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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \fi-5040\li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 PEOPLE OF GUAM,}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab \tab \tab )\tab Supreme Court Case No.}{ \b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 CRA96-006}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 )\tab Superior Court Case No.}{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 CF0420-96}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \fi-2880\li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Plaintiff-Appellant,\tab }{\insrsid2695776 \tab }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 ) \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 ) \par }\pard \qj \fi-3600\li5760\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin5760\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 vs.\tab \tab \tab )\tab \tab }{\insrsid2695776 }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 OPINION}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 ) \par }\pard \qj \fi-4320\li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 FELIX ESPINOSA LUJAN, et al.,\tab }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab ) \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 ) \par }\pard \qj \fi-2880\li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Defendants-Appellees.\tab ) \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 ____________________________________)}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Filed: December 15, 1998 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Cite as: }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 1998 Guam 28}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and Submitted on 19 August 1997 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid2695776 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4320\clshdrawnil \cellx4320\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth720\clshdrawnil \cellx5040\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4320\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid2695776 {\ul\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellant}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 : \par John F. Tarantino \par Special Assistant Attorney General \par 250 Route 4, \par Chalan Pago, Guam 96924}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\ul\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Appearing for Defendant-Appellee \par Eugenio A. Benavente}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 : \par Richard Parker Arens, Esq. \par Cunliffe & Cook \par 210 Archbishop Flores Street, Suite 200 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par \cell \cell }{\ul\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Appearing for Defendant-Appellee \par David J. Farnum}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 :}{\ul\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \par }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 D. Paul Vernier, Jr., Esq. \par Vernier Law Office \par Suite 804, GCIC Building \par 414 West Soledad Avenue \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\ul\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Appearing for Defendant-Appellee \par Domingo S. Fernandez}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 : \par Raymond T. Johnson II, Esq. \par 288 South Marine Drive, Suite 202 \par Tamuning, Guam 96911 \par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4320\clshdrawnil \cellx4320\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth720\clshdrawnil \cellx5040\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4320\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid2695776 \par }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 BEFORE: PETER C. SIGUENZA, Chief Justice; JANET HEALY WEEKS and EDUARDO A. CALVO, Associate Justices. \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 SIGUENZA, C.J.: \par }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [1]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab This appeal presents separate issues regarding both the disqualification of prosecutors and the standards governing dismissal of an indictment.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 After reviewing the issue of disqualification, the court finds that it lacks jurisdiction to review this submission.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 However, our lack of jurisdiction as to the first issue does not preclude us from reviewing the dismissal of the indictment.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 We conclude that the dismissal was in error; accordingly, the court reverses the decision of the trial court and orders the indictment}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}} {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s reinstatement.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 BACKGROUND}{\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [2]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab This matter is an appeal taken by the People following the court}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s disqualification of the Attorney General}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s Office as the prosecuting authority and the subsequent dismissal, with prejudice, of the indictment.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 The indictment alleged acts of bribery, unlawful influence, record tampering, hindering apprehension, official misconduct and conspiracy by employees of the Department of Public Health and Social Services and charges that generally involved the improper certification and/or inspection of establishments under that agency}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s jurisdiction.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [3]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab The indictment in this matter was filed 16 July 1996. At some point thereafter, counsel for Defendant Benavente apparently learned the Prosecution Division}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s Chief Investigator, who had previously been employed at the Department of Public Health, may have been implicated in the pattern of misconduct alleged in the indictment but not charged.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 As a result, he filed a motion on 20 September 1996 to recuse the Attorney General}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s Office from prosecuting the matter.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 He claimed}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 the Chief Investigator}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s involvement in the offenses, in conjunction with the investigation thereof, established a conflict of interest that tainted the entire office.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Subsequently, the motion to disqualify was heard by the trial judge on 24 September 1996.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [4]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab At the hearing, the Chief Prosecutor agreed that the Prosecution Division should be disqualified.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Philip Tydingco appeared as a Special Assistant Attorney General, appointed personally by the Attorney General of Guam, for the purpose of pursuing this case.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 However, the trial judge resolved, apparently because the Chief Investigator of the Prosecution Division was directly accountable to the Attorney General himself, in terms of adverse personnel actions, that the Attorney General was too close to this Ch ief Investigator to have any further involvement in the case whatsoever.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 The judge therefore disqualified Philip Tydingco and, at the conclusion of the hearing, ordered that the Governor himself would need to appoint a Special Prosecutor to pursue the case.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 At the same time, he also set a hearing for 30 September 1996 where the special prosecutor was to make an appearance before the court.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [5]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab At the scheduled hearing six days later, no special prosecutor appeared causing the trial judge to invite motions to dismiss.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Motions to dismiss with prejudice were then advanced by the various counsel present, and without any countervailing argument, granted.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 In deciding the motion, the trial judge did not explain on the record his rationale for granting the motion to dismiss with prejudice. }{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [6]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab On 7 October 1996 the Attorney General signed a document designating Attorney John Tarantino as a Special Assistant Attorney General for purposes of this matter, Superior Court Case No. CF 420-96.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 The notice of appeal was filed on 8 October 1997, by Deputy Attorney General Charles Troutman, and indicates that the People are appealing the trial court}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s 30 September 1996 order dismissing with prejudice the indictment in Superior Court case No. CF 420-96.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 The trial judge}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s decision disqualifying the Attorney General from all involvement in this matter is not mentioned in the notice of appeal.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 On 11 October 1997 Tarantino and the Attorney General signed an employment contract formalizing his status as a Special Prosecutor and that agreement was ultimately approved by the Governor on 15 November 1996.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 ANALYSIS}{\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 I.}{\b\insrsid2695776\charrsid2695776 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [7]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab The issue of disqualification of the People}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s counsel is pursued by both sides to this appeal, and from two distinct angles.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 The People seek our review of the trial court}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s disqualification of Attorney Philip Tydingco, the Special Prosecutor appointed below by the Attorney General.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Appellees urge us to find not only that disqualification was proper but they also seek our determination that Tarantino, who was subsequently employed by the Governor}{\cs15\super\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid16398403 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid16398403 As noted above, the Attorney General entered into a contract with Special Prosecutor Tarantino, but the formalization of that agreement included the Governor}{\fs20\insrsid16398403 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt \f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid16398403 s requisite signature.}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , and who acted in the appeal before us, should be deemed to be disqualified as well.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Significantly, no motion was made to this court seeking his disqualification.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Rather, Appellees raise the issue by way of a footnote in their brief.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Our analysis of these two arguments lead us to conclude that we lack jurisdiction to properly address either.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [8]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab We have consistently held that this court}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s appellate jurisdiction is limited to those matters which the legislature permits us to review. }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 See}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 People v. Quenga}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 1997 Guam 6 (holding that a juvenile was not entitled to an interlocutory appeal of the denial of a }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 reverse certification}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 hearing because the Guam legislature had indicated an intent that juvenile certification rulings could be appealed only after a judgment of conviction);}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 In re: Request of the Twenty-Fourth Guam Legislature For Declaratory Judgment as to the Implementation of the Initiative Order of Dismissal Reducing Members of the Twenty-Fifth Guam Legislature}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 1997 Guam 15 (dismissing declaratory judgment action initiated by the Guam legislature after the legislature passed a resolution requesting withdrawal and amended statute to remove this court}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s jurisdiction over action where such a resolution has been entered);}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Merchant v. Nanyo Realty}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 1997 Guam 16}{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 (holding that the legislature had intended that, generally, our jurisdiction must be pre dicated upon a final judgment in the court below, and dismissing the appeal for lack of such).}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [9]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab Despite statutory provisions expressing a broad grant of jurisdiction, }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 see}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 7 GCA }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 3107 and}{ \insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 3108 (1994), where other statutory provisions contain specific limitations on the ability of a party to pursue appellate relief, we must respect those restrictions.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 In this instance, the disqualification of a prosecutor by the trial judge is a determination from which direct appeal is simply not available.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Regardless of our broad jurisdiction, we will not consider an issue which a party is statutorily not permitted to advance.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [10]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab 8 GCA }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 130.20 (1993) lists in detail those matters which the People can appeal in a criminal proceeding.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 It addresses both pre-trial orders and those following judgment.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 It permits appeals from orders granting suppression motions; }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 see}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 8 GCA }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 130.20(a)(6); and from orders made after judgment affecting the substantial rights of the government.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 See}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 8 GCA }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 130.20(a)(3).}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 It does not specifically provide for the appeal of a decision disqualifying the prosecutor assigned to the case.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Nor is there a more general allowance which could be read to encompass this issue. }{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [11]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has previously concluded that this section establishes the absolute limits of those matters which the People can pursue on direct appeal. } {\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Guam v. Ulloa}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 903 F.2d 1283, 1285-1286 (9}{\super\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 th}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Cir. 1990); }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 see also}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Guam v. Estrebor}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 848 F.2d 1014 (9}{\super\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 th}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Cir. 1988). The determination in }{ \i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Ulloa}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 was based on a line of Supreme Court opinions holding that the authority of the People to appeal rulings in a criminal case cannot exceed express statutory authorization.}{ \insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 903 F.2d}{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 at 1286.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 We accept this conclusion and hold that, because neither 8 GCA }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 130.20 nor any other provision of Guam}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s statutes permits such issue to be appealed, it is disallowed.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [12]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab This determination is reinforced by a substantial body of case authority indicati ng appeals of attorney disqualifications are generally not available and that review of such orders must be pursued through a collateral attack.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Disqualification determinations do not generally meet finality requirements and the Supreme Court has held, as a rule, these are not appealable.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 See, e.g.}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , }{ \i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Richardson-Merrell v. Koller}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 472 U.S. 424, 105 S.Ct. 2757 (1985).}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Although }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Richardson-Merrell} {\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 is a civil case, and an analysis involving a criminal defendant}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s right to counsel of his choice would be quite different, the discussion surrounding the ability to appeal reaches the question of the People}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s legal representative, and is applicable in this instance. 472 U.S.}{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 at 432; 105 S.Ct}{ \i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 . }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 at 2762.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [13]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab As a final comment on this issue, we note that Appellant failed to identify the issue of the disqualification of the People}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s counsel in the Notice of Appeal which initiated the matter before us. That Notice indicates that this is an appeal from the entry of a dismissal order.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 It does not speak to the issue of the disqualification in any manner.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 In a prior case, we gave notice that the court could insist on strict compliance with Rule 3(c) of the Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure in its requirement that the matters appealed from be expressly designated in the Notice.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Ward v. Reyes}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 1998 Guam 1, } {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 7(permitting an appeal from the denial of a M otion for Reconsideration to be treated as an appeal of the underlying judgment based on the specific facts of the case).}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 As a general rule, the Notice of Appeal is treated as defining the parameters of an appellate court}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s subject matter jurisdiction. }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 See, e.g., Culinary & Serv. Employees Union Local 555 v. Hawaii Employee Benefit Admin.}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 688 F.2d 1228, 1232 (9th Cir.1982) (stating "[w]here no notice of appeal from a post\_judgment order awarding attorneys' fees is filed, the court of appeals lacks jurisdiction to review the order.").}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [14]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab Based upon the foregoing, we conclude that we lack jurisdiction to consider the issue of attorney disqualification.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 II.}{\b\insrsid2695776\charrsid2695776 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [15]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab We next address the issue of the indictment}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s dismissal and hold that dismissal of the indictment cannot be justified for several reasons.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 First, the record contains no evidence in support of the claims raised by Appellees}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 trial counsels.} {\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 When the record contains no evidence supporting a court}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s decision, an abuse of discretion occurs.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 People v. Tuncap}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 1998 Guam 13, }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 13.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Without such, we are unable to determine if relevant factors were actually considered by the trial court.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Id.}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 at 12. }{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [16]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab The hearing record essentially focused on three allegations: 1) the Chief Prosecutor rushed the matter to the grand jury so that he could have an important case indicted immediately before a legislative oversight hearing; 2) the Chief Prosecutor held a press conference after the indictment was returned; and 3) the suspected Chief Investigator had been involved in the inves tigation of the Defendants.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 All of these claims, offered in support of the various grounds of dismissal, were presented to the court as offers of proof and not as evidence. }{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [17]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab Likewise, we are also unable to determine what factors the court considered and found relevant in dismissing the case.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 In matters of discretion, the trial court must make findings that enable a reviewing court to determine if relevant factors were properly weighed.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 See Tuncap}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 at }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 12.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Clearly, the trial court accepted some or all of the factual assertions offered in support of}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 dismissal.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 However, there is no statement as to what theory or facts persuaded the judge to dismiss.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Moreover, the state of the record does not permit us to surmise such basis.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 As the record now stands, we find the factual claims to be unsubstantiated and, accordingly, the trial court}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s dismissal with prejudice cannot stand.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [18]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab We also find that legal authority addressing a trial court}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s use of supervisory authority to dismiss a case does not support the action taken under the circumstances now before us.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 While we agree with Appellees}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 submissions describing the general nature of such authority, the parameters surrounding actual exercise suggests the use of such authority is limited, and in this particular matter,}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 inappropriate.}{ \insrsid2695776 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 The exercis e of supervisory authority is appropriate under three circumstances: 1) where a remedy for a violation of a recognized statutory, procedural, or constitutional right is required; 2) where judicial integrity must be preserved by ensuring that a conviction rests on appropriate considerations validly before a jury; and 3) where the court seeks to deter future illegal government conduct.}{\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid2695776 \par }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 United States v. Jennings}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 960 F.2d 1488, 1491 (9th Cir. 1992)(citations omitted).}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 For prosecutorial misconduct to support the supervisory exercise of dismissal as a sanction, the misconduct must be both flagrant and prejudicial.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 See United States v. Jacobs}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 855 F.2d 652, 655-56 (9th Cir. 1988) (holding that trial judge abused his discretion in dismissing indictment based upon perceived government misconduct in failing to comply with a discovery order).}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [19]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab The evidentiary record, such as it is, is unclear as to both what misconduct occurred and what prejudice was incurred by the Defendants.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Appellees argue the trial court properly exercised its discretionary and inherent supervisory authority to remedy wrongs based on abuse of position}{\cs15\super\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid16398403 \chftn }{\b\f170\fs20\insrsid16398403 Apparently relating to the issue of abuse of position, the record of the 30 September 1996 hearing reflects that Benavente}{\b\f170\fs20\insrsid16398403 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{ \b\f170\fs20\insrsid16398403 s counsel asserted that he had spoken to unnamed investigators in the prosecution office and, if called to the stand, they would testify that the Chief Pros ecutor was told that the cases could not be properly prepared for the grand jury in the short time within which the Chief Prosecutor wished to proceed. It was further represented that the Chief Prosecutor wanted an indictment on the day that he presented evidence because he had a legislative oversight hearing the following day. Excerpt of Record at 112-114. Nothing in the record indicates that representatives from the prosecution were present to testify nor were defendants required to call witnesses to support these claims.}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , a conflict of interest and prejudice to the defendant}{\cs15\super\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid16398403 \chftn }{\b\f170\fs20\insrsid16398403 The Appellees also argue that the trial court dismissed based on want of prosecution. For reasons set forth in the opinion, we discuss this issue separately.}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 .}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Appellees}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Brief at 23.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [20]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab Even if the court assumed the factual claims supporting these grounds to be true, they do not support dismissal of the indictment with prejudice.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Absent substantial defects in the indictment, there is no basis for relief even if the twenty-six page document reflected both an incomplete investigation and hasty presentation to the grand jury.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 If there were defects, the appropriate relief would normally have been dismissal without prejudice. }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 See, e.g.,}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 8 GCA }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 65.55 (1993) (allowing court, where it grants a dismissal based upon defects in the institution of the prosecution or the pleadings, to hold the defendant in custody for some period of time }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 pending refiling}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 )(emphasis added). }{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [21]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab As to the press conference, this is the one assertion where there is a clear indication of prejudice being claimed.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 It was represented that Appellee Benavente}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s name was }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 splattered}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 across the media as a consequence of the press conference.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 This conduct embarrassed him to the point where his family had to do grocery shopping for him a nd caused him to take medication to sleep.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Excerpt of Record at 111-112.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Another adverse consequence, asserted by Benavente, was the}{ \insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 reassignment of his duties at the Department of Health which resulted in him being tasked with changing light bulbs.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [22]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab The problem with these claims is that they are natural consequences of an indictment being filed in open court.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 There is no basis presented for finding that }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 but for}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 the press conference these incidents would not have happened.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Additionally, there is also the question of whether a prosecutor holding a press conference thereby engages in flagrant misconduct.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 While it may very well be imprudent to take such actio n, given the record, we do not find this conduct improper.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab }{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [23]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab As to the Chief Investigator}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s role, it is not clear from the record what his investigative}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 involvement was supposed to have been and what prejudice resulted to the Appellees.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 While the record reflects a great deal of speculation and innuendo, hard evidence was not presented that would support any claim of prejudice to the Appellees.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Again, if there was a basis for finding that the charging process had actually been compromised by the investigator}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s participation, before his complicity was known to the Chief}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Prosecutor, dismissal without prejudice, pursuant to statute, would have provid ed protection for the Defendants.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [24]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab The final basis for the dismissal asserted by the Appellees was based on want of prosecution.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 We address this issue separately for two reasons.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 First, the issue is supported by substantiated facts.}{\cs15\super\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid16398403 \chftn }{\b\f170\fs20\insrsid16398403 The factual ba sis of the dismissal is based, in objective evidentiary terms, on the fact that on 24 September 1996 the Governor was advised that he would need to appoint a special prosecutor and that, six days later, he had not appointed an attorney to appear at the he a ring. This factual history appears to be the only substantiated set of circumstances set forth in the record. As to the want-of-prosecution claim, it appears to be a fact that on 24 September 1996 the trial judge transmitted his disqualification order i n this matter to the Governor}{\b\f170\fs20\insrsid16398403 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\b\f170\fs20\insrsid16398403 s legal counsel. Excerpt of Record at 28 (24 September 1996 order) and 107 (trial judge noting for record during the 30 September 1996 hearing that Mary Louise Wheeler had been serve d on 24 September at 5:15 PM). It is also clear that no special prosecutor appeared six (6) days later at the further proceeding. }}}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Second, Appellees}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 brief, although inviting us to affirm the trial court}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s decision based on a number of grounds, relies primarily upon case authority associated with dismissals based on want of prosecution.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 The issue can be addressed on the merits and, thus, deserves specific attention.}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [25]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab A dismissal on the basis of want-of-prosecution is to be employed with caution and only after the prosecution is forewarned that the court is contemplating doing so if no action is taken on the case.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 United States v. Simmons}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 536 F.2d 827, 836 (9th Cir. 1976).}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 See, e.g., United States v. Towill}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 548 F.2d 1363, 1368-69 (9th Cir. 1977) (justifying dismissal on the basis that the trial judge had, after denying the prosecutor}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s repeated motions for continuances, warned of dismissal if the prosecution did not go forward on the scheduled trial date).}{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [26]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab In this case, the government was not told that the matter would be dismissed if the case did not proceed on the scheduled date, nor is there any indication that the motion to dismiss was even noticed.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Although Appellees claim the }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 case}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 was forwarded to the governor with notice of the further proceedings in the matter and that }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 the purpose of the further proceedings was to address numerous motions filed by defense counsel, including various motions to dismiss,}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}} {\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Appellees Brief at 7; none of the documents}{\cs15\super\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid16398403 \chftn }{\b\f170\fs20\insrsid16398403 The documents transmitted to the Governor included the following: the September 26, 1996 Order, the indictment, and the verified complaint. Excerpt of Record at 107.}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 transmitted to the Governor make referen ce to a motion to dismiss.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Even more significant, the motions to dismiss entertained by the court at the 30 September 1996 hearing were not based on written filings.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Excerpt of Record at 106-125.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Instead, the trial court opened the floor and invited oral motions by stating:}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 I}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 ll accept a motion from any of the defense counsel}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 .}{ \insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Excerpt of Record 107, ll:18-19.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Consequently, the trial court}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s dismissal without prior notice or warning was inappropriate.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Had the trial court in this matter included in the order that he would dismiss the case if}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 no special prosecutor appeared at th e subsequent proceeding, a much stronger basis to proceed upon would be present.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Likewise, had the Governor}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 s counsel been advised of the motions to dismiss, there might be more justification in considering them at the hearing. }{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [27]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab Finally, we note the time interval in question does not lend itself to an inference that dismissal is appropriate.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 See United States v. Barboza}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 , 612 F.2d 999, 1001 (5th Cir. 1980) (holding that a delay of 87 days between arraignment and trial was not long enough to be considered presumptively prejudicial for purposes of a Rule 48 dismissal motion). In this case, the trial judge apparently believed that the Governor would be able to make the appointment in one day.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\i\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 See }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Excerpt of Record at 102, ll:5-16.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 The period of inactivity in question here was six (6) days starting from the date of the order until dismissal on 30 September 1996 while the total elapsed time from indictment to dismissal was 76 days.}{\insrsid2695776 }{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab }{\insrsid2695776 \par \par }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [28]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab In sum, not only were there no findings made supporting dismissal, such findings could not have been properly made as the record is devoid of evidence necessary to support them.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 In addition, even assuming the allegations to be true, they fall short of that required by law.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Finally, this entire matter occurred without notice being given to the Governor, or his legal counsel, that motions to dismiss were being entertained.}{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 The dismissal is deficient in both fact and law.}{ \insrsid2695776 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 CONCLUSION}{\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 [29]}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 \tab For the reasons noted above, this matter is }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 REVERSED}{ \insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 and }{\b\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 REMANDED}{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 with instructions that the indictment be reinstated.}{\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 JANET HEALY WEEKS\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 EDUARDO A. CALVO \par Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid2695776 }{\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 Associate Justice}{\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid2695776 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2695776 {\insrsid16398403\charrsid2695776 PETER C. SIGUENZA \par Chief Justice \par }}