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People v. Chargualaf}{\fs20\insrsid8611688 , Opinion\tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid8611688 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4409968 15}}}{\fs20\insrsid8611688  of 26
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid4409968 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 PEOPLE OF GUAM}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par Plaintiff-Appellee
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 RANDY IGNACIO CHARGUALAF}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid4409968 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Supreme Court Case No. CRA00-002
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on October 26, 2000
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
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\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid4409968 {\ul\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Appearing for the Plaintiff-Appellee:}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par Angela M. Borzachillo
\par Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par Prosecution Div.
\par Suite 2-200E, Guam Judicial Ctr.
\par 120 W. O}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Brien Dr.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid4409968 {\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\ul\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 :
\par Terry E. Timblin, Esq.
\par Attorney at Law
\par Ste. 501C, GCIC Bldg.
\par 414 W. Soledad Ave.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910
\par 
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\par }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 BEFORE: BENJAMIN J.F. CRUZ, Chief Justice, PETER C. SIGUENZA, JR., Associate Justice, and JOHN A. MANGLONA, Designated Justice.}{\insrsid4409968 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 SIGUENZA, J.:
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [1]\tab }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Randy Ignacio Chargualaf (hereinafter }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Chargualaf}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
) was convicted of Second Degree Robbery (as a Second Degree Felony) with a Special Allegation of Possession and Use of a Deadly Weapon in the Commission of a Felony, Conspiracy to Commit Robbery (as a Second Degree Felony), and Theft (as a Misdemeanor) a
fter a jury trial in the Superior Court of Guam.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Chargualaf appeals his convictions on the following grounds: (1) that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to suppress evidence on the ground that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated; (2) th
at the trial court erred when it refused to exclude the identification testimony of the victim; and (3) that the convictions should be overturned because the jury returned an inconsistent verdict.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we reject each of these arguments and hereby affirm his convictions.
\par 
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\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [2]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab At approximately 11:00 p.m. on July 20, 1997, Nobuyo Certeza (hereinafter }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Certeza}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
) was robbed at gunpoint in her home by three individuals, two males and one female.}{\cs15\super\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid8611688 \chftn }{\insrsid8611688  }{\fs20\insrsid8611688 One male was cross-dressed and thus appeared to Certeza to be a female.}}}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The perpetrators took an envelope containing cash and Certeza}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s purse which contained her wallet and credit card. 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [3]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab At 9:45 a.m. on July 21, 1997, police officer Christopher Dawson (hereinafter }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Dawson}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
) of the Guam Police Department, while on routine patrol along Route 1, stopped a car driven by Chargualaf after he noticed that the vehicle had a cracked front windshield and a missing license plate.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Candelaria Quidachay Mendiola (hereinafter }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 C. Mendiola}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ) was the passenger.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Dawson testified that Chargualaf looked particularly nervous upon being stopped.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 He then asked Chargualaf whether there were narcotics or weapons present in the car and Chargualaf said no.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Dawson asked if he could search the vehicle and Chargualaf consented.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Dawson then directed both Chargualaf and C. Mendiola to step out of the vehicle.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 At that point, Chargualaf pulled up the door panel and made furtive movements with his hands, out of Dawson}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s view.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Chargualaf explained that he was trying to jimmy the lock to open the vehicle door.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Dawson then opened the door from the outside at which point Chargualaf pulled the door shut.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Dawson then drew his weapon, opened the door, and ordered Chargualaf to step in front of the car.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Chargualaf complied.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Unbeknownst to Dawson, Chargualaf had taken a pistol from the car.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
While Dawson was searching the car, Chargualaf placed the firearm on the ground at the front of the car where he was directed to stand.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Dawson inspected the door panel and did not find anything.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 A back-up police officer, Santo Tomas, arrived and asked Chargualaf whether he had previously given permission to Dawson to search the car for firearms or drugs.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Chargualaf answered in the affirmative.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [4]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Dawson also requested that C. Mendiola exit the car along with Chargualaf.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Upon exiting the car, C. Mendiola carried a black pouch with her.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Dawson searched the pouch after getting C. Mendiola}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s consent, and found a credit card with Japanese Kanji characters, drugs and drug paraphernalia.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Santo Tomas then recognized both C. Mendiola and Chargualaf as matching the description of the suspects of the Certeza robbery the previous night.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 At around 10:00 a.m., Santo Tomas noticed the pi
stol on the ground at the front of the vehicle, he then drew his weapon and ordered Chargualaf to raise his hands.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Dawson then searched Chargualaf}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s person and cuffed him. 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [5]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab As a result of the above circumstances, Chargualaf was implicated in the Certeza robbery the previous night and was arrested.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 His room at the Golden Motel was searched which yielded additional evidence linking him with the crime.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 C. Mendiola was also arrested.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [6]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Following his arrest, the police officers took Chargualaf to the Tamuning police koban and, while there, Ms. Certeza arrived to identify the credit card found in C. Mendiola}{
\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s black pouch.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 A police officer asked Ms. Certeza, }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Is this the guy?}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 She replied that she did not remember.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 At that point Mr. Certeza, Ms. Certeza}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s husband, requested that his wife close her eyes and try to remember.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Ms. Certeza then identified Chargualaf as being the perpetrator stating, }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Yes, that}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s him.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [7]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab At the koban, Chargualaf revealed that Don Allen Borja Mendiola (hereinafter }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 D. Mendiola}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
) was a participant in the robbery.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The police arrested D. Mendiola at his home later that day.
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [8]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Chargualaf was indicted on July 31, 1997, and charged with one count of Second Degree Robbery (as a Second Degree Felony), 
a Special Allegation of Possession and Use of a Deadly Weapon in the Commission of a Felony, one count of Conspiracy to Commit Robbery (as a Second Degree Felony), one count of Theft (as a Misdemeanor), one count of Possession of a Firearm Without an Iden
tification Card, and one count of Possession of a Concealed Firearm.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Also charged in the Indictment were Co-Defendants, C. Mendiola and D. Mendiola.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 

\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [9]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Chargualaf filed a motion to dismiss and suppress the evidence obtained as a result of the traffic stop detention and arrest on Fourth Amendment grounds.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Chargualaf also filed a motion to exclude the in-court identification testimony by Ms. Certeza.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The lower court denied both motions.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Prior to trial, the two co-Defendants entered into Plea Agreements whereby each pleaded guilty to one count of Robbery in exchange for testimony against Chargualaf.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 

\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [10]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab A jury trial was held on November 1-9, 1999.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The ju
ry found Chargualaf guilty on the Second Degree Robbery, the Special Allegation, Conspiracy and Theft counts, and acquitted on the Possession of a Firearm Without an Identification Card and Possession of a Concealed Firearm counts.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The court sentenced Chargualaf on February 1, 2000, and filed its written judgment on March 9, 2000, which was entered on the docket on March 15, 2000.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Chargualaf filed a Notice of Appeal on March 15, 2000.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 II.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [11]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to Title 8 GCA }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  130.15(a) (1993) and Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  3107 and 3108 (1994).
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 III.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 A.}{\b\insrsid4409968  }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [12]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Chargualaf appeals the trial court}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s denial of his motion to suppress evidence.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 He claims his Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures was violated when Officer Dawson detained him and searched his vehicle, and that suc
h violation warrants the exclusion of all evidence which resulted from the search and seizure.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 We review}{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 a trial court}{
\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s decision on a defendant}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s motion to suppress evidence }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 de novo}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 .}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 People v. Hualde}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 1999 Guam 3, }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  19.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Where a motion to suppress is grounded on a Fourth Amendment violation, the issue of the lawfulness of a search or seizure is reviewed }
{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 de novo}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 .}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See People v. Manibusan}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 1990 WL 320756, **3 (D. Guam App. Div. Feb. 16, 1990) (}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The court reviews findings of probable cause, exigent circumstances, and the overall lawfulness of a search }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 de novo}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 .}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ) (citations omitted); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 United States v. Botero-Ospina}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 71 F.3d 783, 785 (10th Cir. 1995).}{
\insrsid8611688 
\par }{\insrsid4409968\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [13]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab We hold, as a matter of law, that Chargualaf}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s Fourth Amendment rights were not violated and the trial court
}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s denial of his motion to suppress was therefore proper.
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [14]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures and is made applicable to Guam via section 1421b(c) of the Organic Act of Guam.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See People v. Johnson}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 1997 Guam 9, }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  4.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The touchstone of our analysis under the Fourth Amendment is always }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
the reasonableness in all the circumstances of the particular government invasion of a citizen}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s personal security}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 .}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Pennsylvania v. Mimms}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 434 U.S. 106, 108-09, 98 S.Ct. 330, 332 (1977) (quoting }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Terry v. Ohio}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 392 U.S. 1, 19, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1878, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968)).}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Every search or seizure must be reasonable under the circumstances to pass muster under the Fourth Amendment.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Whren v. United States}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 517 U.S. 806, 810, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 1772 (1996)}{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 .}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 A search or seizure made without a warrant is presumed to be unreasonable.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Pennsylvania v. Strickler}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 757 A.2d 884, 888 (Pa. 2000) (citing }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Schneckloth v. Bustamonte}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 412 U.S. 218, 219, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2043, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973)).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 In the absence of a warrant, the police may lawfully conduct a search or seizure only if an exception to the warrant requirement applies.
}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See id}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 .;}{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  see generally}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 United States v. Woodrum}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 202 F.3d 1, *6 (1st Cir. 2000) (recognizing that reasonable suspicion of criminal activity a
nd voluntary consent are two situations which justify the seizure of the person in an automobile absent a warrant) (citations omitted).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Voluntary consent is a recognized exception to the warrant requirement.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See People v. Santos,}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  1999 Guam 1, }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  33 (citations omitted).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [15]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab In the instant case, Chargualaf gave consent to search his vehicle.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Thus, the issue is whether Chargualaf}{
\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s consent was valid.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 If consent is given during either a la
wful encounter or a lawful detention, as opposed to an illegal seizure, the validity of the consent turns on whether it was voluntarily given.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Santos, }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
1999 Guam at }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
 33-34; }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Strickler}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 757 A.2d at 888-889.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Where the consent is given during an unlawful detention, all evidence that is the fruit of the search must be suppressed }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 absent a demonstration by the government both 
of a sufficient break in the causal chain between the illegality and the seizure of evidence, thus ensuring that the search is not an exploitation of the prior illegality, and of voluntariness.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Strickler}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 757 A.2d at 889 (citing }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Florida v. Royer}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 460 U.S. 491, 501, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 1323, 1326 (plurality opinion)).}{\insrsid8611688 
\par }{\insrsid4409968\charrsid4409968 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 i.}{\b\insrsid4409968  }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Illegal detention at time of consent
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [16]\tab }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Our first inquiry is whether Chargualaf was illegally detained at the time he gave his consent.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Chargu
alaf argues that while the initial detention for purposes of the traffic violation was valid, he was subsequently illegally detained when the police questioned him about the presence of drugs or weapons in the vehicle.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 He further argues that this illegal detention tainted his consent.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 We agree that the initial detention was valid; however, we disagree that Chargualaf was detained a}{
\insrsid4409968 t the time he gave his consent.}{\insrsid8611688 
\par }{\insrsid4409968\charrsid4409968 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 a.}{\b\insrsid4409968  }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Initial detention}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [17]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab It is clear that the act of pulling Chargualaf over for the traffic violation was a seizure.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Whren}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 517 U.S. at 809-10, 116 S.Ct. at 1772 (citations omitted); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 see also Woodrum}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 202 F.3d at *5 (citations omitted); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
United States v. McSwain}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 29 F.3d 558, 561 (10th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 It is equ
ally clear that this initial detention was reasonable and within the bounds of permissible action under the Fourth Amendment.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 As a general matter, the decision to stop an automobile [without a warrant] is reasonable where the police have probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has occurred.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Whren}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 517 U.S. at 810, 116 S.Ct. at 1772 (citations omitted).}{\insrsid4409968  }
{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Further, it is reasonable to stop a car where the police merely have reasonable suspicion to believe the driver has committed a traffic violation.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
See United States v. Lopez-Soto}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 205 F.3d 1101, 1104-05 (9th Cir. 2000) (}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 We [ ] reaffirm that the Fourth Amendment requires only reasonable suspicion in the context of investigative traffic stops.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 cf. Mimms}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 434 U.S. at 109, 98 S.Ct. at 332 (stating that it is entirely proper to stop and detain a driver who violated a provision in}{\insrsid4409968  the state motor vehicle code).}{\insrsid8611688 
\par }{\insrsid4409968\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [18]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Here, the police stopped Chargualaf for a cracked front windshield and a missing front license plate.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The parties do not dispute that the pull over constituted a valid detention.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 b.}{\b\insrsid4409968  }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Continuing detention
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [19]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab The next inquiry is whether the initial detention for the traffic violation ended and, if so, whether Chargualaf was subjected to a subsequent detention.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Officer Dawson}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s inquiry into whether Chargualaf possessed drugs or weapons, while constitutionally permissible, strongly indicates that the original investigation of the traffic violation ended.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
See United States v. Shabazz}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 993 F.2d 431, 436 (5th Cir. 1993) (recogniz
ing that the mere questioning of a detainee is neither a search nor a seizure but may indicate that the justification behind the initial detention has evaporated).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
At that point, Dawson was inquiring into illegal activities unrelated to the traffic violations.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [20]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Investigative questioning regarding criminal activity does not, in itself, implicate the Fourth Amendment.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
See Florida v. Royer}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 460 U.S. 491, 497, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 1324 (1983) (plurality opinion).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures}{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 .}{\i\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Accordingly, the Fourth Amendment is only at issue where the police detain or seize an individual while posing investigative questions.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See id.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Because, in this case, the police had ended its investigation in
to the traffic stop and initiated a new, albeit limited, investigation, we must determine whether Chargualaf was detained or was subjected to a second seizure when being questioned regarding the presence of drugs or weapons and while Chargualaf gave conse
nt immediately following the investigation into drugs or weapons. 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [21]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab A seizure occurs where a reasonable person would not believe he is free to leave.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Manibusan}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 1990 WL 320756 at **4 (citing }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Michigan v. Chesternut}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 486 U.S. 567, 108 S.Ct. 1975, 1979, 100 L.Ed.2d 565 (1988)); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
see also People v. Cruz}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 1997 WL 208994, **3 (D. Guam App. Div. April 21, 1997).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 A person is deemed to be seized for the purposes of the Fourth Amendment if a police officer has, by means of physical force or show of authority, restrained the person}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s freedom to walk away.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cruz,}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  1991 WL 208994 at **3}{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 (citation omitted); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 see also}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Woodrum}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 202 F.3d at *9.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 In determining whether a person was seized, a court views the totality of the circumstances.}{\insrsid4409968 
 }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See People v. Brownlee}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 713 N.E.2d 556, 564 (Ill. 1999).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
If the person would feel free to leave, then the continued presence of the person is not a seizure; rather, it is a consensual encounter with the police that does not implicate the Fourth Amendment.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
See United States v. Soto,}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  988 F.2d 1548, 1557 (10th Cir. 1993) (citing }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Florida v. Bostick}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 501 U.S. 429, ---, 111 S.Ct. 2382, 2386, 115 L.Ed.2d 389 (1991)); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Strickler}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 757 A.2d at 901, fn. 27.
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [22]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab In }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Strickler}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 757 A.2d 884, the court found that the defendant was not seized.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The court recognized that in the context of a post-detention interaction, (i.e., after the initial lawful detention ends), }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 the failure by law enforcement to inform a citizen that he or she is free to terminate the encounter is a significant factor suggesting a continued seizure under the Fourth Amendment.}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Id. }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 at 899 (in
ternal quotations and citations omitted).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Strickler}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
 court found that while the police did not tell the driver he was free to terminate the encounter, the defendant-driver was not subjected to a seizure because the police officer}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s actions and the tone of the encounter suggested that the driver was free to go.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Id. }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 at 900.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Relevant factors included: the fact of returning the driver}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s documentation, the fact that the initial investigative detention was less intrusive than a normal traffic stop because t
he police did not have to order the driver out of the car as the driver was already outside the vehicle; there was no show of weapons or use of language or tone unwarranted under the circumstances; and the police told the driver he had a right to refuse t
o consent to the search.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Id.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [23]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Circumstances illustrating a seizure are found in }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cruz}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 1997 WL 208994 at **5, where the defendant was stopped at a roadblock.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The court found that assuming this initial seizure at the roadblock was constitutional, }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 any continuing seizure [beyond the reason for the roadblock] must be independently justified.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Id. }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 (citing }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Terry}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 392 U.S. at 16).}{\i\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The court determined that the defendant was seized when further questioned because }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 her driver}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s license was never returned to her; she was unable to drive forward because the street was blocked by several cars, including a police car with its top lights flashing; . . . and she was surrounded by six law enforcement officers who were under instructi
ons not to allow her to leave.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Id.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [24]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab In the present case, while Dawson held Chargualaf}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s driving documentation while questioning regarding the presence of drugs or weapons and while asking for consent to search, this fact, standing alone, does not amount to a seizure of Chargualaf.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The overall circumstances of the encounter show that Chargualaf was not seized or detained at the time he gave his consent.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Like }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Strickler}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , there is no showing in t
he record that Dawson was overly aggressive during the initial detention. Dawson did not pull out his firearm during the initial detention for the traffic violation or use language incommensurate with the circumstances.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Chargualaf was also inside the vehicle at the time he consented.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Unlike the defendant in }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cruz}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ,}{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Chargualaf was not blocked into his parking spot by police cars, nor was he surrounded by police officers instructed to keep him at the scene.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The absence of coercive behavior by the police objectively show that Chargualaf was free to end the encounter and proceed on his way.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Absent other coercive behavior on the part of the police, we cannot say that a person does not feel free to leave by virtue of the fact that the officer held his license and registration.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
There is nothing exceptional about a person requesting the return of their documentation and leaving upon an officer}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s initiation of questions regarding matters outside the scope of the traffic violation.}{\cs15\super\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid8611688 \chftn }{\insrsid8611688  }{\fs20\insrsid8611688 We note that a police officer}{\fs20\insrsid7475501 '}{\fs20\insrsid8611688 s 
refusal to return the documents upon request is the type of coercive behavior that would likely lead to a finding that a seizure has been affected.}}}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The encounter between Chargualaf and Dawson was a mere consensual encounter and not a detention, thus, the Fourth Amendment is not implicated.}{\cs15\super\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid8611688 \chftn }{\f1\fs20\insrsid8611688  }{\fs20\insrsid8611688 
So long as a driver fells free to leave, a police officer may asks questions regarding criminal activity absent reasonable suspicion.  The police may question the driver about the presence of drugs or weapons or wheth
er he has been drinking alcohol or possesses alcohol inside the vehicle.  The driver  is not required to answer such questions, }{\i\fs20\insrsid8611688 see Royer}{\fs20\insrsid8611688 
, 460 U.S. at 497-98, 103 S.Ct. at 1324, just as surely he is not required to submit to a request to search.}{\f1\fs20\insrsid8611688 
\par }}}{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ii.}{\b\insrsid4409968  }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Voluntariness of consent
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [25]}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Having decided that Chargualaf was not seized or detained, the next inquiry is whether his consent was voluntary.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The government has the burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Chargualaf gave consent voluntarily, and voluntariness is determined from the totality of the circumstances.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Santos}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 1999 Guam 1 at }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  33- 34;}{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  Shabazz}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 993 F.2d at 438.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Factors in determining voluntariness include: 1) whether the defendant was detained and the length of time of the questioning; 2) whether the de
fendant was threatened or intimidated by the police; 3) whether the defendant relied on misrepresentations or promises made by the police; 4) whether the person was in custody or under arrest when the consent was given; 5) whether the person was in a publ
ic or a secluded place; and 6) whether the defendant objected to the search.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Santos}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 1999 Guam 1 at }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  36.
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [26]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab While finding that Chargualaf}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s consent was valid, the trial court wholly failed to determine whether
 such consent was voluntary.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 However, because the record is adequate, we proceed to determine whether the consent was voluntary viewing the totality of the circumstances.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Accord McSwain}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 29 F.3d at 562 (relying on a sufficient record of the proceedings below to make a determination of whether the defendant}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s consent was tainted by a preceding illegal detention notwithstanding that the trial court failed to make the analysis).
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [27]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab We find that in the totality of the circumstances, Chargualaf}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s consent was voluntary.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 First, Chargualaf was not detained at the time he consented and Dawson}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s questioning was only for a brief period.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Second, the record reveals that Dawson did not assert any coercive behavior when questioning Chargualaf and prior to asking for consent.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Third, Dawson did not make any representations regarding the consent to search, Dawson merely asked for consent and nothing more.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Fourth, Chargualaf was not in custody or
 under arrest when he gave consent.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Finally, Chargualaf made absolutely no objections to the search, rather, he readily granted consent and even verified to a second officer, Santo Tomas, that he had given consent.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Viewing all the circumstances, we hold that Chargualaf voluntarily gave consent and therefore find that the trial court did not err in denying Chargualaf}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s motion to suppress.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cf. Soto}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 988 F.2d at 1558 (determining that consent was voluntary where only one police officer was present, the poli
ce officer did not unholster his weapon, did not use an insisting tone or manner or physically harass the defendant, the request for consent occurred on the shoulder of the highway and in public view, and the defendant}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s consent was unequivocal and specific).
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par B.}{\b\insrsid4409968  }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Inconsistent Verdicts}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [28]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab 
The jury found on the Special Allegation of Possession and Use of a Deadly Weapon in the Commission of a Felony, and acquitted Chargualaf on the counts of Possession of a Firearm Without an Identification Card and Possession of a Concealed Firearm.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Chargualaf asserts that the finding on the Special Allegation was inconsistent with the acquittals, thereby showing that the finding was based on insufficient evidence and must therefore be overturned.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 We disagree.
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [29]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab We review the issue of whether to set aside a conviction based on an inconsistent verdict }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 de novo}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 .}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See People v. Angoco}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 1996 WL 875777, **6 (D. Guam. App. Div. Oct. 16, 1996) (citing }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 United States v. Hart}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 963 F.2d 1278}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 (9th Cir. 1992)); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 see also United States v. Mitchell}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 146 F.3d 1338, 1342 (11th Cir. 1998) (recognizing that the issue of whether inconsistent verdicts render a conviction improper constitutes a question of law and is reviewed }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 de novo}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ).

\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [30]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab A conviction generally may not be overturned solely on the ground that the jury reached an inconsistent verdict.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
United States v. Powell}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 469 U.S. 57, 68-69, 105 S.Ct. 471, 479 (1984); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 see also Angoco}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 1996 WL875777 at **6 (holding that }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Powell}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  requires the court to reject the appellant}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s claim that the con
viction should be vacated due to an inconsistent verdict); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 United States v. McCall}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 85 F.3d 1193, 1197-98 (6th Cir. 1996) (holding that even if the verdict was inconsistent, the conviction }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 remains }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 insulated}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  from review}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ) (citing }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Powell}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 469 U.S. at 69, 105 S.Ct. at 479); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 United States v. Birges}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 723 F.2d 666, 673 (9th Cir. 1984); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
United States v. Torres}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 809 F.2d 429, 431-32 (7th Cir. 1987).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The rationale behind the rule is set forth in }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Powell}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , wherein the court asserted:}{\insrsid8611688 
\par }{\insrsid4409968\charrsid4409968 
\par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [W]here truly inconsistent verdicts have been reached, }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [t]he most that can be said . . . is tha
t the verdict shows that either in the acquittal or the conviction the jury did not speak their real conclusions, but that does not show that they were not convinced of the defendant}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s guilt}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  . . . . It is equall
y possible the jury, convinced of guilt, properly reached its conclusion on the compound offense, and then through mistake, compromise, or lenity, arrived at an inconsistent conclusion on the lesser offense.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Powell}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 469 U.S. at 64-65, 105 S.Ct. at 476 (internal citations omitted).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Courts should accept the collective judgment of the jury and should refrain from delving into the jurors}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  thought processes.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See id}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 . 469 U.S. at 67, 105 S.Ct. at 478.}{\insrsid8611688 
\par }{\insrsid4409968\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [31]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Inconsistent verdicts are not a bar to a conviction so long as there is sufficient evidence to support the guilty verdict.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 United States v. Gieger}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 190 F.3d 661, 664 (5th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 see also}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Birges}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 723 F.2d at 673 (}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Inconsistent verdicts may stand, even when a conviction is rationally incompatible with an acquittal, provided there is sufficient evidence to support the guilty verdict.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ) (citations omitted); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Bates v. Maryland}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ,
 736 A.2d 407, 416 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1999) (holding that one instance where an inconsistency will not be permitted is where }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 the evidence was insufficient to support the [ ] conviction.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ); }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Mitchell}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 146 F.3d at 1345 (}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
[A]s long as the guilty verdict is supported by sufficient evidence, it must stand, even in the face of an inconsistent verdict on another count.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ).
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [32]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab In this case, we find no inconsistency in the jury}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s verdict.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Chargualaf was indicted for possessing a concealed firearm and possessing a firearm without a license on or about the July 21, 1997 and for 
a Special Allegation of possessing a firearm in the commission of the robbery on or about July 20, 1997, in violation of section 80.37 of Title 9 of the Guam Code Annotated, which provides: }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Whoever unlawfully po
ssesses or uses a deadly weapon in the commission of a felony punishable under the laws of Guam shall, in addition to the punishment imposed for the commission of such felony, be imprisoned for a term not less than five (5) years . . . .}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  80.37 (1996). 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [33]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab The jury}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s acquittal on the firearm charges is not inconsistent with the finding on the Special Allegation that Chargualaf possessed a deadly weapon during the commission of the Certeza robbery.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The charges were for different offenses allegedly committed on different days.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The jury could have decided that Chargualaf did not possess and conceal the firearm recovered during the July 21, 1997 traffic stop and still determine that Chargualaf possessed or used a deadly weapon during the July 20, 1997 robbery.}{\insrsid4409968  }
{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [34]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab In fact, we find there was sufficient evidence to make a finding on the Special Allegation.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Certeza and D. Mendiola both testified that Chargualaf wielded a firearm during the robbery.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
C. Mendiola, who was also present during the robbery, testified that during the robbery Chargualaf was holding an object and was waiving it around.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
This evidence supports a finding on the Special Allegation that the defendant used a deadly weapon during the commission of the robbery.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Gieger}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 190 F.3d at 664.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Therefore, the jury}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s finding on the Special Allegation will stand. }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par 
\par C.}{\b\insrsid4409968  }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 In-Court Identification}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [35]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Chargualaf asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the in-court identification by Ms. Certeza.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
He argues that the admission of the identification evidence was a violation of his due process rights.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 A trial court}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s decision regarding the admission of an in-court identification is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See United States v. Duran, }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 4 F.3d 800, 803 (9th Cir. 1993).}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 "A trial judge abuses his [or] her discretion [ ] when the decision is based on an erroneous conclusion of law or where the record cont
ains no evidence on which the judge could have rationally based the decision."}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Midsea Industrial Inc. v. HK Engineering, Ltd.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 1998 Guam 14, }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  4 (citation omitted).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
We hold that the trial court properly admitted the in-court identification.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [36]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab In determining the admissibility of an in-court identification, we must make two inquiries.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
First, whether the defendant has proven that the pre-trial identification was unnecessarily suggestive, and second, if so, whether the in-court identification was nevertheless sufficiently reliable viewing the totality of the circumstances.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See United States v. Hill}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 967 F.2d 226, 230 (6th Cir. 1992); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 see also Burkett v. Fulcomer}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 951 F.2d 1431, 1448 (3d Cir 1991) (}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The general inquiry is whether the procedure was unnecessarily suggestive, and if so, whether its corrupting influence outweighs the reliability of the identification testimony.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ) (citations omitted); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Ford v. Armontrout}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 916 F.2d 457, 459 (8th Cir. 1990); }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Archuleta v. Kerby}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 864 F.2d 709, 711 (10th Cir. 1989); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Ponce v. Cupp}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 735 F.2d 333, 336 (9th Cir. 1984).}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 If the defendant fails to show that the identification procedures were i
mpermissibly suggestive, or if the totality of the circumstances indicates that the identification was sufficiently reliable, then there has been no due process violation by the admission of the identification evidence.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Hill}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 967 F.2d at 230.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [37]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab A pre-trial identification can be so suggestive that it taints the in-court identification.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
See United States v. Montgomery}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 150 F.3d 983, 991 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 United States v. Bagley}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 772 F.2d 482, 492 (9th Cir. 1985)).}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
However, where an in-court identification is sufficiently reliable, the identification is admissible notwithstanding that the identification was made pursuant to an unnecessarily suggestive pre-trial identification procedure.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See id.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  at 993; }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 see also Cossel v. Miller}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 2000 WL 1511702, *5 (7th Cir. 2000) (}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 An in-court identification that follows an impermissibly suggestive pre-trial identification is admissible if under the }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 totality of the circumstances}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
 the in-court identification was reliable.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ) (citations omitted).}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 A court may admit a sufficiently reliable in-court identification without offending the defendant}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s right to due process.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Determinations of reliability are case-specific, and are adjudged looking at the totality of the circumstances.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Montgomery}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 150 F.3d at 993}{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ; see also United States v. Brown}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 200 F.3d 700, 707 (10th Cir. 1999) (}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The admission of an in-court identification testimony violates due process only when, under the totality of the circumstances, it was tainted by unnecessarily suggestive pretrial identification procedures creating a }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 very substantial likelihood of misidentification}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 .}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ) (citation omitted). 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [38]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab In the instant case, the trial court held that the pre-trial identification procedure at the koban was }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 unnecessarily suggestive}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 .}{\cs15\super\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid8611688 \chftn }{
\insrsid8611688  }{\fs20\insrsid8611688 Factors in the record that suggest that the pre-trial procedure was }{\fs20\insrsid8611688 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid8611688 suggestive}{
\fs20\insrsid8611688 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid8611688  are that the defendant was the only person in the koban besides police officers and the victim and her husband, the encoun
ter amounted to a show-up instead of a line-up, the encounter was at the police station, and Chargualaf was in police custody.  }{\i\fs20\insrsid8611688 Cf.}{\fs20\insrsid8611688  }{\i\fs20\insrsid8611688 United States v. Brierton}{\fs20\insrsid8611688 
, 699 F.2d 917, 924 (7th Cir. 1983) (acknowledging that because there was a show-up instead of a line-up, the identification was made in a police station, various high ranking police officers were present, the defendant was in a jail cell at the time of t
he identification, and the defendant was the only black man present, the identification procedure was highly suggestive).  }}}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Because Chargualaf does not contest this finding, the only remaining issue is whether the trial court erred in determining that not
withstanding the suggestibility, the identification was sufficiently reliable so as to render admissible the in-court identification.
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [39]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Courts consider five factors in determining whether an in-court identification is reliable.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 These are: }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [1] the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the incident; [2] the witness}{
\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  degree of attention; [3] the accuracy of the witness}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  prior description of the defendant; [4] the level of 
certainty demonstrated by the witness at the [pre-trial identification]; and [5] the length of time between the crime and the [pre-trial identification].}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Neil v. Biggers}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 409 U.S. 188, 199-200, 93 S.Ct. 375, 382 (1972); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 see also Ponce}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 735 F.2d at 337-38 (clarifying that in evaluating the reliability of an in-court identification, the reviewing court must consider the witness}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
 level of certainty at the }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 prior confrontation}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , not the in-court identification, and the amount of time which elapsed between the crime and the }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
pre-trial identification}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , not the in-court identification);}{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  Brown}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 200 F.3d at 707; }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Hill}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 967 F.2d at 230; }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cossel}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 2000 WL 1511702 at * 5; }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Archuleta}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 864 F.2d at 711;}{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  Ponce}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 735 F.2d at 336;}{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  United States v. Brierton}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 699 F.2d 917, 924 (7th Cir. 1983).}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The court must determine whether the in-court identification was based upon the witness}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
 recollection of the defendant from the time of the crime, rather than on the suggestive nature of the pretrial identification.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See United States v. Johnson}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 859 F.2d 1289, 1294 (7th Cir. 1988) (citation omitted); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Brierton}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 699 F.2d at 924-25 (}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The propriety of admitting into evidence the identification testimony . . .}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 depends, therefore, upon whether [the witness}{
\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ] in-court identification was reliable, that is, based on a source independent of the police suggestion.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ) (footnote omitted).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The government has the burden to prove, 
by clear and convincing evidence, that the in-court identification was not based upon the suggestive pre-trial identification procedure.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Brierton}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 699 F.2d at 925 (citing }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 United States v. Wade}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 388 U.S. 218, 240, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 1939, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967)).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [40]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Whether an in-court identification is sufficiently reliable so as to warrant its admission is determined by weighing the }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Biggers}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  factors against the corrupting effect of the suggestive pre-trial identification procedure.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Ponce}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 735 F.2d at 337, 338 (applying this balancing test in analyzing the reliability of both a pre-trial and in-court identification); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 see also Hill}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 951 F.2d at 459.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 If the identification is sufficiently reliable, then the court may properly admit the evidence because the reliability of the identification undercuts any substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Armontrout}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 916 F.2d at 459 (using the }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Biggers}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
 reliability factors in determining that the confrontation between the rape victim and the defendant did not create a substantial likelihood of misidentification).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 It is the likelihood of misidentification which violates a defendant}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s right to due process, and it is this which [is] the basis of the exclusion of evidence. . . .}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Biggers}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 409 U.S. at 198, 93 S.Ct. at 381- 82 (1972).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [41]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Analyzing the first }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Biggers}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
 factor, the question is whether Ms. Certeza had a good opportunity to view Chargualaf during the robbery.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
At the hearing regarding the motion to suppress the in-court identification, Ms. Certeza testified that the three robbers entered her house at around 11:00 p.m., and remained in her home for about five to eight minutes.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 She testified that she got a good look at the three assailants.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 This amount of time is enough to get a good view of Chargualaf.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Further, Ms. Certeza testified that during the incident the lights were bright because she was cooking dinner.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Therefore, we find that Certeza had more than sufficient opportunity to view Chargualaf.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cf.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Archuleta}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 864 F.2d at 712 (determining that the identifying witness had ample opportunity to identify the defendant where the witness got a good look at the defendant}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s face even if only for a total observation time of two minutes) (citing other cases where an observation made in a matter of seconds was sufficient so long as the witness got a close-up look
 at the defendant) (citations omitted); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cossel, }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 2000 WL 1511702 at * 5 (determining that a ten-second observation of the defendant in moon and street lights satisfies the first factor).

\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [42]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Turning to the witness}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  degree of attention, Ms. C
erteza was able to recall many events of the encounter, such as that the first entrant, a woman, asked her to use the phone, a second woman entered with her shoes on, and that Ms. Certeza asked her to take her shoes off.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Further, she was able to recall that Chargualaf had a gun, wore certain colors of clothing and had a moustache.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The ability to remember details like this is a demonstration of her focus during the encounter.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cf. Archuleta}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 864 F.2d at 712 (recognizing that the ability to recall a number of descriptive details is sufficient to satisfy the second factor).
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [43]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Next, the accuracy of the witness}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
 prior identification of the defendant leads us to similarly conclude that her in-court identification was reliable.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 As stated above, Ms. Certeza te
stified that she described the only man of the three as Chamorro, holding a gun, wearing a hat, a dark green polo shirt, and black pants, he had a moustache, black hair, and a tattoo.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
While cross-examination revealed that Ms. Certeza never mentioned Chargualaf}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s tattoo to the police, the general level of description shows that Ms. Certeza was accurate in her description of Chargualaf.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cf. id. }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 (holding that the witnesses}{
\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  identification was accurate where they described the victim}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 as }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 a Spanish male with dark hair and a moustache, wearing a black t-shirt with an emblem and blue jeans}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 .)}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 The failure to recall a detail like the tattoo is not dispositive here.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cf. id.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  (determining that in light of the other details the witness was able to recall, the fact that the height was inaccurate and the failure to recall tattoos }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 appears to be a minor error}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 see also Dodd v. Nix}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 48 F.3d 1071, 1074 (8th Cir. 1995) (holding that the victim}{
\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s failure to describe a goatee and tattoos was not fatal to the reliability determination where the description of the defendant was otherwise largely accurate) (citation omitted).
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [44]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Additionally, Certeza}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s level of certainty at the pretrial identification favors a finding that her in-court identification was reliable.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Ms. Certeza testified that the police asked her whether the Chargualaf was }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 the guy}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\cs15\super\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid8611688 \chftn }{
\fs20\insrsid8611688  As a note, Ms. Certeza first testified that the police did not ask her to identify Chargualaf, however, she clarified that the police in fact asked her whether Chargualaf was }{\fs20\insrsid8611688 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid8611688 him}{\fs20\insrsid8611688 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid8611688 
, in which she responded in the affirmative.  Transcript, vol. 1, pp 53-55 ( Motion to Suppress Identification Hearing, May 14, 1999).  }}}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The record shows that Certeza initially responded that she did not remember if Chargualaf was her attacker, but identified him after her husband told her to close her eyes and think hard about it.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Ms. Certeza testified that she identified Chargualaf at 
the police koban because she remembered his face, and not because the police suggested that Chargualaf was the robber. Although Ms. Certeza did not definitely identify Chargualaf at first sight, she has never identified anyone else as her attacker.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cf. Archuleta, }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 864 F.2d at 712 (rendering significant the fact that the witness was certain about the defendant}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s identity and that the identification remained }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
unequivocal at all times}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [45]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Finally, Ms. Certeza identified Chargualaf the day after the robbery.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
This is a relatively short amount of time and thus supports the conclusion that the in-court identification was reliable.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cf.}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Montgomery}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 150 F.3d at 993 (implicitly finding that one year between the incident and the identification did not cut against reliability); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Ponce}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
, 735 F.2d at 337 (recognizing that in }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Manson v. Brothwaite}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 432 U.S. 98, 116, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 2253 (1977), an identification made two days after the incident was }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 unobjectionable}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 ); }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Cossel}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 2000 WL 1511702 at *6 (determining that three years was too long).}{\i\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [46]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab The trial court pointed out many of the above factors in determining that the in-court identification was reliable.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Thus, we cannot say that the court}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s finding of reliability by clear and convincing evidence was erroneous.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [47]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab We further find that the in-court identification was sufficiently reliable so as to warrant its admission.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Because the facts in this case favor a finding of reliability under each of the }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Biggers }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
factors, the reliability of the identification outweighs the corrupting effect of the suggestive pre-trial identification procedure.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The pre-trial identification procedure did not produce a substantial likelihood of misidentification.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Accordingly, the lower court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the in-court identification.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 IV. }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [48]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab We find that there was 
no Fourth Amendment violation, that the jury in this case did not reach inconsistent verdicts, and that the in-court identification was sufficiently reliable.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Accordingly, we }{
\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 AFFIRM}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  the trial court}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s denial of the Appellant}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s motions to suppress the evidence and in-court identification and the judgment of conviction.}{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-5040\li5760\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin5760\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 PETER C.}{\b\insrsid4409968  }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 SIGUENZA, JR.\tab \tab \tab }{\b\insrsid4409968  }{
\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 JOHN A.}{\b\insrsid4409968  }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 MANGLONA
\par }\pard \qj \fi-4320\li5760\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin5760\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\insrsid4409968  }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Designated Justice}{
\insrsid4409968 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\insrsid4409968 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 CRUZ, C.J., Dissenting:}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [49]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Chargualaf was pulled over because his vehicle had a cracked windshield and was missing a license plate.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
There is no question that this initial stop was a seizure and that it was constitutionally permissible.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See e.g., Whren}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 517 U.S. at 809-810, 116 S.Ct. at 1772.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
However, the Majority, while admitting that the initial traffic violation detention ended, finds that there was no new seizure of Chargualaf when Officer Dawson began questioning him on subject matter completely unrelated to the initial pull-
over and that the subsequent exchange was merely a consensual encounter.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 I do not agree.
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [50]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab I find that a second seizure occurred when Officer Dawson began to question Chargualaf on narcotics and weapons.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
The test for whether a seizure has been effected involves a determination of whether, in the light of all surrounding circumstances, a reasonable person would have believed he was free to leave.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Royer}
{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 460 U.S. at 501, 103 S.Ct. at 1326 (citing}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 United States v. Mendenhall}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 466 U.S. 544, 554, 100 S.Ct. 1870, 1877 (1980)).}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 In this case, after the pull-over, Officer Dawson requested and was given Chargualaf}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s driver}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s license and vehicle registration.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 These documents were never returned Chargualaf.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Officer Dawson informed Chargualaf of the reasons for the pull-over.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 There is no indication from the record that Officer Dawson then told Chargualaf he was going to be issued a citation or a warning.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Instead, Officer Dawson then asked if there were any drugs or weapons in the vehicle.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Clearly, a reasonable person could have thought that the traffic stop was still in effect, that such questions were part of the stop, and that he was not free to leave.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
This is especially true given that Officer Dawson had not returned Chargualaf}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s license and registration.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See e.g., Soto}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 988 F.2d at 1557 (observing that a driver who is pulled over cannot drive away without a license and registration which are required by law to operate a motor vehicle on a public road).}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Thus, the second seizure cannot be characterized as merely a consensual encounter during which a police officer may generally ask questions of the individual without a reasonable suspicion.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Florida v. Bostick}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 501 U.S. 429, 433-435, 111 S.Ct. 2382, 2386 (1991).}{\cs15\super\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid8611688 \chftn }{\insrsid8611688   }{\fs20\insrsid8611688 The same holds true for the initial detention for Chargualaf}{
\fs20\insrsid7475501 '}{\fs20\insrsid8611688 s traffic violations.  This was also not a consensual encounter, it was a detention, the scope of whic
h should have been tailored to its underlying justification and the length of which should have lasted no longer than necessary to effect the purpose of the stop.  }{\i\fs20\insrsid8611688 Royer}{\fs20\insrsid8611688 , 460 U.S. at 500, 103 S.Ct. at 1325.}
}}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [51]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab The question becomes whether the second seizure was constitutional.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 I believe it was not.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Officer Dawson testified that the reason he asked if there were drugs or weapons in the car was because Chargualaf was more nervous than other drivers he had encountered in normal pull-overs.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 This testimony offers little support.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Concededly, Officer Dawson was within his authority to question Chargualaf on weapons or to even ask him to alight from the vehicle if Officer Dawson feared for his safety.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Mimms}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 434 U.S. at 111, 98 S.Ct. at 333.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 However, Officer Dawson}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s question regarding narcotics indicates that he was not merely motivated by fear, but that he was investigating Chargualaf for other reasons.
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [52]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab The next inquiry is whether Officer Dawson had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that criminal activity, namely the possession of illegal narcotics, was afoot.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Johnson}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 1997 Guam 9, at }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  4 (citing }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Terry v. Ohio}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 392 U.S. 1 (1968)). Officer Dawson testified that his suspicions were aroused by Chargualaf}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}
{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s nervousness and the presence of a large amount of household items in the rear of the vehicle.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
However, nervousness, by itself, does not usually give rise to a reasonable suspicion.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 See Soto,}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968  988 F.2d at 1556 (citing }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
United States v. Walker}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 933 F.2d 812 (10th Cir. 1991) and finding that nervousness with other factors may give rise to a reasonable suspicion).}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Further, I cannot see how the additional fact that household items were in the car can support a reasonable suspicion.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Under these}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
circumstances, I cannot find that Officer Dawson had a reasonable suspicion to question Chargualaf on narcotics.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Thus, I must conclude that the second seizure of Chargualaf violated his Fourth Amendment right to be free from an unreasonable seizure.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [53]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab Notwithstanding an illegal seizure, a subsequently given consent remains valid if it was voluntary in fact under the totality of the circumstances.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 McSwain}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 29 F.3d at 562.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Three factors annunciated by the United States Supreme Court are relev
ant in this analysis: 1) the temporal proximity of the illegal detention and consent; 2) any intervening circumstances; 3) the purpose and flagrancy of the office}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s unlawful conduct.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\i\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Brown v. Illinois}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 , 422 U.S. 590, 603-604, 95 S.Ct. 2254, 2261-2262 (1975) (citations omitted).
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [54]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab From his testimony, it appears that Officer Dawson asked for consent to search the vehicle immediately after Chargualaf denied having drugs or weapons in the car.}{
\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Chargualaf gave his consent, and Officer Dawson asked him to step out of the vehicle.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Mere moments passed between the time the illegal seizure occurred and the time Officer Dawson asked for consent.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
Almost no time passed by the time consent was given and no intervening circumstances occurred.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 I note that had Officer Santo Tomas arrived prior to Chargualaf}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s consent and identified the vehicle occupants as fitting the descriptions of persons involved in the Certeza robbery, then a valid intervening circumstance would have occurred sufficient to support a further search
 and the consent would have been valid.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 However, Officer Santo Tomas arrived after the occupants were ordered out of the vehicle and after the search had commenced.}{\insrsid4409968  }{
\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Thus, his identification of the occupants after the search began does not cure its illegality.
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [55]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab The flagrancy of Officer Dawson}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
s conduct is clear as the initial stop was made strictly on the basis of a traffic violation and an investigation for narcotics ensued.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 That Chargualaf confirmed his consent to Officer Santo Tomas,
 offers no support.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Officer Santo Tomas arrived at the scene after Chargualaf gave his involuntary consent.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Chargualaf}{
\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s confirmation does nothing to validate the unconstitutional search.
\par }{\b\insrsid4409968 
\par }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 [56]}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 \tab I must find therefore that Chargualaf}{\insrsid7475501\charrsid4409968 '}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 s consent was not volun
tarily given and that any evidence flowing therefrom is fruit of the poisonous tree and should have been suppressed.}{\insrsid4409968  }{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 Thus, I respectfully dissent.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4409968 {\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 BENJAMIN J. F.}{\b\insrsid4409968  }{\b\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 CRUZ
\par Chief Justice}{\insrsid8611688\charrsid4409968 
\par }}