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{\fs20\insrsid1970255  Opinion\tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid1970255 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1670235 9}}}{\fs20\insrsid1970255  of 16
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\b\insrsid1670235 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 PEOPLE OF GUAM
\par }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Plaintiff-Appellee,}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 NORBERT P. PEREZ, JR.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
\par Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid1670235 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Supreme Court Case No.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 CRA98-015
\par Superior Court Case No.}{\b\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 CM0216-97
\par CM0449-97
\par CM0450-97}{\b\insrsid1670235 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Cite as: 2000 Guam 15}{\b\insrsid1670235 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam 
\par Argued and submitted on May 11, 1999 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid1670235 
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\par }{\ul\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Appearing for the Plaintiff-Appellee}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 :
\par Gerad Egan
\par Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par Prosecution Division
\par 2-200E, Guam Judicial Ctr.
\par 120 W. O}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Brien Dr.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell 
\par }{\ul\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellant:}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
\par Mark S. Smith. Esq.
\par CHING, CIVILLE, CALVO, & TANG
\par A Professional Corporation
\par Suite 400, GCIC Bldg.
\par 414 W. Soledad Ave.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910
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\par }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 BEFORE: BENJAMIN J. F. CRUZ, Chief Justice, PETER C. SIGUENZA, Associate Justice, and RICHARD H. BENSON, Designated Justice.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 CRUZ, C.J.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 :}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [1]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab Appellant Norbert P. Perez, Jr. appeals his convictions for Obstructing Governmental Functions, Reckless Conduct, and Obstructing the Public Ways.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 For the reasons set forth below, we reverse Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s conviction for Obstructing Governmental Functions but affirm the jury}{
\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s verdict as to the remaining charges.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\insrsid1670235 
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\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [2]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab At approximately noon on three separate occasions:}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
December 15, 1996, December 22, 1996, and}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 February 16, 1997, Norbert P. Perez, Jr. (hereinafter, }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Appellant}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
) blocked the outermost southbound lane of Route 4 by the Chaot Bridge in Sinajana.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Appellant utilized cones to block the lane on the first two occasions.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 He later used cones and 55-gallon drums during the last roadblock.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [3]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab The record reflects that prior to each incident, the Guam Police Department (}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 GPD}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
) received notice of the time and place of the roadblock.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Appellant provided such notice to GPD, via facsimile, prior to most, if not all, of the occasions when he set up the roadblocks.}{
\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 In addition, Appellant notified the local media of his intent to form the roadblocks.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
Upon receiving such notice, GPD placed police vehicles at points before and after the blockage to alert drivers.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
Significantly, each time Appellant blocked the road, GPD approached Appellant no less than three times, at six to eight minute intervals, in an effort to have Appellant remove both himself and the cones from the roadway and cease the traffic blockage.}{
\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 However, Appellant would refuse--at times stating, }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
I want to be arrested.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 It is undisputed that each time Appellant was arrested, he s
urrendered peacefully.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [4]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab For each of the three incidents, Appellant was charged with committing three offenses:}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 1)}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Obstructing Governmental Functions, in violation of Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 55.45 (1993); 2)}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Reckless Conduct, in violation of Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  19.40 (a) (1) and (b) (1994); and 3)}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Obstructing the Public Ways in violation of Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  61.35 (a) (1996) for a total of nine charges.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 At trial, Appellant was found guilty of all charges.}{
\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 On appeal, Appellant asserts that there was insufficient evidence to support each conviction. }{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 ANALYSIS}{\b\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [5]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab This court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to Title 7 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  3107 and 3108 (1994).}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 A. Obstructing Governmental Functions}{\b\insrsid1670235\charrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [6]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab We first address whether there was sufficient evidence to support the three convictions for}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
Obstruction of Governmental Functions pursuant to Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
 55.45 (1993). In conducting this review, the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution and we ascertain whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{
\insrsid1670235  }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 People v. Reyes}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , 1998 Guam 32, }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  7 (citation omitted).}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [7]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab As a consequence of forming the roadblocks on
 three separate occasions, Appellant was arrested and charged for the Obstruction of Governmental Functions, a violation of Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}
{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  55.45 which provides:}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 A person commits a misdemeanor if he 
intentionally obstructs, impairs or perverts the administration of law or other governmental function by force, violence, physical interference or obstacle, breach of official duty, or any other unlawful act, except that this Section does not apply to fli
ght by a person charged with crime, refusal to submit to arrest, failure to perform a legal duty other than an official duty, or any other means of avoiding compliance with law without affirmative interference with governmental functions.}{
\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  55.45 (1993).}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 For each of the alleged offenses, the People had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) the defendant, Norbert P. Perez, Jr.; (2) did intentionally obstruct, impair and pervert the administration of la
w or other governmental function; (3) by physical interference and obstacle, that is, by blocking off Route 4, Sinajana, with his body and traffic cones; (4) within Guam; and (5) on the respective dates.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [8]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab Our review of the evidence, even in the light mo
st favorable to the prosecution, leads us to conclude that no rational juror could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the Appellant obstructed, impaired or perverted the administration of law or other government function.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 For the reasons below, we hold that the prosecution of this particular charge under these circumstances was beyond the proscription of the instant statute.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [9]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab Guam}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s codification of this offense was wholly derived from section 242.1 of the Model Penal Code. }{
\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 See}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
 55.45 cmts. Other jurisdictions have adopted a similar provision. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 See, e.g.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , N.J}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 . }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 S}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 TAT. }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 A}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 NN.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
2C:29-1 (West 1998), and 18 P}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 A. }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 C}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 ONS. }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 S}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 TAT. }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 A}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 NN}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 . }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
 5101 (West 1998). Beginning with the American Law Institute}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
s comments to the corresponding provision of the Model Penal Code, it was observed that the purpose of the statute was to prohibit a broad range of behavior that impedes or defeats the operation of government. }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
MODEL PENAL CODE}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  242.1 cmt. 2 (1980).}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 It is broad because not all forms of obstruction can be anticipated and precisely proscribed in specific offenses and because the existence of a residual misdemeanor offense facilitates appropriately narrow definition of}{
\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 the serious forms of obstruction carrying felony penalties. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
However, it was also recognized that certain limitations must be incorporated otherwise policy decisions expressed elsewhere in the penal code may be nullified. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
 Additionally, most importantly in our view, the obstruction offense must not be drafted in terms so expansive that they might be construed to cover political agitation against government policy or other exercise of civil liberties. }{
\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 See also}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  55.45 cmt. Finally, because the statute explicitly exempts any other means of avoiding compliance with law without affirmative interference with governmental functions}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 the object of the obstructive conduct must be a government function in order for the statute to apply.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [10]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab Thus, as it pertains to this case, the question}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
is whether there was a government function or some administration of law occurring at the time of Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s placement of cones and his person upon the roadway.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 The People have posited the argument that the protection and safety of the public in general was the government function or administration of law that police personnel were obstructed from performing by the Appellant}{
\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s acts. We do not agree.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [11]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab An examination of how other jurisdictions have interpreted their respective}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
similar statutes compels us to hold that Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s conduct here had worked no such impairment of a government f
unction nor were police personnel obstructed from carrying out their duties. Pennsylvania}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s statute is substantially similar to Guam}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s; and, illustrative of the type of behavior that that statute proscribes and the government function or administration of law that is involved, are the following cases.}{\cs15\super\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid1970255 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 Pennsylvania}{\fs20\insrsid7815384 '}{\fs20\insrsid1970255 
s statute provides:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid1970255 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid1970255 
A person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if he intentionally obstructs, impairs or perverts the administration of law or other governmental function by force, viol
ence, physical interference or obstacle, breach of official duty, or any other unlawful act, except that this section does not apply to flight by a person charged with a crime, refusal to submit to arrest, failure to perform a legal duty other than an off
icial duty, or any other means of avoiding compliance with the law without affirmative interference with governmental functions. }{\insrsid1970255 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1970255 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid1970255 18 P}{\fs16\insrsid1970255 A. }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 C}{\fs16\insrsid1970255 ONS. }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 S}{\fs16\insrsid1970255 TAT. }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 A}{
\fs16\insrsid1970255 NN}{\fs20\insrsid1970255 . }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1970255  5101 (West 1998).}}}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 In}{
\insrsid1670235  }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Commonwealth v. Kelly}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
, 369 A.2d 438 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1976), the defendant, a police officer who was allegedly being paid money by a mobster for noninterference with the latter}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
s gambling operation, had effected the arrest of an undercover police officer investigating the criminal enterprise.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 The arrest led to the agent}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s cover being blown. The court there found that the arrest had been a means to an end, that being the hindrance of the investigation of the gambling operation and therefore, an obstruction to the administration of law. }{
\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  at 443. Similarly, in }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Commonwealth v. Trolene}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , 397 A.2d 1200 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1979), the defendant}{
\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s conviction for the obstruction of the administration of law was upheld. There, the defendant allegedly conspired with another to fix the latter}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s pending criminal case by speaking to the judge and falsely informing the judge that another judge was interested in the defendants. And in}{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  Commonwealth v. Mastrangelo}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , 414 A. 2d 54 (Pa. 1980), the conviction of a defendant for obstructing the administrati
on of law or other governmental function was upheld by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. There the defendant had confronted a meter maid after she had issued a parking citation and proceeded to shout and hurl offensive comments at her.}{\insrsid1670235  
}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 The next day, the meter maid was again patrolling the same street and was again confronted in the same belligerent manner by the defendant until the meter maid left the area.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 The court found that the defendant, through a course of disorderly conduct, intentionally obstructed a meter maid from carrying out her lawful duties. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  at 59-60.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [12]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab Another jurisdiction with a similar provision is New Jersey.}{\cs15\super\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid1970255 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 New Jersey}{\fs20\insrsid7815384 '}{\fs20\insrsid1970255 s statute provides:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid1970255 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid1970255 A person commits a disorderly persons offense if he purposely obstructs, im
pairs or perverts the administration of law or other governmental function or prevents or attempts to prevent a public servant from lawfully performing an official function by means of intimidation, force, violence, or physical interference or obstacle, o
r
 by means of any independently unlawful act.  This section does not apply to flight by a person charged with crime, refusal to submit to arrest, failure to perform a legal duty other than an official duty, or any other means of avoiding compliance with la
w without affirmative interference with governmental functions. 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid1970255 N}{\fs16\insrsid1970255 .}{\fs20\insrsid1970255 J.}{\fs16\insrsid1970255  }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 S}{\fs16\insrsid1970255 TAT. }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 A}{
\fs16\insrsid1970255 NN}{\fs20\insrsid1970255 . }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1970255  2C:29-1 (West 1998).}}}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
In the case of}{\insrsid1670235  }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 State v. Perlstein}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , 502 A.2d 81 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1985), a police officer observed the defendant driving a vehicle that}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 had a door decal on the windshield.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 After she had parked, the officer pulled alongside, exited his vehicle and confirmed that it was a decal.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 He then}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 informed the defendant that it was a violation of law to obstruc
t the windshield and that that certain type of decal was not allowed to be placed anywhere on motor vehicles.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
The officer testified that he was going to allow the defendant to get a scraper to scrape the decal but at some point she became uncooperative and refused to remove the sticker.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
The officer told the defendant if she did not remove the sticker he was going to issue her a summons. The defendant refused and began}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 to rant and rave at the officer.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 The officer asked the defendant to produce her driver}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
s license and registration which she refused to tender and continued to spew a barrage of comments to the officer.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
Finally, the defendant said she was going to see the chief of police and attempted to drive away and was eventually prevented from doing so. The defendant was charged, }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 inter alia}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
, with obstructing the administration of law. The defendant was convicted of the charge and appealed.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [13]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab The Appellate Division rejected each of the defendant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s arguments and upheld her conviction of 
the obstruction charge.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
First, it found that the defendant had engaged in independently unlawful acts, i.e., failing to produce her driving credentials upon request of a police officer and attempting to move her car contrary to the officer}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s directions. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Perlstein}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , 502 A.2d at 85.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
And on the basis of this evidence, concluded that she had purposely obstructed the performance of the officer}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s duties. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Next, the court found that the defendant did not fit into any of the specified exceptions to the statute. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
 The evidence clearly showed there was no refusal to submit to an arrest. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  Nor was the defendant charged with a crime when she attempted to flee. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
Id.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  at 85-86. Lastly, the court rejected the defendant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s argument that because she failed to perform a
 legal duty, specifically, to show her driving credentials, that the statute did not apply to her. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  at 86.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
The court reasoned that such a reading of the statute would render as superfluous the provision condemning behavior }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 by means of any independently unlawful act.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  }{
\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 And on that basis, it declined to construe the provision as advanced by the defendant. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [14]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab 
Our impression of these cases is that they have in common the factual predicate that the performance of some governmental function or the due administration of the law was interfered with, obstructed, or perverted by the offender}{
\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s conduct. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 See, e.g., Kelly}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , 369 A.2d 438 (hinders an ongoing investigation of an illegal gambling operation); }{
\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Trolene}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , 397 A.2d 1200 (attempts to corrupt the judicial process);}{\insrsid1670235  }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Mastrangelo}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
, 414 A.2d 54 (prevents a meter aid from patrolling her assigned area);}{\insrsid1670235  }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Perlstein}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , 502 A.2d
 81 (failure to provide driving credentials upon request by police enforcing traffic laws).}{\cs15\super\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid1970255 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 
Although the statutory provisions differ, there are other examples illustrative of the behavior that have been found to obstruct governmental functions or the administration of law in }{\i\fs20\insrsid1970255 State v. Manning}{\fs20\insrsid1970255 
, 370 A.2d 499 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1977)(police officer trying to investigate a DUI), and }{\i\fs20\insrsid1970255 State v. Lashinsky}{\fs20\insrsid1970255 
, 404 A.2d 1121 (N.J. 1979)(police officer trying to secure the scene of an automobile accident)}}}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [15]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab The People}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s reliance on two particular cases for the proposition that the Appellant}{
\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s conduct was appropriately charged for and convicted of is misplaced. First, contrary to the People}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s assertion, }{
\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Potts v. City of Lafayette, Ind.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , 121 F. 3d 1106 (7}{\super\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 th}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
 Cir. 1997), was an appeal of the grant of an adverse summary judgment and not a direct appeal of a conviction.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
Further, that portion of the decision even remotely relevant to the instant case is in the court}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s discussion of the substantive facet of the plaintiff}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}
{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s Fourth Amendment claim. Notwithstanding, in }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Potts}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
, the plaintiff was arrested for resisting a lawful order of a law enforcement officer by trying to gain entry to a rally of the Ku Klux Klan. Under Indiana law, the offense is committed where a person }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
knowingly or intentionally forcibly resists, obstructs, or interferes with a law enforcement officer . . . while the officer is lawfully engaged in the execution of his duties as an officer.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
 at 1113. (citation omitted) (quotation in original). The factual predicate in that case was that law enforcement personnel were there to provide security for the rally and to control the possible introduction of weapons in a volatile environment.}{
\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that plaintiff}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
s conduct constituted the offense charged and that he was properly arrested upon probable cause for purposes of the Fourth Amendment. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [16]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab The People}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s citation to the case of }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 United States v. Cooley}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , 1 F. 3d 985 (10}{\super\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 th}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  Cir. 1993), overlooks the government function that was obstructed.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
In that case, the appellants were abortion protesters who were arrested after they climbed a fence and sought to block access to a medical clinic.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
They were charged and convicted by a jury of violating the federal obstruction statute which makes it a misdemeanor for any person, by threat or force, willfully to prevent, obstruct, impede, or interfere with, or willfully 
attempt to prevent, obstruct, impede, or interfere with, the performance of duties under any order, judgment, or decree of the United States. The appellants challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to convict them.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Again, the factual predicate in that case was the existence of a court order upon which the law enforcement personnel, the United States Marshals, were tasked to enforce, specifically ensuring}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 the free ingress and egress through the entrances of the clinic. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  at 996. The Tenth Circuit Court
 of Appeals found sufficient evidence to sustain the convictions. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  However, because the court determined that the trial judge abused his discretion when he denied the defendants}{
\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  motion to disqualify himself, it vacated the convictions and remanded for a new trial before a different judge. }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
 at 998.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [17]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab The charge to the jury included an instruction for the meaning of the administration of law which provided: }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
The administration of law means the practical management and direction of the executive department, or of the public machinery or functions, or of the operations of the various organs or agencies. Direction or over
sight of any office, service, or employment.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
 Transcript, vol. V of V, pp. 79-80 (Trial, May 8, 1998). While the foregoing may be an adequate definition of what is meant by the administration of law, we could not discern any evidence that the Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s actions served to impede it.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [18]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab In the instant case, the evidence adduced at trial was that the police were informed, directly and indirectly, that Appellant would be setting up a roadblock along Route 4.}{
\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Based upon this information, the police then formulated an operations plan to deal with the planned protest.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
It appears that the plan called for the placement of officers at various locations to monitor the flow of traffic along Route 4 and to take precautions should the roadblock cause some disruption in the traffic pattern along the roadway.}{\insrsid1670235  
}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Second, it accounted for the contingency that should Appellant follow through with his actions that a task force would be in place to either convince the Appellant to cease his actions or to be arrested.}{\insrsid1670235 

\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [19]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s conduct neither interfered with nor obstructed with the officers}{
\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  duties as they were in place at the time of the incident. The record is devoid of any evidence that Appellant engaged in some action direc
ted at preventing the police from monitoring traffic along Route 4.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 The People argue that Appellant}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 somehow interfered with the GPD}{
\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s general duty of ensuring the safety and welfare of the public; however, we do not see how Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
s actions prevented the officers from discharging that duty. In fact, the officers performed their duty by eventually arresting Appellant and clearing the roadblock. Undoubtedly, the charge of Obstructing the Public Way, pursuant to Title 9 GCA }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  61.35 (1996), more completely and accurately covered the Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s conduct.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [20]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab Therefore, because there was no evidence from which a rational juror could have found that the Appellant had obstructed, impaired or impeded the administratio
n of law or any other governmental function by his acts, we reverse Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s convictions for this particular charge.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 B.}{\b\insrsid1670235\charrsid1670235  }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Reckless Conduct under Title 9 GCA }{
\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  19.40.}{\b\insrsid1670235\charrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [21]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab The second issue pertains to the sufficiency of the evidence as to the}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Reckless Conduct charges.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 The statute at issue provides in relevant part:}{\insrsid1670235  
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  19.40. Reckless Conduct;
}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Defined & Punished.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 (a) A person is guilty of reckless conduct if he:}{\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 (1) recklessly engages in conduct which unjustifiably places or }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
may place another in danger of death or serious bodily injury}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 ;. . .}{\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 (b) Reckless conduct is a misdemeanor.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  19.40 (a) (1) and (b) (1994) (emphasis added).}{
\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [22]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab Section 19.40 punishes }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
conduct which, though fortuitously not resulting an injury, is reckless with the respect to the creation of danger to life.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1670235  }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 See }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  19.40
}{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 cmt.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 In this case, no one was harmed largely because GPD was present during the roadblocks to provide for the public}{
\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s safety.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 However, regardless of the absence of harm, the statute}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
prohibits actions that }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 may}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
 place another in danger of death or serious bodily injury}{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 .}{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  19.40(a)(1) (emphasis added).}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 The record reveals that Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s actions may have placed the motorists and spectators at the scene in danger.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Indeed, the testimony by the officers was virtually unanimous on one point--the blind curves on each end of th
e roadblock as well as the placement of cones and drums on or by the roadway created a hazard to both motorists and spectators.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [23]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab Appellant argues that the presence of police officers may have actually heightened the safety of spectators and motorists in the area.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Although this may have been true, this assertion misses the point of the statute.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 The fact that GPD created a }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 plan}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  or }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 task force}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  designed to deal with Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s roadblock serves to underscore the risk of danger created by Appellant}{
\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s conduct.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Appellant simply cannot take credit for the prudent actions of the offi
cers at the scene, when he alone was responsible for creating}{\insrsid1670235  the hazard in the first place.
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [24]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab To conclude, it is undisputed that GPD was present from the very onset of Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
s roadblocks in order to help prevent harm from occurring.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 However, the fact that no harm occurred does not necessarily take Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
s conduct out of the scope of reckless conduct.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 The statute punishes conduct that either results in harm or }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 may }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 result in harm.}{
\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Therefore, because the record clearly reflects that Appellant}{\insrsid7815384\charrsid1670235 '}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 s conduct }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 may}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  have created a serious risk of death or serious bodily harm, we believe that a rational trier of fact could find the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid1670235  
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 C.}{\b\insrsid1670235\charrsid1670235  }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Obstructing the Public Way under Title 9 GCA }{
\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  61.35.}{\b\insrsid1670235\charrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [25]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab The third and final issue pertains to whether or not the People provided sufficient evidence to prove all the elements of Obstructing the Public Way under Title 9 GCA }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  61.35.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
This court once again reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to ascertain whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid1670235  }{
\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 People v. Reyes,}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  1998 Guam 32, }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  7.}
{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Once again, this is a highly deferential standard.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\i\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Id.}{\insrsid1670235  
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [26]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab Appellant contends that the road at issue was not proven to be a }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 public way.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Section 61.35 provides:}{
\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Obstructing the Public Ways;}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Defined & Punished.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
(a) A person commits a petty misdemeanor if he unreasonably obstructs the free passage of foot or vehicular traffic on any public way, and refuses to cease or remove the obstruction upon a lawful order to do so given him by a law enforcement office.}{
\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
(b) As used in this Section, public way means any public highway or sidewalk, private way laid out under authority of statute, way dedicated to public use, or way upon which the public has a right of access or has access as invitees or licensees.}{
\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  61.35 (1996).}{\cs15\super\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs15\super\insrsid1970255 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 The comment}{\i\fs20\insrsid1970255  }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 to this statute proves highly informative.  It provides,
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid1970255 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid1970255 
This is a new Section to Guam and sorely needed. This Section would make criminal the act of blocking what is defined by Subsection (b) as the "public way". For the first time, police would be permi
tted to take action when some landowner unreasonably blocks a road which has been regarded as, and can be defined as a "public way". Heretofore, the police have been powerless in such cases, and have been required to leave the matter up to the village com
missioner, or other civil remedy. }{\insrsid1970255 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1970255 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\f37\fs20\insrsid1970255 9 GCA }{\f37\fs20\insrsid1970255 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f36\fs20}}}{\f37\fs20\insrsid1970255  61.35}{
\i\fs20\insrsid1970255  }{\fs20\insrsid1970255 cmt.}{\insrsid1970255 
\par }}}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [27]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab The record reveals that Carl T.C. Gutierrez, Governor of Guam, as well as a representative of Land Management testified that the road in question was indeed a }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 public way.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 In view of the highly deferential standard we must apply to this analysis, we believe that ample evidence exists whereby a rational trier of fac
t could conclude that the road at issue is indeed, a }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 public way.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [28]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab Appellant further contends that the People failed to prove that Appellant disobeyed a }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 lawful order.}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
The record reveals that GPD made several }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 requests}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  and }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 warnings}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  directed toward Appellant to stop blocking the road.}{
\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Upon review of the entire trial transcript, we note that there were numerous instances whereby witnesses testified that they }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 warned,}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  }{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 informed,}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 requested,}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  and }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 asked}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
 Appellant to remove himself and the cones/drums.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [29]}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 As to the instant matter, the requirement of a specifically labeled }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 order}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
 is unnecessary especially considering that Title 9 GCA }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235  61.35 focuses upon the conduct of th
e individual obstructing a public way, and not the actions of the officials.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 
Given the context of the situation, we are satisfied that sufficient evidence exists to sustain the convictions, particularly in light of the deferential standard we are obligated to apply.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 CONCLUSION}{\b\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 [30]}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 \tab 
Therefore, based upon the facts and case law pertaining to the issues on appeal, we hold that there was not sufficient evidence to sustain the convictions of Obstructing Governmental Functions; however, we also 
conclude that sufficient evidence exists to justify the convictions of Reckless Conduct and Obstructing the Public Ways.}{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Accordingly, we }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 REVERSE}{
\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , in part, and }{\b\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 AFFIRM}{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 , in part, the verdict of the jury.}{\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 PETER C. SIGUENZA\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 RICHARD H. BENSON
\par Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid1670235  }{\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 Designated Justice}{\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1670235 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1670235 {\insrsid1970255\charrsid1670235 BENJAMIN J. F. CRUZ
\par Chief Justice
\par }}