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\par }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Plaintiff-Appellee,
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 JIMMY CEDINO PALISOC}{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Defendant-Appellant.
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Supreme Court Case No. CRA00-008
\par Superior Court Case No. CF0263-98}{\insrsid8286307 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid8286307  }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 2002 Guam 9}{\insrsid8286307 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on December 10, 2001
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
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\par }{\ul\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Appearing for the Plaintiff-Appellee}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 :
\par Gerad Egan
\par Assistant Attorney General
\par Prosecution Division
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par 2-200E Guam Judicial Ctr.
\par 120 W.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 O}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Brien Dr.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell 
\par }{\ul\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellant:}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-4320\li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin4320\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 William C. Bischoff, Esq.\tab \tab \tab 
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\par 414 W. Soledad Ave.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\insrsid8286307 
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\par }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 BEFORE:}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 PETER C. SIGUENZA, JR., Chief Justice, F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice, and FRANCES TYDINGCO-GATEWOOD, Associate Justice}{
\cs15\super\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5322167 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5322167 
  At the time this matter was considered, Associate Justice Frances Tydingco-Gatewood was a judge in the Superior Court of Guam, and was appointed Justice }{\i\fs20\insrsid5322167 Pro Tempore}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 
 on the case.  On February 8, 2002, Justice Gatewood was sworn-in as a full time Associate Justice of the Guam Supreme Court.}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 .}{\insrsid8286307 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 TYDINGCO-GATEWOOD, J.:}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [1]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Defendant-Appellant Jimmy Cedino Palisoc (hereinafter }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
) appeals from his conviction arising from the theft of four separate automobiles.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Specifically, Palisoc contends that the trial court committed three errors: (1) improperly admitting prior bad act evidence under Guam Rules of Evidence Rule 404(b); (2) im
posing consecutive sentencing for his convictions of theft and theft by receiving; and (3) imposing consecutive sentencing for his convictions of arson and criminal mischief.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
We find the trial court committed harmless error in admitting prior bad act evidence for purposes of establishing identity, common plan or scheme, and motive, but no error in admitting the evidence for the purpose of establishing intent.}{\insrsid8286307 
 }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 We further find that the trial court did not err in consecutively sentencing Palisoc for arson and criminal mischief.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
However, the trial court did err in convicting Palisoc for both theft and theft by receiving.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 We therefore reverse Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s convictions for the theft by receiving and remand the matter for re-sentencing.
\par 
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\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [2]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab 
Palisoc was indicted on fifteen charges that included theft of a motor vehicle, theft by receiving a motor vehicle, criminal mischief, arson, and unauthorized used of a motor vehicle.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The charges related to several automobiles that were stolen and damaged between June 9, 1997 to April 10, 1998.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
During trial, the prosecution called four separate witnesses to testify about a theft on August 10, 1997 of a 1993 Toyota pickup.}{\cs15\super\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5322167 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5322167   The four witnesses included Paul Chaco, th
e owner of the vehicle, and three officers.}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Palisoc had been previously charged and acquitted of this theft.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid8286307\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [3]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The trial court admitted the evidence of the August 10th theft under Title 6 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  404(b) (1995).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The court held that the evidence was relevant to prove identity, motive, intent, and a common plan or scheme by Palisoc to commit the crimes charged.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The court also found that there was sufficient evidence to prove Palisoc committed the act, that the in
cident was relatively close in time to the crimes charged, and that the prior theft was similar enough to the present charges to warrant admission under Rule 404(b).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Finally, the court considered Rule 403, and held that the probative value of the evidence was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair }{\insrsid8286307 prejudice, confusion, or delay.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid8286307\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [4]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab After trial, the jury convicted Palisoc on ten of the thirteen submitted charges.}{\cs15\super\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5322167 \chftn }{\insrsid5322167   }{\fs20\insrsid5322167 
The trial court ordered an entry of a judgment of acquittal as to Charges 14 and 15 of the indictment.  Charges 1 through 13 were submitted to the jury.  As to those charges, Palisoc was convicted and sentenced as follows:  
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid5322167 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2880\li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid5322167 1992 Nissan Sentra (green)\tab Charge 2: Theft by Receiving of a Motor Vehicle (2 years)
\par 1996 Nissan Sentra (gold)\tab \tab Charge 5: Theft of a Motor Vehicle (2 years)
\par }\pard \qj \fi3600\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid5322167 Charge 6: Theft by Receiving of a Motor Vehicle (2 years)
\par Charge 7: Criminal Mischief (1 year)
\par Charge 8: Unauthorized Use of a Motor Vehicle (6 months)
\par }\pard \qj \fi-2880\li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid5322167 1990 Nissan pickup (red)\tab \tab Charge 9: Theft of a Motor Vehicle (2 years)
\par }\pard \qj \fi3600\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid5322167 Charge 10: Theft by Receiving a Motor Vehicle (2 years)
\par Charge 11: Arson (2 years)
\par Charge 12: Criminal Mischief (1 year)
\par }\pard \qj \fi3600\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid5322167 Charge 13: Unauthorized Use of a Motor Vehicle (6 months)}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The court ordered the sentences for unauthorized use of a motor vehicle to run concurrent to the other sentences.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
All other sentences were set to run consecutively, for a total term of imprisonment of fourteen years. 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 II.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [5]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab This court has jurisdiction over final judgments of the Superior Court pursuant to Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  3107 and 3108(a) (1994).
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 III.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [6]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Palisoc challenges the trial court}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s decision to admit evidence of his prior bad act under Rule 404(b).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
He further challenges his sentence, arguing that consecutive sentencing for theft and theft by receiving, and arson and criminal mischief, violates double jeopardy. 
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 A.\tab Rule 404(b)}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [7]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab We review the trial court}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s admission of prior bad act evidence under Rule 404(b) for an abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 People v. Quintanilla}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 2001 Guam 12, }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  9; }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 People v. Evaristo}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 1999 Guam 22, }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  6.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
An abuse of discretion occurs when the court makes a judgment that clearly goes against the logic and effect of the facts.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Quintanilla}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 2001 Guam 12 at }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  9 (citing to }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 People v. Tuncap}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 1998 Guam 13, }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  12).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 However, the trial court}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s determination of whether the evidence falls within the scope of Rule 404(b) is reviewed }{
\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 de novo}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 .}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 United States v. Arambula-Ruiz}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 987 F.2d 599, 602 (9th Cir. 1993). 
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [8]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Guam}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s Rule 404(b) is derived from the Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 404(b).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Evaristo}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 1999 Guam 22 at }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  7.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Rule 404(b) provides:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 It may, how
ever, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 6 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  404(b).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
In order for evidenc
e of a prior bad act to be admissible under Rule 404(b), the Government bears the burden of establishing that the evidence: (1) proves a material element of the crime currently charged; (2) is similar to the charged conduct; (3) is based on sufficient evi
dence; and (4) is not too remote in time.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Evaristo}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 1999 Guam 22 at }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  11 (citing to }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 United States v. Hinton}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 31 F.3d 817, 822 (9th Cir. 1994)); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
see also Arambula-Ruiz}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 987 F.2d at 603 (placing the burden on the Government of proving that the evidence meets all of the four requirements).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
A fifth and final consideration that the court must address is whether the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Title 6 GCA }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  403 (1995); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 see also Evaristo}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 1999 Guam 22 at }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  17.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307\charrsid8286307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx1440\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8286307 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Relevance
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [9]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Rule 404(b) sets forth several grounds for which prior bad act evidence may be admitted.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 In
 this case, the trial court found that the evidence of Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s prior theft was relevant to establish intent, identity, common plan or scheme, and motive.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Palisoc argues that the evidence shows only his propens
ity to commit the crime of auto theft and is not probative on any of the grounds allowed by the trial court.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Thus, it was not relevant to prove any material fact and was improperly admitted under Rule 404(b).}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307\charrsid8286307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a.\tab}}\pard\plain \s17\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx2160\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8286307 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Intent
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [10]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab We turn first to the issue of intent.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Palisoc defended against his charges on the ground that he did not commit the thefts and not that the thefts were committed without the requisite intent.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 It is Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s contention that because he did not put his intent at issue, evidence admitted to establish his intent is not relevant.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 We disagree.
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [11]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab First, in arguing its Rule 404(b) motion, counsel for Palisoc indicated to the court that duress may be raised as a defense.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Specifically, counsel stated, }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
My client did make a statement, and on one statement he did admit to a couple of incidences, but he stated that he was held at gunpoint . . . .}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 So, Your Honor, 
we will be bringing out the defense of duress . . . .}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Transcript vol. IV, p. 5 (Continued Jury Trial, July 25, 2000).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Furthermore, when the court sought to confirm that Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s state of mind may be an issue, Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s counsel answered, }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 That}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s correct.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Transcript vol. IV, p. 5 (Continued Jury Trial, July 25, 2000).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The above statements made by Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s counsel clearly put his intent at issue.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid8286307\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [12]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Even assuming that Palisoc did not place his state of mind at issue, this does not render intent irrelevant.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 In }{
\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 People v. Quintanilla}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 2001 Guam 12, this court ruled that evidence of a prior bad act can be admitted to prove intent in a case even if the defendant does not dispute t
he intent element of the offense.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 See Quintanilla}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 2001 Guam 12 at }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  13 (finding that evidence of a prior possession charge was relevant to prove intent for a current possession charge).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
While recognizing that there exists a split among jurisdictions with respect to this issue, we continue to adhere to the rationale as expressed in }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 United States v. Hadley}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 918 F.2d 848, 851 (9th Cir. 1990):}{\cs15\super\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5322167 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5322167   The Eighth and Tenth Circuits follow the approach of the Ninth Circuit, holding that since intent is still an element of the crime that the prosecution must prove, it is not necessary for }{
\fs20\insrsid5322167 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 the defendant to have raised the issue of intent for it to be an issue in the case where, as
 in this case, the crime for which the defendant is charged requires proof of specific intent.}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5322167  }{\i\fs20\insrsid5322167 
United States v. Engleman}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 , 648 F.2d 473, 478-79 (8th Cir. 1981);}{\i\fs20\insrsid5322167  United States v. Franklin}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 , 704 F.2d 1183, 1188 & n.
3 (10th Cir. 1983).  The Fifth and Sixth Circuits have similarly recognized the prosecution}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 
s burden, but the crux of their inquiries is whether intent is inferable from the nature of the criminal act.  }{\i\fs20\insrsid5322167 See United States v. Webb}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 , 625 F.2d 709, 710 (5th Cir. 1980); }{\i\fs20\insrsid5322167 
see also United States v. Ring}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 , 513 F.2d 1001, 1007 (6th Cir. 1975).  The Second Circuit appears to have adopted a similar position, stating that the question of intent is generally not an issue if the d
efendant claims he did not commit the alleged act.  However, if the evidence of the defendant}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 
s connection to the bad act is subject to innocent interpretation, and the defendant does not provide pre-trial assurances that intent is not going to be disputed in the case, then the prosecution may admit prior bad act evidence to establish intent.  }{
\i\fs20\insrsid5322167 See United States v. Williams}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 , 577 F.2d 188, 191 (2d Cir. 1978); }{\i\fs20\insrsid5322167 see also United States v. Manafzadeh}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 
, 592 F.2d 81, 87 (2nd Cir. 1979).  One D.C. court took a strong opposing position, holding that }{\fs20\insrsid5322167 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 where intent is n
ot controverted in any meaningful sense, evidence of other crimes to prove intent is so prejudicial }{\i\fs20\insrsid5322167 per se}{\fs20\insrsid5322167  that it is inadmissible as a matter of law.}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5322167   }{\i\fs20\insrsid5322167 Thompson v. United States}{\fs20\insrsid5322167 , 546 A.2d 414, 423 (D.C. Ct. App. 1988).}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The government must prove every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . [The defendant] cannot preclude the government from proving intent simply by focusing his defense on other elements of his crime. [The defendant}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s] choice of defense did not relieve the government of its burden of proof and should not prevent the government from meeting this burden by an otherwise acceptable means. Rule 404(b) permits the government to prove 
intent by evidence of prior bad acts . . . .}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid8286307\charrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Id. }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 at 852.
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [13]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab 
Theft, as charged in the instant case, requires proof that Palisoc specifically intended to deprive another of his movable property or to receive property of another knowing or believing that the property was stolen.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  43.30(a), 43.50(a) (1996).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Because intent is an element of the charged offenses, it is a material issue which the prosecution has the burden to prove.}{\insrsid8286307  }
{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Evidence that Palisoc committed a prior auto theft is both a permissible and helpful means of showing that Palisoc committed the current charged thefts with the requisite intent.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 See Quintanilla, }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 2001 Guam 12, at }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
 13; }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 see also Ring}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 513 F.2d at 1008 (noting that with certain crimes, such as receiving stolen property, }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 intent is of the essence of the crime, and previous offenses of a similar character by the same person may be proved to show intent.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 ).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The fact that Palisoc took a vehicle on a prior occasion, intending to deprive the owner of possession or received a vehicle knowing or believing it was stolen, makes it more probable that he committed the current thefts with the same intent.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Thus, evidence of Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s prior theft was relevant to establishing his intent in committing the currently charged thefts.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307\charrsid8286307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b.\tab}}\pard\plain \s17\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx2160\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8286307 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Identity
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [14]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The trial court further admitted evidence of the prior theft on the ground that it established identity.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
This was clearly in error, first and foremost because it was not a ground upon which the prosecution sought to admit the evidence, and thus, the prosecution made no showing as to the relevance of the evidence for identity purposes.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [15]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The trial court here failed to require from counsel any sort of statement articulating the government}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s chain of inferences linking the prior bad act evidence to the charged offenses.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The rule is clear that }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [i]f the government offers prior offense evidence, it must clearly articula
te how that evidence fits into a chain of logical inferences, no link of which can be the inference that because the defendant committed [an offense] before, he therefore is more likely to have committed this one.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 United States v. Sampson}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 980 F.2d 883, 887 (3d Cir. 1992); }{
\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 see also Arambula-Ruiz}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 987 F.2d at 603.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Permitting counsel to simply recite the facts of the prior offense and then list for the court proffered purpose without precisely explaining how the evidence goes to show something other than character is error.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Sampson}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 980 F.2d at 888.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Moreover, when the trial court admits the evidence, it should place the chain of inferences on the record to establish the relevance of the evidence beyond mere propensity. 
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [16]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Even assuming that the prosecution had attempted to make such a showing, relevancy could not have properly been established in this instance.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 In order for a prior act to be relevant in establishing identity, the conduct must be }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 so unusual or distinctive as to constitute [the defendant}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s] personal }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 signature}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  . . . .}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
United States v. Ezzell}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 644 F.2d 1304, 1306 (9th Cir. 1981) (citations omitted); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 see also United States v. Beechum}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 582 F.2d 898, 912 n.15 (5th Cir. 1978) (}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The physical similarity must be such that it marks the offenses as the handiwork of the accused.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 ).}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 While the prior auto theft and Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s charged offenses are similar in that both involve the stealing of automobiles, }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
[t]he points of similarity between [them] . . . are so common . . . as to be entirely unhelpful.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Ezzell}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 644 F.2d at 1306.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The mere presence or use of a screwdriver in each of the thefts is not }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 sufficiently distinctive to warrant an inference that the person who committed the prior offense also committed the offense on trial.}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 United States v. Powell}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 587 F.2d 443, 448 (9th Cir. 1978) (finding that two offenses which resembled each other only in the fact that large quantities of marijuana were stored in a house insufficient to support an inference of identity).}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Several witnesses, including officers, testified that }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 popping}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  the ignition of a car with a screwdriver is a common way to steal vehicles.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Thus, the conduct before the court does not bear the marks of peculiarity or uniqueness as required to establish identity.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid8286307\charrsid8286307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c.\tab}}\pard\plain \s17\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx2160\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8286307 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Common plan or scheme
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [17]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Admitting the evidence of the prior theft on the ground that it reveals a common plan or scheme was also improper.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
A common plan or scheme generally refers to a situation in which }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
the charged and the uncharged crimes are parts of a single series of events.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Virgin Islands v. Pinney}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 967 F.2d 912, 916 (3d Cir. 1992).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The August 10th theft and the charged thefts share no attribute or connection that would render evidence of the defendant}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s involvement in the prior theft helpful in establishing a plan or scheme to steal the automobiles in the charged thefts.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [18]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The prosecution bears the burden of proving that evidence of a defendant}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s prior bad act is being admitted for a purpose other than to show mere propensity.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Arambula-Ruiz}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 987 F.2d at 602-03.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Thus, the prosecution }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
must articulate precisely the evidential hypothesis by which a fact of consequence may be inferred from the other acts evidence.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 United States v. Mehrmanesh}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 689 F.2d 822, 830 (9th Cir. 1982).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The prosecution here failed to articulate in any manner how the evidence of Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s past theft was linked to the current offenses in a common plan or scheme.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The simple occurrence of a prior auto theft by the same defendant does nothing to show that there existed a scheme or plan to commit the later charged offenses.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Thus, the evidence was impr}{
\insrsid8286307 operly admitted on this ground.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307\charrsid8286307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx2160\faauto\ls2\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8286307 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Motive
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [19]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Motive is defined as }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
the reason that nudges the will and prods the mind to indulge the criminal intent.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Beechum}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 582 F.2d at 912 n.15 (citation omitted).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Evidence relevant to establishing motive must do more than show a general propensity to commit a particular }{
\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 crime}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 ; rather the evidence must be }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
relevant to establish an element of the offense that is a material issue.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
United States v. Brown}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 880 F.2d 1012, 1014-15 (9th Cir. 1989).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 For example, the defendant}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s prior bad act may aid in proving that the charged act occurred, the identity of the actor, or the actor}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s requisite mental state.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Id.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  (citation omitted).
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [20]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Again, the prosecution failed to articulate, either to the trial court or to this court, the chain of inferences linking Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s commission of the prior theft to his commission of the charged thefts.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Absent so
me showing by the prosecution as to how the prior theft motivated Palisoc to commit the later thefts, it was inappropriate for the trial court to find that the evidence was relevant to Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s motive.
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [21]}{\insrsid8286307 \tab }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The trial court cited to }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 United States v. Clark}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 988 F.2d 1459 (6th Cir. 1993), in rendering its order.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 In }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Clark}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , the court admitted evidence of the defendant}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s prior car theft activities on the ground that they established his motive.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Clark}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 998 F.2d at 1465.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 However, }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Clark}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
 is clearly distinguishable from the instant case because the defendant in that case was charged with murder, and it was his effort to prevent the deceased from testifying about his prior thefts that led to the killing.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Thus, the prior bad act evidence was offered to prove the identity of the actor.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Nothing in the commission of the August 10th theft appears to relate to the commission of any of the later charged thefts.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Therefore, the prior bad act evidence does not shed any light on Palisoc}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s motives.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid8286307\charrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 2.\tab Similarity}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [22]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Finding that the evidence of the prior theft was relevant for intent purposes, we must now turn to the second prong of the test for admissibility under Rule 404(b).}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The prosecution must have shown that the prior theft and the charged thefts were sufficiently similar so that evidence of the prior theft would be helpful in establishing the defendant}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s intent to commit the current offenses.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
See Arambula-Ruiz}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 987 F.2d at 603 (recognizing that although similarity is not always required for admissibility under Rule 404(b), it is necessary to prove identity of intent).
\par }{\b\insrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [23]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Examining the facts of the August 10th theft, testimony revealed that Palisoc stole the car from a residential garage during early morning hours.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 He neither knew the owner nor had the owner}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s permission to take 
the car.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The early hour in which the car was taken and the fact that it was removed from outside of someone}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s home are factors which indicate that Palisoc unlawfully took the vehicle with the intent of depriving the owner of possession.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Moreover, an officer testified that when he pulled Palisoc over in the stolen pickup he saw a screwdriver on the dash.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Although it appears that Palisoc was able to start the car because the keys had been left inside, the fact that Palisoc was in possession of the screwdriver further evidenced his intent to deprive the owner of possession on that occasion.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 When approached by police, Palisoc fled, eventually crashing and abandoning the car.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 His flight and abandonment reveals his 
knowledge that he was in possession of a stolen vehicle.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid8286307\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [24]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The charged thefts share this fact pattern.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Testimony revealed that Palisoc stole both the 1996 Sentra and 1990 Toyota under similar circumstances, approaching a residential home late at night or in the early hours of the morning, and using a screwdriver to pop the ignition and start the car.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 In none of these cases did Palisoc know or have the permission of owners to use the vehicles.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Palisoc was chased in the third vehicle, a 1
992 Sentra, and eventually crashed and abandoned the car.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Because the charged and uncharged thefts are similar with respect to the facts that shed light on Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s intent, evidence of the prior theft is helpful in establishing the defendant}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s intent to commit the current offenses.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx1440\faauto\ls3\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8286307 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Sufficiency
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid4279638 [25]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The third prong that must be satisfied for admissibility under Rule 404(b) is sufficiency of the evidence.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 We first no
te that although Palisoc was acquitted of the August 10th theft, the prosecution may still make a showing that there is sufficient evidence that Palisoc was the perpetrator of that prior offense. Acquittal means that a jury found there was reasonable doub
t as to whether Palisoc committed the August 10th theft.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 However, the admission of evidence for Rule 404(b) purposes does not require proof beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The prosecution only needs to show that a jury could reasonably conclude that the act occurred and the defendant was the actor.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Huddleston v. United States}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 485 U.S. 681, 689, 108 S. Ct. 1496, 1501 (1998).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Because admissibility under the sufficiency prong of the }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Evaristo}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  test is governed by a lower standard than that required for a conviction, the prior acquittal of Palisoc does not preclude the court from admitting evidence of that theft for Rule 404(b) purposes.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 See Dowling v. United States}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 493 U.S. 342, 348, 110 S. Ct. 668, 672 (1990).
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [26]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The focus is on whether the prosecution can show that a jury could reasonably conclude both that the August 10th theft occurred and that Palisoc was the thief.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 See Huddleston}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 485 U.S. at 689, 108 S. Ct. at 1501.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The People provided one witness and three officers who each testified that a theft of a Toyota pickup truck occurred on August 10th and that they saw a photo ID of Palisoc in the front of the stolen pickup when the vehicle was recovered.}{\insrsid8286307 
 }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Moreover, two of the officers identified Palisoc as the person they saw driving the stolen truck and fleeing from police.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The testimony of these four witnesses satisfies the sufficiency prong of the }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Evaristo}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  test.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 See Evaristo}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 1999 Guam 22 at }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
 15 (finding that the testimony of two people that witnessed the prior bad act and identified the defendant as the perpetrator was sufficient evidence to satisfy this prong of the test);}{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  see also Hinton}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 31 F.3d at 823 (noting that the testimony of one witness, even if uncorroborated, is sufficient evidence to satisfy the test).}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx1440\faauto\ls4\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8286307 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Proximity
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid4279638 [27]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The final prong of this four part test, proximity in time, looks to the relative gap between the prior bad act and the charged crimes.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Courts have routinely declined to adopt a rigid rule that would act to freeze dates on a time line for purposes of admissibility.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Hadley}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 918 F.2d at 851.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Here, approximately eight months spanned the time between the August 10th theft and the last of the charged thefts.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 We find that eight months is not too remote in time for the admission of Rule 404(b) evidence.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 See id. }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
(allowing evidence of a prior bad act that was over ten years old); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 see also United States v. Hinton}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 31 F.2d 817, 823 (9th Cir. 1994) (holding that two years is not too remote in time).}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx720\faauto\ls5\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8286307 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Rule 403
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [28]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Under Rule 403, even relevant evidence may be excluded if }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}
}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice . . . .}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 6 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  403.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The trial court}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s balancing under Rule 403 is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Evaristo}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 1999 Guam 22 at }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  6; }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Arambula-Ruiz}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 987 F.2d at 603.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [29]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab As discussed above, the prior bad evidence is probative of Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s intent to commit the charged thefts.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 While the use of prior bad act evidence is prejudicial, the issuance of t
he proper limiting instruction can prevent that prejudice from being unfair.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Evaristo}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 1999 Guam 22 at }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  17}{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 (}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 While the 404(b) evidence was obviously prejudicial, it was not unfairly so, in light of the trial court}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s giving the jury the limiting instruction for the use of such evidence.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 ); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 see also Hinton}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 31 F.3d at 823.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The trial judge here instructed the jury on the limited use of the Rule 404(b) evidence, restricting its consideration to proving motive, intent, and plan.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
However, the limiting instruction was issued only in the court}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s general charge to the jury.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 No instruction was provided to jurors at the time the evidence was being admitted, directing them as to the proper and improper purposes for which the prior theft could be considered.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
We take this opportunity to emphasize that an instruction to the jury limiting the use for which the evidence can be considered should be given both at the time the evidence is offered and during closing jury instructions prior to jury deliberation. 

\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [30]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Nevertheless, the lower court did issue a limiting instruction.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The court also considered proper factors when considering the admissibility of Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s prior theft, and expressly weighed the probative value of the evidence against the danger of unfair prejudice, finding that the balance favored admissibility.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
In light of these safeguards, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial court in its admission of Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s prior bad act pursuant to Rule 403. }{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 C.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx720\faauto\ls5\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8286307 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Harmless error}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4279638 {\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid4279638 [31]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab 
The trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s prior theft to show identity, common plan or scheme, and motive, but properly admitted such evidence with respect to intent.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Consequently, the trial court erroneously instructed the jury to consider the evidence for both proper and improper purposes.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 H
owever, non-constitutional errors by the trial court only require reversal if }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
it is more probable than not that the erroneous admission of the evidence materially affected the jurors}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  verdict.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Arambula-Ruiz}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 987 F.2d at 605 (internal quotations omitted).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 If }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}
{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 other, properly admitted evidence of the defendant}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s guilt is overwhelming,}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
 then it is more likely than not the erroneous admission did not materially affect the jurors}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  verdict.}
{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Ezzell}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 644 F.2d at 1306.
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [32]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The prosecution presented three witnesses that participated in the car thefts with Palisoc.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Each provided eyewitness testimony identifying Palisoc as the person that stole the 1996 Nissan Sentra and 1990 Nissan pickup truck.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Each of these 
witnesses also testified that Palisoc was the person who set fire to the 1990 Nissan pickup.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Two other witnesses placed Palisoc in a third stolen car, identified as a green 1992}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Nissan Sentra.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 These witnesses testified that when they saw Palisoc with th
e car, it was evident the ignition had been tampered with because wires were visibly hanging from it.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Palisoc abandoned the car after being chased by one of the witnesses.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [33]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The evidence above, linking Palisoc to each of the convicted offenses, is overwhelming.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Moreover, the instructions did include a proper purpose for which the prior acts could be used.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Finally, Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s counsel made no objection to the jury instructions.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Given these circumstances, we are not convinced that the trial court}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s improper admission of the evidence and subsequent limiting instruction materially affected the jury}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s verdict.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 See United States v. Johnson}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 27 F.3d 1186, 1194 (6th Cir. 1994); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 see also United States v. Townsend}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 924 F.2d 1385, 1416 (7th Cir. 1991) (finding harmless error by the trial court despite a jury instruction that permitted consideration for proper and improper Rule 404(b) purposes).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Thus, we find the trial court}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s errors were harmless.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 However, we take this opportunity to echo the concern expressed by the Sixth Circuit in }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Johnson}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , wherein the court stated:}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The c
ases in this and other circuits reveal a remarkable willingness in trial courts to readily admit, and in appellate courts to readily approve, other acts evidence without any clear articulation of the specific rationale justifying its admission.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 To apply R
ule 404(b) fairly, the district court must carefully identify, in its instructions to the jury, the specific factor named in the rule that is relied upon to justify admission of the other acts evidence, explain why that factor is material, and warn the ju
rors against using the evidence to draw the inferences expressly forbidden in the first sentence of Rule 404(b).}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4279638 {\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Johnson}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 27 F.3d at 1194.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 D.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx720\faauto\ls6\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8286307 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Consecutive sentencing
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [34]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The next issue appealed by Palisoc is the trial court}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s imposition of consecutive sentencing.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Specifically, Palisoc argues that the trial court erred in ordering consecutive sentences for his convictions for theft and theft by receiving, and arson and criminal mischief.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Pal
isoc asserts that consecutive sentencing of these crimes violates his rights against double jeopardy.
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [35]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The Double Jeopardy clause, made applicable to Guam through the Organic Act, precludes courts from imposing multiple punishments for the same offense.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  1421b(d) (1950); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
People v. San Nicolas}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 2001 Guam 4, }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  8, 9.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 A defendant}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s claim of a double jeopardy violation is a question of law reviewed }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 de novo}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 .}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 San Nicolas}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 2001 Guam 4 at }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  8.
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [36]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Determining whether a court can punish a defendant under two distinct statutory provisions for offenses arising out of a single act or transaction is a two step analysis.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 First, the court must look to the legislative branch to determine whether multiple punishments are authorized.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Whalen v. United States}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 445 U.S. 684, 688, 100 S. Ct. 1432, 1436 (1980).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 If the legislature has expressly authorized multiple punishments, the analysis ends.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 However, absent authorization by the legislature, a presumption arises that the same offense cannot be punished under two separate statutory provisions.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Id.}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  at 691-92, 100 S. Ct. at 1437-38 (}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The assumption underlying the rule is that Congress ordinarily does not intend to punish the same offense under two different statutes.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 ).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The court must then take the second step in its analysis and employ }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Blockburger}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
 to determine whether the two statutes in effect punish the same offense.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The test, as set forth in }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Blockburger}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
 and as adopted in our jurisdiction in }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 San Nicolas}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , states }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one is whether e
ach provision requires proof of an additional fact which the other does not.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Blockburger v. United States}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S. Ct. 180, 182 (1932); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 San Nicolas}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 2001 Guam 4 at }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  11.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
If the same offense is in fact being punished under two separate statutory provisions, then there arises a double jeopardy violation.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx1440\faauto\ls7\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8286307 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Theft and Theft by Receiving
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid4279638 [37]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab We first review the trial court}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s consecutive sentencing of theft of a motor vehicle and theft by receiving a motor vehicle.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  43.15 (1996) expressly states that }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [c]onduct denominated theft in this Chapter constitutes a single offense.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Palisoc argues that this is a clear expression of the legislature}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s intent that only a single crime of theft may arise out of a single act or transaction.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
In the face of such language, Palisoc asserts that his two convictions under two separate sections of Chapter 43 were improper, and asks this court to reverse the convictions or strike the sentences he received on those charges.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [38]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The language of section 43.15 is derived from Model Penal Code section 223.1(1).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
A review of the commentary accompanying the MPC section reveals that the purpose behind consolidation of thefts was to aid prosecutors in the }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 charging}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  of theft offenses.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Because of the technical distinctions that existed between various types of theft offenses, prosecutors were forced to pre-determine precisely which means a defendant utilized to misappropriate property.}
{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 A defendant, in turn, would seek an acquittal by arguing that }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 he did not misappropriate the property by the means alleged but by some other means . . . .}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\scaps\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Model Penal Code and Commentaries}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  223.1 cmt. (American Law Inst. 1980) (hereinafter }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 MPC}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 ).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
In an effort to avoid such an anomaly, thefts were consolidated into one offense, allowing prosecutors to charge defendants with }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 theft}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
 generally and then prove the theft was committed by any number of means.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 See}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  9 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  43.15 (}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
An accusation of theft may be supported by evidence that it was committed in any manner that would be theft under [Chapter 43], notwithstanding the specification of a different manner in the accusatory pl
eading, subject only to the power of the court to ensure fair trial . . . .}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 ); MPC }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  223.1 cmt.
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [39]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab While the primary purpose of consolidation was to avoid the form and procedural problems encountered in charging a defendant with a theft offense, }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
[c]onsolidation also has the consequence favorable to the defense by precluding conviction of both [theft and theft by receiving] for the same transaction.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 MPC }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  223.6 cmt.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 If the prosecution can prove the requisite state of mind to depr
ive the true owner of the property, it makes little difference whether the jury infers that the defendant took directly from the owner or acquired the goods from another person who committed the act of taking.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Id.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Implicit in this reasoning is the notion that a defendant found to be in possession of stolen property can be either the thief or the receiver, but not both.
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [40]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Guam}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s theft statute, set forth in Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
 43.30, and theft by receiving statute, set forth in Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
 43.50, are based on Model Penal Code sections 223.2 and 223.6 respectively.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Pursuant to section 43.30, }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [a] person is guilty of }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 theft}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
 if he . . . exercises unlawful control over, movable property of another with the intent therein to deprive him thereof.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 9 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  43.30.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 According to the comments that accompany MPC }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  223.2, the phrase }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 exercises unlawful control}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  is intended to encompass the various means of securing dominion over the property of another, }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 including}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  receiving, retaining, and disposing.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 MPC }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  223.3 cmt.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Thus, each of the three acts prohibited by the receiving statute are already punished within the theft section.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 MPC }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  223.6 cmt. (}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Analytically, the receiver does precisely what is for
bidden by Section 223.2(1) - namely, he exercises unlawful control over the property of another with a purpose to deprive.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 ).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [41]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Because identical conduct is prohibited under both statutes, it would seem that theft and theft by receiving are intended to reach distinct wrongdoers.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 In interpreting similar federal statutes, the U.S. Supreme Court reasoned that its receiving statute }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 was not designed to increase the punishment for him who robs a bank but only to provide punishment for those who receive the loot from the robber.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
We find no purpose of Congress to pyramid penalties for lesser offenses following the robbery. . . . [W]e think Congress was trying to reach a new group of wrongdoers, not to multiply the offense of the bank robbers themselves.}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Heflin v. United States}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 358 U.S. 415, 419-20, 79 S. Ct. 451, 454 (1959).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Several states follow the same logic in interpreting their respective theft statutes, finding that in enacting a receiving statute, the legislature:

\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4279638 {\insrsid4279638 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [I]ntended to reach a distinct group of wrongdoers.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The class includes those persons who receive, retain, or dispose of property received from another person with the knowledge or reasonable belief that the property has been stolen.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The legislative inten
t was not to expand the offense of theft, but to create a separate crime.}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4279638 {\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 People v. Jackson}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 627 P.2d 741, 746 (Colo. 1981) (citing to }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Milanovich v. United States}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 365 U.S. 551, 81 S. Ct. 728 (1961)); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 see also People v. Jaramillo}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 548 P.2d 706, 709, 129 Cal. Rptr. 306, 309 (1976)}{
\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 (applying this reasoning in reversing dual convictions for theft and theft by receiving of a motor vehicle); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Thomas v. State}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 413 S.E.2d 196, 197 (Ga. 1992); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Pierce v. State}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 627 P.2d 211, 219 (Alaska Ct. App. 1981); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Smith v. State}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 52 N.E. 826, 828 (Ohio 1898); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Commonwealth v. Dellamano}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 469 N.E.2d 1254, 1255 (Mass. 1984).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
But see State v. Sardeson}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 437 N.W.2d 473, 481 (Neb. 1989) (refusing to rely on }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Heflin}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  or }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Milanovich}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  because those cases involved issues of federal statutory construction); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 State v. Tapia}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 549 P.2d 636, 638 (N.M. Ct. App. 1976). 
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [42]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab We agree with this line of cases and find that a defendant cannot be convicted of both theft and theft by receiving because one who is a thief cannot be also be a receiver.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Milanovich}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 365 U.S. at 553-54, 81 S. Ct. at 729;}{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  Jaramillo}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 548 P.2d at 709, 129 Cal. Rptr. at 309 (}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
one may not be convicted of stealing and of receiving the same property.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 ); David J. Marchitelli, }{
\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Participation in Larceny or Theft as Precluding Conviction for Receiving or Concealing the Stolen Property}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 29 A.L.R. 5th 59, }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  3, 57-62 (1995).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Under this rule, Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s dual conviction would be in error, not because the same offense is being p
unished twice under two separate statutes in violation of double jeopardy, but because the two statutes are intended to reach two distinct groups of wrongdoers and thus the dual convictions are inconsistent. 
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [43]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that it could not return a verdict of guilty for both the theft and theft by receiving charge.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Although Palisoc made no request for such an instruction and did not raise an objection with respect to this error, it was the duty of the court to give such an instruction }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 sua sponte}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 .}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 See United States v. Gaddis}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 424 U.S. 544, 550, 96 S. Ct. 1023, 1027 (1976) (}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 If . . . the District Judge is satisfied that there is sufficient evidence to go 
to the jury upon both counts, he must . . . instruct the members of the jury that they may not convict the defendant for both robbing the bank and for receiving the proceeds of the robbery.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 ); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 see also People v. Black}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 271 Cal. Rptr. 771, 773, 222 Cal. App. 3d 523, 525 (App. Ct. 1990).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Moreover, Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s failure to object will not preclude the court from recognizing plain error.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 See McCullough v. United States}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 403 F.
2d 1013, 1015 (9th Cir. 1968).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 However, where, as here, the evidence supporting the taking conviction is overwhelming but no evidence is presented to support the receiving conviction, the court}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s error can be fully corrected by reversal of only the receiving conviction.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Gaddis}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 424 U.S. at 549, 96 S. Ct. at 1027.}{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx1440\faauto\ls8\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8286307 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Arson and Criminal Mischief
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [44]\tab We now consider whether Palisoc may be consecutively sentenced for his arson and criminal mischief convictions.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Palisoc argues that Title 9 GCA }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  1.22(d) (1993) similarly expresses the legislature}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s intent that the violation of these two statutory provisions only give rise to a single offense.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
We disagree.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Section 1.22(d) reads:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4279638 {\insrsid4279638 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
[A defendant] may not . . . be convicted of more than one offense if . . . the offenses differ only in that one is defined to prohibit a designated kind of conduct generally and the other to prohibit a specific instance of such conduct . . . .
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 9 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  1.22(d).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
In determining whether two statutes are general/specific counterparts of one another, the court}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s focus lies on whether the two statutes }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 seek to redress the same conduct.}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 State v. Richie}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 960 P.2d 1227, 1242 (Haw. 1998).}
{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [45]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Arson, as defined in Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  34.30 (1996), requires proof that a person }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
starts a fire or causes an explosion, whether on his own property or another}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s
 . . . in reckless disregard of a risk that his conduct will damage or destroy the property of another.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 9 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  34.30(2).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Criminal mischief, as defined in Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  34.50(d) (1996), requires proof that a person }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 intentionally damages the motor vehicle of another.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 9 GCA }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  34.50.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The focus of the criminal mischief statute is to punish the damaging of another}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 motor vehicle}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 .}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
In contrast, the focus of the arson statute is limited to punishing damage caused by }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 fire or explosion}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 .}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Since the }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 main thrust}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  of the criminal mischief statute differs from that of the arson statute, the two are not general/specific counterparts of one another.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
See Richie}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 960 P.2d at 1242. 
\par }{\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [46]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Moreover, the elements of these offenses are distinct.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Since criminal mischief can occur without means of a fire or exp
losion, then it is not a particularized version of arson.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 See People v. Meyer}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 952 P.2d 774, 778 (Colo. Ct. App. 1997).}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Likewise, because arson can occur without causing damage to a motor vehicle, it is not a particularized version of criminal mischief.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Arson and criminal mischief do not fall within the purview of section 1.22(d).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Thus, we lack any expression by the legislature with respect to punishing arson and criminal mischief as separate and distinct offenses.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 We must therefore turn to }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Blockburger}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  to determine whether the two statutes are punishing the same offense.
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [47]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab Reiterating the test set forth in }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Blockburger}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , two statutes can be punished separately if }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 each provision requires proof of an additional fact which the other does not.}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Blockburger}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 284 U.S. at 304, 52 S. Ct. at 182.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Arson requires the prosecution to show that the defendant }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 started a fire}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , an element not required to prove criminal mischief.}{
\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 On the other hand, criminal mischief requires proof that a }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 motor vehicle was damaged}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, an element not necessary for the People to prove their charge of arson.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Thus, each statute requires the proof of an additional fact that the other do
es not - arson requires proof that a fire was started and criminal mischief requires proof that a motor vehicle was actually damaged.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Cf. United States v. Karlic}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
, 997 F.2d 564, 571 (9th Cir. 1993) (finding that consecutive sentences imposed for use of explosive to commit a felony and for malicious damage to property by use of an explosive did not violate double jeopardy); }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
United States v. Atcheson}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 , 94 F.3d 1237, 1247 (9th Cir. 1996) (upholding consecutive sentencing for convictions under two separate statu
tes because one statute required proof of threat or force, but not proof that the defendant possessed a weapon, and the other statute required proof that the defendant used or carried a weapon, but not proof that the defendant actually used threat or forc
e).}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Under the }{\i\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Blockburger }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 test, the statutes punishing arson and criminal mischief are punishing separate offenses.}{\insrsid8286307 
 }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Therefore, a court can impose separate sentences for a single act or transaction that violated both statutes without running afoul of double jeopardy.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4279638 {\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 IV.}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\b\insrsid4279638 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [48]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab The trial court erred in admitting the evidence for purposes of establishing identity, common plan or scheme, and motive.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
However, in light of the overwhelming evidence of Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s guilt, we find the trial court}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s error was harmless.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s prior theft to establish Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s intent to commit the current thefts.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 As an element of the offense that the prosecution bears the burden of proving, intent was a material issue.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Therefore, the trial court}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s ruling to admit the prior bad act evidence is }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 AFFIRMED}{\insrsid4279638 .}{\insrsid5322167 
\par }{\insrsid4279638\charrsid8286307 
\par }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 [49]}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 \tab With regards to Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
s sentencing, we }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 AFFIRM}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  the trial court}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s imposition of consecutive sentences for arson and criminal mischief.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 However, Palisoc}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 s dual convictions for the crimes of theft and theft by receiving were in error.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
Therefore, the convictions for theft of the 1996 gold Nissan Sentra and 1990 red Nissan pickup are }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 AFFIRMED}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 .}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 
However, the convictions for theft by receiving with respect to those same vehicles are }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 REVERSED}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  and the sentences thereunder vacated.}{\insrsid8286307  }{
\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 The case is }{\b\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 REMANDED}{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307  for re-sentencing consistent with this opinion.}{\insrsid8286307 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4279638 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 FRANCES TYDINGCO-GATEWOOD\tab \tab F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Associate Justice}{\insrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4279638 {\insrsid8286307 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8286307 {\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 PETER C.}{\insrsid8286307  }{\insrsid5322167\charrsid8286307 SIGUENZA, JR.
\par Chief Justice
\par }}