b\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 REMAND}{
\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  to the trial court to determine whether IT&E is entitled to attorney}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 
s fees in this matter under Title 5 GCA }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932  7112.}{\insrsid14696932  
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 JOHN A. MANGLONA\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO
\par Designated Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid14696932  }{\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 Associate Justice}{\insrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13200208 {\insrsid14696932 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14696932 {\insrsid676800\charrsid14696932 PETER C. SIGUENZA, JR.
\par Chief Justice
\par }}