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{\title IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\author lroberto}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2005\mo8\dy12\hr9\min2}{\revtim\yr2006\mo3\dy14\hr9\min38}{\version5}{\edmins2}{\nofpages8}{\nofwords3072}{\nofchars17515}{\*\company Superior Court of Guam}
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People v.  Anthony San Nicolas Salas,}{\fs20\insrsid12993539  2000 Guam 2, Opinion\tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid12993539 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9571569 8}}}{\fs20\insrsid12993539  of 13
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\b\insrsid9571569 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 PEOPLE OF GUAM
\par }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Plaintiff-Appellee}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 ANTHONY SAN NICOLAS SALAS
\par }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Defendant-Appellant}{\b\insrsid9571569 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 OPINION}{\b\ul\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Filed: January 14, 2000
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid9571569  }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 2000 Guam 2
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Supreme Court Case No.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 CRA98-020
\par Superior Court Case No. CF0520-97}{\insrsid9571569 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on November 12, 1999
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid9571569 
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\par }{\ul\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
\par Alicia A.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Limtiaco
\par Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par Prosecution Division
\par 2-200E Judicial Ctr.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Bldg.
\par 120 W O}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Brien Dr.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell 
\par }{\ul\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
\par Ladd A. Baumann, Esq.
\par L.A. Baumann & Associates
\par Pacific News Building, Suite 903
\par 238 Archbishop Flores Street
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\par }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 BEFORE: BENJAMIN J. F. CRUZ, Chief Justice; PETER C. SIGUENZA, Associate Justice; and ALBERTO C. LAMORENA III, Designated Justice.
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 C}{\b\insrsid9571569 RUZ}{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 , C.J.:}{\b\insrsid12993539 
\par }{\insrsid9571569\charrsid9571569 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [1]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Anthony San Nicolas Salas (hereinafter }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Salas}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
) was convicted of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, and Child Abuse.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
He was sentenced to life imprisonment for Count One, fifteen years for Count Two, and one year for Count Three.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Cou
nts Two and Three are to run consecutively with Count One. He appeals his conviction based upon two claims.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
First, he argues that the trial court prejudiced his case by allowing the Government to make two amendments to its pleadings during the trial.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Sec
ond, he argues that the medical diagnosis offered by the doctor who treated the alleged victim was inadmissible hearsay and a violation of the Confrontation Clause.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Based upon the following analysis, the court upholds the trial court}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s holdings and therefore affirms Salas}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
 convictions.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 I.}{\b\insrsid9571569  }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid9571569\charrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [2]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab In late 1994 or early 1995, Salas began living with T.C., his girlfriend.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 T.C. is the mother of two daughters, N.R. and T., who were eleven years-old and three years-old, respectively, at the time this case went to trial.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
T.C. often works long hours during the night and leaves her children with Salas.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
In the fall of 1997, N.R. began spending time after school with her biological father, a fact that potentially helps to frame the time in which alleged crimes occurred.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [3]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab According to N.R., she was in her family}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s living room watching television on November 5, 1997.}{
\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Salas entered the room and began French-kissing her.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 He ordered her to take off her clothes.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Then he took off his clothes.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 He placed his penis inside her vagina }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 just a little bit.}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Transcript, vol. I, p. 75 (Jury Trial, May 19, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Afterward, he warned her, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 If you tell anyone, I}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 ll do something bad.}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. I, p. 75 (Jury Trial, May 19, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 This was the last incident of seven similar incidents allegedly beginni
ng around October 1, 1997.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [4]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab On November 8, 1997, N.R. asked her mother if she and her sister could be taken to their aunt}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s house.}{
\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 When her mother said no, N.R. began crying.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 She confessed for the first time, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Dad did it with me. . . .Dad had sex with me.}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. I, p. 135 (Jury Trial, May 19, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 She declared that this was not the first time it had happened.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Soon after, T.C. took N.R. to the emergency room and introduced her to Officer Scott Wade.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [5]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab From the emergency room, N.R. was taken to the Seventh Day Adventist Clinic where she met with Dr. William Paul Vercio.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Dr. Vercio conducted a physical examination on N.R. which lasted about two hours.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 As part of this inspection, Dr. Vercio examined N.R.}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s genital area.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 N.R. cried uncontrollably throughout the exam.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Afterward, N.R. was interviewed by Officer Wade.}{
\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [6]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab On November 18, 1997, the Government filed an indictment against Salas.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 In Count O
ne, Salas was charged with knowingly engaging in sexual penetration with N.R. on November 5, 1997.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
In Count Two, he was charged with intentionally engaging in sexual contact with the eleven year-old on November 5, 1997.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Finally, in Count Three, he was ch
arged with knowingly subjecting a child to cruel mistreatment from October 1, 1997 to November 4, 1997.}{\cs15\super\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid12993539 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid12993539 These counts were in the alleged violation of Title 9 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid12993539 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid12993539  25.15(a)(1) and,(b), (1996); Title 9 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid12993539 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid12993539  25.20(a)(1) and (b), (1996); and Title 9 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid12993539 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid12993539  31.30(a)(1) and (b), (1994), respectively.  Defendant-Appellant}{\fs20\insrsid7416954 '
}{\fs20\insrsid12993539 s Excerpts of the Record at 1-2.}}}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [7]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab At the trial, Dr. Vercio testified about physically examining N.R. and inquiring about what had happened to her.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Salas}{
\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  counsel objected to the doctor}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
s testimony, but the trial court overruled the objection. Transcript, vol. II, p. 11 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Dr. Vercio recounted that N.R. cried uncontrollably during the medical examination.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 He said it was normal for young girls to be embarrassed when having their genitals examined, but that N.R.}{
\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s reaction was far from the norm.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. II, pp. 12-13 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 He stated that he took two vaginal swabs from N.R. and that neither sample contained any sperm.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. II, pp. 15-16 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998).}{
\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 When examining her vagina, Dr. Vercio noticed a small white scar on the vaginal wall.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. II, p. 17 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 199
8). The Government asked if the medical evidence led him to believe N.R.}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s comments and Dr. Vercio answered affirmatively.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Transcript, vol. II, p. 20 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [8]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab After Dr. Vercio}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s testimony, defense counsel brought a motion for judgment of acquittal.}{
\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. II, p. 55 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 The trial court denied the motion.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. II, p. 62 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998). Around the time that Salas}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  counsel requested 
an acquittal, the trial court raised two concerns it had with Count Three of the indictment.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 The first concern involved the dates of the charge and the second involved the phrase }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 continuing course of penetration and/or conduct.}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. II, pp. 55, 63-64 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Consequently, the Government submitted an amended indictment on May 21, 1998.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 In the amendment, the Government changed the alleged time frame of the crimes from }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 between October 1, 1997 and November 4, 1997" to }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 between September 1, 1997 and November 4, 1997".}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 It also changed the allegation from }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 a continuing course of sexual penetration or contact}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  to }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 seven (7) separate acts of sexual penetration or contact.}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Compare }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s Excerpts of the Record at 2 }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 with }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Plaintiff-Appellee}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s Excerpts of the Record at 3. Salas}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
 counsel objected to the amendment twice, claiming that it would prejudice the defendant. Transcript, vol. II, pp. 81, 90 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
After hearing both sides discuss the matter on more than one occasion, the trial court ruled that it would allow the amendment.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. III, pp. 11, 13 (C
losing Arguments and Jury Instructions, May 21, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Salas was eventually convicted of all charges.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 II.}{\b\insrsid9571569  }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 ANALYSIS}{\b\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [9]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab The court has jurisdiction based upon 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  1424-1(b) (1984) and Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  3107-08, (1994). }{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [10]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Salas argues two points in this appeal.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
First, Salas contends that the trial court abused its discretion in granting the motion to amend two defects in Count Three of the indictment.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 We review the Government}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '
}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s amendment of the indictment }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 de novo}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 .}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 United States v. Morlan, }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 756 F.2d 1442 (9}{\super\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 th}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  Cir. 1985).}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [11]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Next, Salas also argues that the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Vercio}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s testimony which he
 claims is beyond the medical diagnosis hearsay exception, thus violating the Confrontation Clause.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 We review matters concerning the Confrontation Clause and hearsay evidence }{
\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 de novo.}{\i\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 United States v. George, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 960 F.2d 97, 99 (9}{\super\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 th}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  Cir. 1992).}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx720\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9571569 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Amending Indictments.}{\b\insrsid9571569\charrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [12]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Title 8 GCA }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  55.20, (1993) states:}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Amending Indictment or Information.}{\b\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
The court may permit an indictment or information to be amended upon the application of the pr
osecuting attorney at any time before verdict or finding if no additional [or] different offense is charged and if substantial rights of the defendant are not prejudiced.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Salas maintains that he was prejudiced by the two alterations in the charges.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 He be
lieves he was not given time to properly cross-examine witnesses or develop his own defense.}{\b\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
He especially deems it problematic that the trial court initiated this change rather than requiring the prosecutor to work diligently on finding this flaw.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 The G
overnment, on the other hand, asserts that the alterations did not substantially affect Salas}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  defense.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Given that the amendments were done before the verdict was given, the Government argues that it followed this law precisely.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [13]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Cases from Guam}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s courts suggest that this rule is not a high hurdle to overcome.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 8 GCA }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  55.20}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
provides the court with a flexible tool to allow parties to change easily small errors in their pleadings.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Guam courts have followed this law verbatim.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Unless a judge has been able to point to an added charge of which the defendant and his or her counsel had no knowledge or a substantial way in which a defendant has been prejudiced, judges have consistently allowed the prosecution to make this amendment.
}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 People v. Hilton, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 D.C. Crim. Appeal No. 8200055A, 1984 WL 55539, at **4-5 (D. Guam Ap. Div. Apr. 18, 1984); }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
People v. Manibusan, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 D.C. No. 81-00053A, 1983 WL 29943, at *3 (D. Guam Ap. Div. May 5, 1983).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 This is especially so if the amen
dment would require the prosecutor to prove the case at a higher burden.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 People v. Quidachay, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Crim. No. 82-00022A, 1983 WL 29954, at *4 (D. Guam Ap. Div. Nov. 8, 1983).}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [14]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Generally, Salas was on notice that N.R. accused him of raping her in the fall of 1997 on repeated occasions.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
He never effectively demonstrates why the amendments in this case were more prejudicial than the ones in Guam case law concerning 8 GCA }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}
}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  55.20.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Though Salas refers to and numerous relevant cases cite }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Guam v. Ojeda}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
, 758 F.2d 403, 406 (9}{\super\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 th}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
 Cir. 1985), for its holding that California evidence cases are persuasive in Guam because both Guam and California have evidence rules based upon the Federal Rules of Evidence, Salas 
cites no California case that could lead this court to favor his position.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [15]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab During the trial, there was some confusion about when the alleged assaults began.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
N.R. stated that the assaults began before her birthday on September 14, 1997, while her mother stated that they began two weeks afterward.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Appellee}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s Brief at 9.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 The Government wanted to include the entire month in its charges}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 in order to be thorough.}{
\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. II, p.80 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Salas contends that by chan
ging these dates in the middle of the trial, he was not allowed to properly cross-examine witnesses about these dates and thus he was prejudiced.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [16]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab When the parties debated this matter in a bench conference during the trial, the Government referred to }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 People v. Atoigue.}{
\i\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. II, p.90 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 In }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Atoigue,}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
 a defendant appealed his conviction for criminal sexual conduct alleging prosecutorial misconduct and inadmissible hearsay evidence.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 People v. Atoigue,}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
 1994 WL 477518 (9}{\super\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 th}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  Cir. 1994).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
In his many arguments, he asserted that there was insufficient evidence because the victim could not assign specific dates to the alleged assaults.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Id. }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 at *5.}{
\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 The court disagreed saying that time was not an essential factor when the victim could point to the time frame in which she was repeatedly raped.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Id.}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  at *6.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 The court refused to allow the lack of specificity as to dates in some of the counts to override the conviction.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Id. }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 at *5.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 In }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 People v. Vitug,}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
 this same holding as to time is used to affirm a }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  55.20 amendment.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 People v. Vitug, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Crim. No. 90-00081A, 1991 WL 336914, *2 (D. Guam Ap. Div. June 13, 1991).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 See, e.g., United States v. Laykin, }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 886 F.2d 1534, 1543 (9}{\super\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 th}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  Cir. 1989); }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Arnold v. United States, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
336 F.2d 347, 353 (9}{\super\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 th}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  Cir. 1964); }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Lelles v. United States, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 241 F.2d 21, 25 (9}{
\super\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 th}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  Cir. 1957) (Ninth Circuit cases which state that not alleging a specific time in which the crime or crimes occurred does not invalidate an indictment).}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [17]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Salas argues that extending the time frame of the crime is unreasonable.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Since his claim is that N.
R. is just trying to retaliate against him for no longer allowing her to make visits to her biological father}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
s house, Salas implies that the date in which she began making those visits is an important part of the case. We are not convinced that the amendm
ents enacted in this case worked to prejudice his case nor do we find that any substantial rights were affected thereby.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Salas was on notice that the alleged rapes began sometime in this period.}{
\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 He does not explain how extending the time frame by one month signifies that he did not molest N.R. on multiple occasions.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
He makes no assertions that the trier of fact would be more biased against him if the alleged rapes occurred one month earlier than originally pled.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Most importantly, the Government noted at
 trial that Salas did not intend to offer an alibi as a defense. Changing the time frame would not have altered his argument in anyway.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Thus, we find no abuse of discretion where the time frame was amended.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [18]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Salas contends that he has been prejudiced by the amendment from }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 continuing}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  child abuse to }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 seven separate acts}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  because rather than addressing the assault allegations generally, he must now contest each individual alleged act.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
He does not agree with the trial court}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s idea that the Government is now required to do extra work due to the amendment.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 See}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  Transcript, vol. III, p. 12 (Closing Arguments and Jury Instructions, May 21, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 In objecting to the change, Salas refers to Title 8 GCA }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  55.10, (1993) requiring that pleadings be }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 clear, concise and definite.}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 He takes issue with the trial court}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
s proposing and enacting the amendment and argues that the Government should have sought such a change earlier in the case.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [19]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab In order to bolster his argument, Salas cites }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 People v. Muna}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  which states:}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Guam law is thus in accord with well-established case law, which holds that an indictment is sufficient if 1) it contains the necessary elements of the crime alleged, 2) it informs the 
defendant of the crime charged with sufficient clarity to allow him to adequately defend against the charges, and 3) it is stated with sufficient clarity to bar subsequent prosecution for the same offense.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid9571569 
\par }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 People v. Muna}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 , Crim. No. 94-00075A, 1996 WL 104532, at *3 (D. Guam Ap. Div. Mar. 6, 1996).}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid9571569\charrsid9571569 [20]}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Unfortunately, Salas omits the fact that the district court reiterated this three-part test in order to explain why they would allow an altered pleading to take effect.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 See id.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 As in the cases concerning}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
 55.20, the courts seem to find that defendants who have general notice are not prejudiced by slight changes in wording.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [21]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Salas}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  contention fails especially given the facts at trial.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 In a bench conference, the trial court questioned whether }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 continuing
}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
 signified consecutive, repeated acts in one assault or several, similar acts over the course of a period of time.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. II, pp. 76-77 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  
}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Later, the trial court stated that it thought }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 continuing}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  differed from several separate acts and asked both parties whether they knew anything different.}{
\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. II, p. 154 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 At that time, Salas}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  counsel said nothing in response to the trial court}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s request.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Salas cites no cas
e or law here that emphasizes any difference between }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 continuing}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  versus separate acts.}{\cs15\super\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid12993539 \chftn }{\insrsid12993539 Title 10 GCA }{\insrsid12993539 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539  10.60, (1993) states, }{\insrsid12993539 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539 
An offense is committed...if a legislative purpose to prohibit }{\i\insrsid12993539 a continuing course of conduct}{\insrsid12993539  plainly appears.}{\insrsid12993539 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid12993539   (Emphasis added.)  Neither the parties nor the trial
 court mentioned this rule specifically in their discussions.  The three laws that Salas was convicted of breaking do not mention language regarding continuing courses of conduct.  Nevertheless, laws such as 10 GCA }{\insrsid12993539 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539  10.60, demonstrate why the trial court had concerns about the wording in the original indictment.}}}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
In fact, the crime in contention for which Salas was convicted, 9 GCA }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
 31.30, has no language requiring that }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 continuing}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  acts be part of the crime.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [22]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Based upon the aforementioned discussion, this court agrees with the finding of the trial court on its decision to allow the amended indictment.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Salas has not convinced us that this change burdened him in any grossly unfair manner.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx720\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9571569 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 The Medical Evidence Hearsay Exception.}{\b\insrsid9571569\charrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [23]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab 
Usually, when a witness repeats statements by others made out-of-court and not under oath, the court will exclude the comments as inadmissible hearsay.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 See}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
 Title 6 GCA }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
 801(c) and 802, (1994).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 However, there are numerous exceptions to this rule.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 The parties
 disagree about the application of the hearsay exception for statements made about medical treatment to Doctor Vercio}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s recollection of N.R.}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s examination.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Title 6 GCA }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  803(4), (1994) specifically provides as an exception to the rule against hearsay:}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Statements for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Statements made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment and describing medical history, or past or present symptoms, pain, or sensations, or the inc
eption or general character of the cause or external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid9571569 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [24]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Salas believes that Dr. Vercio}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
s testimony was inconclusive and that the only effect his statements had were to corroborate N.R.}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s claims.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
He contends that Dr. Vercio made several statements about N.R. and her allegations that had nothing to do with her medical condition.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 The Government, on the other hand, maintains that each of the doctor
}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s statements were well within this hearsay exception.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 For the following reasons, we favor the Government}{
\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s position.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [25]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Salas argues that allowing Dr. Vercio}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s comments about the cause of N.R.}{
\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s injuries violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Salas admits tha
t the Confrontation Clause does not bar all hearsay evidence.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Appellant}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s Brief at 17.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 However, he believes that his rights to confront any accuser has been damaged by the admission of Vercio}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s testimony.}{\insrsid9571569  
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [26]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab The principle case that Salas cites to support his contentions about Vercio}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
s testimony contradicts his claims.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 In }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 People v. Ignacio}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
, a man convicted of sexually assaulting his three year-old niece argued that hearsay statements from the victim}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s examining doctor should not have been admitted.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 People v. Ignacio, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 10 F.3d 608 (9}{\super\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 th}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  Cir. 1993).}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
The court ruled that the medical treatment exception to hearsay evidence is a firmly rooted principle and it recalled that the Supreme Court considered statements adm
itted under a firmly rooted hearsay exception to satisfy the reliability requirements of the Confrontation Clause because they are so trustworthy that adversarial testing would add little to their reliability.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Id.}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  at 612 (citing }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 White v. Illinois,}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  502 U.S. 346, 355 n.8; 112 S. Ct. 736, 741 n.8 (1992) and }{
\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Idaho v. Wright, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 497 U.S. 805, 821; 110 S. Ct. 3139, 3149 (1990)). }{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [27]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Despite arguing to the contrary, Salas}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  counsel had the opportunity to question his accusers.}{
\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 She cross-examined both N.R. and Dr. Vercio about their testimonies.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Still, Salas insists that if Dr. Vercio}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s comments are to be admitted, they should have been limited to the results of his physical examination of N.R.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 On the contrary, }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Ignacio}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 , held that the identity of the abuser is significant in treating sexual abuse.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Id.}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  at 613.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 A doctor can repeat a victimized patient}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
s comments because courts can trust that a person seeking effective medical treatment would speak truthfully about what happened to them.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Id.}{\i\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Thus, it seems reasonable that the trial court allowed Dr. Vercio to recall that N.R. cried uncontrollably and claimed that Salas had molested her.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [28]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab Moreover, the court in }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Ignacio}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  opined that out-of-court statements were often needed in child sexual 
abuse cases as the victim and the alleged assailant are usually the only parties who witnessed the crime firsthand.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Id.}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  at 612.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Additionally, Guam allows a defendant to be convicted based upon the victim}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s testimony without corroboration.}{\insrsid9571569  }{
\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Atoigue, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 1994 WL 477518 at *2; }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 see}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569  25.40, (1996); }{\i\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 accord Vitug, }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
1991 WL 336914 at *3 (holding that a witness cannot bolster a victim}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s testimony in a child sex abuse case, but affirming the verdict due to harmless error).}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [29]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab As a result, it is important that this court look precisely at what Dr. Vercio said in the trial court.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
The gist of the doctor}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s statement was not verbal proof that Salas raped N.R.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Dr. Vercio testified that based upon the physical evidence he observed, he believes what N.R. had told him about being assaulted.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Transcript, vol. II, p. 20 (Continued Jury Trial, May 20, 1998).}{
\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Salas considers Dr. Vercio}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s testimony to be inconclusive.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
However, the trier of fact has the responsibility of making that determination.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 
Because Salas is not arguing that the evidence is insufficient, the court has no legitimate reason to reverse the matter on hearsay grounds.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 III.}{\b\insrsid9571569  }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 CONCLUSION}{\b\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [30]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab In this case, we have been presented with no evide
nce or argument that would move us to reverse the trial court}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s decision in this matter. }{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 [31]}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 \tab The trial court}{\insrsid7416954\charrsid9571569 '}{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 s ruling is }{\b\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 AFFIRMED.}{\insrsid9571569 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 ALBERTO C.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 LAMORENA, III\tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid9571569  }{
\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 PETER C.}{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 SIGUENZA}{\insrsid9571569 
\par }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Designated Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid9571569  }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Associate Justice}{\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid9571569 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9571569 {\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 BENJAMIN J.F. CRUZ}{\insrsid9571569 
\par }{\insrsid12993539\charrsid9571569 Chief Justice}{\insrsid9571569 
\par }}