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Anthony C. Flores, }{\fs20\insrsid6838779 1998 Guam 25, Opinion Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid6838779 PAGE }}{\fldrslt { \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid143987 1}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid143987 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1419\shptop1902\shpright10779\shpbottom1921\shpfhdr1\shpbxpage\shpbxignore\shpbypage\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz0\shplockanchor\shplid2049{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillBackColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn posrelh}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn posrelv}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxpage\dobypage\dodhgt0\dprect\dpx1419\dpy1902\dpxsize9360\dpysize19\dpfillfgcr0\dpfillfgcg0\dpfillfgcb0\dpfillbgcr0\dpfillbgcg0\dpfillbgcb0\dpfillpat1\dplinehollow}}}}{ \fs20\insrsid6838779 of 10 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-432\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid6838779 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\b\insrsid4151082 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid4151082 \par }\pard \ql \fi-5760\li5760\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin5760\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 PEOPLE OF GUAM,}{\b\insrsid4151082 }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab }{\b\insrsid4151082 \tab \tab }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 )}{\b\insrsid4151082 }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab \tab }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Supreme Court No.}{\b\insrsid4151082 }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 CRA97-20 \par }{\insrsid4151082 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab )}{\insrsid4151082 }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab \tab }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Superior Court No.}{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 CM241-96 \par }\pard \ql \fi-2880\li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Plaintiff-Appellee,}{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab \tab )}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \ql \fi-4320\li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 )}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \ql \fi-6480\li6480\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin6480\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \tab \tab }{\insrsid4151082 \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 vs.}{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab )}{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab \tab \tab OPINION \par }\pard \ql \fi-4320\li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid4151082 }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab }{\b\insrsid4151082 \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid143987 \tab }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid143987 )}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid143987 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 ANTHONY C. FLORES,}{\b\insrsid4151082 }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab }{\b\insrsid4151082 \tab \tab }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 )}{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid143987 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid143987 \tab }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid143987 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid143987 )}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid143987 \par }\pard \ql \fi-2880\li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid143987 Defendant-Appellant.}{\insrsid143987 \tab }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid143987 \tab )}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid143987 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid143987 ________________________________}{\insrsid4151082\charrsid143987 ____) \par }{\insrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Filed: December 2, 1998 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Cite as:}{\insrsid4151082 }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 1998 Guam 25}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and Submitted on 9 October 1998 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid4151082 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid4151082 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\ul\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Appearing for the Plaintiff-Appellee:}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab \tab }{\insrsid4151082 \tab }{\ul\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellant: \par }\pard \ql \fi-5040\li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Robert H. Kono, Attorney General (Acting)\tab \tab D. Paul Vernier, Jr. \par By: David M. Moore \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Vernier Law Office \par Assistant Attorney General \tab \tab \tab \tab Suite 808, GCIC Building \par Office of the Attorney General \tab \tab \tab 414 West Soledad Avenue \par Suite 2-200E, Judicial Center Bldg.\tab \tab \tab Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 120 West O-Brien Drive \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\insrsid6838779 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 BEFORE: PETER C. SIGUENZA, Chief Justice; JANET HEALY WEEKS and JOAQUIN C. ARRIOLA, SR., Associate Justices. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 WEEKS, J: \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [1]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab Defendant-Appellant Anthony C. Flores appeals the trial court}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s conviction of the charge of Resisting Arrest (As a Misdemeanor).}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Upon review of the record, we affirm the holding of the trial court. \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 I. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [2]\tab }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 On 2 May 1996, Superior Court Marshals Roland E. Okada and Theodoro P. Padua went to a residence believed to be that of Ignacio Flores to serve upon him an arrest warrant.}{ \insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 After knocking on the door, the marshals were met by Defendant-Appellant Anthony Flores (Appellant).}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The marshals identified themselves and announced that they were there to serve a warrant on Ignacio Flores.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 There was conversation between Appellant and the marshals in which Appellant cursed at the marshals and told them to get off his property.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The marshals were subsequently told by Rita Flores, the wife of Ignacio Flores, that Ignacio did not live at the house.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 One of the marshals believed there to be an active warrant out for Anthony Flores.} {\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 After verifying that there was an outstanding felony warrant out for Anthony Flores, the marshals called for backup.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Upon the arrival of two other marshals, they approached the house again and knocked on the door.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Mary Flores, Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s sister, came to the door.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The marshals asked Mary to call her brother Anthony out to speak with them, that they wished to apologize to him for the earlier exchange of words, which was an attempt to ruse him out of the house.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 When Appellant would not come out, the marshals entered the residence, amidst shouts from other family members to leave.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The marshals then spotted Appellant at the top of a stairway, informed him of the arrest warrant, and advised him that he was under arrest.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Appellant shouted at them to leave and moved further back into the house.}{\insrsid4151082 }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 A stand-off ensued where Marshal Okada attempted to grab Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s arm, and then around the waist,}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 which resulted in Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s putting the marshal into a headlock.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The marshal was released from the headlock with the assistance of another marshal.}{\insrsid6838779 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [3]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab Appellant then positioned himself on the floor in a hallway and tightened up his body in such a way that the marshals were unable to bring his arms behind his back for cuffing.} {\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Meanwhile, family members were asking}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 to see a copy of the warrant.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The marshals called for a copy of the warrant to be brought to the residence.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Approximately thirty minutes later, after being shown a copy of the warrant, Appellant submitted peacefully to the marshals.} {\insrsid6838779 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [4]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab On 8 May 1996, Appellant was indicted on two charges: Assault on a Peace Officer (As a 3}{\super\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 rd}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Degree Felony) and Resisting Arrest (As a Misdemeanor).}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 After a bench trial, Appellant was acquitted of the charge of Assault on a Peace Officer (As a 3}{\super\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 rd}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Degree Felony) and found guilty of Resisting Arrest (As a Misdemeanor).}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Appellant was sentenced to thirty (30) days imprisonment at the Department of Corrections.}{ \insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Sentence was suspended and Appellant was placed on one (1) year probation.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Judgment was entered on 8 October 1997.}{\insrsid4151082 }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Pursuant to Rule 4(c) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure for the Supreme Court of Guam, Appellant filed an Ex-Parte Motion to Extend Time for Filing Notice of Appeal on 17 November 1997, which was allowed by the court, and Notice of Appeal was filed on that same date. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 II.}{\b\insrsid6838779 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [5]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab This court has jurisdiction under 7 GCA }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 3107 and 3108(a)}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 (1994) and 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 1424-3(d) (1984).}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Appellant raises the issues of whether the arrest was in violation of 8 GCA }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 20.50 (1993), Guam}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s knock-and-announce statute, and whether the evidence was sufficient to support Appellant}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s conviction for Resisting Arrest (As a Misdemeanor). \par \par }\pard \qc \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 III. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [6]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab An appellate court reviews the application of the knock-and-announce statute}{\cs15\super\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid6838779 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid6838779 Guam}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 s knock-and-announce statute is derived from 18 U.S.C. }{\fs20\insrsid6838779 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 3109 and C}{ \fs18\insrsid6838779 AL}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 . P}{\fs18\insrsid6838779 ENAL}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 C}{\fs18\insrsid6838779 ODE }{\fs20\insrsid6838779 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{ \fs20\insrsid6838779 844 . \par }{\insrsid6838779 T}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 he federal kn ock-and-announce statute, provides:The officer may break open any outer or inner door or window of a house, or any part of a house, or anything therein, to execute a search warrant, if, after notice of his authority and purpose, he is refused admittance o r when necessary to liberate himself or a person aiding him in the execution of the warrant. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid6838779 \par 18 U.S.C. }{\fs20\insrsid6838779 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 3109 (1985). \par \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid6838779 The California statute reads: \par }{\fs20\insrsid6838779 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 844. Breaking open door or window to effect arrest; demand for admittance; explanation of purpose. \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid6838779 To make an arrest, a private person, if the offense is a felony, and in all cases a peace officer, may break open the door or window of the house in which the person to be a rrested is, or in which they have reasonable grounds for believing the person to be, after having demanded admittance and explained the purpose for which admittance is desired. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid6838779 \par C}{\fs18\insrsid6838779 AL}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 . P}{\fs18\insrsid6838779 ENAL}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 C}{\fs18\insrsid6838779 ODE }{\fs20\insrsid6838779 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{ \fs20\insrsid6838779 844 (1985). \par }}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 as a question of law subject to }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 de novo }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 review.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 U.S. v. Contreras-Ceballos, }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 999 F.2d 432, 434 (9}{\super\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 th}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Cir. 1993) (citing }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 U.S. v. Ramos, }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 923 F.2d 1346, 1355 (9 }{\super\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 th}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Cir. 1991)). The court}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s factual findings, however, are reviewed for clear error.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Id.}{\i\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 When a criminal defendant asserts that there is insufficient evidence to sustain the conviction, this court reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to ascertain whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 People v. Gill, }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Crim. No. 92-00099A, 1994 WL 150934, at *6}{\insrsid4151082 }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 (D. Guam App. Div. April 15, 1994)(citing }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 U.S. v. Necoechea, }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 986 F.2d 1273 (9th Cir. 1993)), }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 aff}{ \i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 d and remanded }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 613 F.3d 688 (9}{ \super\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 th}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Cir. 1995), }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 cert. den. }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 517 U.S. 1167, 116 S.Ct. (1996), }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 and appeal after remand}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 1997 WL 209004 (D. Guam App. Div. April 21, 1997), }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 aff}{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 d}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 129 F.3d 127 (9}{\super\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 th}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Cir. 1997); }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 see also}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 People v. Cruz, }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 1998 Guam 18, }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 9 (applying the same test for purposes of a judgment of acquittal).}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The Ninth Circuit has noted that this is a highly deferential standard.}{\insrsid4151082 }{ \i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Id., }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 (citing }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 U.S. v. Rubio-Villareal, }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 967 F.2d 294 (9th Cir. 1992) (en banc))}{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 .}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 IV.}{\b\insrsid6838779 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [7]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab Appellant argues that the marshals by their own testimony violated 8 GCA }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 20.50(a), which provides:}{\insrsid6838779 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\ul\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Forced Entry to make Arrest allowed after notice, and Refusal.}{\b\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 (a) To make an arrest, whether with or without a warrant, a peace officer may break open the door or window of any house in which the person to be arrested is, or in which the officer has reasonable cause for believing him to be, if, after giving notice of his authority and purpose, he is refused admittance. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [8]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab Guam}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s knock-and-announce statute authorizes a peace officer to break open the door or window of a house where a person to be arrested is or where an officer reasonably believes the person to be, if the officer (1) gives notice of his authority; (2) gives noti ce of his purpose; and (3) is refused admittance.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Appellant asserts that because the marshals did not knock and announce their purpose before entering the residence, the arrest was illegal.}{ \insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The trial court made no specific finding on this issue in its Decision and Order, although it stated in its ruling from the bench on 15 May 1997: }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 We may have some other comments to the Marshal}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s Office as to how they proceed in the future.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The law does provide for a violation of the statute, whether it is a legal or an illegal arrest.}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 According to Appellant, had the marshals followed proper procedure, the }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 crime}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 would not have occurred, as evidenced by the Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s peaceful submission to the marshals once the arrest warrant was presented to him inside the residence.}{\insrsid6838779 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [9]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab The facts here indicate that the marshals gave notice of their authority, but entered the house before giving Appellant notice of their purpose.}{\insrsid4151082 }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 It also appears that the marshals entered the residence only after the door was opened by Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s sister and Appellant refused to come out.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 In }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 U.S. v. Contreras-Ceballos, }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 999 F.2d 432 (9}{ \super\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 th}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Cir. 1993), the court held that the federal knock-and-announce statute is not implicated by a law enforcement officer}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s use of a ruse to gain admittance because it entails no breaking. }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Id. }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 at 435.}{ \insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 In that case}{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 ,}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 the officers announced their authority and purpose when the defendant opened the door. Here, the marshals also used a ruse in an attempt to get Appellant to come to the door, entering the residence and thereafter announcing their purpose only after Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s sister opened the door and Appellant refused to appear.}{\insrsid6838779 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [10]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab However, other cases define }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 entry}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 as including the passage through an open door, }{ \i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 People v. Keogh,}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 46 Cal. App. 3d 919, 927, 120 Cal. Rptr. 817, 821 (1975); or define }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 breaking}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 within the meaning of the statute as occurring when officers enter through an open door.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 People v. Hayko, }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 7 Cal. App. 3d 604, 607, 86 Cal. Rptr. 726, 728 (1 970)(holding on other grounds limited by }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 People v. Hayko}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 , 7 Cal.App.3d 437, 444, 272 Cal.Rptr. 613, 617 (1990). }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Breaking}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 includes uninvited entries through open doors, even where the door is opened in response to a police officer}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s knock, or when an officer forcibly widens the opening of a partially closed door.}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4151082 }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 People v. Baldwin,}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 62 Cal. App. 3d 727, 739-40, 133 Cal. Rptr. 427, 437 (1976)(citations omitted).}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 In this case, we think a }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 breaking}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 occur red within the meaning of the statute.}{\insrsid6838779 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [11]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab The seminal case of}{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Payton v. New York, }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 445 U.S. 573, 100 S.Ct. 1371 (1980), holds that the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, prevents the police from making a nonconsensual, warrantless entry into a defendant}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s residence for the purposes of making an arrest. }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Id. }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 at 576, 100 S.Ct. 1375.}{\i\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Fourth Amendment protections are applicable to Guam through section 1421b(c) of the Organic Act of Guam.}{\insrsid4151082 }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 1421b(c) (1950); }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 see also People of the Territory of Guam v. Johnson,}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 1997 Guam 9, }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 4.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Here there is no dispute that the marshals made a nonconsensual, warrantless entry into Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s residence for the purpose of arresting Appellant.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The People have argued neither substantial compliance nor excu sed noncompliance within the meaning of 8 GCA }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 20.50(a).}{\insrsid4151082 }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 We therefore find that the marshals violated 8 GCA }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 20.50(a), Guam}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4151082 s knock-and-announce statute.}{\insrsid6838779 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 9 GCA }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 55.35 (1993) provides in relevant part:}{\insrsid6838779 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Resisting Arrest of Self or Others; Defined & Punished.}{\b\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 A person is guilty of a misdemeanor when, with intent to prevent or delay the arrest of himself or another person by one whom he knows or reasonably should know to be a peace officer acting in an official capacity, he prevents or delays that arrest by the use or threat of force or by physical obstruction.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 . . . \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par The People argue that resisting arrest is a crime regardless of the legality of the arrest.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 They contend that 9 GCA }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 55.35 is not limited to }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 lawful}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 arrest, but that the defendant know that the law enforcement officer is acting in an official capacity.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 See comment to 9 GCA }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 55.35}{\cs15\super\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid6838779 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid6838779 \tab The comment to 9 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid6838779 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{ \fs20\insrsid6838779 55.35(1993) provides in relevant part: \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid6838779 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 55.35 deals specifically with resisting arrest in order to make clear that the arrest need not be lawful. The defendant must know that the law enforcement officer is acting in an official capacity, but if this requirement is satisfied, it is a crime to resist even an unlawful arrest. There are many remedies for such an unlawful ar rest - Habeas Corpus, exclusion of illegally obtained evidence, possible tort relief - and it seems preferable to discourage as much violent conduct surrounding police activity as possible. \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid6838779 Note that this Section also proscribes resistance or obstruction, including }{\fs20\insrsid6838779 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 going limp,}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 but does not deal with flight from arrest. . . .}}}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 .}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 In this case, Appellant knew that the marshals were acting in an official capacity. They had announced their presence outside of the residence and had announced their authority once they gained entry.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The People further urge that strong policy reasons prohibit the resistance of arrest under any circumstances, lawful or unlawful.}{\insrsid6838779 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [12]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab We concur with the People}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s position.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 In }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Pittman v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County,}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 256 Cal.App.2d 795, 64 Cal. Rptr. 473 (Cal. Ct. App. 1967),}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 the court found that even if the arrest by police was unlawful, it did not justify or excuse an assault upon arresting officers.}{ \insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Pittman }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 court}{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 stated: }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The remedy for improper police conduct is in the courts, not in private reprisal.}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4151082 }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Id.}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 at 797, 64 Cal.Rptr. at 475.}{\i\insrsid6838779 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [13]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab In }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 State v. Miskimins, }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 435 N.W.2d 217 (S.D. 1989),}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 police officers had not fully complied with the statute authorizing entry into a dwelling without a search warrant.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Defendant held a loaded shotgun to the officer}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s head and threatened to kill him after the officer}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s entry.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 In holding that the initial taint of the illegal entry was dissipated by circumstances independent of the primary illegality, the court stated:}{\insrsid6838779 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 To rule otherwise would a llow a defendant carte blanche authority to go on whatever criminal rampage he desired and do so with virtual legal impunity as long as such actions stemmed from the chain of causation started by the police misconduct, be it minor or major. . . .}{ \insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 This result is too far reaching and too high a price for society to pay in order to deter police misconduct.}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4151082 }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Id. }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 at 221. (citations omitted).}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [14]\tab }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 The }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Miskimins }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 court}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s}{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 view is that the balance between Fourth Amendment protections of the sanctity of the home and police misconduct turns on whether the chain of causation is broken by an independent act of a defendant. }{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Id. }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 at 222.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 If we adopt the}{\i\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Miskimins }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 analysis, in this case, the chain of causation of the marshals}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 illegal entry was broken by Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s resistance to the arrest.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 But short of an unjustified bodily attack, we think that even an illegal arrest does not justify its resistance, particularly when relief such as habeas corpus, exclusion of illegally obtained evidence, or possible tort relief}{\insrsid4151082 }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 may be had in our courts.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Our interpretation of 9 GCA }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 55.35, therefore, is not stri}{\insrsid4151082 ctly limited to lawful arrests.}{\insrsid6838779 \par }{\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [15]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab Appellant further contends that his conviction for resisting arrest is not sufficiently supported by the evidence, asserting that after Appellant}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s initial confrontation,}{\cs15\super\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid6838779 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid6838779 The }{\fs20\insrsid6838779 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 initial confrontation}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 , for which Appellant was charged with Assault (As a 3}{\fs20\super\insrsid6838779 rd}{\fs20\insrsid6838779 Degree Felony), resulted in an acquittal for Appellant.}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 he merely }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 passively}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 resisted}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 the marshals by tensing his arms.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 We disagree.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 We find that the record reveals more than a}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 passive}{\insrsid4151082 }{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 resistance}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 of Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s confrontation with the marshals. The testimony of three Superior Court Marshals includes evidence of Appellant}{ \insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s confrontational behavior and struggle with the marshals in an effort to avoid being placed in handcuffs.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Even disregarding the evidence of the headlock (for which Appellant was acquitted of the charge of assault), Appellant positioned himself on the floor against the wall and tensed his body in such a way and with enough force that the marshal s were unable to handcuff Appellant and to effect his arrest.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 This tensing or stiffening of Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s body amounts to more than mere passive resistance.}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s use of his body in this fashion to delay the arrest constitutes sufficient evidenc}{\insrsid4151082 e of actively resisting arrest.}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid4151082 V.}{\b\insrsid6838779 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid4151082\charrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 [16]}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab The marshals violated 8 GCA }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 20.50(a).}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Despite this illegality, based upon our interpretation of 9 GCA }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 55.35, Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}} }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s remedy was not in resisting the arrest. We further find that substantial evidence in the record exists to uphold Appellant}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 s conviction on the charge of Resisting Arrest (As a Misdemeanor). The holding of the trial court is }{\b\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 AFFIRMED}{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 .}{ \insrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 PETER C. SIGUENZA \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 Chief Justice}{\insrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid4151082 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4151082 {\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 JANET HEALY WEEKS\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 JOAQUIN C. ARRIOLA \par Associate Justice}{\insrsid4151082 }{\insrsid6838779\charrsid4151082 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Associate Justice \par }}