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PEREZ,}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 Defendant-Appellant.}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 Supreme Court Case No.}{\b\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 CRA97-019}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par Superior Court Case No.}{\b\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 CF0465-96}{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 OPINION}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Filed: February 12, 1999 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Cite as: }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 1999 Guam 2}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and Submitted on 07 October, 1998 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts17\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid4397675\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid4397675\yts17 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\ul\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par Richard P. Arens, Esquire \par Cunliffe & Cook \par A Professional Corporation \par 210 Archbishop Flores Street \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\ul\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \cell Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par David M. Moore, Assistant Attorney General \par Office of the Attorney General \par Prosecution Division \par 2-200E Judicial Center Bldg. \par 120 West O}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 Brien Drive \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\b\ul\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\ul\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts17\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid4397675\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 BEFORE: PETER C. SIGUENZA, Chief Justice, JANET HEALY WEEKS}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 and JOSE I. LEON GUERRERO, Associate Justices. \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 SIGUENZA, C.J.:}{\b\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 INTRODUCTION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [1]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Edward B. Perez appeals his conviction after a jury trial. He challenges the constitutionality of the Family Violence Act, embodied in Title 9 of the Guam Code Annotated, Sections 30.10 }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 et seq}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 ., as being both void for vagueness and in violation of the Separation of Powers Doctrine. He also assigns as error the trial court}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s failure to charge the jury with the statutory definition of }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 deadly weapon}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 and with an instruction on a lesser included offense of Family Violence. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 FACTS}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [2]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Appellant was charged by the Superior Court Territorial Grand Jury, by superseding indictment, with Possession of a Controlled Substance (As a Third Degree Felony), Attempted Criminal Mischief (As a Third Degree Felony), Possession of a Firearm Without an Identification Card (As a Felony), Family Violence (As a Third Degree Felony) and Assault (As a Misdemeanor).}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 In addition, Appellant was charged with the Special Allegation of Possession and Use of a Deadly Weapon in the Commission of Attempted Criminal Mischief (As a Third Felony) and of Family Viole}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 nce (As a Third Degree Felony).}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \par }{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [3]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Jury selection and trial on the matter commenced on July 14, 1997, and at the close of evidence}{\cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 }{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 The defendant did not call any witnesses on his own behalf.}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , the parties and the court discussed the instructions to be read to the jury.}{ \insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 During that discussion, the court noted that the defendant did not file a written motion to reduce the Family Violence felony charge to a misdemeanor, as allowed by statute.}{ \cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 "Upon a written, noticed motion prior to the commencement of trial, the defendant may move that a felony charge filed pursuant to this }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 30.20 be reduced to a misdemeanor. Whether any charge shall proceed as a mi sdemeanor or a felony rests within the discretion of the court.}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 9 GCA }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 30.20(b)(1994)}}}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Neither party requested an instruction for the misdemeanor crime of Family Vio lence as a lesser included offense of the felony; however, the parties, did agree to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of Attempted Criminal Mischief (As a Misdemeanor).}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 The jury was also instructed on the essential elements of each of the Special Allegations of the Possession and Use of a Deadly Weapon during the commission of the felonies of Family Violence and Attempted Criminal Mischief; however, the statutory definition of }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 deadly weapon}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid4397675 was not given.}{\insrsid12940353 \par }{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [4]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Appellant was acquitted of Attempted Criminal Mischief}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 (As a Third Degree Felony) and Assault (As a Misdemeanor).}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 He was convicted of the remaining charges including the Special Allegations of P ossession and Use of a Deadly Weapon during the commission of a Felony and the lesser included offense of Attempted Criminal Mischief (As a Misdemeanor).}{\cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 The parties and the court below recognized a problem with the conviction for the Special Allegation o f the Possession and Use of a Deadly Weapon in the Commission of Attempted Criminal Mischief (As a Third Degree Felony) because the jury had acquitted Appellant of the underlying felony. Neither side has assigned this error on appeal.}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx720\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4397675 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE FAMILY VIOLENCE ACT}{\insrsid12940353 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [5]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab This court has jurisdiction pursuant to 7 GCA }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 3107 (1994) and 8 GCA }{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 130.15 and 130.60 (1993). The first question we address is whether the Family Violence Act, as contained in Title 9 of the Guam Code Annotated }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 30.10 }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 et seq}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 ., is constitutional.}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [6]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab The constitutionality of a statute is a question of law reviewed }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 de novo}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 . }{ \i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 United States v. Rambo}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 74 F.3d 948, 951 (9}{\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 th}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Cir. 1996); }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 United States v. Sahhar}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 56 F.3d 1026, 1028 (9}{\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 th}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Cir. 1995); }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 United States v. Alexander}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 48 F.3d 1477, 1491 (9}{\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 th}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Cir.1995). }{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 1. Void for Vagueness}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [7]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Whether a statute is void for vagueness is a question of law reviewed }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 de novo}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 .}{ \i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 United States v. Woodley}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 9 F.3d 774, 778 (9}{\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 th}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Cir. 1993). It is a basic principle of due process that an enactment is void for vagueness if its prohibitions are not clearly defined.}{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Grayned v. City of Rockford}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 408 U.S. 104, 108, 92 S.Ct. 2294, 2298 (1972). }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Generally stated, the void for vagueness doctrine requires that a pe nal statute define the criminal offense with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited and in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Kolender v. Lawson}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 461 U.S. 352, 357, 103 S.Ct. 1855, 1858 (1983)(citations omitted). Although the doctrine focuses both on actual notice to citizens and arbitrary enforcement, it has been recognized that the more important aspect of vagueness doctrine }{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 is not actual notice, but the other principal element of the doctrine-the requirement that a legislature establish minimal guidelines to govern law enforcement.}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Id}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 . at 358, 103 S.Ct. at 1858. (quoting }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Smith v. Goguen}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 415 U.S. 566, 574, 94 S.Ct. 1242, 1248 (1974)).}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [8]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab In }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Kolender}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 ,}{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 the United States Supreme Court reviewed the constitutionality of a California penal statute challenged as vague. }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 In evaluating a facial challenge to a state law, a federal court must, of course, consider any limiting construction that a state court or enforcement agency has proffered. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Id}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 . at 355, 103 S.Ct. at 1857 (quoting }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Village of Hoffman Estates v. Flipside}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 455 U.S. 489, 494 S.Ct. 1186, 1191 (1982)).}{ \insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 The Court looked at the construction of the statute by the lower California courts which had determined that, under the challenged terms of the statute, failure of an individual t o provide }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 credible and reliable}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 identification permitted his arrest. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Id}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 . at 355-56, 103 S.Ct. at 1857-58. In striking down the challenged statute, the Supreme Court reasoned that the full discretion accorded to the police to determine whether the suspect has provided a }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 credible and reliable}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 identification necessarily }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 entrusts lawmaking to the moment-to-moment judgment of the policeman on his beat}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , and that it }{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 encourages arbitrary enforcement by failing to describe with sufficient particularity what a suspect must do in order to satisfy the statute.}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Id.}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 at 360-61, 103 S.Ct. at 1859-60. }{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [9]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab The crime of Family Violence, found in 9 GCA }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 30.20(a) (1994), provides: that }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [a]ny person who intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly commits an act of family violence, as defined in }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 30.10 of the Chapter, is guilty of a misdemeanor, or of a third degree felony.}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Further, section 30.10 states: }{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 (a) Fami ly violence means the occurrence of one (1) or more of the following acts by a family or household member, but does not include acts of self\_defense or defense of others:}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 1. Attempting to cause or causing bodily injury to another family or household member;}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 2. Placing a family or household member in fear of bodily injury.}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 9 GCA }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 30.10(a) (1994).}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [10]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab The statute informs an individual that if he or she engages in the proscribed conduct then he or she can be p rosecuted for the crime of Family Violence, as either a misdemeanor or a third degree felony. The statute further informs an individual of the following: that prosecution as a misdemeanor or a third degree felony, upon conviction, involves the possibility of incarceration and/or a fine}{\cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 }{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 9 GCA }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 80.30, 80.31, 80.34, and 80.50 (1993)}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 ; that he or she will be subject to mandatory incarceration for prior convictions}{ \cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 9 GCA }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt \f172\fs20}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 30.20(g) and (h) (1994)}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 ; or that he or she can be prosecuted for other violations of law.}{\cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 9 GCA }{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 30.20(e) (1994) and 9 GCA }{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 1.22 (1993).}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 }{ \insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [11]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab The question for this court to decide is whether 9 GCA }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f172\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 30.10 and 30.20 provide minimal guidelines for the exercise of prosecutorial discretion or do the statutes permit }{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 a standardless sweep [that] allows policemen, prosecutors, and juries to pursue their personal p redilections.}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 See}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 }{ \i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Kolender}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 461 U.S. at 358, 103 S.Ct. at 1858. (citation omitted). We find that the Act provides sufficient guidelines for the exercise of prosecutorial discretion even though, on its face, it does not specifically address the prosecuting attorney. }{ \insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [12]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab The Family Violence Act is a comprehensive statutory scheme that, when viewed as a whole, demands that the prosecuting attorney take into account a defendant}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s ability to move for a reduction of a felony charge. In the exercise of its discretion}{ \cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 See}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 discussion }{\i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 infra}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 on Separation of Powers.}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , the court is permitted to entertain such a motion and is statutorily required to consider the list of seven factors in its determination of the appropriateness of a felony charge of Family Violence.}{\cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 That provision in the statute that discusses the appropriateness of a felony charge of Family Violence states: \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 (b) Upon a written, noticed motion prior to commencement of trial, the defendant may move that a felony charge filed pursuant to this }{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 30.20 be reduced to a misdemeanor. Whether any charge shall proceed as a misdemeanor or a felony rests within the discretion of the court. \par (c) In determining whether any felony charge filed pursuant to this }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 30.20 should be reduced to a misdemeanor, the court shall consider the following factors, among others: \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 {\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 1. The extent or seriousness of the victim's injuries; \par 2. The defendant's history of violence against the same victim whether charged or uncharged; \par 3. The use of a gun or other weapon by the defendant; \par 4. The defendant's prior criminal history; \par 5. The victim's attitude and conduct regarding the incident; \par 6. The involvement of alcohol or other substance, and the defendant's history of substance abuse as reflected in the defendant's criminal history and other sources; and \par 7. The defendant's history of and amenability to counselling. \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 (d) If the court, after hearing, finds substantial evidence that a victim suffered serious bodily injury as defined in subsection (c) of }{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 16.10 of this title, no felony charged filed under this }{ \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 30.20 shall be reduced to a misdemeanor unless the court finds that due to unusual circumstances a reduction of the charge is manifestly in the interest of justice. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 9 GCA }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt \f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 30.20(b), (c) and (d) (1994).}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 While not all of the factors will be applicable to every case, those that are should be carefully evaluated. Because of the court}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s duty to consider those factors, a defendant}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s motion is necessarily predicated upon the same factors.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Likewise, the prosecuting attorney must take into consideration those factors that guide a court}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s discretion because failure to do so would clearly make a felony charge of Family Violence vulnerable to a successful motion to reduce.}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [13]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Thus, we disagree with Appellant}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s conclusion that the Family Violence Act is unconstitutionally vague.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 We hold that the statute adequately informs an individual of the proscribed activity; and more importantly, that it provides specific gu idelines that discourage the arbitrary enforcement of the statute by the prosecuting attorney. This is accomplished by delineating factors, relative to the determination of whether a felony or misdemeanor}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 charge of Family Violence proceeds through the court system, that the prosecutor must take into account when making the charging decision.}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 2. Separation of Powers Doctrine}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [14]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab The next question is whether a violation of the}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Doctrine of the Separation of Powers occurs by allowing the court to determine whether a Family Violence charge shall proceed as a misdemeanor or felony.}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [15]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Until Guam creates its own Constitution, the Organic Act of Guam is the equivalent of Guam}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s Constitution. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Bordallo v. Baldwin}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 624 F.2d 932, 934 (9}{ \super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 th}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Cir. 1980). }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 The Organic Act specifically provides that }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [t]he government of Guam shall consist of three branches, Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. . .}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 1421(a) (1 992). By its very language, therefore, the Organic Act requires application of the constitutional doctrine of separation of powers to government of Guam functions.}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Taisipic v. Marion}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 1996 Guam 9, }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 26 (citation omitted). Through strict adherence to the doctrine of separation of powers, courts throughout the United States have sought to protect the legislative and executive branches of government from judicial interference. }{ \i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Id.}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 at }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 27.}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [16]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab In }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Taisipic}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , the lower court had ordered the Appellee into a program that was available only to offenders who had been granted parole. The Territorial Parole Board had not yet granted parole to Appellee and it appealed the court}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s order on the grounds that it violated the separation of powers doctrine and that the relief ordered was erroneous. This court reversed the lower court}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s order.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 We found that the lower court}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s order impermissibly encroached upon the Territorial Parole Board}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s power to grant or deny parole and that it had usurped the power of the Guam Legislature, which vested authority over parole determinations in the Parole Board and not in the courts. }{ \i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Id}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 . at }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 33.}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [17]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab The United States Supreme Court set forth a framework for evaluating separation of powers challenges: }{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 In determining whether the Act disrupts the proper balance between the coordinate branches, the proper inquiry focuses on the extent to which it prevents the Executive Branch from acco mplishing its constitutionally assigned functions. Only where the potential for disruption is present must we then determine whether the impact is justified by an overriding need to promote objectives within the constitutional authority of Congress. }{ \ul\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\ul\insrsid4397675 \par }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Nixon v. Administrator of General Services}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 433 U.S. 425, 443, 97 S.Ct. 2777, 2790 (1977)(citation omitted). Thus, two separate elements must be evaluated: (1) whether the statutory provision prevents the accomplishment of constitutional functions and (2) if s o, whether the disruptive impact is justified by any overriding constitutional need.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [18]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Examination of the instant statute does not lead to the conclusion that a usurpation of the constitutional function of the executive, that is the auth ority to charge or not charge a person with a criminal offense, occurs.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Indeed, the decision to allow a case to proceed upon the felony or misdemeanor charge is a judicial function. }{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 When the decision to prosecu te has been made, the process which leads to acquittal or sentencing is fundamentally}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 judicial in nature, or, to state it in another way, when the jurisdiction of the court has been properly invoked by the filing of a criminal charge, the disposition of that charge becomes a judicial responsibility.}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 State v. Jones}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 689 P. 2d 561, 564 (Ariz. 1984)(citing }{ \i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 People v. Superior Court of San Mateo County}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 11 Cal. 3d 59, 113 Cal. Rptr. 21, 520 P. 2d 405 (1974)). }{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [19]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab T herefore, because we find no disruption of the charging function of the executive, the second prong of the inquiry need not be addressed and we hold that the instant statute does not violate the Separation of Powers Doctrine.}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx720\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4397675 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 JURY INSTRUCTIONS}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [20]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Appellant assigns as error the trial court }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s failure to instruct the jury, }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 sua sponte}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , on the lesser included offense of Family Violence (as a Misdemeanor) and to provide the jury with the statutory definition of }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 deadly weapon}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 .}{ \insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [21]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab When there is no objection to the jury instructions at the time of trial, the court of appeals will review only for plain error. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 United States v. Bracy}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 67 F.3d 1421, 1431 (9}{\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 th}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Cir. 1995); }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 United States v. Ponce}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 51 F.3d 820,830 (9}{\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 th}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Cir. 1995). Plain error is a highly prejudicial error affecting substantial rights. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 United States v. Payne}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 944 F.2d 1458, 1463 (9}{\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 th}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Cir. 1991); }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 See also}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 8 GCA }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 90.19(c) and 130.50 (1993)}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 .}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Such error will be found only where necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice or to maintain the integrity of the judicial process. }{ \i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Ponce}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 51 F.3d at 830.}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 1. Lesser Included Offense}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [22]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab We begin the analysis by determining whether the misdemeanor crime of Family Violence is a lesser included offense of the felony charge and then whether the court below should have given the instruction. A lesser included offense is defined in 8 GCA }{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 105.58 which provides:}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Guilt of Included Offense Permitted:}{\b\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Defined.}{ \insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 (a) The jury, or the judge if a jury trial is waived, may find the defendant guilty of any offense, the commission of which is included in that with which he is charged.}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 (b) An offense is included under Subsection (a) when:}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 (1) It is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged;}{ \insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 (2) It consists of an attempt or solicitation to commit the offense charged or to commit an offense otherwise included therein;}{ \insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 or}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 (3) It differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less serious injury or risk of injury to the same person, property or public interest or a lesser kind of culpability suffices to establish its commission.}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 8 GCA }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 105.58 (1993).}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [23]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab The misdemeanor crime of Family Violence can be established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the felony charge and it also differs from the felony in the respect that a less serious injury or risk of injury suffices to establish its commission . As such, Family Violence (As a Misdemeanor) is a lesser included offense of Family Violence (As a Third Degree Felony).}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [24]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Guam law requires the instruction on a lesser included offense when there is a rational basis for a verdict acquitt ing the defendant of the offense charged and convicting him of the included offense. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 See}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 8 GCA }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 90.27 (1993). Due process does not automatically require the giving of lesser included offense instructions. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Beck v. Alabama}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 447 U.S. 625, 637, 100 S.Ct. 2382, 2389 (1980). Due process requires the giving of a lesser included instruction only when the evidence warrants it. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Hopper v. Evans}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 456 U.S. 605, 611, 102 S.Ct. 2049, 2053 (1982).}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 There must be evidence which w ould permit the jury rationally to find a defendant guilty of the lesser included offense and to acquit on the greater offense before he or she is entitled to a lesser-included offense instruction. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Sansone v. United States}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 380 U.S. 343, 349-350, 85 S.Ct. 1004, 1009 (1965). Thus, to be entitled to an instruction on a lesser-included offense, the defendant must demonstrate that (1) the lesser offense is within the offense charged, and (2) based on the evidence presented at trial, a rational jury could find the defendant guilty of the lesser offense but not the greater. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 United States v. Wagner}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 834 F.2d 1474, 1487 (9}{\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 th}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Cir. 1987)(citations omitted). }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 The trial court is in a better position to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to give a lesser included offense instruction,}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 and its determination }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 will not be disturbed on appeal without an abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Id}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 . (citations omitted)}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [25]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab In the instant case, we do not see how a rational jury could have acquitted the Appellant of the more serious crime and convict him of the lesser included offense when, other than the degree of offense, there is no distinguishing fact that would have just ified a choice between the two. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 See}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Sansome}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 380 U.S. at 349-50, 85 S.Ct. at 1009 (a lesser offense charge is not proper where, on the evidence presented, the factual issues to be resolved by the jury are the same as to both the lesser and greater offenses) . The gravamen of the charge against Appellant was that he had recklessly placed a family member in fear of bodily injury.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 There is no issue as to whether a more serious or less serious type of injury was sustained by the victim. The evidence adduced at t rial indicated that there was a confrontation between the victim and Appellant; and that during the course of the confrontation Appellant pointed a handgun at the victim and fired it at him. The victim testified that, at the time when the Appellant fired the weapon at him, he thought he was a }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 goner}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 .}{\cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 Tr., Vol. II at 104.}}}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 A witness to the incident testified that he had witnessed the confrontation between the victim and Appellant, that the Appellant said he was going to kill the victim, and that the Appellant had discharged a firearm.}{ \cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 Tr., Vol. III at 3-10.}}}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [26]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab As the court below noted, the Appellant did not file a written motion for reduction of}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 the felony charge pursuant to statute.}{\cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 Tr., Vol. III at 60.}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 See}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 9 GCA }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 30.20(b) (1994). Because Appellant did not avail himself of the opportunity to have the case proceed as a misdemeanor, rather than as a felony , there must not have been some distinguishing fact in the circumstances of the incident that would have justified proceeding on the lower charge. Moreover, if the fact that the possession and use of a firearm in the incident would have justified the cour t}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s refusal to reduce this felony to a misdemeanor then it can not be said that the judge would have committed error by refusing to put a charge of the lesser degree of the charged offense before this jury.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{ \insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [27]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Therefore, we hold that the court below did not have to instruct the jury, }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 sua sponte}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 on the lesser included offense of misdemeanor Family Violence.}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 2. Definition of Deadly Weapon}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [28]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Appellant next charges as error the trial court}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s omission of the definition of }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 deadly weapon}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 in its instruction to the jury.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Neither the prosecution nor defense offered an instruction. The court properly instructed the jury with the essential elements of the Special Allegation, but it did not provide the statutory definition of}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 deadly weapon}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 .}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [29]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab The general rule is that when terms have no technical meaning peculiar to the law, but are commonly understood by those familiar with the English language, instructions as to their meaning are not required. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 People v. Anderson}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 51 Cal. Rptr. 238, 242, 64 Cal. 3d 633, 414 P. 2d 366 (1966).}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [30]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Under Guam law, a deadly weapon is defined as }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [a]ny }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 firearm}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 or}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 other weapon, device, instrument, material or substance, whether animate or inanimate, which in the manner it is used or is intended to be used is known to the defendant to be capable of producing death or serious bodily injury.}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 9 GCA }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 16.10(d) (1993) (emphasis added).}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [31]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab The court instructed the jury on the definition of firearm and the evidence adduced at trial was sufficient for the jury to find that a deadly wea pon, a firearm, was used in the commission of the felony of Family Violence.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 No evidence of the use of something other than a firearm was before the jury that would have necessitated further clarification of the term }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 deadly weapon}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 . Accordingly, we find no error in omitting the statutory definition to the jury.}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 C.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\jclisttab\tx720\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4397675 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL}{\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [32]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Finally, Appellant argues that defense counsel}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s failure to request certain jury instructions rendered his assistance ineffective.}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [33]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Whether a defendant has received ineffective assistance of counsel is a question of law reviewed }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 de novo}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 . }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 People v. Quintanilla,}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 1998 Guam 17, }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 9; }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 United States v. Span}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 75 F.3d 1383, 1387 (9}{\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 th}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Cir. 1996). Generally, it is more appropriate that such claims are raised in a habeas proceedings. This permits the trial judge first to decide whether the claim has merit, and second, if it does, to develop a record as to what counsel did, why it was done, and what, if any, prejudice resulted. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 See}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 }{ \i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 United States v. Molina}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 934 F.2d 1440, 1446 (9th Cir. 1991). A reviewing court may address the meri ts of an ineffective assistance claim on direct appeal if the record is sufficiently complete to allow a decision of the issue. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Id}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 . (citations omitted).}{ \insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 In }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 People v. Quintanilla}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 1998 Guam 17, this court first addressed the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel and adopted the bifurcated test established in }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Strickland v. Washington}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984). }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Id.}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 at }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 8.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 First, it must be demonstrated that (1) trial counsel}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s performance was deficient, and (2) that this deficient performance prejudiced his defense. }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Id. }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 In establishing whether the first prong is satisfied, the appellant must demonstrate that "counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the 'counsel' guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment." }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Id}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 . at }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 9. }{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 The court must determine whether, in light of all the circumstances, the identified acts or omissions were outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 In making that determination, the court should keep in mind that counsel}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s function, as elaborated in prevailing professional norms, is to make the adversarial testing process work in the particular case.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 At the same time, the court should recognize that counsel is strongly presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment. }{ \i\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Id.}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 (citation omitted).}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [34]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab The only instance of alleged deficiency with counsel in this appeal concerns his failure to request certain jury instructions. With respect to the failure to instruct on the lesser included offense of Family Violence our review of the record leads us to b elieve that it was counsel}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s strategic choice to forego the instruction. During the discussion about the felony charge of Family Violence, counsel had moved for acquittal on the basis that the prosecution failed to put forth evidence that justified the felony}{ \cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 Tr., Vol. III at 58-60.}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 , and counsel had even made an offer, which was rebuffed by the prosecutor, to discuss the reduction of the charge to a misdemeanor}{ \cs15\super\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 \chftn }{\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940353 Tr., Vol. II at 92.}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 .}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 It is quite plausible that it was counsel}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s strategy to demonstrate to the jury that the felony charge of Family Violence was extreme and unreasonable and that the misdemeanor assault charge was perhaps all that could have been proven by th e evidence. Thus, his decision not to request for the lesser included offense of Family Violence may have been tactically designed to offer the jury a choice between a more reasonable, less onerous misdemeanor assault versus an extreme and unreasonable Fa mily Violence felony. Likewise, we find no error in his failure to request for the statutory definition of deadly weapon.}{\insrsid4397675 \par \par }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [35]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab Thus, because we do not find deficient performance by counsel there is no need to address the second prong of the }{\i\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Strickland}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 test which requires a showing that the deficient performance by counsel had a prejudicial effect on the outcome of the case. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 CONCLUSION}{\b\insrsid12940353 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 [36]}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 \tab We therefore }{\b\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 AFFIRM}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Appellant}{ \insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 s conviction.}{\insrsid12940353 \par }{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Nunc pro tunc to 07 October, 1998.}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 JANET HEALY WEEKS\tab \tab \tab \tab JOSE I. LEON GUERRERO \par Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 }{\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 Associate Justice}{\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid4397675\charrsid4397675 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4397675 {\insrsid12940353\charrsid4397675 PETER C. SIGUENZA \par Chief Justice \par }}