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People v. Kim}{\fs20\insrsid414815 , 1999 Guam 7, Opinion\tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid414815 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15861636 3}}}{\fs20\insrsid414815  of 5
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\b\insrsid12077020 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 {\b\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 PEOPLE OF GUAM
\par }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Plaintiff-Appellant}{\b\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 {\b\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 TAE KON KIM
\par }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Defendant-Appellee}{\b\insrsid12077020 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 {\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Supreme Court Case No. CRA98-017
\par Superior Court Case No. CM0053-97}{\b\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 {\b\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Filed: April 8, 1999
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 {\b\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Cite as: 1999 Guam 7}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 {\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam 
\par Submitted without oral argument on March 22, 1999
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
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\par }{\ul\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Appearing for the Plaintiff-Appellant}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 : 
\par David M. Moore, Assistant Attorney General
\par (On the Briefs)
\par Office of the Attorney General, Prosecution Division
\par 2-200E Judicial Center Building
\par 120 W O}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Brien Dr.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell 
\par }{\ul\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellee:}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
\par Peter C. Perez, Esq. (On the Briefs)
\par Law Office of David J. Lujan
\par Suite 227, Hamilton Guest House
\par 470 W. Soledad Ave.
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\par BEFORE: PETER C. SIGUENZA, Chief Justice; JANET HEALY WEEKS and BENJAMIN J. F. CRUZ, Associate Justices.
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid414815\charrsid15861636 SIGUENZA, C.J.:
\par }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
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\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 The People of Guam appeal the trial court}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
s decision to dismiss all charges of a misdemeanor complaint pursuant to precedent established by }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 People v. Palomo}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 , 1998 Guam 12.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
The People concede that the charge listed on the Citation and Notice to Appear, Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol, should be dismissed.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 However, the Peop
le argue the charge of Reckless Driving, an offense listed on the complaint but not on the citation, should survive notwithstanding }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Palomo}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 .}{\insrsid15861636 
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We previously held that the date of appearance listed in the citation was a }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 de facto}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  statute of limitations.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Palomo}{
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  at }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  14.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
The adoption of this line of reasoning requires all charges that may arise from a particular occurrence be brought by the appearance date provided for in the citation.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Accordingly, we affirm the trial
 court}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 s decision.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid15861636 
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\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 The pertinent facts of this case are undisputed.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Appellee Tae Kon Kim was arrested on April 28, 1996.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
Kim was subsequently released upon issuance of a citation.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 The document info
rmed Kim that he would answer to the charge of Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol (DUI) and instructed Kim to appear on July 31, 1996 at 9:00 AM.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
A criminal complaint was not filed by July 31, 1996 nor was there an arraignment or hearing of any kind on the matter.}{\insrsid15861636 
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A criminal complaint was eventually filed on January 6, 1997.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 The criminal complaint charged both Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol, pursuant to 16 GCA }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  18102, and Reckless Driving, pursuant to 16 GCA }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  9107.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Kim subsequently filed a motion to dismiss based on, among other grounds, failure to comply with 8 GCA }{
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  25.30 and the precedent established by }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Palomo.}{\insrsid15861636 

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A hearing on the motion to dismiss was heard on September 3, 1998.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 The People conceded}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 the DUI charge was subject to dismissal.}{\insrsid12077020  }{
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 However, the People asserted the Reckless Driving charge survived because it was not specified on the citation issued to Kim.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Conversely, Kim argued }{
\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Palomo}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  made clear that all prosecution was barred and, therefore, all charges must be dismissed.}{\insrsid15861636 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15861636 {\insrsid15861636 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 {\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
The trial court issued a Decision and Order on September 11, 1998 and found that additional charges do not survive.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Consequently, the trial court dismissed all charges of the complaint with prejudice.}{
\insrsid15861636 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15861636 {\insrsid15861636 
\par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 ANALYSIS}{\b\insrsid15861636 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15861636 {\b\insrsid15861636 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 The issue before this court is whether all charges contained in a misdemeanor complaint, including charges not previously listed on the Citation, should be dismissed.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
This issue is a question of law that we will review }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 de novo}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 .}{\insrsid12077020  }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 People v. Quintanilla, }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
1998 Guam 17, }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  8;}{\i\insrsid12077020  }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 see also Palomo}{
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  at }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  4 (using a }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 de novo}{
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  standard of review when interpreting Guam statute).}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Although the People urge this court to rely upon the California case of }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
Wallace v. Municipal Court}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 , 140 Cal. App. 3d 100, 189 Cal. Rptr. 886 (1983) for guidance, we conclude that }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Palomo}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  is dispositive of
 the issue we now address.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid15861636 
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15861636 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 This court previously held that when law enforcement utilizes the citation method of charging a criminal complaint, as set forth in}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 8 GCA }{
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
 25.20 and 25.30 (1993), the prosecuting attorney must take action on or before the date listed on the issued citation.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Palomo}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  at }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  14 (dismissing the entire complaint consisting of two charges although the citation listed only one charge).}{\insrsid12077020  }{
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 In particular, a prosecutor must either }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
file the notice to appear and a complaint with affidavits or . . . make reasonable efforts to notify the defendant that he need not appear}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  on or before the specified date.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Id.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
This court further held that given this statutory scheme, the failure to act in such cases requires dismissal with prejudice as any other remedy would be ineffective.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Id.}{
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  at }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  15-20.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid15861636 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15861636 {\insrsid15861636 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 {\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Our holding in }{
\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Palomo}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  was premised on the interpretation that 8 GCA }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 25.30 created a }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 de facto}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  statute of limitations.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 We wrote: }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
While it is true that the decision on whether to prosecute a case is within the discretion of the prosecuting attorney, this discretionary authority is not unlimited.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
Instead, certain limitations are placed upon that discretionary authority as evidenced by both sections 25.30 and 10.30.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 As it is now, section 25.30 does establish a }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
de facto}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  statute of limitations.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 The court}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 s dismissal of this action essentially provides no remedy for the People to regain the power to }{\b\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 prosecute the case}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 .}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12077020  }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Id.}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  at 14 (emphasis added).}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid15861636 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15861636 {\insrsid15861636 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 10\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 {\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
This language serves to bar completely all charges of the complaint and not just those charges listed on a citation.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Palomo}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
 deliberately addressed section 25.30 in terms of a statute of limitations.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 In so doing, we were well aware that: 1) An offense is committed when every element occurs; and 2) Time starts to run for p
urposes of initiating a prosecution on the day after an offense is committed. 8 GCA }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  10.60 (1993).}{
\cs15\super\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid414815 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid414815 
An offense is also committed when, if a legislative purpose to prohibit a continuing course of conduct plainly appears, at the time when the course of conduct or the defendant}{\fs20\insrsid414815 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid414815 s complicity therein is terminated.  8 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid414815 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid414815  10.60.}{\insrsid414815 
               }}}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Applying, by analogy, the statutory definition of section 10.60 to the }{\i\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 de facto }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
statute of limitations period listed in the citation, the prosecuting attorney must file the additional charges on or before the citation date.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 By the time the citation is issued, the offenses would be}
{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 committed}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020  as defined under the statute.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 
Time would therefore begin running for purposes of commencing prosecution on or before the date listed in the citation.}{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid15861636 
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15861636 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 {\b\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 CONCLUSION}{\insrsid15861636 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15861636 {\insrsid15861636 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 11\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 We therefore AFFIRM the decision and order of the trial court dismissing all charges of the complaint with prejudice.}{\insrsid15861636 
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15861636 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15861636 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15861636 {\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 JANET HEALY WEEKS\tab \tab \tab \tab BENJAMIN J. F. CRUZ
\par Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid12077020  }{\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 Associate Justice}{\insrsid12077020 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15861636 {\insrsid12077020 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12077020 {\insrsid414815\charrsid12077020 PETER C. SIGUENZA
\par Chief Justice
\par }}