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HUALDE,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 EDWARD J. AGUERO,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 Defendants-Appellees.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 Supreme Court Case No.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 CRA97-017}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 Superior Court Case No.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 CF149-95}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 OPINION}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Filed: February 17, 1999 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cite as: }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 1999 Guam 3}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and Submitted on October 6, 1998 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \ql \fi-5040\li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellant:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab \tab \tab }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Appearing for Defendant-Appellee Hualde:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Leonardo M. Rapadas, Esquire\tab \tab \tab David J. Highsmith, Esquire \par Office of the Attorney General\tab \tab \tab \tab Highsmith & O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Mallan, P.C. \par Prosecution Division\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 134 Chalan Santo Papa, Suite 204 \par 2-200E Judicial Ctr. Bldg.\tab \tab \tab \tab Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par 120 W O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Brien Dr. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par \par }\pard \ql \li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Appearing for Defendant-Appellee Aguero:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \ql \fi5040\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Jeffrey A. Cook, Esquire \par Cunliffe & Cook \par A Professional Corporation \par 210 Archbishop Flores Street, Suite 200 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 BEFORE: PETER C. SIGUENZA, Chief Justice, JANET HEALY WEEKS and EDUARDO A. CALVO, Associate Justices. \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 SIGUENZA, C.J.: \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab The issue raised in this appeal is whether the trial court committed error when it suppressed Appellees}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 statements to the Guam Police Department (GPD) upon finding that the Appellees did not make a knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver of their }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 rights despite rendering a decision, in an earlier motion to suppress, that the Appellees did make a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 knowing, intelligent and voluntary waiver. We find that the trial court abused its discretion by essentially re-litigating an issue it had already decided in the earlier motion to suppress without justification; and that it erred in ruling that the respective confessions and video re-enactments should be suppressed. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab On or about September 28, 1990, a Korean male was beaten to death at a local beach.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The crime remained unsolved u ntil a break in the case occurred five years later and information had been received of the involvement of Edward Demapan in the homicide.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 On March 28, 1995, Appellee Hualde was arrested along with Edward Demapan at the construction site of a department s tore. Drug paraphernalia was found in the vehicle that they were in and they were brought down to the Guam Police Department (GPD) headquarters at Pedro}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s Plaza for questioning. Demapan subsequently provided a st atement to officers of the involvement of Hualde and Appellee Aguero in the 1990 homicide. \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 A. Hualde}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s Statements}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab Hualde was advised of his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 rights and had executed a Custodial Interrogation Rights Form indicating that he understood and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 waived his rights. GPD officers proceeded to interview him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Hualde testified that, although he thought he would be questioned about a drug charge, he was initially told that he was being held as a susp ect for a beating. Hualde, at first, denied any involvement in any kind of beating; however, he then gave information of an assault on a Korean male which ultimately concluded at the homicide crime scene. He prepared a written statement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 An hour later, Hu alde provided a more detailed written statement of the incident. He was thereafter charged with Murder. Finally, Hualde provided a re-enactment of the incident that was video-taped by the GPD. \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 B. Aguero}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s Statements}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab Appellee Aguero was also arrested on March 28, 1995.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 He was advised of his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Rights via the Custodial Interrogation Rights Form and he executed the waiver provision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Aguero initially denied any knowledge or involvement in the 1990 homicide and a written statement reiterating his position was prepared for him by the interviewing officer upon Aguero}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s request.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The next day, an officer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 allowed Aguero and Hualde to meet with each other for a brief period.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Afterwards, Aguero requested to speak with the police and then proceeded to provide the police with a detailed account of the 1990 incident.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The interview was tape-recorded at Aguero}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s request.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 He later provided a re-enactment which was also video-taped.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab On April 6, 1995, an Indictment was returned and the Appellees were charged with Aggravated Murder (As a First Degree Felony), and with Conspiracy to Commit Aggravated Murder (As a First Degree Felony).}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Each of the above-mentioned charges was accompanied by four counts of the Special Allegation of the Possession and Use of a Deadly Weapon in the Commission of the respective felonies.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 On May 11, 1995,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Hualde sought to suppress the various incriminating statements given to officers of the GPD.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Hualde}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s motion to suppress was premised on the theory that his waiver was procured by promises made to him by the po lice, that the police had instructed him as to the content of his written statement, that he was coached by the officers when he provided the videotaped re-enactment, and that he was under the influence of a controlled substance.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Shortly thereafter, Aguero filed a motion to suppress that was premised}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 on the theory that promises were made by the police to secure his confessions. The primary focus of each of the motions was the issue of whether}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 the respective statements of the Appellees were made after a knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver of their }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 C. First Suppression Hearing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab An evidentiary hearing on Aguero}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s motion was conducted on July 26, 1995.}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 A clinical psychologist (Dr. James Kiffer) and officers of the Guam Police Department, specifically, Roy Manibusan (the officer who had conducted the interview of Aguero) and Agnes Blas (who assisted in Aguero}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 s interview and was a witness to a br ief exchange between the Appellees), and the Appellee Aguero were called to the stand and were subject to direct and cross examination by the parties and the court below.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The court denied Aguero}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s motion based on his opportunity to hear the testimony and observe the demeanor of the witnesses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The judge indicated a concern as to the credibility of the officers with respect to how the advisement of rights}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 was administered and how the waiver was obtained and that the case may not have gone forward had the testimony of the officers been the only evidence presented to the court}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Transcript on Appeal, Vol. I of VII at 182-4}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 However, the court, after its consideration of his testimony and tape-recorded confession,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 was convinced that Aguero was able to make a knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver of his rights.}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Id.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab The evidentiary hearing on Hualde}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s motion began on August 1, 1995.}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 GPD officer s Joseph Leon Guerrero (involved in the arrest of Appellee Hualde and the discovery of crystal methamphetamine), Agnes Blas (who had monitored the Appellees), Eric Toves (regarding the video re-enactment), Peter Santos (regarding the arrest of Appellee), Frederick Quinene (test results on vehicle), Lawrence Quichocho (on a polygraph test performed upon the informant), Joseph Carbullido and Daniel Quinata (Appellee Hualde}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 s interrogating officers) were called to t he stand and subjected to direct and cross examination by the parties and the court below. Hualde also took the stand on his own behalf.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 At the end of the hearing on August 3, 1995, the court was informed that Hualde would be entering a change of plea.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Subsequently, it appeared that he did not want to change his plea and new counsel was appointed to represent him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab Approximately five months later, on January 24, 1996, the evidentiary hearing continued on Hualde}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s motion to suppress with Hualde represented by new counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 After the hearing, the court ruled that Hualde}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s waiver was knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently made.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The court was unconvinced that his ability to make such a waiver was negatively impacted by the use of crystal methamphetamine or by any tricks or lies by the police.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Transcript on Appeal, Vol. IV of VII at 94}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The court did not prepare a written decision and order for either of the Appellees}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 motions and neither Appellee had filed a motion for rehearing or reconsideration of the denials of their respective motions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 D. Second Motion to Suppress}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab On March 6, 1997, Appellee Hualde filed another motion to suppress on the basis that his due process rights were violated by the government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s failure to electronically record his interrogation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 On March 31, 1997, Appellee Aguero joined the motion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The court below conducted an evidentiary hearing beginning on July 23, 1997.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Officers Santos, Toves, Carbullido , Quinata, Blas, and both Appellees testified at the hearing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Officer Rick Flores, a supervisor of the officers, was also called.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 He had not testified previously at either Hualde}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s or Aguero}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s earlier suppression hearings.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab After the witnesses were subjected to direct and cross examination by the parties and the court, the judge orally ruled on the motion and suppressed the statements and tapes on August 1, 1997, as to both Appellees.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The court specifically indicated that its decision was not based on the premise that a Constitutional right was denied by the failure to electronically record the interviews and interrogations}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Transcript on Appeal, Vol. VII of VII at 81}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 . The court stated that it was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 gravely, gravely, gravely concerned about the voluntariness of the two confessions and the tapings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Id}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 . at 82}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 As to Hualde, the court seemed concerned with how the line of questioning by the police made the transition from drugs then to assault then to a beating and finally to a murder.}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Id}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 . at 82-83}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 As to Aguero, the court seemed to believe that the police engaged in some coercion by allowing Hualde and Aguero to speak with each other.}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Id.}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 at 84}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab On October 14, 1997, the court issued its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 It was specifically addressed to Hualde}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s motion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 and apparently clarified the basis for the suppression of his confession and re-enactment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The court, although acknowledging that the issue of whether a suspect must be aware of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 all the crimes about which he will be questioned had been decided by the United States Supreme Court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Colorado v. Spring}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 479 U.S. 564, 107 S.Ct. 851,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 (1987), sought to distinguish the instant case from the facts of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 . Upon that distinction, the court then proceeded to advocate the reasoning of the dissent in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 and of the lower Colorado courts and held that Hualde should have been advised that he was being questioned about a homicide, or in the alternative, that he should have been re-}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Mirandized }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 before questioning him on an unrelated crime.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 ANALYSIS}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab Appellant, the People of Guam, appeals the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s order granting the motion to suppress evidence pursuant to Title 8 of the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Guam Code Annotated Section 130.20(a)(6) (1993).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Th is court has jurisdiction over the matter pursuant to 7 GCA }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 3017(b) (1994) and 8 GCA }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 130.60 (1993).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab The effect of the actions of the court below can be viewed in two alternative ways.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Firstly, that the court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s actions amounted to a reconsideration of its earlier ruling and secondly, that it could be viewed as}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 a change in the law of the case.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Procedura lly, the instant case involves the denial of a motion to suppress where the issue of the voluntariness of a waiver was dispositive and a later ruling in total contradiction with the earlier one. Appellant argues that because there were no significant diff erences in the evidence between the two hearings when it came to the issue of the waiver, the court was not justified in reversing its earlier denial of the motions; and that the Appellees have had the opportunity to get a }{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 second bite}{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 and re-litigate the issue of the effectiveness of the waiver.}} }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Whether to reconsider a suppression order at trial is reviewed for abuse of discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 United States v. Buffington}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 815 F.2d 1292, 1298 (9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 th} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cir. 1987).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Similarly, the district court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s denial of a motion to reconsider and to reopen a suppression hearing is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 United States v. Hobbs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 31 F.3d 918, 923 (9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cir. 1994). Under the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 law of the case}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 doctrine, a court is generally precluded from reconsidering an issue that has already been decided by the same court, or a higher court in the identical case. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 United States v. Alexander}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 106 F.3d 874, 876 (9}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cir. 1997)(citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Thomas v. Bible}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 983 F.2d 152, 154 (9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cir. 1993). The doctrine is not a limitation on a tribunal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s power, but rather a guide to discretion.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Arizona v. California}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 460 U.S. 605, 618, 103 S.Ct. 1382, 1391 (1983)). A court has discretion to depart from the law of the case where: 1) the first decision was clearly erroneous; 2) an intervening change in the law has occurred; 3) the evidence on remand is substantially different; 4) other changed circumstances exist; or 5) a manifest injustice would otherwise result. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 . Failure to apply the doctrine of the law of the case absent on e of the requisite conditions constitutes an abuse of discretion. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 . }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 See also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 United States v. Tham,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 960 F.2d 1391, 1397 (9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cir. 1992), }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 United States v. Estrada-Lucas}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 651 F.2d 1261, 1263-5 (9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cir. 1980).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab While the court below felt justified that an evidentiary hearing was needed because of the passage of time, the relative age of the case, and its desire to move it forward to trial, it is clear that the Appellant was prejudiced by the procedure used by the court. This is so, especially consi dering the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s unwillingness to review the tapes of the earlier proceedings to re-acquaint itself with the evidence that had previously been adduced and that the basis of the Appellees}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 second motion was considerably narrower, ie., whether the due process rights of the Appellee}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s were violated by the government}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s failure to record the interrogation.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 It would seem to us that the very same evidence presented at the first hearings would be presented at the later proceeding and that the interests of judicial economy would have been better served to do such a review rather than du plicate what had already been placed before it. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Buffington}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 815 F.2d at 1298.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 In }{ \i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Buffington,}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 the position of the parties was reversed in that the defendants}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 motion to suppress was granted then subsequently denied at a later hearing. On appeal, the defendants challenged the trial court}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 s order granting reconsideration of the suppression motion and the order which den ied suppression. The defendants argued that it was error to change the ruling since the government had not presented new evidence or additional facts which would justify reversing the prior decision and that reopening it impermissibly gave the prosecutio n a }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 second bite}{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 and a chance to do later what it ought to have done earlier. }{ \i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Buffington}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 , 815 F.2d. at 1297. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals disagreed because it was of the opinion that the earlier hearing did not constitute a plenary suppression hearing. }{\i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Id.}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Even if the earlier hearing could have been characterized as a suppression hearing, reversal would be unwarranted and noted that it had previously approved the propriety, for reasons of judicial economy, of a district judge}{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 s reconsideration of a suppression order. }{ \i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Id.}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 at 1298. The court observed that there had been no showing that the procedure followed by the district court prejudiced the defendants or that any witnesses disappeared in the intervening period of time or that there was any indication that the government acted merely to delay the proceedings. }{\i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Id.}{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab Additionally, Appellees}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 second motions to suppress were filed more than one year after the court had already denied their first motions.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Neither of the Appellees moved for a reconsideration of the court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s rulings on their respective motions; yet, they were allowed to file the second motion under the guise that the Appellees had suffered a particular violation of their due process right. But the issue that was the basis of the second motion to suppress wa s explicitly disregarded by the court below. The trial court rested its decision on the effectiveness of the waiver; however, it had never expressed a belief that its earlier decision may have been mistaken. In fact, the court never sought to reconcile its decision that the Appellees}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 waivers were not knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily made with its earlier ruling that the waivers were effective.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab Moreover, there was no assertion that the first decision was clearly erroneous; nor was}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 there an intervening change in the law which necessitated the reconsideration of its ruling on the issue; nor was the evidence from the second hearing substantially different from the first; nor did some other changed circumstances exist; finally,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 no manifest injustice would have resulted if the earlier finding was not repudiated. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Alexander}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 106 F.3d at 876.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab For the reasons above, we find that the trial court a bused its discretion by essentially reconsidering and re-opening an issue it had already decided and subsequently ruling contrary to the earlier decision without justification.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 SUPPRESSION OF STATEMENTS}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab Additionally, we hold that the trial court erred in finding that Appellees}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 confessions and video re-enactments should be suppressed because they did not make a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of their }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab Generally, motions to suppress are reviewed }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 . }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 United States v. Noushfar}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 78 F3d. 1442, 1447 (9} {\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cir. 1996); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 United States v. Manning}{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 56 F3d 1188, 1196 (9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 th}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cir. 1995); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 United States v. Becker}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 23 F3d 1537, 1539 (9}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cir. 1994); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 United States v. Khan}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 993 F.2d 1368, 1375 (9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cir. 1993).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s factual findings are reviewed for clear error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Noushfar}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 78 F.3d at 1447. The voluntariness of a waiver of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 rights is reviewed }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 de novo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 United States v. Huynh}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 60 F.3d 1386, 1387-88 (9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cir. 1995); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 United States v. Doe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 60 F.3d 544,546 (9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 th}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Cir. 1995); Whether the decision was knowing and intelligent is reviewed for clear error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Doe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 60 F.3d at 546.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that no person }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 This privilege }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 is fully applicable during a period of custodial interrogation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda v. Arizona}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 384 U.S. 436, 460-461, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1620-1621 (1966).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , the Court concluded that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 without proper safeguards the process of in-custody interrogation of persons suspected or accused of crime contains inherently compelling pressures which work to undermine the individual}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s will to resist and to compel him to speak where he would not otherwise do so freely.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 . at 467, 86 S.Ct. at 1624. Accordingly, the Court formulated the now-familiar }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 procedural s afeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 . at 444, 86 S.Ct. at 1612. Consistent with this purpose,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 a suspect may waive his Fifth Amendment privilege, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 provided the waiver is made voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Hualde}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab After the evidentiary hearing,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 the court below granted Hualde}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s motion to suppress, not on the premise that a constitutional right was denied, but rather on the basis that it was concerned with the voluntariness of the waiver of Hualde}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s constitutional rights.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 The trial court}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 s articulation, on Aug ust 1, 1997, of the reasons for finding that the confessions were not voluntary was difficult to follow. In one respect, the court was stating that the testimony of the police witnesses was so contradictory that he could not believe anything that they h ad said. On the other hand, had the interrogations been recorded the court could have resolved the issue in favor of the prosecution. The written Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, however, sheds light on the justification behind the court}{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 s decision to suppress the confessions and video re-enactments. The court held that a defendant should be entitled to know of the specific crimes for which he will be questioned before he could effectively waive his }{ \i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Miranda}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 rights or alternatively, that the police should re-}{\i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Mirandize}{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 a suspect before questioning him on an unrelated crime.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab The court below acknowledged}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 the United States Supreme Court case of}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Colorado v. Spring}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 479 U.S. 564, 107 S.Ct. 851 (1987), as having dealt with the issue of whether a suspect must be made aware of all of the crimes for which he will be questioned.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 But to escape the holding of that case, the court below sought to distinguish the facts of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 with the facts of the instant case; however, a review of the essential facts of both cases indicates that they are indistinguishable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , the victim, Daniel Walker, was shot and killed in February 1979 during a hunting trip in Colorado.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Shortly thereafter, an informant told agents of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) that the defendant, Spring,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 was engaged in the interstate transportation of stolen firearms and that the defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 had discussed his participation in the Colorado killing. Based on the information received, ATF agents set up an undercover operation to purchase firearms from the defendant.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 On March 30, 1979,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 they arrested the defendant during an undercover purchase in Kansas City, Missouri.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 An ATF agent advised defendant of his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 rights at the scene of the arrest and he was re-advised a second time after he was transported to the ATF office in Kansas City. Defendant signed a written form stating that he understood and waived his rights and that he was willing to make a statem ent and answer questions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The agents first questioned defendant about the firearms transactions that led to his arrest.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 They then asked defendant if he had a criminal record. The defendant admitted that he had a juvenile record for shooting his aunt when he was ten years old. The agents then asked the defendant if he had ever shot anyone else and defendant admitted that he had. The agents then began questioning defendant about the Colorado killing which he denied and the interrogation ceased. He was subs equently questioned by Colorado authorities and confessed to the murder. The defendant sought to have the later confession suppressed on the basis that it was the illegal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 fruit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 of his March 30, 1979, statement wherein he made an invalid waiver of his }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The Colorado Court of Appeals agreed with the defendant and reversed his conviction which the Colorado Supreme Court affirmed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab The U.S. Supreme Court held that a suspect}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s awareness of all the possible subjects of questioning in advance of interrogation is not relevant to determining whether the suspect voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived his Fifth Amendment privilege. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 479 U.S. at 577, 107 S.Ct. at 859. It found that the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s decision to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 waive his Fifth Amendment privilege was voluntary; that there was no coercion of a confession by physical violence or other deliberate means calculated to break his will. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 . at 573-574, 107 S.Ct. at 857.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The Court also found that there was no doubt that the defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s waiver was knowingly and intelligently made, that is, that he understood that he had the right to remain silent and that anything he said could be used as evidence against him. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 at 574, 107 S.Ct. at 857.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 It observed that the Constitution does not require that a criminal suspect know and understand every possible consequence of a waiver of the Fifth Amendment privilege. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The Court stated that the Fifth Amendment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s guarantee is both simpler and more fundamental: a defendant may not be compelled to be a witness against himself in any respect. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab Like the defendant in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , who was initially arrested for an illegal firearms purchase and not a homicide, Hualde was initially brought in,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 not on a homicide but on a possible drug charge. Similarly, Hualde was not informed that the subject of interrogation was a homicide before advisement of the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 rights was made and like the defendant in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , Hualde executed a written form stating that he understood his rights and agreed to waive them.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 There is no dispute that Appellee Hualde}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 s statement at issue was obtained during a }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 custodial interrogation}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 within the meaning of}{ \i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Miranda}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 .}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab The only factual distinction that the Superior Court below drew between }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 and the instant case was that the law enforcement personnel in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 did not know of his possible involvement in a murder; and with no other factual distinction, the court proceeded to embrace the reasoning of the dissent and lower Colorado courts. This distinction is a mis-statement of the facts of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 In}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , the ATF agents were aware of his involvement in a homicide in Colorado from an informant. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 479 U.S. at 566, 107 S.Ct. 853. This mis-statement of the facts of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 cannot justify the lower court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s disregard for the holding of a case directly on point to the issue before it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab In its analysis, the trial court below agreed with the reasoning of both the}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 dissent and that of the lower Colorado courts that the failure to inform the App ellees that they would be questioned about the murder constituted trickery and deceit by the police. The court offered this argument}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 as the justification for its ruling to suppress the confessions and re-enactments.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 This very same argument was rejected by the court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 when it stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [T]his Court has never held that mere silence by law enforcement officials as to the subject matter of an interrogation is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 trickery}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 sufficient to invalidate a suspect}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s waiver of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 rights, and we expressly decline to so hold today.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Spring}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 at 576, 107 S.Ct. 858. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab By disregarding controlling precedent, the lower court erred by finding that Hualde}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 waiver of his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 rights was not made knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently because the police failed to inform him of the subject of the interrogation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Aguero}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab We also assign error to the trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s ruling that Aguero}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s confession a nd video re-enactment should be suppressed because the police engaged in coercion by allowing him to speak with Hualde and, therefore, he could}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 not have made a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab A statement is not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 compelled}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment if an individual }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 waives his constitutional privilege. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda v. Arizona}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1612 (1966).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The inquiry whether a waiver is coerc}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 ed has two distinct dimensions: \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 First, the relinquishment of the right must have been voluntary in the sense that it was the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception. Second, the waiver must have been made with a full awareness both of the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it. Only if the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 totality of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 reveal both an uncoerced choice and the requisite level of comprehension may a court properly conclude that the Miranda rights have been waived.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Moran v. Burbine}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 475 U.S. 412, 421, 106 S.Ct. 1135, 1141 (1986)(quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Fare v. Michael C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 ., 442 U.S. 707, 725, 99 S .Ct. 2560, 2572 (1979)). Coercive police activity is a necessary predicate to the finding that a confession is not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 voluntary}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 within the meaning of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Colorado v. Connelly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 479 U.S. 157, 167, 107 S.Ct. 515, 522}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 (1986). Absent police conduct causally related to the confession, there is simply no basis for concluding that any state actor has deprived a criminal defendant of due process of law. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 at 164, 107 S.Ct. at 519.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Indeed, the most outrageous behaviour by a private party seeking to secure evidence against a defendant does not make that evidence inadmissible under the Due Process Clause.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 at 166, 107 S.Ct. at 521.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab In the instant case, the record is devoid of any evidence of}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 coercion of a confession by physical violence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 However, the court below characterized the police}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s act of allowing Hualde to speak with Aguero as the coercion which militates against finding that Aguero effectively waived his privilege not to incriminate himself.}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Transcript on Appeal, Vol. VII of VII at 84}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Aguero had not provided any sort of confession until he had spoken to Hualde. Thus, in order to attribute Hualde}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s acts to police conduct, the inquiry becomes whether Hualde can be fairly said to have been an a gent of the police.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 United States v. Pace}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 , 833 F.2d 1307 (9th Cir. 1988), Pace had been charged with robbery and a warrant issued for his arrest. A month later, he had been arrested for an unrelated}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 traffic violation in Reno, Nevada, and was placed in a cell that he shared with another individual named Axtell.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 That same day, Pace confessed the robbery to Axtell who relayed this information to the FBI}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 The confession was admitted and he was convicted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 On appeal, he argued to the Ninth Circuit that his rights under the Fifth Amendment were violated when Axtell elicited his confession without first giving him }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 warnings because Axtell was acting as a government agent. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 at 1312. The court rejected his contention by observing that there had be en no pre-existing agreement between Axtell and the police or FBI. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 at 1313. The court held Axtell had acted on his own initiative in obtaining Pace}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s confession and that there was no }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 quid pro quo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 underlying A xtell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s relation with the government. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab Likewise, our review of the record in the instant case shows that it was Hualde who had asked the supervising police officer if he could talk to Aguero.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671 Transcript on Appeal, Vol. VII of VII, at 38-39}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 It}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 does not reveal that there had been an agreement by Hualde and the police to act as an agent for the police nor that he would receive some benefit from getting Aguero to confess.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab In conclusion, because there is nothing in the record to suggest}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 acts of coercion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 attributable to the police,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 the court below committed error in finding that Aguero had been subjected to coercion by the police which rendered his waiver of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Miranda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 involuntary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 CONCLUSION}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 \tab Based on the foregoing, the trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 s order suppressing the confessions and video re-enactments of the Appellees is REVERSED and the matter is REMANDED for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Nunc pro tunc to October 6, 1998.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 JANET HEALY WEEKS\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 EDUARDO A. CALVO \par Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 Associate Justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939983\charrsid4939983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4939983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1263671\charrsid4939983 PETER C. SIGUENZA \par Chief Justice \par }}