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{\author lroberto}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2005\mo8\dy12\hr9\min2}{\revtim\yr2006\mo3\dy15\hr16\min24}{\version4}{\edmins3}{\nofpages8}{\nofwords2826}{\nofchars16111}{\*\company Superior Court of Guam}{\nofcharsws18900}{\vern16391}}
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Hamlet v. Charfauros,}{\fs20\insrsid7806856  1999 Guam 18, Opinion\tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid7806856 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10177463 7}}}{\fs20\insrsid7806856  of 12}{\insrsid7806856 
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\b\insrsid12413436 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\b\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 GEORGE KENNETH HAMLET
\par }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Plaintiff-Appellee}{\b\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\b\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 MARK C. CHARFAUROS
\par and DOES 1 - 5
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Supreme Court Case No. }{\b\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 CVA98-025}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
\par Superior Court Case}{\b\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 No. }{\b\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 CV2211-98
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\b\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Filed: June 4, 1999
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam 
\par Argued and submitted on May 14, 1999
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
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\par }{\ul\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid12413436 :}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
\par Douglas B. Moylan, Esq.
\par Office of the Legislative Counsel
\par 155 Hesler St. 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910
\par 
\par Therese M. Terlaje, Esq.
\par Law Offices of Barcinas & Terlaje
\par Suite 216, Union Bank Bldg.
\par 194 Hernan Cortes Ave.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell 
\par }{\ul\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellee}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 :
\par Richard P. Arens, Esq. 
\par Cunliffe & Cook, P.C. 
\par 210 Archbishop Flores St.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\b\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
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\par }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 BEFORE: BENJAMIN J. F. CRUZ, Chief Justice; PETER C. SIGUENZA, Associate Justice; JOHN A. MANGLONA, Designated Associate Justice.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
\par }{\b\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
\par }{\insrsid10177463 Per Curiam:}{\b\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
\par 
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\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Mark C. Charfauros, former senator of the Guam Legislature, appeals the Superior Court}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 s order restraining Charfauros from further broadcasting an audio tape.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The tape contained a private telephone conversation and had been played on the legislative floor. The trial court held that the playing of the tape was an act outside the sphere of legitimate legislative activity.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The trial court thus decided the immunity provided by the Speech or Debate Clause did not protect Senator Charfauros.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 We disagree.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Although the Senator}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
s actions are disturbing and cause us concern, the broad interpretation of the Speech or Debate Clause
, coupled with the specific factual circumstances of this case, lead us to the conclusion that the playing of the tape was a legitimate legislative act protected by the Speech or Debate Clause; therefore, the Senator}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 s actions were privileged.
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\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 On September 23, 1998, George Hamlet (Hamlet) initiated a lawsuit naming Senator Mark C. Charfauros (Charfauros) as the defendant.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The complaint alleged Charfauros received a telephone call from an anonymous caller advising him of the existence of an audio tape and its location outside Charfauros}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  office.}{\cs15\super\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid7806856 \chftn }{\i\fs20\insrsid7806856 See}{\fs20\insrsid7806856  Record, Pg. 4 (Hamlet Complaint).}}}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The tape apparently contained the unauthorized recording of a conversation between Hamlet and another individual, Tyrone Taitano.}{\cs15\super\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
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The exact details of the conversation and how it relates to the debate cannot be ascertained as the tape was never played in court during hearing and, therefore, were not made part of the record.}}}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid10177463 
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After retrieving the audio tape, Charfauros disclosed its contents during a regular legislative session held on September 22, 1998.}{\cs15\super\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
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\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Charfauros submits the playing of the tape was in the context of a legislative debate addressing the override of the governor}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 s veto of Bill 22-144 (considering employment limits as to new and temporary positions).}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
In particular, the debate addressed the need for greater control over the governor}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
s spending power and the alleged abuse in spending federal emergency funds obtained as a result of Super Typhoon Paka.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The complaint specifically sought to enjoin Charfauros from additional playing of the taped conversation on the legislative floor.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
Based on allegations of Breach of Fiduciary Duty and Negligence, Hamlet sought the issuance of a temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction, and a permanent injunction.}{\cs15\super\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid7806856 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid7806856 The complaint also requested monetary damages. }}}{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
A hearing was held in the Superior Court on September 23, 1998.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
At the hearing, Legislative Counsel entered an appearance on behalf of both Charfauros, in his official capacity as a Senator, and the Guam Legislature.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The hearing was continued until the next day with the trial court permitting the parties to submit additional briefing for its consideration.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
At the hearing, the trial court heard additional argument and issued an oral decision granting the temporary restraining order forbidding Charfauros from playing the tape and discussing its contents on the legislative floor.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The trial court memorialized the decision in writing on September 29, 1998, }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 nunc pro tunc}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  to September 24, 1998.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
Charfauros filed his appeal with this court on September 29, 1998.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 On September 30, 1998, the Legislature filed an Emergency Motion to Stay the trial court}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 s decision.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
On October 1, 1998, this court heard arguments and lifted the trial court}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
s issuance of the restraining order.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 \f66\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 ANALYSIS }{\f0\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\f0\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The Speech or Debate Clause of the Organic Act of Guam states that }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
[n]o member of the legislature shall be held to answer before any tribunal other than the legislature itself for any speech or debate in the Legislature.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
 1423c(b)(1950).}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
This provision is similar in both language and underlying policy to the United States Constitution}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
s Speech or Debate Clause (Article I, Section 6).}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\cs15\super\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid7806856 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid7806856 The Speech or Debate Clause of the United States Constitution states: 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid7806856 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid7806856 
The Senators and Representaives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.  They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arre
st during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid7806856 U.S. Const. Art. I, }{\fs20\insrsid7806856 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid7806856  6.
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid7806856 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid7806856  }}}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Wilkinson v. O}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Neil}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , DC Civ. App. No 81-0100A, 1983 WL 30230 at *2 (D. Guam App. Div. April 6, 1983).}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
Accordingly, case authority interpreting the Constitution}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
s provision guides us in our interpretation of this particular statute.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The Speech or Debate Clause is deeply rooted in the principle of separation of powers between the three co-equal branches of government.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 In particular, the Clause assures the legislative branch }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
wide freedom of speech, debate and deliberation without intimidation or threats from the Executive Branch.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Doe v. McMillan, }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 412 U.S. 306, 311, 93 S.Ct. 2018, 2024 (1973)(citation omitted).}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The Speech or Debate Clause also serves to protect the legislative branch from a possible hostile judiciary.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Eastland v. United States Servicemen}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 s Fund}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 421 U.S. 491, 502 95 S.Ct. 1813, 1821 (1975).}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The United States Supreme Court, in discussing the history of the Speech or Debate Clause, recognized the danger posed to the legislature by the other branches of government.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 United States v. Johnson}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 383 U.S. 169, 178-179, 86 S.Ct. 749, 754 (1966).}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The Court noted:}{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12413436 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
[T]he powers properly belonging to one of the departments, ought not to be directly and compleatly administered by either of the other departments.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 It is equally ev
ident, that neither of them ought to possess directly or indirectly, an overruling influence over the others in the administration of their respective powers.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
It will not be denied, that power is of an encroaching nature, and that it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
After discriminating therefore in theory . . . the next and most difficult task, is to provide some practical security for each against the invasion of the others.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
What this security ought to be, is the }{\insrsid10177463 great problem to be solved.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid10177463 
\par }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 86 S.Ct. at 754 (quoting extensively from Madison, Federalist No. 48).}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The Court went on to describe the Speech or Debate Clause as a form of that}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
practical security}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  which}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
serves to protect the legislature}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 s independence and integrity. }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 179, 86 S.Ct. at 754.}{\insrsid10177463 
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 In the Organic Act of Guam , the United States Congress specifically provided that: }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 [t]he government of Guam shall consist of three branches, executive, legislative, and judicial . . . .}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}
}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  48 USC }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  1421a (1950).}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
By its very language, therefore, the Organic Act requires application of the constitutional doctrine of separation of powers to government of Guam functions.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Taisipic,}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  1996 Guam 9, }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  26.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 This court has zealously protected, through strict adherence, the doctrine of separation of powers.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 In several instances, we have protected both the legislative and executive branches of government from interference.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 For example, in }{
\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Taisipic, }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 we reversed an order of a trial court requiring that an individual be placed in a program available for parolees although the individual was not a parolee.}{\insrsid12413436  
}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 1996 Guam 9.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 We concluded that the order encroached upon the power of the Territorial Parole Board, an executive branch agency, to grant or deny parole.}{
\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
 33.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 We further held that the trial court}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
s order usurped the power of the Guam Legislature when it vested authority of parole determinations in the executive branch.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\i\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
See In Re: Request of the 24}{\i\super\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 th}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  Guam Legislature, }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 1997 Guam 15, (discussing how this court is steadfast in refusing to allow the
 Judiciary to intrude upon the functions of other branches); }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 See also People v. Quenga}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
, 1997 Guam 6 (acknowledging, implicitly, the separation of powers doctrine by declining to exercise jurisdiction over an interlocutory appeal where the Guam Legislature had shown an intent to permit appeals only after a final judgment); }{
\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 People v. Lujan}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 1998 Guam 28 (recognizing certain restrictions on jurisdiction based on statutory provisions).}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 See generally}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Borja v. Bitanga}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 1998 Guam 29 (declining to utilize the Youth
 Corrections Act because the Legislature, within their power, had chosen not to fund or implement said act).}{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 10\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The Speech or Debate Clause bestows immunity upon lawmakers for speech or debate occurring during session.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 If found to apply, it serves as an absolute bar to interference.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Eastland}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 421 U.S. at 503, 95 S.Ct. at 1821.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
Such protection extends not only to the consequences of litigation, but also to the burden of defending a suit. }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 95 S.Ct. at 1821.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The privilege will thus prevent both criminal and civil suits, whether brought by the Executive branch or by private individuals.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id. }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 at}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 502-503, 95 S.Ct. at 1821;}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 See Gravel v. United States}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
, 408 U.S. 606, 92 S.Ct. 2614 (1972) (concluding that a U.S. Senator, in the context of a grand jury investigation, could not be made to answer questions to defend himself from prosecution);}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 McMillan
}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 412 U.S. at 312, 93 S. Ct. at 2024 (holding, in the context of a private civil suit, that placing the names of children into the record by a lawmaker was privileged).}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 This proposition was made especially clear when it was written that the Speech or Debate Clause immunizes both Congressmen and their aides although }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 their conduct, if performed in other than legislative contexts, would in itself be unconstitutional or otherwise contrary to criminal or civil statutes.}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 McMillan.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
 at 312-313, 93 S. Ct. 2025.}{\cs15\super\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid7806856 \chftn 
}{\fs20\insrsid7806856 The court stated that the immunity would shelter legislative aides if a lawmaker, had he committed the act in question, would be protected under the Clause.  }{\i\fs20\insrsid7806856 See Gravel}{\fs20\insrsid7806856 
, 408 U.S. at 621, 92 S.Ct. at 2625.}}}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 If the Speech or Debate Clause is found to apply, 
courts have no authority to oversee the judgment of a lawmaker or impose liability upon him, no matter how disagreeable or repugnant his actions may be.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 11\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Our task in this appeal is to decide whether the Speech or Debate Clause applies to the facts and circumstances of this case.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
If it does apply, then Charfauros cannot be held to answer before any tribunal other than the legislature.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 48 USC }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  1423c(b). }{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 12\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The privilege provided by the Speech or Debate Clause clearly applies to words spoken on the legislative floor.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 United States v. Johnson}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
, 383 U.S. 169, 179, 86 S.Ct. 749, 755 (1966).}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Although the provision addresses speech or debate only, courts have consistently read the provisions of the Clause very broadly
 in order to effectuate its purposes.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Doe v. McMillan}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 412 U.S. 306, 311, 93 S. Ct. 2018, 2024 (1973)(citations omitted).}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Accordingly, the privilege has been extended to acts as well.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 However, as determined by the courts, such actions must first fall into the }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 sphere of legitimate legislative activity}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  before the privilege shields a legislator.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Eastland, }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 421}{
\insrsid10177463  U.S. at 501, 95 S.Ct. at 1820.
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 13\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The term }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 legitimate legislative activity}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  has never been precisely defined by the United States Supreme Court.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Instead, the Court}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 s opinions use severa
l descriptions interchangeably and in conjunction with each other when referring to the term.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 See}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Gravel}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 408 U.S. 624-625, 92 S.Ct. 2626-2627; }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 see also Eastland}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 421 U.S. at 503-504, 95 U.S. at 1821-1822.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 For example, the term has been defined as }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
anything generally done in a session of the House by one of its members in relation to the business before it.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 McMillan, }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 412 U.S. at 311, 93 S.Ct}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 . }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 at 2024 (citations omitted).}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
Likewise, acts that are an integral part of the deliberative and communicative processes by which Members participate in committee and House Proceedings with respect to legislative or other matters before Congress have been deemed privileged.}{
\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Gravel}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 408 U.S. at 625, 92 S.Ct. at 2627.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Case authority has also characterized a }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 legitimate legislative activity}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  in terms of a limitation by noting that the privilege extends beyond pure speech, but only when necessary to prevent indirect impairment of deliberations.}{
\i\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Gravel}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 408 U.S. at 625, 92 S.Ct. at 2627. }{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 14\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
A number of acts by members of Congress have been held privileged under the above descriptions.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 In }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Gravel}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , a
 United States senator acquired copies of classified, top secret documents known as the Pentagon Papers.}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 408 U.S. at 609, 92 S.Ct. at 2619.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 After calling a meeting of a Senate subcommittee, the Senator read aloud portions of the Papers and then placed the entire study into the record.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 609, 92 S.Ct. at 2619.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 As a result, a federal grand jury began a criminal investigation of the release and publication of the documents.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 608, 92 S.Ct. at 2618. Subpoenas were issued to an aide of the Senator and to an officer of the private publisher.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 608, 92 S.Ct. at 2618.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The Senator then intervened in the matter and opposed questions based on privilege.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 608, 92 S.Ct. at 2618.}{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 15\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The }{
\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Gravel}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  court agreed that the Clause prevented questioning of the 
senator as to his conduct at hearings, his motives in revealing the contents of the papers, and his communications with his aides.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 616, 92 S.Ct. at 2622.}{
\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 In addition, immunity shielded the congressional aides to the same extent that a lawmaker would be privileged had the lawmaker done the act himself. }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 622, 92 S.Ct. at 2625.}{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 16\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 In another case, }{
\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Doe v. McMillan,}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  a subcommittee of the House, pursuant to a congressional resolution, investigated and reported on the District of Columbia governmental units.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 412 U.S. at 307, 93 S.Ct}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 . }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 at 2022.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
A written report was submitted to the entire House of Representatives. }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 308, 93 S.Ct}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 . }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 at 2023.}{
\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The report listed school children by name and provided private information and unflattering material about the children including attendance records, grades, test papers, and disciplinary records.}{
\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 308-309, 93 S.Ct}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 . }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 at 2022.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
By order of Congress, the report was printed and distributed by the Government Printing Office.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 308, 93 S.Ct}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 . }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 at 2022.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
Several parents consequently brought suit against various lawmakers, legislative employees, D.C. officials, and the Public Printer for violation of their rights to privacy.}{\i\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 309, 93 S.Ct}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 . }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 at 2023.}{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 17\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The Court concluded, without discussion, that the sub-committee}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
s lawmakers, staff, consultant, and investigators were immune under the Clause for the following legislative acts: introducing the report, referring it to the House, and distributing it to other members of the House.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 312, 93 S.Ct}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 . }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 at 2024.}{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 18\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
In contrast, however, the court is aware that despite the broad scope of the Speech or Debate Clause, not all acts of a legislator have been deemed within the sphere of legitimate legislative acts.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
For instance, immunity will not protect a lawmaker attempting to influence the executive branch.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id. }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 at 313, 93 S.Ct}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 . }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 at 2025.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Neither does the Clause protect a republication of a libel although the original publication was privileged, even if read from an official committee report.}{
\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 314-315, 93 S.Ct}{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 . }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 at 2025-2026.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The privilege does not extend to }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
criminal conduct threatening the security of the person or property of others, whether performed at the direction of the Senator in preparation for [or] in execution of a legislative act or done without his knowledge or direction.}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  at 315, 93 S.Ct}{
\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 . }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 at 2026. }{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 19\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
Some acts, although common to legislative practice, are not privileged under the Speech or Debate Clause.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 In }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Gravel, }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
despite holding that a senator or his staff could not be questioned as to conduct surrounding a committee hearing, the Court did not extend immunity to questions surrounding the senator}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 s source of the information used at that hearing.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 408 U.S. at 628-629, 92 S.Ct. at 2629.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The Court concluded as such because such questions were nonessential to the deliberations or internal communications of the Senate. }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\i\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The grand jury could thus pose questions as long as the inquiries did not go to the Senator}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 s (or his aides}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
) conduct, motives, or communications surrounding the hearings.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Id.}{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 20\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
In another case, the Court concluded that immunity would not protect those who print and publicly distribute actionable material, even at the request of Congress.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 McMillan}{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 412 U.S. at 316-317, 93 S.Ct. at 2026-2027.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
Although informing the public is a common act done under the guise of creating laws, the distribution and publishing of actionable material went beyond the apparent needs of the legislative process.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
Id.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 93 S.Ct. at 2027.}{\i\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 21\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi709\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Based on the foregoing, we c
onclude that the playing of the taped telephone conversation by Charfauros was an act within the sphere of legitimate legislative activity.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The taped conversation was played on the floor of the Legislature during an ongoing session.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 It is undisputed that t
he tape was played during and as part of a general discussion surrounding the override of a bill vetoed by the Governor.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
Part of the debate centered upon the alleged abuse in spending of federal emergency funds obtained as a result of Super Typhoon Paka.}{\cs15\super\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid7806856 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid7806856 At oral argument, Hamlet}{\fs20\insrsid7806856 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f172\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid7806856 s counsel concedes a nexus exists between the contents of the tape and the discussion taking place on the floor of the Legislature.}}}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Under these circumstances, the actions of Senator Charfauros cannot be distinguished from the speech and debate occurring on the session floor.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
His actions are not merely incidental or casually related to legislating.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Instead, playing the tape in this instance can only be deemed to be an integral part of the legislative process.}{
\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 22\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
The Superior Court, in making its decision,}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 relied heavily on the following language from }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Gravel: }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 [O]n the other hand, no prior case has held that Members of Congress would be immune if 
they executed an invalid resolution by themselves carrying out an illegal arrest, or if, in order to secure information for a hearing, themselves seized the property or invaded the privacy of a citizen.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436  408 U.S. at 621, 92 S. Ct. at 2625.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 23\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
At first blush, this language appears to be at odds with the broad reading of the Clause preventing criminal or civil actions.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 However, in a later case, it was explained that the former phrase }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 referred to actions which were not essential to legislating.}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid12413436  }{\i\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Eastman}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 , 421 U.S. at 508, 95 S.Ct. at 1824.}{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 This language indicates that the Court went through the process of determining whether the acts in question were within the sphere of legitimate legislative activity.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
A determination as to the nature of the act, whether legitimate or not, must first be made before the privilege is found t
o apply. As we previously stated, the act complained of in this matter, the playing of the tape, was an integral part of the legislative process.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
It occurred on the floor as part of the debate by members of the Legislature.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 The Separation of Powers doctrine prevents the judiciary from interfering with this type of discourse.}{\insrsid12413436  }
{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 Accordingly, the Senator}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f172\fs24}}}{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
s act is privileged pursuant to the Speech or Debat}{\insrsid10177463 e provision of the Organic Act.
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 CONCLUSION}{\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid10177463 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 24\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 We hereby REVERSE and REMAND this matter back to the Superior Court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.}{\insrsid12413436 
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10177463 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 PETER C.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 SIGUENZA\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid12413436  }{
\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 JOHN MANGLONA
\par Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab Designated Associate Justice}{\insrsid12413436 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10177463 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12413436 {\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 BENJAMIN J.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 F.}{\insrsid12413436  }{\insrsid7806856\charrsid12413436 CRUZ
\par Chief Justice
\par }}