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QBE Insurance}{\fs20\insrsid7882397 , Opinion\tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid7882397 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10695642 9}}}{\fs20\insrsid7882397 of 14 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid7882397 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl-19\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10695642 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1440\shptop0\shpright10800\shpbottom19\shpfhdr1\shpbxpage\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz0\shplockanchor\shplid2049{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillBackColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn posrelh}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}} {\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 CONSY CEASAR, as Special Administratrix of the \par ESTATE OF RESKY CEASAR, DECEASED}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par Plaintiff-Appellant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 vs.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 QBE INSURANCE (INT}{\b\insrsid13443747\charrsid6305441 '}{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 L), LTD.,}{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Defendant-Appellee}{\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 OPINION}{\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Filed:}{\b\insrsid6305441 }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 March 13, 2001}{\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid6305441 }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 2001 Guam 6}{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 }{\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Supreme Court Case No. CVA00\_004 \par Superior Court Case No. CV1776-99}{\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on October 24, 2000 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10695642 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }{\ul\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellant}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 : \par William C. Bischoff, Esq. \par Suite 600D GCIC Building \par 414 W. Soledad Ave. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par \cell \par }{\ul\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Appearing for Defendant-Appellee}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 : \par John A. Spade, Esq. \par Mair, Mair, Spade, & Thompson, P.C. \par Suite 807, GCIC Building \par 414 W. Soledad Ave. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10695642 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4560\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par BEFORE: BENJAMIN J. F. CRUZ, Chief Justice; PETER C. SIGUENZA, JR., Associate Justice; and JOHN A. MANGLONA, Designated Justice. \par \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 SIGUENZA, J.:}{\b\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [1]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab The Administratrix of an estate brought legal action against an automobile insurer to recover liability comp ensation for injuries suffered by decedent when he was struck by an automobile.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The insurer moved for summary judgment claiming that the injuries were caused by the intentional act of the driver and that compensation was therefore barred by the exclusionary provisions in the policy and by statute.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The trial court granted summary judgment and held that Guam}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s mandatory automobile insurance law does not permit compensation for an intentional act of an insured and that the conviction of the driver for aggravated assault proved his intent as a matter of law.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 We agree that the mandatory automobile insurance law does not permit compensation for an insured}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s intentional act.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 However, while we hold that the conviction does not by itself prove intent as a matter of law, it and other undisputed facts on the record do prove intent.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 We affirm the trial court}{ \insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s judgment on other grounds. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 I.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [2]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab Resky Ceasar, Narwitt Narian (}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Narian}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 ) and others were involved in an all night drinking party when a quarrel began between them and a drunken brawl followed.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 In the midst of the brawl, Narian entered a car, drove in the direction of Resky Ceasar, struck him, and fled the scene.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Resky Ceasar later died from the injuries he sustained in this incident.}{ \insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 In the resulting criminal action against him, Narian pled guilty to and was convicted of aggravated assault as a third degree felony.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The car had been lent to Narian by his sister who had insured the car with QBE Insurance (International) Ltd. (}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 QBE}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 ) for the minimum liability coverage required by Guam}{ \insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s mandatory automobile insurance law.}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [3]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab During probate proceedings to settle Resky Ceasar}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s estate, Superior Court Probate Case No. PR0110-99, Coney Ceasar, as the court appointed administratrix of the decedent}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s estate, filed a claim with QBE to collect the insurance coverage for the death of Resky Ceasar.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 This claim was denied by QBE on the basis that the insurance policy on the car excluded claims for personal injury or death proximately caused by wilful or unlawful conduct on the part of the named insured, or a permissive user.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Consy Ceasar, as administratrix, then filed the instant action, Superior Court Civil Case No. 1776-99, to collect the claim.}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [4]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab A Motion for Summary Judgment was brought by QBE asserting that, as a matter of law, the willful act of Narian proximately caused the death of Resky Ceasar and that the express exclusionary provisions in the insurance policy barred recovery for injury or death resulting from the willful act of the insured.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The trial court found that: (1) Narian intended to cause injury to Resky Ceasar; (2) the intentional incident did not fit within the definition of }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 accident}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 under Guam}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s compulsory automobile insurance law; and (3) the finding that intentional acts are precluded from automobile insurance coverage is consistent with the legislative intent of 18 GCA }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 88102 and 22 GCA }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}} {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 18602.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of QBE. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 II.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\insrsid10695642\charrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid10695642 [5]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab This}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 court}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 has}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 jurisdiction}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 over}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 this}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 appeal}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 from a final judgment.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 3107, (1994).}{ \insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [6]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab The trial court's decision to grant summary judgment shall be reviewed }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 de novo}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 .}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Iizuka Corp. v. Kawasho Int'l (Guam) Inc.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 1997 Guam 10, }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 7.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Under the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment is proper }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Guam R. Civ. P. 56.}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [7]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab In reaching its decision, the trial court was faced with interpreting Guam}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s mandatory automobile insurance law.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Issues of statutory interpretation are questions of law to be reviewed }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 de novo}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 .}{ \insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Pangelinan v. Gutierrez}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 2000 Guam 11, }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 7; }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Ada v. Guam Telephone Authority}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 1999 Guam 10, }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 10; }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Camacho v. Camacho}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 1997 Guam 5, }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 24.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The application of facts to law is reviewed }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 de novo}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 .}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Gutierrez,}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 2000 Guam 11 at }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 7; }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 People v. Santos}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 1999 Guam 1, }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 31.}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [8]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab An appellate court may affirm the judgment of a lower court on any ground supported by the record.}{\i\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 See generally}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Lujan v. Hemlani}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 2000 Guam 21, }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 1. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 III.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [9]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab The issues on appeal are whether under Guam}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s mandatory automobile insurance law,}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 a person who is intentionally struck by an automobile may recover compensation from the insurer of the driver, and whether there is no genuine issue of fact that Narian intentionally injured Resky Ceasar. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 A.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [10]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab The mandatory automobile insurance law is codified in Guam}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s vehicle code at Chapter 19 of Title 16 Guam Code Annotated and provides:}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Each owner of a motor vehicle which is required to be registered in Guam shall}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 maintain the insurance required by this Chapter.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 This insurance shall be in effect continuously during the motor vehicle}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s period of registration.}{\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\insrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Title 16 GCA }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 19102, (1994).}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The law further provides: \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 It is the purpose of this legislation to require mandatory automobile liability insurance in order to guarantee adequate protection for victims of car accidents who are injured in Guam or who are injured while riding in motor vehicles which are operated in Guam. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par Title 16 GCA }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 19101, (1994). \par }{\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [11]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab Consy Ceasar argues that the underlying public purpose of mandatory automobile insurance is to protect and compensate the victim, not to indemnify the insured; therefore, whether a victim was injured intentionally by the insured is irrelevant.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Ceasar asserts that if a determination of}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 whether injuries were caused by accident must be made, such determination must be from the victim}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s viewpoint.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 We do not agree. \par }{\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [12]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab Two statutory provisions prohibit indemnification of an insured for intentional acts.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The specific prohibition is found at Division 2 of Title 22 Guam Code Annotated, the Insurance Law of Guam, and states:}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 An insurer is not liable for a loss caused by the wilful act of the insured; but he is not exonerated by the negligence of the insured or of the insured}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s agents or others.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Title 22 GCA }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 18602, (1994).}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The general prohibition against such contractual indemnification is found at Chapter 88 of Title 18 Guam Code Annotated, Unlawful Contracts, and states: }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 All contract [sic] which have for their object, directly or indirectly, to exempt anyone from responsibility for his own fraud, or willful injury to the p erson or property of another, or violation of law, whether willful or negligent, are against the policy of the law.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Title 18 GCA }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 88102, (1992).}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The insurance code provision, section 18602, is an application of the provision of law prohibiting unlawful contracts in general, section 88102.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 See generally, Studley v. Benicia Unified School Dist.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 281 Cal. Rptr. 631, 633 (Cal. App. 1991).}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 To find as Consy Ceasar sugges ts, this court would have to conclude that the Legislature intended to override these general principles of contract and insurance law for automobile insurance. \par }{\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [13]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab Consy Ceasar cites to no section within the mandatory insurance law, and this court could find none, that evinces the Legislature}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s express intent to limit the application of sections 18602 and 88102 which prohibit insurance contracts for intentional acts. Our plain reading of the mandatory automobile insurance law does not permit an overly b road interpretation of the law}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s intent.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 This law directly states its purpose to protect }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 victims of }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 car accidents}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 ,}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 16 GCA }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 19101 (emphasis added), and limits coverage to injuries }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 arising from an }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 accident}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 within Guam.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Title 16 GCA }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 19104 (b), (1994) (emphasis added).}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 We find no intent of the Legislature to divert from the traditional policy espoused in sections 18602 and 88102.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 It follows, that the mandatory automobile insurance law requires any determination of accidental injury to be made from }{\insrsid10695642 the perspective of the insured.}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [14]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab Moreover, we find Coney Ceasar}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s supporting case law unpersuasive and distinguishable.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Particular reliance is placed on }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Wheeler v. O}{\i\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Connell}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 9 N.E.2d. 544 (Mass. 1937), and}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. Tringali}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 686 F.2d 821 (9th Cir. 1982). \par }{\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [15]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab In the }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Wheeler}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 decision, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court faced the same issues presented in the instant case: whether injuries suffered from an intentional act are compensable under a compulsory automobile insurance scheme.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Wheeler}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 court held that the purpose of the compulsory motor vehicle insurance statute is not like ordinary insurance, to protect the owner or operator from loss, but to compensate a person injured by an automobile.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Wheeler}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 9 N.E.2d. at 546.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Under this reasoning, the }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Wheeler}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 court held that the rights of the injured do not derive from the insured and the conduct of the operator is immaterial.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 547. \par }{\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [16]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab However, upon review of the specific Massachusetts statute in question we find an important distinction from the Guam statute. The Massachusetts statute required automobile insurance to provide indemnity for liability for bodily injuries }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 arising out of the }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 ownership, operation, maintenance, control or use} {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 upon the ways of the commonwealth of such motor vehicle.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 545 (emphasis added).}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Thus, this statute did not limit liability to }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 accidental}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 injuries as does as the Guam statute. \par }{\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [17]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab In }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Tringali, }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals sitting in diversity faced the identical issu e concerning the Hawaii mandatory automobile insurance statute.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 As cited by the court, insurance policies were required to contain a provision requiring payment for}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 sums which the owner or operator may legally be obligated to pay for injury . . . which ar ises out of . . . use of the motor vehicle: (1) Liability coverage of not less than $25,000 for all damages arising out of accidental harm sustained by any one person as the result of any one accident applicable to each person sustaining accidental harm a rising out of . . . use, . . . of the insured vehicle. . . .}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Tringali}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 686 F.2d}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 823 (citing H}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 AW}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 . R}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 EV}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 . S}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 TAT}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 . }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 294-10(a)).}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Tringali}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 court found that the adopti on of a compulsory scheme of automobile liability insurance very strongly suggested a legislative intent that there be no exclusion of intentional acts of the insured, that compulsory automobile insurance was adopted for the protection of the victims, and that from the viewpoint of the victim, the mental state of the insured was irrelevant.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 824.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The court also noted the use of the term accident in the relevant provision, but nonetheless found that where compulsory automobile liability insurance sta tutes use the terms "accident" or "accidental," those terms should be read in a way that does not exclude intentional acts of, or even intentional wrongs done by, the insured.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The court stated that an event is accidental if it is neither expected nor intended from the viewpoint of the person who is injured.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 824-825.}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [18]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab The }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Tringali}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 court found no express provision in the Hawaii law that suggested a restrictive reading of the term }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 motor vehicle accident.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 825.}{ \insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 In addition, the court found much support in the fact that the Hawaii automobile insurance statute, in addition to requiring liability insurance, also required no-fault insurance.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The court stated the terms }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 accident}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 and }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 accidental}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 are used in the n o-fault provision and thus could not have been intended by the Hawaii Legislature to depend on the mind of the driver.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The court explained that because these terms are used throughout the no-fault and mandatory liability insurance provisions, they should be read the same way: to include even intentional acts of the driver. }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [19]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab We are not convinced that the Ninth Circuit}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s reasoning could correctly be applied in the instant case.}{ \insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Here, the parties have not pointed to any statutory definition of accident in our statutes, and we could find none.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Moreover, the Guam statute is not a }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 no-fault}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 scheme and we are not prepared to accept the definition of }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 accident}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 as Consy Ceasar suggests. \par }{\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [20]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab Moreover, we note that }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Tringali}{\i\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 holding, that the question of accidental harm must be viewed from the perspective of the victim, is no longer substantive law in Hawaii.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 In }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 AIG Hawaii Insurance Co., Inc. v. Caraang}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 851 P.2d 321 (Haw. 1993), the }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Tringali}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 decision was implicitly rejected.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 In }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Caraang}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , during a car chase, a passenger in the car of the insured driver, shot and killed a person in another vehicle.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The driver was unaware that his passenger was shooting at the other vehicle.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 In a suit against the driver}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s automobile insurer, the Hawaii Supreme Court held that the question of whether the victim}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s death constituted accidental harm must be answered from the perspective of the insured.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 328-329 (citations omitted).}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The impact of }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Caraang}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 is made more significant because the Hawaii automobile insurance laws were revised subsequent to }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Tringali.}{\i\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 In }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Caraang}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , the po licy at issue was governed by Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 431, which provided that no person shall operate a motor vehicle unless it is insured under a no-fault policy.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 328 (citing H}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 AW}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 . R}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 EV}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 . S}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 TAT}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 . }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 431:10C-301).}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Thus, even under a no-fault policy, the Hawaii Supreme Court held that the insured person}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s perspective controls when determining the occurrence of accidental harm.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 328-329. \par }{\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [21]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab Therefore, we hold that Guam}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s mandatory automobile ins urance law does not permit coverage for intentional acts of the insured, and that if a determination of whether the act is intentional is necessary, such a determination must be made from the perspective of the insured. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 B.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [22]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab The next issue we face is whether there is no genuine issue that Narian intentionally injured Resky Ceasar and that QBE is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.}{ \insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [23]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab We agree with the trial court that the mere fact an act is intentional does not necessarily determine that the injury was intentionally caused.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 See Fox v. County Mutual Ins. Co.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 964 P.2d 997, 1005-1006 (Or. 1998) (observing that an intentional act of the insured did not in and of itself bar compensation, but that if the injuries were intentionally caused, no compen sation should be paid). This is consistent with the Guam mandatory automobile insurance law and the QBE insurance policy at issue which expressly excludes intentionally caused injury:}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 We do not provide liability coverage for any }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 insured}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 who }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 intentionally causes }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 bodily injury}{\b\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 or }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 property damage.}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}} }{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Appellant}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s Excerpts of Record at 39 (emphasis added).}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [24]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab The most telling evidence of Narian}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s intent to injure Resky Ceasar is Narian}{ \insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s plea agreement and conviction for aggravated assault as a third degree felony.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The applicable criminal code section provides:}{ \insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 A person is guilty of aggravated assault if he either recklessly causes or attempts to cause . . . bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 19.20(a)(3), (1994).}{ \insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 On its face, the statute does not include intent as a specific element of this crime.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Thus, we cannot agree with the trial court th at the conviction proves intent as a matter of law.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 However, the conviction does not preclude a finding of intent.}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [25]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab It is undisputed that Narian and Resky Ceasar were fighting against each other, and, in the midst of the brawl, Narian got in his car and struck Resky Ceasar.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Consy Ceasar does not dispute that the collision was part of the brawl.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Thus, Narian}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s act in using the vehicle as an instrument to inflict harm was not a fortuitous incident.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Moreover, the act of running down a person with a car in the middle of a fight, is so certain to cause injury that we can infer Narian}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s intent to harm}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Resky Ceasar.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 In }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Automobile Club Inter-Insurance Exchange v. Kennison, }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 549 S.W.2d 587 (Mo. Ct. App. 1977), the driver of a vehicle admitted that he intenti onally rammed another vehicle in front of him.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The court found that although the driver did not admit to a specific intent to harm the occupants of the other vehicle, the act was dangerous and some harm was almost certain to result.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 591.}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 If a pers on knows consequences are certain, or substantially certain, to result from his act and still goes ahead, he is treated by the law as if he had in fact desired to produce the result.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Therefore, an admission of specific intent is not the only way to show i ntent to cause harm; it can be inferred from the facts and circumstances surrounding an act. . . . One is presumed to intend the natural and probable consequences of his acts and conduct.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 .}{ \insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 .}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 . When an intentional act results in injuries which are the n atural and probable consequences of the act, the injuries as well as the act are intentional. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 590-591(citations omitted).}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Because it found that the injuries were caused intentionally, the court held that insurance compensation was barred.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id. }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 591.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 If the act of intentionally ramming another vehicle is almost certain to cause injury to occupants therein, then the act of intentionally ramming an unprotected person is absolutely certain to cause injury. \par \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [26]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab Thus, while the c onviction by itself does not amount to a showing of specific intent, it, along with the undisputed facts, indicate that Narian used the vehicle as a weapon in the fight against Resky Ceasar and that such use was willful.}{ \cs15\super\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid7882397 \chftn }{\insrsid7882397 }{ \fs20\insrsid7882397 Because our decision here is not based solely on Narian}{\fs20\insrsid10683226 '}{\fs20\insrsid7882397 s conviction, it is not inconsistent with }{\i\fs20\insrsid7882397 Wiggins v. Hampton}{\fs20\insrsid7882397 , 605 N.E.2d 1264 (Ohio Ct. App. 1992), cited by Consy Ceasar, which held that a conviction for aggravated assault does not establish intent as a matter of law. }}}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Further, the act was so inherently harmful that Narian}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s intent to inflict injury can be inferred from the commission of the act.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Therefore, we hold there is no genuine issue of material fact that Narian intended to injure Resky Ceasar. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 IV.}{\b\insrsid7882397 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [27]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab Guam}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s mandatory automobile insurance law does not permit compensation for intentional acts of an insured.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Because there is no genuine issue that Narian intentionally injured Resky Ceasar, compensation for injuries is precluded.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The summary judgment granted by the trial court is }{ \b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 AFFIRMED}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 .}{\insrsid6305441 \par }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 PETER C.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 SIGUENZA, JR.\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 JOHN A.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 MANGLONA \par Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Designated Justice \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 CRUZ, C.J., dissenting:}{\b\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [28]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab The express purpose of the Guam mandatory automobile insurance law is to guarantee adequate }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 protection for victims of car accidents.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{ \insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 16 GCA }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 19101.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 This language distinguishes automobile insurance from other types of insurance.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Whereas, most insurance is purchased to protect the buyer from liability d ue to his negligent acts, the goal of mandatory automobile insurance is to protect victims of accidents.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 See Wheeler}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 9 N.E.2d at 546 (observing that }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [t]he purpose of compulsory motor vehicle insurance law is n ot, like ordinary insurance, to protect the owner or operator alone from loss but rather is to provide compensation to persons injured through the operation of the automobile insured by the owner.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 ).}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 This is a critical distinction.}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [29]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab Under section 19101, the right of a victim to compensation does not derive from the right of the insured to be indemnified as is provided by ordinary insurance.}{ \insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Section 19101 provides a victim with a statutory right to compensation for accidentally caused injuries.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 See Nationwide Mutual Ins. v. Roberts}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 134 S.E.2d 654,659 (N.C. 1964) (observing that the North Carolina compulsory motor vehicle liability insurance law provides a victim with a statutory right to compensation).}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 If the purpose of the law is to protect victims, it is difficult to see why the driver}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s perspective should matter.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 If from the victim}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s perspective his injuries were accidentally caused, then he is entitled to compensation for such injuries.}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 See e.g.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Martin v. Chicago Ins. Co., }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 361 S.E.2d 835,837 (Ga. Ct. App. 1987); }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Roberts}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 134 S.E.2d at 659.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Unless the rights of the injured party are purely derivative, as they are in the case of ordinary insurance, there is no justifiable basis for making a distinction between conduct of the operator which was wilful, wanton or reckless, and conduct which is in some degree negligent.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Wheeler}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 , 9 N.E.2d at 546.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 To hold otherwise defe ats the purpose of mandatory automobile insurance and characterizes it as ordinary insurance. \par }{\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [30]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab The insurance company asserts that it is contrary to public policy to indemnify an insured for his intentional acts.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 To the extent that this rule concerns insurance other than that regulated by the mandatory automobile liability insurance law, I agree.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 However, mandatory automobile insurance is not to be held to the same standard as ordinary insurance.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Indeed, the statutory prohibition against indemnification of an insured}{ \insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s intentional act is found in the Insurance Code whereas the mandatory automobile insurance law is part of the Vehicle Code.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The public policies of general insurance and of automobile insurance should be construed against this background.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 As the }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Wheeler}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 court observed: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\insrsid10695642 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 At the outset it should be observed that the principles laid down in the cases dealing with ordinary insurance policies are not controlling in the case at bar.}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 .}{\insrsid6305441 }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 .}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 . The policy here in question was issued to meet the requirements of our statute of compulsory motor vehicle insurance, and [i]t is to be construed in connection with that statute and the }{\insrsid10695642 public policy embodied therein.}{\insrsid7882397 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Wheeler,}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 9 N.E.2d at 546 (citations omitted).}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 In reference to the Massachusetts compulsory motor vehicle insurance law, the }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Wheeler}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 court stated: }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 The statute itself is declaratory of public policy applicable to compulsory insurance and supersedes any rule of public policy which obtains in ordinary insurance law.}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid6305441 }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Id.}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 at 547 (citations omitted).}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Thus, I would find that the public policy of Guam}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s mandatory automobile insurance law is set apart from that of ordinary insurance.}{\insrsid6305441 } {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 To effect this policy, the victim}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s perspective must control.}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [31]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab The majority gives too much import to the term }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 accident}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 w hich causes it to lose focus of the true public policy and purpose of mandatory insurance:}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 the protection of victims.}{\insrsid7882397 \par }{\insrsid10695642\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Where compulsory}{\insrsid6305441 }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 automobile insurance liability insurance statutes use the terms }{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 accident}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 or }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 accidental}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f38\fs24}}}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 we should, if possible, read those terms in a way that does not exclude intentional acts of, or even intentional wrongs done by, the insured. }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 An event is accidental if it is neither expected nor intended from the viewpoint of the person who is injured}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 . \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6305441 {\insrsid10695642\charrsid10695642 \par }{\i\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 Tringali, }{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 686 F.2d at 824-825 (citations omitted) (emphasis added). \par }{\b\insrsid10695642 \par }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 [32]}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \tab Because I find that the purpose of mandatory automobile insurance is to protect victims and that the victim}{\insrsid10683226\charrsid6305441 '}{ \insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 s perspective must control for the determination of whether injuries were caused accidentally, I respectfully }{\b\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 DISSENT}{\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 . \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695642 {\insrsid7882397\charrsid6305441 BENJAMIN J. F. CRUZ \par Chief Justice \par }}