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CRUZ}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid5321791 \tab }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 ) \par }\pard \ql \li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 ) \par }\pard \ql \fi-2160\li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Defendant-Appellant.\tab ) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 ____________________________________)}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Filed: December 15, 1998 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Cite as: }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 1998 Guam 30}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam. \par Argued and Submitted on 17 February 1998 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }{\ul\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Appearing for the Plaintiff-Appellee}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 : \par Marcelene C. Santos, Esq. \par Phillips & Bordallo, P.C. \par 410 W. O}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Brien Drive \par }\pard \ql \fi-3600\li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \par }{\ul\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellant:}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \par Jeffrey A. Cook, Esq. \par Cunliffe & Cook,}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 P. C. \par Suite 200, 210 Archbishop F.C. Flores St. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par \par BEFORE: PETER SIGUENZA, Chief Justice; JOSE I. LEON GUERRERO, and EDUARDO A. CALVO, Associate Justices. \par \par }{\b\caps\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Siguenza, C.J.: \par }{\insrsid5321791\charrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [1]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab This appeal arises out of the Superior Court}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s determination that sole legal custody of a child should be awarded to the Appellee, Maria Annie Flores.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The trial court based its determination on a finding that the Appellant, Harold J. Cruz, lacks the maturity to share legal custody of the minor child and that parties are unable to communicate.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Mr. Cruz contends otherwise asserting the Superior Court}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s decision regarding his immaturity was based on events occurring prior to the birth of his son.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 He also argues that inadequate consideration was given to his beha vior as a father when determining his custodial rights.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 He further contends that the communication and cooperation difficulties are principally on the side of the mother, Ms. Flores.}{\insrsid5209469 \par }{\insrsid5321791\charrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\keep\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [2]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab We agree.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The trial court when considering Mr. Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s sexual behavior, did not analyze how his past conduct adversely affected the welfare of the child.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Nor was an examination conducted weighing his past sexual affairs before the birth of his child against his more recent behavior as a father.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 We further decide that the communication difficulties, largely attributable to Ms. Flores, were not considered and that the trial court failed to weigh this factor in its analysis.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Accordingly, we reverse and remand this matter back to the trial court for consideration consistent with this opinion.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND}{\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [3]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab Harold J. Cruz and Maria Annie Flores were engaged to be married over an eight-month period.}{ \insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The engagement subsequently ended when Ms. Flores discovered that Mr. Cruz had several sexual relationships with other partners, resulting in several pregnancies. At the end of her relationship with Mr. Cruz, Ms. Flores was also pregnant.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 She eventually gave birth to Tyler Jose Flores on June 20, 1994.}{\cs15\super\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid5209469 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5209469 Mr. Cruz attempted to be present when the child was born, but was removed from the labor room by hospital security per Ms. Flores}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{ \fs20\insrsid5209469 s request.}}}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [4]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab On July 28, 1994, Ms. Flores filed a complaint in which she sought sole custody of the child as well as a restraining order against Mr. Cruz based on allegations that he physi cally abused her in March of 1994.}{\cs15\super\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid5209469 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5209469 Despite allegations of physical abuse in March, 1994, such allegations were not made until July 28, 1994. These allegations were never substantiated. Accordingly, the trial court}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 s reference to the allegations should not have had any bearing on the proceeding.}}}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 In his answer and counterclaim, Mr. Cruz prayed for joint legal custody with physical custody to be awarded to mother, reasonable visitation rights to the father, and child support of $150 per month. }{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [5]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab On August 5, 1994, an Order to Show Cause hearing was conducted based on harassment allegations of Ms. Flores}{\cs15\super\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid5209469 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5209469 During trial, Ms. Flores illustrated Mr. Cruz}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 s harassment prior to the restraining order as follows: she stated }{\fs20\insrsid5209469 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 but prior to that (the restraining order) Every little thing, whether it be a bag or the clothes or the food or-everything, where my child was go ing, what I was doing, uhm...if he had trouble finding a sitter for Tyler, he would call me up.}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 By Ms. Flores}{ \fs20\insrsid5209469 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 s own accounts, the harassment was predominately in relation to the child. Transcript at 13 (February 12, 1997).}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 .}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Consequently, on August 12, 1994, mutual restraining orders were issued to keep the parties from }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 molesting, annoying, or disturbing the peace of each other.}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 On September 27, 1994, a hearing was held at which time Mr. Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s visitation hours were increased.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 At a subsequent hearing held on February 1, 1995, the court ordered pendente lite joint custody and further increased Mr. Cruz}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s visitation.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Mr. Cruz and Ms. Flores have since shared joint legal custody of Tyler for approximately two years.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [6]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab }{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 During the period of temporary joint legal custody,}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Ms. Flores alleges three incidents that were cumbersome when dealing with Mr. Cruz, indicating an inability to cooperate.}{\cs15\super\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1 \nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid5209469 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\cs15\fs20\super\insrsid5209469 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5209469 One incident related to the child}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 s birthday party. During the party, Mr. Cruz failed to tell Ms. Flores that he was aware that the police were planning to call her in reference to one of the previous harassment incidents. Ms. Flores felt that he should hav e notified her and that perhaps his motives for participating in the party were questionable as he may have attended just to gain her good graces before the police called. Another incident occurred when Mr. Cruz attempted to trade visitation days with Ms . Flores as he thought that he was scheduled to have Tyler on Mother}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 s day. Ms. Flores regarded the incident as harassment because she misunderstood what Mr. Cruz was attempting to do. Transcript at 27 (February 12, 1997). The final incident occurred when Mr. Cruz returned Tyler after his visitation, wearing a girl}{ \fs20\insrsid5209469 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid5209469 s t-shirt because Tyler was not sent with extra clothes. Transcript at 24 (February 12, 1997).}}}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Ms. Flores and Mr. Cruz were apparently able to solve these issues and otherwise cooperate as to issues surrounding Tyler.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 For instance, the record indicates}{ \insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Mr. Cruz and Ms. Flores agreed, without court supervision, to alter visitation times to better accommodate each other}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s schedules.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 In another instance, they cooperatively held a party for Tyler}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s second birthday in spite of Ms. Flores}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 recollections surrounding Tyler}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s first birthday.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [7]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab The trial court conducted a custody hearing on February 12, 1997.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 After taking testimony from both parties and hearing argument, the court awarded sole legal custody to Ms. Flores.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Consequently, a timely Notice of Appeal was filed.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 ANALYSIS}{\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [8]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab This court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 1424-3(d) (1984) and 7 GCA }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 3107(b) (1994).}{ \insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The court reviews custody matters keeping in mind the best interest of the child.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 19 GCA }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 8404 (1994).}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The factual findings of the trial court are reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{ \insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Farrell v. Farrell}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 819 P.2d 896, 898 (Alaska 1991).}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 I.}{\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [9]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab Althoug h case authority does not appear to fix a standard definition of joint custody, it is generally understood as a custody arrangement that places both legal and physical custody of a child in the hands of}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 both parents.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 See In Re Marriage of Lampton}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 704 P.2d 847, 849 (Colo. 1985)(en banc); }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 See also}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 }{ \i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 In Re Marriage of Burham}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 283 N.W. 2d 269, 271 (Iowa 1979).}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 This custody arrangement permits both parents to participate in reaching major decisions affecting the child}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s welfare.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 See}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Vitauts M. Gulbis, Annotation, }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Propriety of Awarding Joint Custody of Children}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 17 ALR 4th 1013, 1016 (1981).}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Although this is a generally recognized arrangement, the court must initially decide whether a trial court has within its auth ority the discretion to award joint custody if deemed appropriate.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [10]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab The principal custody statute, 19 GCA }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 8404 states in pertinent part:}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 In actions for divorce, separation, annulment, separate maintenance, or any other proceeding where there is at issue a dispute as to the custody of a minor child, the court may, during the minority of the child, make such order for the custody of such minor child as may seem necessary or proper. In awarding the custody, th e court is to be guided by the following standards, considerations and procedures:}{\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 (a) Custody should be awarded to either parent according to the best interest of the child.}{\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 (b) Custody may be awarded to persons other than the father or mother whenever suc h award serves the best interest of the child. Any person who has had de facto custody of the child in a stable and wholesome home and is a fit and proper person shall prima facie be entitled to an award of custody.}{\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 While 19 GCA }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 8404 does not expressly provide for the issuance of joint legal custody, the language of the statute reflects the legislature}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s intent to accord the trial court broad discretion in determining custody.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The legislature gave the trial court discretion to }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 make such order for the custody of such minor child as may seem necessary or proper.}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Id.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The inclusion of statutory factors for the trial court}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s consideration in no way diminishes its}{ \insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 authority in deciding}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 which custodial relationship is in the child}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s best interest.}{\i\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 See In Re Marriage of Neil, }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 92 Cal. App. 3d 834, 839, 155 Cal.Rptr. 157, 160 (1979).}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Moreover, Guam}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s statute is devoid of language requiring the trial court to}{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 decide between two parents.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Inste ad, 19 GCA }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 8404 allows the trial court to consider a broad range of facts and circumstances when deciding the best interests of a child and determining a child}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s custodial status.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [11]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab Not only is joint custody permitted by Guam statute, there appears a preference for such custodial arrangements.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Title 19 of the Guam Code Annotated, read as a whole, reflects the legislature}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s underlying policy that whenever possible, the sanctity of family life should be preserved by the inclusion of both parents in the lives of their children.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 For instance, 19 GCA }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 4106 (1994)}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 provides: }{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The father and the mother of a legitimate unmarried minor child are equally entitled to its custody, services and earnings.}{\insrsid5321791 } {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 If either the father or mother be dead or unable or refuse to take the custody or has abandoned his or her family, the other is entitled to its custody, services and earnings.}{\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Other sections of Title 19 further support this preference for joint custody.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 19 GCA }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 4107 (1994) states }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [t]he husband and father, as such, has no rights superior to those of the wife and mother, in regard to the care, custody, education, and control of the children of the marriage, while such husband and wife live separate and apart from each other.}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Likewise, the legislature}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s stated purpose in the series of statutes that address the Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship, provides in pertinent part }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [i]mplicit in this Article is the philosophy that wherever possible family life should be strengthened and preserved and that the issue of severing the parent-child relationship is of such vital importance as to require a judicial determination. . . .}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 19 GCA }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 4301 (1994).}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [12]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab Given the trial court}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s latitude granted through the broad discretionary language of 19 GCA }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 8404 and the legislature}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s preference toward inclusion of both parents in the lives of their children, this court determines that not only can an award of joint legal custody be granted by Guam}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s trial courts, it is preferred.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 This preference, however, is always secondary to the best interest of the child.}{ \insrsid5321791 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 II.}{\b\insrsid5321791\charrsid5321791 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [13]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab In ruling upon this matter, the trial court stated that Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s past was }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 not determinative in this custody issue.}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Flores v. Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , DM 0694-94 (Super. Ct. Guam April 10, 1997).}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 However, the trial court clearly placed great weight upon Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s past sexual behavior and the resulting pregnancies.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Moreover, the trial court concluded Cruz was not a responsible parent as his past indiscretions were indicative of a lack of maturity.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [14]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab We agree that trial courts may look to the sexual behavior of a party for purposes of determining custody.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 See Bialac v. Bialac, }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 240 Cal. App. 2d 940, 50 Cal. Rptr. 12 (1966);}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Montgomery v. Marcantel}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 591 So.2d 1272 (La. 1991); }{ \i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Smith v. Smith}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 586 So.2d 916 (Alaska 1991).}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 However, in order for such behavior to be relevant to a custody determination, it must be shown to have directly affected the child in an adverse manner.}{\i\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Bialac, }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 240 Cal. App. 2d at 947, 50 Cal. Rptr. at 16;}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Montgomery}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 591 So.2d at 1273; }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Smith}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 586 So.2d 918.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Similarly, in order to have a bearing on the case, prior misconduct must be shown to presently affect the interests of the child.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Santens v. Santens}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 180 Cal. App. 2d 809, 819, 4 Cal. Rptr. 635, 641 (1960).}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Otherwise, if not linked to the child}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s interest, the matter should not be considered.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [15]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab It is uncontested that Harold Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s past behavior as a fianc\'e9 is both egregious and immature.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 However, in the context of determining custody, we cannot characterize this behavior in the same manner.}{ \insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Our review of the trial court}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s order indicates that Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s conduct was never reviewed in context as it pertains to the child}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s welfare.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Further, the record reveals that no evidence was presented indicating that Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s sexual behavior which occurred before the birth of Tyler, has had any bearing on Mr. Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s abilities to be a father for purposes of joint legal custody.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 During the period of temporary joint legal custody, nothing presented shows that he has made decisions endangering his child, placing him at risk or otherwise making inappropriate choices adversely affecting Tyler}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s welfare.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 More importantly, the record reveals that Ms. Flores admits Mr. Cruz is a good father.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Consequently, based on the record now before us, we cannot reconcile the trial court}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s finding that his past sexual conduct rendered him irresponsible and therefore immature to such a degree that his legal rights are terminated.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [16]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab Assuming Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s past behavior was shown to have an adverse effect on the child}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s welfare, the analysis as presented would not be acceptable to this court.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 We are disturbed by the absence of consideration of Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s level of maturity since the birth of his son and during the period of temporary joint custody.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 We believe such an examination would be a more accurate and important assessment of his ability to raise his son.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [17]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab Maturation is a process of development that occurs over time.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 While Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s sexual behavior may have demonstrated a want of maturity in the eyes of the trial court, this conduct was representative of a period of time prior to the child}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s birth.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 As to the time period after the child}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s birth, the record, although quite sparse, provides some indication of growing maturity on Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s part.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 For instance, contention has occurred because the child was dressed in girl}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s clothing.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Mr. Cruz explained that due to the visitation schedules, clothing he had provided for his son was not returned.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Instead of arguing over a matter which he considered petty, he solved the issued by taking steps ensuring that he always has proper clothes on hand for his son and resolved a source of discord between the parties.}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Such action of avoiding conflict shows good judgment and maturity.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [18]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab As stated earlier, the record is limited as to affirmative examples of Mr. Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s maturity.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The record is also silent as to whether Mr. Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s sexual promiscuity has continued since the birth of his son.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 As these issues directly pertain to the best interests of raising Tyler, they should have been extensively explored.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [19]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab In sum, the trial court erred by finding Mr. Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s past sexual behavior was indicative of his maturity.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Likewise, the trial court}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s characterization of Mr. Cruz, again based on his sexual conduct,}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 as the least responsible of the parties cannot be supported by the record.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 None of these findings has been shown to adversely affect the welfare of the child.}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 In addition, the court}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s consideration of this behavior appears to be incomplete as no consideration was given to Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s maturity after the child}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s birth. }{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 III}{\b\insrsid5321791\charrsid5321791 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [20]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab Gene rally, agreement and cooperation between the parties are the foundations upon which any joint custody arrangement rests.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 In Re}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Marriage of Lampton}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 704 P.2d 847, 849 (Colo. 1985) (en banc); }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 In Re Marriage of Burham}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 283 N.W. 2d 269, 275 (Iowa 1979);}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 In Re}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Marriage of Neal}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 92 Cal. App. 3d 834, 843, 155 Cal. Rptr. 157, 162 (1979).}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The absence of such makes decisions affecting the welfare of the child difficult and will inevitably require recurring court intervention.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Lampton}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 704 P.2d at 849.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Moreover, in situations where parents are embattled and embittered, a joint custody arrangement would only enhance familial chaos. }{ \i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Burnham, }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 283 N.W.2d at 275 (citation omitted).}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Clearly, a joint custody arrangement absent minimal cooperation would not be in the bes t interest of a child.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Id.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [21]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab However,}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [t]he ability to cooperate does not require the absence of tension or hostility. . . .}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 1 Jeff Atkinson,}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Modern Child Custody Practice}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 6.09 (1986).}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Instead, it requires }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 that the parents put the interest of the child before their own interests (or anger).}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Id.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 If the parties have demonstrated that they are reasonable and willing to give priority to the child}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s best interest, courts can determine whether the parents can separate and put aside their differences to cooperate for the benefit of their child.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Beck v. Beck}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 ,}{ \insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 432 A.2d 63, 71-72 (N.J. 1981) (citation omitted).}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 If the potential for cooperation exists, a successful joint custody arrangement can be achieved by instructing parents on what is expected and by setting ground rules of conduct.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Id.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [22]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab Whether the parties could cooperate and communicate was the factor that the trial court considered when it awarded sole custody to Ms. Flores.}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The court specifically found that the relationship between the parents was neither open nor free.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The Superior Court also stated in its ruling that}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [t]he parties have difficulty communicating and cooperating, and their relationship is less t han amicable.}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Flores v. Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , DM 0694-94 (Super. Ct. Guam April 10, 1997).}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Thus, the court concluded that sole custody was the appropriate custody arrangement and in the best interest of the child.}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Id.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [23]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab Our review of the record leads to a different conclusion.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 While it is clear that Ms. Flores does not wish to continue to collaborate with Mr. Cruz in raising their child, the custody hearing was held to determine the best interests of the child and not that of the parents.}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 She contends that }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 because of the past problems in the adult interpersonal relationship of Appellant Cruz and Appellee Flores, that chances for good and open communication are not present because of continuing negative feelings between the parties.}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Appellee Brief, Pg. 9.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 However, her actions belie her words.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Notwithstanding her feelings that Mr. Cruz is untrustworthy and manipu lative, the parents managed to cooperate, in limited instances, throughout the duration of the pendente lite joint custody period without court intervention.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [24]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab Mr. Cruz and Ms. Flores have demonstrated the ability to cooperate with one another in matters regarding their son when the lines of communication have been opened.}{ \insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 This court is generally not concerned with how the parties feel about one another.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 What is of consequence is that the parties are able to put their personal differences aside and work for the benefit of their son.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The record reflects such an ability, despite the fact that it may be personally disagreeable to Ms. Flores.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 For example, both parties testified that visitation schedules were modified in order to accommodate each others work and travel schedules.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Significantly, successful modification of their schedules occurred without attorney or court involvement.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [25]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab In Appellee}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s brief, it was stated}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [a]s a result of this mistrust, she does not want to be forced to sit down and make decisions with a person who has so manipulated her.}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}} {\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Appellee Brief, Pg. 4.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 The record is clear that Ms. Flores}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 has acted consistent with this statement by trying to avoid contact with Mr. Cruz.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Her own testimony reveals Ms.}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Flores did not provide her address or phone number to Mr. Cruz during the year preceding the hearing.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Transcript at 28-29 (February 12, 1997).}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 This was at a time when temporary joint custody was in effect and both parents had decision making responsibilities for the child and communication was essential to his welfare.}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 We believe it is fortunate that an emergency affecting Tyler did not occur.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Mr. Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s options would have been to act without Ms. Flores}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 input or wait until contact was established through third parties.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [26]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab Obviously, meaningful communication could not have taken place under such conditions.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Under any type of custodial relationship, let alone joint custody, parents must engage each other in order to cooperate for the best interests of the child.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 It is quite apparent that when the lines of communication have been silent, it has been the result of Ms. Flores}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 refusal to open them.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [27]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab Alternatively, it is undisputed that Mr. Cruz }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 attempted to reconcile the differences between himself and Plaintiff, but she was not receptive to such efforts.}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Flores v. Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , DM 0694-94 (Super. Ct. Guam April 10, 1997).}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Mr. Cruz also testified that despite the fact that they still had their differences }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 I have put them aside a long time ago.}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Transcript at 51 (February 12, 1997).}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 It is within Tyler}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s best interests for Ms. Flores to also put the past aside}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 and continue to work with Mr. Cruz in raising their son.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Despite any ill will, the parties have shown that they can and did make decisions for the benefit of their son.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 We would observe that}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [p]roblems are likely to develop under any custodial arrangement. The adults must have the maturity to put their personal antagonisms aside and attempt to resolve the problems.}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 In Re Marriage of Bolin}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , 336 N.W. 2d. 441, 447 (Iowa 1983).}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [28]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab The tension between Mr. Cruz and Ms. Flores is predicated on their failed relationship.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 In Appellee}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s brief, it was contended}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [a]nd it is the destruction of the relationship and the complete lack of trust it created that is the foundation of Appellee Flores}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s inability to feel comfortable in sitting down with Appellant Cruz and trying to make major decisions regarding Tyler.}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Appellee}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Brief, Pg.3.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 While the memories of past i ndiscretions may make Ms. Flores uncomfortable in dealing with Mr. Cruz, absent any contemporaneous problems that relate to the welfare of the child, the memories and their attendant discomfort are problems Ms. Flores will need to come to terms with for t he benefit of Tyler.\tab Although Ms. Flores may not want to be forced to work with Mr. Cruz, the child}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s interests must be given priority over her own.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 It is true that this arrangement may require effort to overcome the discomfort and strained communications, but history between these particular parents has shown that the joint custody arrangement was successful during the period of temporary joint custody and there is no indication whatsoever that the arrangement w ill not succeed in the future.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 CONCLUSION}{\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [29]}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 \tab As noted in the trial decision, }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 [i]t is well settled that joint legal custody of a minor child is a desirable arrangement and is very effective in some cases.}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid5321791 }{\i\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Flores v. Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 , DM 0694-94 (Super. Ct. Guam April 10, 1997).}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Nowhere is it postulated that a joint custody relationship does not require the maturity to set aside personal animosities and a desire to do what is truly best for the child.}{\insrsid5321791 }{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Based on his performance as a father, we find that the revocation of Mr. Cruz}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 s custodial rights is unwarranted under the circumstances.}{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Therefore, we }{\b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 REVERSE}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 and }{ \b\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 REMAND}{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 this matter to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.}{\insrsid5321791 \par \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Nunc pro tunc to 17 February 1998.}{\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 EDUARDO A. CALVO\tab \tab \tab \tab JOSE I. LEON GUERRERO}{\insrsid5321791 \par }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid5321791 }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Associate Justice}{\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5321791 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5321791 {\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 PETER C. SIGUENZA}{\insrsid5321791 \par }{\insrsid5209469\charrsid5321791 Chief Justice}{\insrsid5321791 \par }}