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Spade, Esq. \par Mair, Mair, Spade & Thompson \par A Professional Corporation \par Attorneys At Law \par Suite 807, GCIC Building \par 414 West Soledad Avenue \par H\'e5gat\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\insrsid10058186 \par \par }{\ul\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellant:}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \par Seth Forman, Esq. \par Law Offices of Keogh and Forman \par Suite 105, C&A Prof. Building \par 251 Martyr Street \par P.O. Box GZ \par H\'e5gat\'f1a, Guam 96932}{\insrsid10058186 \par \par }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 BEFORE:}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 PETER C. SIGUENZA, Chief Justice; JANET HEALY WEEKS, and BENJAMIN J. F. CRUZ, Associate Justices. \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 CRUZ, J.: \par }{\insrsid10058186\charrsid10058186 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [1]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab The Defendant-Appellant, Heights Enterprises, appeals a judgment granting summary judgment in favor of the Plaintiff-Appellee, Yasuda Fire & Marine Insurance Co., Ltd.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The Superior Court found that Heights was excluded from coverage under a general liability insurance policy due to two exclusion clauses--a work product exclusion and a professional services exclusion.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 This court, having heard oral arguments, and having reviewed the record and the applicable law, affirms the trial court's decision based on the reasoning set forth below. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881\charrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [2]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab Yasuda brought a declaratory judgment action to determine whether Yasuda was obligated to indemnify or defend Heights, based on a general liability policy.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 This cause of action was prompted by an action brought by Fargo Pacific, Inc. against Heights, based on a contractual agreement, for alleged defective workmanship for termite spraying done for the Perlas Courte condominium project}{ \cs15\super\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid9928204 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid9928204 The underlying action was initiated in the Superior Court as Civil Case Number CV0615 -94 .}}}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Fargo, as the general contract or, had previously been found liable to the project's owner, Guam Land and Realty, Inc. (GLR), for damage to the project.}{\cs15\super\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid9928204 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid9928204 An action was conducted in Guam, although initiated in Hawaii before a panel, certified by the American Arbitration Assocaition, by G LR against Fargo. Fargo was found liable to GLR for work on the Perlas Courte condominium project for the sum of $710,000.00 on February 16, 1994.}}}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Heights was insured by Yasuda at the time the underlying claims to this case arose.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Heights obtained a Manufacturers' and}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Contractors'}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Liability}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Insurance}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 policy,}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 a}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 general}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 liability}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 policy.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Universe}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Insurance}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Underwriters (UIU), agent for Yasuda, issued the policy to Heights at the request of the company's President, Norman Imamura.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Imamura}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 is}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 a}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 businessperson and the founder and}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 president}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 of Heights Enterprises.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Imamura earned a two-year degree in Accounting/Business Administration from the Honolulu Business College in Hawaii.}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Imamura requested the liability insurance policy; however, he made no specific requ ests as to the inclusion of specific types of liability coverage, nor did the insurance agent make any further inquiry as to any special needs.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 After receiving the policy, Imamura "scanned" the policy, but did not fully understand it.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 However, Imamura at n o time notified or inquired of the insurance agent as to any questions or concerns regarding the provisions or coverage of the policy that he did not agree with or understand.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [3]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab The general liability policy contained exclusions, two of which are at issue in this case.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The first is what is referred to as a "work product" exclusion which states that "this insurance does not apply to:}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 property damage to work performed by or on behalf of the named insured arising out of the work or any portion thereof, or out of materials, parts or equipment furnished in connection therewith."}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The second exclusion refers to "professional services" and provides that "this insurance policy shall not apply to bodily injury or property damage due to}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 . . . (D)}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the rendering or failure to render professional services."}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [4]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab Yasuda}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f37\fs24}}}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 s first motion for summary judgment was denied on May 23, 1994 which Justice Weeks, then a Superior Court Judge, on the basis that the case was not ripe for summary judgment because genuine issues of material fact existed.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 A subsequent motion for summary judgment was then brought by Yasuda on October 24, 1994.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The court below heard oral arguments and entered, on December 27, 1996, a written decision and order granting summary judgment in favor of Yasuda.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The judgment was entered on March 26, 1997 and a timely notice of appeal was filed on April 23, 1997.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 ANALYSIS}{\b\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881\charrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid15546881 I.}{\b\insrsid15546881\charrsid15546881 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [5]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab This case is on appeal from the granting of a summary judgment motion in favor of the Plaintiff-Appellee, Yasuda Fire & Marine Insurance Co., Ltd.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The Defendant-Appellant, Heights Enterprises, claims a misapplication of the}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 law}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 as}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 well}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 as the existence of factual}{\insrsid10058186 } {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 disputes that would bar the grant of summary judgment.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 First, an}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 issue is presented as to whether the court erred in finding that no factual disputes existed which would have supported Heights' argument for use of the doctrine of estoppel.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Secondly, there is the issue of}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 whether the trial court erred in holding that the liability policy held by Heights excluded coverage for the claims of Fargo Pacific, Inc. based on the "work product" exclusion.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Lastly, Heights raises the issue of whether the court erred in finding that the "professional services" exclusion also excluded coverage for the Fargo claims.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [6]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab This court has jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f37\fs24}}}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 1424-3(d) and 7 GCA }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f37\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f37\fs24}}}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 3107(a) and 3108(a).}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The trial court's granting of summary judgment will be reviewed }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 de novo}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Iizuka Corp. v. Kawasho Int'l (GUAM) Inc.,}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 1997 Guam 10, }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f37\fs24}}}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 7 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 A grant of summary judgment is proper "if the pleadin gs, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law."}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Guam R. Civ. P. 56(c).}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\ul\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Doctrine of Estoppel}{\ul\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [7]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab Heights argues that the doctrine of estoppel may be applied in situations to prevent companies from denying coverage to an insured based on policy exclusions when the insured has been led to believe that coverage existed.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Ivey v. United National Indemnity Co.}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 259 F.2d 205, 208 (9}{\super\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 th}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Cir. 1958).}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Heights argues that it could be construed that the UIU agent mislead Imamura as to the nature and scope of the company's coverage, and, as a result, Imamura detrimentally relied on}{\insrsid15546881 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the agent's representations in obtaining insurance from Yasuda.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Heights attempts to portray Imamura as an unsophisticated businessperson with limited education who is naive in negotiating insurance coverage.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [8]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab However, the doctrine of estoppel also cannot be applied so as to broaden or extend the scope}{\insrsid15546881 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 of coverage when no such coverage previously existed.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Baton v. Transamerica Insurance Co}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 ., 584}{\insrsid15546881 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 F.2d}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 907,}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 911 (9}{\super\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 th}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Cir. 1978).}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Furthermore, although once the law in California, the courts of California seem to have since abandoned the }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Ivey}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 view by refusing to recognize the use of estoppel or waiver for the purpose of bringing risks within a policy, which were not covered by the policy's terms.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Manneck v. Lawyers Title Ins. Corp.}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 28 Cal. App. 4}{\super\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 th}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 1294, 1303, 33 Cal. Rptr.2d 771, 777 (Cal. Ct. App. 1994).}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The reasoning reflected in the more recent California cases is the majority rule.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Estate v. Hapo Federal Credit Union}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 869 P.2d 116, 117-8 (1994).}{ \insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [9]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab Even under th e minority rule, which applies estoppel where an insurer expressly misrepresents a policy's coverage, the facts in this case do not seem to warrant the application of estoppel.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 In this case, Imamura sought a policy for liability insurance, a general liability policy, which is what he obtained.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 He did not specifically request an errors-and-omissions policy or performance bond or specify certain risks against which he wished the company to be insured.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Furthermore, he failed to carefully read and review the policy and did not question its coverage.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Yasuda cites an older California case that was decided when California still followed the minority rule }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 67 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f37\fs24}}}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Taff v. Atlas Assurance Co.}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 58 Cal. App. 2d 696, 137 P.2d 483 (Cal. Ct. App. 1943).}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 In }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Taff}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , the court refused to extend coverage where the insured failed even to read the policy to discover if what the insured presumed to be covered was actually included.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 . at 486.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [10]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab Imamura is a man with a higher degree of formal education, having received an Associate Degree from a business college in Hawaii.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Sophistication really is not the issue here, since this concern is one of practicality.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Imamura may have desired to obtain an errors- or-omissions policy or a performance bond, but without making this desire known to the UIU agent, Heights cannot now}{\insrsid15546881 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 claim that it was defrauded and that Yasuda should be required to provide such extended coverage under the general liability policy.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 A reas onable consumer would have expressed the risks against which he wished to obtain coverage.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 A reasonable consumer would have subsequently read over his policy to make sure it included coverage for those risks.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 A reasonable consumer would have gone back to t he insurance agent when the policy he received did not contain coverage for the risks}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 which he believed he had obtained coverage.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 These actions have nothing to do with sophistication.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Yasuda cannot be expected to have read Imamura's mind and in turn should not be held responsible for insuring Heights for risks which were not included in the policy.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [11]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab The trial court clearly appears to have properly assessed the facts presented before it, and there is no basis for estoppel under the majority view, and pe rhaps even under the minority rule.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Additionally, it is not clear what factual dispute Heights raises as an issue in this appeal.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 This court chooses to adopt the majority rule and thereby refuses to extend coverage where such was neither contemplated nor pro}{\insrsid15546881 vided for in the policy itself. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid15546881 II.}{\b\insrsid15546881\charrsid15546881 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [12]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab A well settled general principle of insurance law is that, should ambiguities exist in the language of the policy provisions, they are to be liberally construed in favor of the insured.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Stroehmann v. Mutual Life Ins., Co. of New York,}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 300 U.S. 435, 439 (1937) ("the rule is settled that in case of ambiguity that construction of the policy will be adopted which is most favorable to the insured.").}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 However, in the absence of any ambiguities in an insurance agreement, the objective rules of contract law apply,}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 and the clear and explicit language governs.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Bank of the West v. Superior Court}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 2 Cal. 4}{\super\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 th}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 1254, 833 P.2d 545, 551-2 (Cal. 1992) (holding that "[w]hile insurance contracts contain special features, they are still contracts to which ordinary rules of contractual interpretation apply.").}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [13]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab Therefore, the threshold issue is whether the provisional language of the policy is itself ambiguous.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 If unambiguous, interpretation must express the mutual intentions of the parties.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 . at 545.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 However, if found to be ambiguous, the terms of a promise are to be interpreted in the manner in which the promisor believed the promisee understood it at the time of its making.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 "This rule, as applied to the promise of coverage in an insurance policy, protects not the subjective beliefs of the insured but, rather, 'the objectively reasonable expectations of the insured.'"}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 It}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 is}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 only}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 at}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 point}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 when}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 this}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 rule fails to resolve the ambiguity that the general principle applies which construes the ambiguity against the insurer.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{ \insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [14]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab Heights contends that the language of the work product exclusion and the professional services exclusion are both ambiguous.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Furthermore, it is Heights}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f37\fs24}}}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 contention that because the provisions are ambiguous, those provisions should be interpreted in favor of coverage for the insured.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 However, what Heights fails to do is establish how t he language is ambiguous to begin with.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 For ambiguities in an insurance policy to exist, it must be shown that a provision is capable of two or more reasonable interpretations.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Adler v. Western Home Ins. Co.}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 878 F.Supp. 1329, 1333 (C.D. Cal. 1995).}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 "Court s will not adopt a strained or absurd interpretation in order to create an ambiguity where none exists."}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hollingsworth v. Commercial Union Ins.}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Co.}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 208 Cal. App. 3d 800, 805, 256 Cal. Rptr. 357 (Cal. Ct. App. 1989).}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Separate analysis of each provision mu st be made in order to determine whether ambiguities exist and in whose favor the provisions should fall.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 However, even an ambiguous policy is not to be so liberally construed as to provide an unreasonable or forced interpretation or to provide extended coverage to the insured.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 United States v. A.C. Strip}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 868 F.2d 181, 186 (6}{\super\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 th}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Cir. 1989).}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 "Language in a contract must be construed in the context of that instrument as a whole and the circumstances of that case, and it cannot be found ambiguous in the abstract."}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Bank of the West}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 2 Cal. 4}{\super\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 th}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 at 1265.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\ul\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Work Product Exclusion}{\ul\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [15]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab There is a split}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 of}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 authority}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 as}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 to}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 interpretation}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 of}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 when}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 work}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 product exclusion}{\insrsid15546881 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 will exclude coverage under a general liability policy.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The trial court chose to follow the line of cases holding that liability from defective termite treatment is excluded under the work product exclusion.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 There is varying authority which directs, respectively, the inclusion and exclusion of coverage under a general liability policy construing a work product exclusion provision.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [16]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab There}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 are}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 two}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 cases}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 of}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 import that support}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 exclusion}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 from}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 coverage}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 in}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 present situation}{\insrsid15546881 -}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hawk Termite & Pest Control, Inc. v. Old Republic Ins. Co.}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 596 So. 2d 96 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1992) and }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Uhock v. Sleitweiler}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 778 P.2d 359 (Kan. Ct. App. 1988).}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 In }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Uhock}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , homeowners brought suit against the exterminator alleging liability for termite damage to their home.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The exterminator subsequently sought indemnification from a second pest controller.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Judgment was issued against the exterminator, garnishment was then issued against the exterminator, which the court dismissed, and the homeowners appealed.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The court in Kansas had previously ruled, and accordingly in }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Uhock}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 held, that the work product exclusion language was unambiguous. }{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 . at 364.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The court, relying on the reasoning found in }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Owings v. Gifford}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 697 P.2d 865 (Kan.1985), stated:}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 When an exterminator treats a home, warranties arise both under his contract with the owner and by operation of tort law.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Since an exterminator can control the quality of his work, he is liable to the owner when the work is faulty.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The risk that the exterminator may incur liability under warranty is a}{\insrsid15546881 normal part of doing business. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The exterminator may obtain a performance bond or purchase a guarantee of contractual performance for repair or replacement of faulty workmanship.}{\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Uhock}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 778 P.2d at 364.}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 A general liability policy }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f37\fs24}}}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 is not a per formance bond or a guarantee of contract performance.}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f37\fs24}}}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Owings}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 697 P.2d at 865.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [17]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab In }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hawk}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , the homeowner brought suit against the exterminator alleging negligence.}{\insrsid10058186 } {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 596 So. 2d at 96.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The exterminator brought a declaratory judgment action seeking to determine its rights under its insurance policy.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The work exclusion policy excluded coverage for "failure of the insured 's . . . to meet the level of performance, quality, fitness or durability . . . represented by the named insured" or due to "lack of performance."}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 . at 97.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The court found no ambiguity in the language and determined it was a simple case of poor workmanship that was not covered under the terms of the insurance policy.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [18]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab In contrast, there are the cases of }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hurtig v. Terminix Wood Treating & Contracting Co.,}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 692 P.2d 1153 (Haw. 1984), }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Isle of Palms Pest Control Co. v. Monticello Ins. Co.}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 459 S.E.2d 318 (S.C. Ct. App. 1994),}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 and }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Ratliff}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , 927 S.W.2d 531 (Mo. Ct. App. 1996).}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 In }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hurtig}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , homeowners brought suit against Terminix for failure to correctly perform work under a contract to}{\insrsid15546881 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 inspect and treat for termites, which led to termite damage to the house.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 692 P.2d at 1153.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Terminix moved for summary judgment on the issu e of the it's coverage under the policy.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The court granted in favor of coverage and the Appellate and Supreme Courts affirmed.}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The Hawaii Supreme Court issued a brief one-page opinion which reflected a 3-2 majority.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The exclusion provided that cove rage did not apply "to property damage to work performed by or on behalf of the named insured arising out of the work or any portion thereof, or out of materials, parts or equipment furnished in connection therewith . . . ."}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id.}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 at 1154.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The court relied o n the general rule in favor of coverage and held that the exclusion only applied to damages to the inspection and application of chemicals.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 } {\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [19]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab At the time of oral arguments before the trial court in this matter, the }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Isle of Palms}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 and }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Ratliff}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 cases had not yet been decided.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Heights seeks additional support from the above two cases and claims they demonstrate an emerging majority rule on the issue.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 In }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Isle of Palms}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , an exterminator sought a declaratory judgment against the insurer, seeking a determination of coverage for an alleged negligent preparation of a termite inspection report.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 459 S.E. 2d at 318.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The trial court held that the inspection}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 was}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 covered}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 under}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 terms}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 of the}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 policy}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 and}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the appellate}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 court}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 affirmed}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 this determination, citing the }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hurtig}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 decision.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The court determined that the work product exclusion did not apply in that case because "the only product or work of the insured is the inspection performed by the Isle of Palms, these exclusions are clearly inapplicable, and do no t remove the Purchaser's claim from the scope of the policy or relieve Monticello of its duty to defend."}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 . at 322 n.2.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [20]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab Lastly, in }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Ratliff}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 ,}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the court addressed the issue of exclusion from coverage for a negligent}{\insrsid15546881 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 inspection report for another pest control business.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 927 S.W.2d at 531.}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The court determined that under the general liability policy, the terms "occurrence" and "property" carried ambiguous definitions contained within the policy.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 As a result of the ambiguity, the court found in favor o f coverage for the insured and expressed the view that, if insurance companies do not intend to cover the types of claims presented in that case, they should use language more specific to the risks particular to the business being insured.}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 . at 534.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [21]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab As the trial court concluded below,}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 "[t]his}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Court}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 finds}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 reasoning}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 of }{ \ul\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Uhock}{\ul\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 and}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the}{\insrsid10058186 }{\ul\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hurtig}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 dissent more sound than the somewhat wooden analysis presented by the }{\ul\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hurtig}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 majority."}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Yasuda v. Heights}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , Civ. No. CV0233-94 (Guam Super. Ct. December 27, 1996).}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 We agree with the trial court's legal conclusions and finds no cause to overturn the decision below.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Although we are concerned with ensuring that an insured is properly protected and receives the be nefit of his bargain, we must also balance the interests of the insurer in limiting its responsibilities.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [22]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab Additionally, there are clear distinctions between the }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hurtig}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 line of cases and the case at bar.}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 In }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Ratliff}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , there is no mention of whether the case actually involved the interpretation of a work product exclusion provision in the insurance policy.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Furthermore, in }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Ratliff}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , as in }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Isle of Palms}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , the factual scenario involved termite inspection rather than termite treatment.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 In }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Isle of Palms}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 itself, although it employed a confused analysis, the court drew a definite distinction between inspection and faulty workmanship.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hurtig}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 did involve a mix of both inspection and treatment for termite infestation; however, the }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hurtig}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 opinion is not persuasive to this court based on a lack of reasoning to support the majority's position.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 In }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hurtig}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , a two-justice minority issued a dissent in which they opined that Terminix failed to properly perform its duties under the contract}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 67 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f37\fs24}}}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 to inspect and treat the house for termites.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hurtig, }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 692 P.2d at 1155.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The minority emphasized that the majority's decision and reasoning would act to transmute a general liability policy into a performance bond, covering the "business risks"}{\cs15\super\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f36\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs24\super\insrsid9928204 \chftn }{ \insrsid9928204 Business risks were described by the court as risks of injury to persons or property caused by faulty products or workmanship. }{\i\insrsid9928204 Hurtig}{\insrsid9928204 , 692 P.2d at 1155. \par }}}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 of an insured.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The dissent disagreed completely with what it regarded as the majority's schizophrenic rational, noting the comparison between the case under decision and those previous.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [23]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab We fail to see any ambiguity in the language of the work product exclusion here.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 It is also important to note that alternate forms of insurance are available to an insured to protect himself against the "business risks" which have been at issue in all of these cases--performance bonds, a guarantee of contractual performance for repai r or replacement of faulty workmanship, or omissions-and-errors policies.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 To allow coverage in the face of these exclusions creates a slippery slope that undermines the distinctions such provisions are intended to create.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\ul\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Professional-Services Exclusion}{\ul\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [24]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab The professional-services exclusion present in the }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Isle of Palms}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 case reads as follows:}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 "[a]ll coverage is excluded hereunder for claims arising out of the rendering or failure to render any professional service by any Insured or any Additional Named Insured."}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 459 S.E.2d at 320.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The court in }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Isle of Palms}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 had previously defined a professional act or service as:}{\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 one arising out of a vocation, calling, occupation, or employment involving specialized knowledge, labor, a skill, and the labor or skill involved is predominantly mental or intellectual rather than physical or manual . . . .}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 In determining whether a particular act is of a professional nature or a "professional service" we must look not to the title or character of the party performing the act, but to the act itself.}{\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 . at 321.}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Although training and licensing are required to practice pest control, the above definition would likely place extermination outside the ambit of the professional-services exception.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [25]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab However, Yasuda argues that the professional-services exclusion is not ambiguous and that the term professional services is not limited to those traditionally}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 recognized professions such as law or medicine.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 In }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hollingsworth}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , the court addressed the issue of what constituted "professional}{\insrsid15546881 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 services."}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 208 Cal. App. 3d at 803.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Hollingsworth}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 involved a claim of negligent ear-piercing, allegedly performed by the insured as a service offered in a retail cosmetic store.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The court granted summary judgment in fav or of the insurer, finding that coverage was excluded under the professional services exclusion of the policy.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The insured argued that because ear-piercing was not state regulated, nor did it require licensing, it did not qualify as a "professional service" that would fall under the exclusion.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 . at 806.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [26]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab The}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 court}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 held}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 that}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 conclusion}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 was}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 based}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 on}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 three}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 separate factors.}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 First,}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 the court}{\insrsid15546881 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 considered a plain reading and understanding of the language of the provision itself.}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Secondly, the court noted case law indicating that in an insurance contract the language must be "construed in the context of the instrument as a whole, and in the circumstances of the case, and cannot be found to be ambiguous in the abstract."}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 . at 807.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Lastly, the court attempted to balance the interests of the parties, giving weight to the insured's reasonable expectations of coverage and the insurer's right to limit the extent of the policy's coverage when plain language has been used to do so.}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Th e court further expressed the desire not to rewrite an insurance contract to force inclusion of coverage not contemplated.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Id}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 .}{\insrsid10058186 }{ \insrsid15546881 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [27]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab In the case at bar, this court must decide whether the term }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f37\fs24}}}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 professional services}{ \insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f37\fs24}}}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 , in the contract of this insurance contract, is properly applied to pest extermination services.}{ \insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 In the instant case, the exclusion reads as follows:}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri720\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 This insurance shall not apply to bodily or property damage to}{\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 A.\tab the rendering of or failure to render (1) medical, surgical, dental, x-ray or nursing service or treatment, or the furnishing of food or beverages in connection therewith; (2)}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 any service or treatment conducive to health or of a professional nature; (3)}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 any cosmetic or tonsorial service or treatment; }{\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 B.\tab the furnishing or dispensing of drugs or medical, or surgical supplies or appliances.}{\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 C.\tab the rendering of or failure to rend er any cosmetic, ear piercing, tonsorial massage, physiotherapy, chiropody, hearing aid, optical or optometrical services or treatments.}{\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 D.\tab the rendering of or failure to render any professional services}{\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [28]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab This court chooses to adopt a definition of professional services which stays truer to a literal interpretation of the language--the rendering of services professionally.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The distinction drawn is that of the professional versus the amateur, an example which Justice Weeks alluded to in oral}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 arguments.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 For example, in the world of sports there are professional athletes, who are paid for their services, and there are amateur athletes, who are unpaid. This is not to say that had Heights, as a professional service provider, not charged the homeowners for s ervices rendered that Heights would not be considered to have engaged in professional services.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Getting paid is not the issue, but rather the status of the service provider as one generally paid for rendering such services.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 If, for example, one has a business license allowing one to be paid for such services, one would be considered a professional service provider.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Unlike the }{\i\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Isle of Palms}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 court, this court views the status of the service provider as having weight equal to that of the service or act provided.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }{\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [29]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab Accordingly, the court determines that the trial court made a proper legal determination as to what constitutes professional services which we now adopt, subject to the clarification noted above.}{\insrsid15546881 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 CONCLUSION}{\b\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid15546881\charrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\b\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 [30]}{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab In summary, we conclude the trial court properly found this case to be appropriate for summary judgment.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 A general liability insurance policy is meant to be just that, a policy for general liability, and not a policy which protects against all possible risks.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 The precise reason that performance bonds and errors and omissions policies exist is to cover specified risks which a general liability policy will not.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Both the professional-services and work product exclusions were unambiguous and wholly effective.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 We have construed the professional services exclusion to include the services which Heights performed.} {\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Therefore, we must affirm the trial court's decision granting summary judgment in favor of Yasuda.}{\insrsid10058186 }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 Affirmed.}{\insrsid10058186 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid15546881 \par }\pard \qc \fi-5040\li5040\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid15546881 {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 BENJAMIN}{\insrsid5208273 J. F. CRUZ, Associate Justice\tab }{\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 \tab JANET HEALY WEEKS, Associate Justice}{\insrsid10058186 \par }\pard \ql \fi-5040\li5040\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid10058186 \par }\pard \ql \fi2880\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10058186 {\insrsid9928204\charrsid10058186 PETER C. SIGUENZA, Chief Justice \par }}