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Leon Guerrero}{\fs20\insrsid10685705 , Opinion \tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid10685705 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2558205 10}}}{\fs20\insrsid10685705 of 19 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid10685705 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl-9\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2558205 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1440\shptop0\shpright10800\shpbottom9\shpfhdr1\shpbxpage\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz0\shplockanchor\shplid2049{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillBackColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn posrelh}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}} {\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 PEOPLE OF GUAM}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par Plaintiff-Appellee \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 vs.}{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 GERALD VINCENT LEON GUERRERO}{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 OPINION}{\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Supreme Court Case No. CRA99-026 \par Superior Court Case No. CF0036-93}{\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Filed: August 16, 2001}{\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid529052 }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 2001 Guam 19}{\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Submitted on January 17, 2001 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trrh-2631\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid529052 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5130\clshdrawnil \cellx5010\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4230\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid529052 {\ul\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Representing the Plaintiff-Appellee}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 : \par Angela Borzachillo, \par Assistant Attorney General \par Office of the Attorney General \par Prosecution Division \par Suite 2-200E, Judicial Ctr. Bldg. \par 120 West O}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Brien Drive \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }{\ul\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Representing the Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 : \par Matthew T. Gregory, Esq. \par Mair, Mair, Spade & Thompson \par Suite 807, GCIC Building Avenue \par 414 West Soledad \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par \par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trrh-2631\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid529052 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5130\clshdrawnil \cellx5010\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4230\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid529052 \par }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 BEFORE: PETER C. SIGUENZA, JR., Chief Justice (Acting)}{\cs15\super\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid10685705 \chftn }{\insrsid10685705 }{\fs20\insrsid10685705 The Chief Justice recused himself from deciding this matter. Justice Siguenza as the senior member of the panel was designated as the acting Chief Justice.}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 ; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; and JOHN A. MANGLONA, Designated Justice.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 CARBULLIDO, J.:}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [1]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab On October 18, 1993, after a trial by jury, the Appellant, Gerald Vincent Leon Guerrero (hereinafter }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 ) was convicted of the offenses of Kidnapping (As a First Degree Felony), Aggravated Assault (As a Third Degree Felony) and Possession of a Firearm Without a Firearm Identification Card (As a Felony).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The jury additionally found Leon Guerrero guilty of the Special Allegation of the Use of a Deadly Weapon in the Commission of a Felony for each of the first two charges.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Appellate counsel has filed an }{ \i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 brief stating that he does not believe that Leon Guerrero has any basis for appeal.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders v. California}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396 (1967). \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [2]\tab }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 brief submits that four arguable issues for appeal may exist: (1) whether Leon Guerrero was deprived of the effective assistance of trial counsel; (2) whether the trial court erred in overruling certain evidentiary objections; (3 ) whether there was sufficient evidence to sustain Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s conviction; and, (4) whether Leon Guerrero was competent to stand trial.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 We have independently reviewed the record and the issues raised by counsel in the }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 brief.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 We conclude that no meritorious issue for review has been raised.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Pursuant to the procedures set forth in }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , we dismiss this appeal as frivolous. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 I.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [3]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab On or about February 4, 1993, Leon Guerrero confronted Jesse Pablo Cordero (hereinafter }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Cordero}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 ) immediately after Cordero dropped Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s girlfriend, Angela Taitano (hereinafter }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Taitano}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 ) at her residence in Yigo.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Leon Guerrero exited his vehicle and entered Cordero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s vehicle and directed Cordero to drive to a nearby remote area.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 An individual identified as Jack Hanson, driving Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s vehicle, followed Leon Guerrero and Cordero to a jungle area on a dirt road off the main road.}{\cs15\super\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid10685705 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid10685705 The court notes that there is a discrepancy in the spelling of Jack Hanson}{\fs20\insrsid13387128 '}{\fs20\insrsid10685705 s name. In the transcripts, the name is sometimes spelled either }{\fs20\insrsid10685705 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid10685705 Hansen}{\fs20\insrsid10685705 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid10685705 or }{\fs20\insrsid10685705 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid10685705 Hanson}{\fs20\insrsid10685705 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid10685705 , whereas the name is spelled }{\fs20\insrsid10685705 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{ \fs20\insrsid10685705 Hanson}{\fs20\insrsid10685705 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid10685705 in the Appellant}{\fs20\insrsid13387128 '}{\fs20\insrsid10685705 s Opening Brief. }}}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 After Leon Guerrero questioned Cordero regarding his relationship with Taitano, he retrieved a rifle from his car.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Leon Guerrero struck Cordero three times with the rifle and ordered him into the trunk of Cordero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s car.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Fearing for his life, Cordero entered the trunk of his car. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [4]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab Around the time that the vehicles entered the area, an alert neighbor phoned the police.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Upon arriving, the police confronted Leon Guerrero, who had blood-stained hands, and began to question him.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Meanwhile, Cordero was able to escape from the trunk of his car and ran out of the jungle area to the main road.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Cordero immediately identified Leon Guerrero as the individual who had assaulted him.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The police discovered a rifle in Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s vehicle.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The rifle had a portion of the wood stock broken off due to Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s use of the rifle in beating Cordero.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The police also discovered that the back seat of Cordero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s vehicle had been pushed forward by Cordero in an effort to escape from the trunk.}{\insrsid10685705 \par }{\insrsid529052\charrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [5]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab The Territorial Grand Jury indicted Leon Guerrero on charges of Kidnapping (As a First Degree Felony), Aggravated Assault (As a Third Degree Felony), two counts of Possession of a Firearm Without a Valid Firearms Identification Card (As a Felony), and Special Allegation of the Use of a Deadly Weapon in the Commission of a Felony for each of the first two charges.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The case proceeded to trial and the jury found Leon Guerrero guilty of all the charges except one count of Possession of a Firearm Without a Firearm Identification Card.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The court sentenced Leon Guerrero to twenty-five years imprisonment at the Department of Corrections for his conviction of the Kidnapping charge and an additional five years, to be served consecutively, for the Special Allegation.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The court further sentenced Leon Guerrero to five years for the conviction of Aggravated Assault, to be served concurrently with the imprisonment imposed for the Kidnapping charge, but declined to impose a sentence for the attendant Special Allegation.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Finally, the court imposed a sentence of five (5) years for the conviction of the Possession charge to be served concurrently with the aforementioned sentences.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Thereafter, the court heard oral arguments concerning a motion to reduce sentence.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Subsequently, the court issued an order reducing Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s sentence. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [6]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab Leon Guerrero failed to file a timely Notice of Appeal; however, he subsequently brought a }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 habeas corpus}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 proceeding before the Superior Court in order to reinstate his right to appeal.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Both Leon Guerrero and the Prosecution Division of Attorney General}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s Office stipulated to the dismissal of the }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 habeas}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 petition on the condition that the original judgment be vacated and re-entered }{ \i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 nunc pro tunc }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 to December 1, 1993.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The Superior Court entered an order to that effect, and Leon Guerrero filed a timely Notice of Appeal.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The court ordered Matthew T. Gregory, Esq., to remain as counsel for Leon Guerrero.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Counsel filed a declaration in support of a motion to withdraw as counsel pursuant to }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 . \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [7]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab The court subsequently issued an Order outlining the procedural requirements for properly filing an }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 brief and Motion to Withdraw that usually follows.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Accordingly, appellate counsel filed an }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 brief outlining the possible issues for appeal.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The court then ordered appellate counsel to file a motion for leave for Leon Guerrero to file a brief, }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 in pro per}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , should Leon Guerrero choose to raise any issues he believed existed.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The motion was made and granted.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 However Leon Guerrero, having missed the deadline to file his brief, sought an extension which the court granted.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 When the extension expired, appellate counsel filed a second motion to extend time.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Finding that the sixty-three days it had given Leon Guerrero was sufficient time to file a brief }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 in pro per}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , this court denied the motion and began its independent review of the record as set forth by }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 . \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 II.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [8]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab This court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 7 GCA }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 3107 (1994).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 III. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [9]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders v. California}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 sets forth the procedures to be followed when court-appointed counsel seeks to withdraw from a seemingly frivolous appeal.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 In }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , the attorney performed a conscientious evaluation of the merits of the defendant}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s appeal finding that there were none.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The attorney submitted a }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 no-issue letter}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 to the court pursuing no further appeal.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The Supreme Court criticized the attorney}{ \insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s actions, finding that the attorney had acted more as }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 amicus curiae}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 rather than active advocate.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The Court held that }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [t]he constitutional requirement of substantial equality and fair process can only be attained where counsel acts in the role of an active advocate in behalf of his client. . . .}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Id. }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 386 U.S. at 744, 87 S.Ct. at 1400.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The Court held: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [I]f counsel finds his case to be wholly frivolous, after a conscientious examination of it, he should so a dvise the court and request permission to withdraw.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 That request must, however, be accompanied by a brief referring to anything in the record that might arguably support the appeal.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 A copy of counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s brief should be furnished to the indigent and time a llowed him to raise any points that he chooses; the court - not counsel - then proceeds, after full examination of all the proceedings, to decide whether the case is wholly frivolous. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Id.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 at 744-45; 87 S.Ct. at 1400. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [10]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab The Supreme Court revisited the }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 decision in }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Penson}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 v. Ohio}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 488 U.S. 75, 109 S.Ct. 346 (1988).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The Court in }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Penson}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 ruled that if after review of the record the court finds that there is an arguable issue anywhere in the appeal, it must appoint new counsel.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 These cases stipulate t hat the court must conduct a full and independent review of the record to determine if it supports any arguable ground for appeal.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 386 U.S. at 744, 87 S.Ct. at 1400; }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Penson}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 488 U.S. at 82-83, 109 S.Ct. at 351.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 In compliance with these procedures this court has reviewed the record and the following issues.}{\insrsid10685705 \par }{\insrsid529052\charrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 A.}{\b\insrsid529052 }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Ineffective Assistance of Counsel}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [11]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of law and fact that is reviewed }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 de novo}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 .}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Angoco v. Bitanga}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 2001 Guam 17, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 7 (citation omitted) (determining the validity of the defendant-appellant}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel); }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 see also United States v. Quintero-Barraza}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 78 F.3d 1344, 1347 (9th Cir 1995) (reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct review }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 de novo}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 ).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 We review such claims in accordance with the two-pronged test articulated in the United States Supreme Court case of }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Strickland v. Washington}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984).}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Strickland }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 test requires that in order to prove ineffective assistance of counsel a defendant must demonstrate: (1) that trial counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s performance was deficient; and (2) that the deficient performance prejudiced his defense.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Id.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 With respect to the first prong, the appellate court must }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 judge the reasonableness of counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s challenged conduct on the facts of the particular case,}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 viewed at the time of the conduct.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 People v. Kintaro}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 1999 Guam 15, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 12 (citations omitted).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Furthe r, a convicted defendant making a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must identify the acts or omissions of counsel that are alleged to be the result of unprofessional conduct.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Id.}{ \i\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Trial counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s choice of strategy does not amount to ineffective assistance of counsel.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Angoco}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 2001 Guam 17 at }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 9.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 In reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the decisions of trial counsel are accorded much deference.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Id}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 . Finally, unless a showing of deficient performance is made then there is no need to address the prejudice prong of the inquiry.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 People v. Perez}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 1999 Guam 2, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 35. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [12]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab Although an ineffective assistance of counsel claim may be heard on direct appeal, this court has previously held that it is more properly brought as a writ of }{ \i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 habeas corpus}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 .}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 People v. Root}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 1999 Guam 25, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 14 (citing }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 People v. Ueki}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 1999 Guam 4, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 5).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 This is so because such claims require an }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 evidentiary inquiry beyond the official record.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Id.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The court has, however, reviewed such claims if the record is sufficiently complete to make a proper finding.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Id.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Here the record is sufficiently complete to determine if there was ineffective assistance of counsel concerning the issues raised. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [13]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab In this case, Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s appellate counsel ra ises three potential issues of ineffective assistance of trial counsel: (1) failure to suppress Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s confession; (2) failure to move for a directed verdict; and, (3) failure to call certain witnesses.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Each is discussed below. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 1.}{\b\insrsid529052 }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Failure to Suppress Leon Guerrero}{\b\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{ \b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s Confession \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [14]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab The first potential issue articulated by appellate counsel is the ineffective assistance of trial counsel in failing to make a motion to suppress statements Leon Guerrero made to the police.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 In the context of a potential pretrial motion counsel has a duty to research the law, investigate the facts and make the motion in circumstances where a diligent and conscientious advocate would do so.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 People v. Gonzalez}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 64 Cal. App. 4th, 432, 437, 75 Cal. Rptr. 2d 272, 275 (Ct. App. 1998) (citations omitted).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 However, to prove prejudice a defendant must do more than show that a motion was meritorious; he must also show that the motion would have been successful.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Id. }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 at 438, 75 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 275-76 (internal citation omitted). \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [15]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that no person }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid529052 }{ \i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 People v. Hualde}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 1999 Guam 3, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 20 (citing U.S. C}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 ONST}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 . amend. V).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 This privilege attaches when the government subjects an individual to custodial interrogation.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Id}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 . (citing }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Miranda v. Arizona}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 384 U.S. 436, 460-461, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1620-1621 (1966)).0 \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [16]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab The record indicates that a motion to suppress on the basis of coercive police activity violating the Fifth Amendment might have been made by trial counsel.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 At the time of counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s decision not to make a motion to suppress, counsel knew that Leon Guerrero was advised of his rights under }{ \i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Miranda}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 at the scene of the crime by Officer Paulino.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. IV, p. 23 (Trial, Oct. 13, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 According to Paulino, Leon Guerrero wanted to tell him what had transpired.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. IV, p. 24 (Trial, Oct. 13, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Leon Guerrero stated that he was trying to stop a fight between Cordero and Hansen.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. IV, pp. 29-30 (Trial, Oct. 13, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Paulino testified that he again advised Leon Guerrero via the Custodial Interrogation Form, and that there was no confusion regarding the rights read to him.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. IV, p. 34 (Trial, Oct. 13, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Leon Guerrero, however, testified that he had been confronted by the police, was at the scene of the crime for two to three hours and was yelled at and interrogated by the officers.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. V, p. 68-69 (Trial, Oct. 13, 1993). \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [17]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab However, Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s statements at the scene of the crime provided the single theory absolving him of guilt; namely, that Hanson was the perpetrator of the crime.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Accordingly, trial counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s decision not to challenge the admissibility of these statements appears reasonable.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Cf.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Angoco} {\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 2001 Guam 17 at }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 9 (holding that counsel}{ \insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s choice of strategy does not amount to ineffective assistance).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Trial counsel may have anticipated that the statements made to the police would corroborate Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s testimony at trial and buttress his claim that another individual was responsible for attacking Cordero.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Given the deferential nature of this court}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s review in an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, trial counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s decision not to make a suppression motion was reasonable. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [18]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab Furthermore, even if this decision had been unreasonable, it would not have caused prejudice.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 To demonstrate prejudice, the defendant has the burden of proving that, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 there is a reasonable probability that but for counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different.}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid529052 }{ \i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Laboa v. Calderon}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 224 F.3d 972, 981 (9th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 A reading of the record indicates that the key evidence against Leon Guerrero was not the statements he made to the police, but rather, the testimony of the victim.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Thus, the victim}{ \insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s testimony would have been sufficient to support the conviction even absent the statements Leon Guerrero made to the police.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Cf. In Re N.A.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 2001 Guam 7, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 5 9 (holding that the error in admitting evidence was harmless in light of the other evidence which supported the judgment).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Moreover, any error in admitting the testimony was harmless because even assuming that the trial court could have held that the statements were obtained in violation of }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Miranda}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , the statements would have been admissible to impeach Leon Guerrero when he testified.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 See Harris v. New York}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 401 U.S. 222, 225-26; 91 S.Ct. 643, 645-46 (1971).}{ \insrsid10685705 \par }{\insrsid529052\charrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 2.}{\b\insrsid529052 }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Failure to Move for Judgment of Acquittal}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [19]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab Another possible issue is ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to make a motion for judgment of acquittal.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Although appellate counsel noted that it is a common practice to make such a motion, he also asserted that it was harmless in this case given the magnitude of evidence against Leon Guerrero.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 We agree. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [20]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab In reviewing whether an acquittal was warranted as a matter of law, we must review the evidence presented against the defendant in a light most favorable to the govern ment to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 People v. Camacho}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 1999 Guam 27, }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 40; }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 People v. Cruz}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 1998 Guam 18, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 19.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 In this case trial counsel made a motion for directed verdict at the close of the government}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s case arguing that the evidence for the Possession charges was insufficient.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. VI, p. 10 (Trial, Oct. 15, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The trial court denied the motion.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. VI, p. 13 (Trial, Oct. 15, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Trial counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s failure to renew the motion does not implicate trial strategy.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Therefore, we must decide whether the failure to make a motion for acquittal prejudiced the defendant.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 If the case was properly submitted for consideration by the jury, as opposed to one which would have been decided in the defendant}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s favor by the trial judge prior to the submission to the jury, then the error does not amount to ineffective assistance of counsel.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Cf. Quintero-Barraza}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 78 F.3d at 1350-51. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [21]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab With respect to Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s possession of a valid firearm identification card, the government called Officer Linda James.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 She testified that Leon Guerrero did not have a valid card at the time of the charges.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. V, pp. 13-14 (Trial, Oct. 13, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Although the earlier motion indicates that evidence was lacking on th e possession charges, the jury acquitted Leon Guerrero of one of these charges, the offense allegedly committed between December 26, 1992 and December 31, 1992.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 With respect to the Kidnapping, Aggravated Assault, and Special Allegations, there was more than enough evidence before the jury to support the convictions.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 In addition to the testimony of the victim Cordero, there are accounts from the officers who arrived at the scene.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Cordero was observed staggering out of the jungle area bleeding from his injuries.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. IV, p. 86-87 (Trial, Oct. 13, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Furthermore, one of the officers testified that he slipped in and out of consciousness while at the scene.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. III, p. 204 (Trial, Oct. 12, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The doctor who treated Cordero testified that his injuries were the result of blunt trauma and consistent with being inflicted by a riffle.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. V, p. 7 (Trial, Oct. 14, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Given the extent of the evidence against Leon Guerrero, a motion for acquittal would not have been successful.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Therefore, there was no prejudicial error in trial counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s failure to move for judgment of acquittal. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 3.}{\b\insrsid529052 }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Failure to Call Witnesses Jack Hansen and Mark Angoco \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [22]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab Appellate counsel indicated that there might have been ineffective assistance for failure to call two witnesses, Jack Hanson and Mark Angoco.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 A major component of Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s defense was that an individual named Jack Hanson had assaulted and confined Cordero.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Leon Guerrero identified Hanson to the officers who arrested him.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The officers testified that they searched the area around the scene for a third party.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. IV, p. 28 (Trial, Oct. 13, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Cordero testified that another individual, presumably Hanson, had followed them to the scene in Leon Guerrero}{ \insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s vehicle, but that this was the extent of his interaction with them.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. III, p. 56,59,62,66-67 (Trial, Oct. 12, 1993).}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Given the nature of Hanson}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s involvement in the altercation as testified by Cordero and his possible adversarial position with Leon Guerrero, trial counsel reasonably decided that Leon Guerrero was better off without Hanson at trial.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 See Angoco}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 2001 Guam 17 at }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 9 (holding that trial counsel is presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and counsel}{ \insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s strategy decisions does not amount to ineffective assistance). \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [23]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab With respect to the failure to call Mark Angoco, appellate counsel concedes that he was a material witness, but the nature and extent of his relation ship to this case were not disclosed.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Further, trial counsel indicated that a subpoena had been issued for Angoco; however, he had not appeared and it was counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s belief that he would not be a cooperative witness.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. V, p. 37 (Trial, Oct. 14, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Thus, it was a reasonable strategy for trial counsel not to call Angoco.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 See}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Angoco}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 2001 Guam 17 at }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 9. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 B.}{\b\insrsid529052 }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Overruled Evidentiary Objections}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [24]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab A trial court}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s evidentiary rulings are reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 People v. Fisher}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 2001 Guam 2, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 7.} {\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 An abuse of discretion is found if an appellate court has a definite and firm conviction that the ruling was in clear error.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 People v. Quinata}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 1999 Guam 6, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 17.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Appellate counsel raises the following overruled evidentiary objections as possible grounds for appeal, but maintained that an appeal on these grounds would be frivolous.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 We agree. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 1.}{\b\insrsid529052 }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Testimony of the Joint Bank Account}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [25]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab The prosecutor elicited testimony regarding the existence of a joint savings account between Leon Guerrero and Angela Taitano despite objections made by trial counsel.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 However, counsel alleges that this evidence was admissible because it was indicative of the motive behind Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s actions. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [26]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab Relevant evidence is admissible except as otherwise excluded by the Rules of Evidence, an act of the Guam Legislature or the Constitution of the United States.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Title 6 GCA }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 402 (1995).}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Relevant evidence is }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Title 6 GCA }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 401 (1995).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 A trial court}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s ruling on the relevance of evidence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. }{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 United States v. Easter}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 66 F.3d 1018, 1020 (9th Cir. 1995).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The evidence of a joint bank account was offered to show the bias and motive of Leon Guerrero who was testifying.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Since the premise of Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s attack on Cordero was jealousy of his relationship with Taitano, this evidence was probative of Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s motivation for the crime and, therefore, relevant. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 2.}{\b\insrsid529052 }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Admission of the Photograph \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [27]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab The court denied a defense motion to exclude an enlarged photo of the victim}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s head showing his injuries.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s objection was based on Rule 403 of the Guam Rules of Evidence which provides: }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Although relevant , evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative ev idence.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Title 6 GCA }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 403 (1995).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Trial counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s objection was that there was sufficient evidence of the injury, and that the photo was therefore cumulative.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. V, p. 38 (Trial, Oct. 14, 1993). \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [28]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab A trial court}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s ruling on the admission of photographs under Rule 403 and its decision balancing the probative value of evidence against the prejudicial effect are reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Fisher}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 2001 Guam 2 at }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 15.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The trial court is given wide latitude in determining the admissibility of evidence under Rule 403.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 See id.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 (holding that a trial court} {\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s Rule 403 determination is reviewed with }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 considerable deference}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 ) (citation omitted).}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The prosecution argued that the probative value of the photograph at issue was to demonstrate the nature and extent of the victim}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s injuries.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. V, p. 39 (Trial, Oct. 14, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The scene depicted in the photograph was the stitches on the victim}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s head.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. V, p. 38 (Trial, Oct. 14, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 A review of the record indicates that this evide nce was corroborative of the victim}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s testimony that was challenged by Leon Guerrero.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 It was therefore highly probative.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Moreover, there is no indication that the photograph depicted details of the injuries that were so gory as to inflame the jury.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Ther efore, an appeal on the admission of the photo as evidence would lack merit. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 3.}{\b\insrsid529052 }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Admission of the Firearms Identification Card \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [29]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab Trial counsel also objected to the admission of Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s expired firearms identification card and a firearm registration document for the rifle used in the attack.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Trial counsel argued that those items should be excluded, because they were not given to him until the morning of trial.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. V, p. 39 (Trial, Oct. 14, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Brady Rule}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 holds that }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 due process calls for the disclosure of evidence favorable to the government that is material to guilt or punishment.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Fisher}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 2001 Guam 2 at }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 12 (citing }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Brady v. Maryland}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 1196-97 (1963)).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 We review an alleged }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Brady}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 violation }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 de novo}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 .}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Id.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Under }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Brady}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , the evidence withheld must be material.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 People v. Reyes}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 1999 Guam 11, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 17.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Evidence is material only if there is a reasonable probability that had it been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Id.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [30]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab In this case the documents objected to should have been provided to Leon Guerrero.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 See}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Title 8 GCA }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 70.10(a)(4) (1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 However, prior disclosure would not have affected the outcome of the case.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Even if the documents had been excluded, there was still sufficient evidence to convict for the possession charges.}{ \insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Testimony had been elicited that Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s firearms identification card was no longer valid.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. V, p. 13-14 (Trial, Oct. 14, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 In addition, testimony had also been introduced that the firearm was registered to another individual.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. V, p. 15 (Trial, Oct. 14, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Therefore, an appeal of the admission of the firearms identification card would be frivolous.}{\insrsid10685705 \par }{\insrsid529052\charrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 4.}{\b\insrsid529052 }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Inquiry into Past Ownership of Firearms \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [31]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab The prosecutor in this case was allowed to question Leon Guerrero during cross-examination about his past ownership of several firearms.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Trial counsel objected on the grounds that the ownership of those firearms had occurred two years ago and was irrelevant.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Since this questioning regarded the weapons possession charges of which Leon Guerrero was acquitted, there is no issue for appeal here.}{\insrsid10685705 \par }{\insrsid529052\charrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 C.}{\b\insrsid529052 }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Insufficiency of the Evidence}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [32]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab On a review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction the critical inquiry is to determine whether the evidence on record could reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 People v. Reyes}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 1998 Guam 32, }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 7 (citation omitted).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 When a criminal defendant asserts that there is insufficient evidence to sustain the conviction, this cou rt reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to ascertain whether any rational trier of fact could found the essential element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Id.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 This is the same test used to determine if there was ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to move for a judgment of acquittal discussed }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 supra}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 .}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 As provided in that section, an appeal in this case on the sufficiency of the evidence would lack merit in light of the substantial evidence presented against Leon Guerrero.}{\insrsid10685705 \par }{\insrsid529052\charrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 D.}{\b\insrsid529052 }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Competency to Stand Trial}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [33]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab The final issues discussed in the }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 brief for this case are Leon Guerrero}{ \insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s competency to stand trial, and a possible ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to raise this defense.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Generally the }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [t]est for competency to stand trial is whether the defendant has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understan ding and whether he has a rational as well as a factual understanding of the proceedings against him.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid529052 }{ \i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Boag v. Raines}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 769 F.2d 1341, 1343 (9th Cir. 1985) (internal citations omitted).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Also, claims of ineffecti ve assistance of counsel are rejected where there is reliance upon the conclusions of mental health experts that there was no evidence that could serve as a basis of a mental defense.}{\insrsid529052 }{\i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Hendricks v. Calderon}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , 70 F.3d 1032, 1039 (9th Cir. 1995). \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [34]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab The first mention in the record of any potential issue with Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s competency to stand trial was at the bail hearing when it was disclosed that the court had earlier signed a stipulated order for a psychiatric examination of Leon Guerrero.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol I, pp. 36-37 (Bail Hearing, Mar. 29, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The court ordered that reports were to be submitted by a neurologist, Dr. K.M. Chen, and a psychologist, Dr. James Kiffer.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol I, p. 43 (Further Proceedings, Jul. 6, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 At the continued pre-trial conference it was also disclosed to the court that Dr. Kirk Bellis had prepared a report filed in June of 1993. Transcript, vol I, pp. 55-56 (Pre-Trial Conference, Sept. 24, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 At this hearing, trial counsel informed the court that he had spoken with Dr. Kiffer who had expressed some concern on the issue.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. I, p. 55 (Pre-Trial Conference, Sept. 24, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Because of this, the court ordered the transfer of Leon Guerrero to the Department of Mental Healt h and Substance Abuse for observation and an update.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol I, pp. 60-61 (Pre-Trial Conference, Sept. 24, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 After observation at Mental Health, there was no further mention of the issue. \par }{\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [35]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab Leon Guerrero was examined by three doctors and finally observed at Mental Health, before it was determined that he was competent to stand trial.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The record indicates that Leon Guerrero was thoroughly evaluated and no basis for a defense was presented.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Because trial counsel relied upon the opinions o f mental health experts, there is no valid issue of ineffective assistance regarding competency to stand trial.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Furthermore, Leon Guerrero}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s own actions indicate that he had a rational understanding of the proceeding against him.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Leon Guerrero testified on his own behalf at trial.}{\insrsid529052 }{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Transcript, vol. V, p. 42 (Trial, Oct. 14, 1993).}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Also, Leon Guerrero coined the primary theory of his own defense, that it was Jack Hanson who assaulted Cordero instead of himself.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Based on our examination of the record, we are satisfied that Leon Guerrero was competent to stand trial and that an appeal on this issue would lack merit. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 IV.}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\b\insrsid529052 \par }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 [36]}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 \tab After reviewing the record and appellate counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s brief in compliance with the procedures established by }{ \i\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Anders}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 , this court agrees that an appeal on this case would be frivolous.}{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 The case is }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 DISMISSED}{ \insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 and counsel}{\insrsid13387128\charrsid529052 '}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 s Motion to Withdraw is hereby }{\b\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 GRANTED}{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 .}{\insrsid529052 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 JOHN A. MANGLONA\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO \par Designated Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid529052 }{\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 Associate Justice}{\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid529052 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid529052 {\insrsid10685705\charrsid529052 PETER C. SIGUENZA, JR. \par Chief Justice (Acting) \par }}