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People v. Manibusan}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 , 1998 Guam ___, Opinion \tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid1049636 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6045384 1}}}{\fs20\insrsid1049636  of 10
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid3358237 
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\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
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\par }\pard \ql \fi-2160\li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Plaintiff,}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab \tab \tab )
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\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
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\par }\pard \ql \fi-2160\li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Defendant,}{\insrsid3358237 \tab \tab \tab )}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
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\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF GUAM,}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab )
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\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Filed: November 6, 1998
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and Submitted on 19 February 1998
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid3358237 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid3358237 
\par }{\ul\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Appearing for the Appellant:}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
\par KENNETH D. ORCUTT
\par Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General, Civil Division
\par Suite 2-200E, Judicial Center Building
\par 120 West O}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Brien Drive
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910
\par }{\insrsid3358237 
\par }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 BEFORE: PETER C. SIGUENZA, Chief Justice; JANET HEALY WEEKS and JOAQUIN C. ARRIOLA, SR., Associate Justices.}{\insrsid3358237 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 WEEKS, J.:
\par }{\insrsid3358237\charrsid3358237 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325627 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [1]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab This matter was brought before this court pursuant to the Appellant}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s, the Attorney General}{\insrsid12325627  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
of Guam, appeal of sanctions imposed on the Prosecution Division of the Attorney General}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
s Office (hereinafter the }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Prosecution}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 ) for its failure to provide discovery to the defendant as ordered by the trial court.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
The Appellant appealed the sanctions arguing that the trial court lacked authority to impose such monetary sanctions and claiming that even if the trial court did possess such authority the sanctions imposed were an abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid3358237  
}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The court finds that the trial court does in fact possess the authority to impose such monetary sanctions; however, the court also abused its discretion in this instance.}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Therefore, the order is VACATED.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325627 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [2]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab The Defendant, Vincent Rosario Manibusan, was}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 indicted for}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 First}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 and}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Second}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Degree}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Criminal Sexual Conduct on 4 June 1996.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
The trial court ordered the mutual exchange of discovery by the parties to occur at least ten days before the trial date and reminded the parties of the continuing duty of disclosure pursuant to 8 GCA }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  70.40 (1993).}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
Additionally the trial court ordered that all police reports were to be produced to the Defendant by 20 June 1996 at five o}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 clock in the evening.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 A jury trial was set for 25 July 1996. }{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [3]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab On 25 July 1996, the parties were present for the trial and jurors were called in.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
Defense counsel requested a continuance based on the Prosecution}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
s failure to provide full discovery, the prosecutor}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
s desire to amend the indictment and a mistaken belief, by defense counsel, that the trial was to begin on the following day.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
The Prosecution had provided the Defendant with some discovery, including police reports, prior to the trial date and in accordance with the trial court}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s orders.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
However, several pages of a police report were not included as well as a videotape of an interview of the victim by Healing Hearts.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The missing pages of the police report were 
provided to defense counsel on 23 July 1996 and the defective videotape was provided on 25 July 1996.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [4]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab A protracted dialogue between the court and the parties resulted in the Prosecution}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s moving for a dismissal without prejudice pursuant to 8 GCA }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  80.70 (1993) and defense counsel}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
s moving to dismiss the indictment with prejudice.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The trial court dismissed the indictment without prejudice.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
The trial court then proceeded to sanction the Prosecution in the amount of three thousand two hundred and seventy dollars ($3,270.00), the amount of the jurors fees incurred for that day.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
The Defendant, on 5 August 1996, filed an appeal with this court, but such appeal was withdrawn on 19 December 1996.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
On 9 August 1996 the People filed a Motion for Reconsideration on the issue of the monetary sanctions.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The trial court denied that motion. The then Attorney General of Guam, Calvin E. 
Holloway, Sr., Objector and Appellant subsequently filed a timely Notice of Appeal on 9 June 1997.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 ANALYSIS}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325627 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [5]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab The issue here is whether, and under what circumstances, it is within the authority of}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 a trial judge to impose monetary sanctions on the Prosecution in a criminal case.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
This issue is novel in the sense that it has not been previously addressed by an appellate court in a case arising from the Superior Court of Guam.}{\cs15\super\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid1049636 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1049636 The Appellate Division has had occasion to discuss the circumstances where impo
sition of monetary sanctions would be appropriate, but none of these appears to be a case where such sanctions were imposed upon the prosecution in a criminal matter.  }{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 See}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 , }{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 e.g}{
\fs20\insrsid1049636 , }{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 Nateroj v. Haruyama,}{\fs20\insrsid1049636  Civ. No. 91-0039A, 1992 WL 97207 at *3,  (D. Guam App. Div. Apr. 16, 1992), }{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 aff}{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 d,}{\fs20\insrsid1049636  966 F.2d 1226 (9}{\fs20\super\insrsid1049636 th}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
 Cir. 1993) (discussing circumstances under which a monetary sanction can be imposed for the filing of a pleading that is frivolous or is filed for an improper purpose); }{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 Fargo Pacific, Inc. v. Imamura}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
, Civ. No. CV96-0049A, 1997 WL 208983 at *6,}{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636  }{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
(D. Guam  1997) (noting that added expense to a party that results from discovery violation is more appropriately addressed through monetary sanctions than through entry of a default judgment.).}}}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [6]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab The court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 7 GCA }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  3107(b) (1994) and 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  1424-3(d) (1988).}{
\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Whether the trial court possessed the authority to impose monetary sanctions against the Prosecution is a question of law reviewed }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 de novo}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 .}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 People v. Tuncap}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 1998 Guam 13, }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  11.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The imposition of sanctions by the trial court for a discovery violation is reviewed for abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id.; see also}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Desoto v. Gov}{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 t of Guam}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , Civ. No. 82-0002A, 1983 WL 30218 (D. Guam App. Div. Sept. 9, 1983). The rationale for such a deferential standard of review is as follows: }{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
A trial court is empowered to exercise its supervisory power in such a manner as to provide for the orderly conduct of the court}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s business and to guard against inept procedures and unnecessary indulgences which would tend to hinder, hamper, or delay the conduct and dispatch of its proceedings . . . . An attorney has an obligation to resp
ect the legitimate interests of fellow members of the bar, the judiciary, and the administration of justice.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 580 Folsom Associates v. Prometheus Dev. Co.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 223 Cal.App. 3d 1, 26, 272 Cal. Rptr.227, 241 (1990) (quoting}{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  Mungo v. UTA French Airlines}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 166 Cal. App. 3d 327, 333, 323 Cal. Rptr. 369, 373 (1985)). }{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 I.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325627 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [7]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab We begin our analysis by noting the absence of any provision of Guam law that directly resolves this issue.
}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 There is no express statutory authority which would permit the trial court to sanction a prosecutor for jury fees for failing to provide discovery nor do the Rules of Court provide for such authority.}{
\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The court does note however, that in a civil context, the inherent power doctrine has been relied on to impose monetary sanctions against the Government for failure to appear at a pre-trial conference.}{
\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 See Desoto}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , Civ. No. 82-0002A, 1983 WL 30218 at *2 (D. Guam App. Div. Sept. 9, 1983).}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
Furthermore, the interaction of various court rules, the legislative intent of several statutes and}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 reliance on the exercise of a court}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s inherent supervisory powers in the conduct of a trial court provide a broad legal basis for imposing such penalties.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [8]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab As stated by the California Supreme Court in }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Bauguess v Paine}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 22 Cal.3d 626, 365-6, 586}{\insrsid3358237  
}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 P.2d}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 942, 947, 150 Cal.Rptr. 461, 466 (1978) (holding attorney}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s fees was improper use of supervisory powers), courts have certain supervisory power necessary to execute their duties.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
That court, in addressing the general concept of supervisory power,}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 further pointed out that, such power, while codified, }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 exists apart from express statutory authority.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id.}{\i\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Likewise, the courts of Guam have inherent powers, identified through the provision of}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
7 GCA }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  7107 (1996), which exist even absent such codification.}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 See Matter of Hipp, Inc.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 895 F.2d 1503 (5}{\super\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 th}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
 Cir. 1990)(holding that territorial courts may have inherent powers).}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The inherent powers have been codified at 7 GCA }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 7107 and permit the following:}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 . . .\tab }{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li1440\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 (c)\tab To provide for the orderly conduct of proceedings before it or its officers;}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325627 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li1440\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 (d)\tab 
To compel obedience to its judgments, orders and process, and to the orders of a Judge out of court in an action or proceeding pending therein;}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325627 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li1440\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 (e)\tab 
To control in furtherance of justice, the conduct of its ministerial officers and of all other persons in any manner connected with a judicial proceeding before it in every matter appertaining thereto; . . .}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325627 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The Appellant argues that under }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Bauguess }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 and }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
Yarnell & Assoc. v. Superior Court}{\i\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 106 Cal.App.3d 918, 165 Cal.Rptr. 421 (1980), and attorney}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s fees are not permitted unless authorized by statute or pursuant to a contempt proceeding.}{\cs15\super\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid1049636 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
The provision was adopted from California, thus the court looks to California case law to aid in its interpretation.}}}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Bauguess}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
 decision however, was influenced by the existence of statutory language which only permitted the award of attorneys}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  fees upon agreement of the parties or unless authorized by statute.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 22 Cal.3d at 639, 586 P.2d at 950, 150 Cal.Rtr. at 469.}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Guam has no such limiting statute.}{\cs15\super\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid1049636 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1049636 Guam}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
s statute relating to the compensation of attorneys leaves such issues to the agreement of the parties or as otherwise provided by statute and does not prohibit the charging of fees in other situations. Guam}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1049636  statutes do not include a provision, as was present in California at the time the }{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 Bauguess}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
 decision was delivered, which limits the imposition or award of attorney}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
s fees to those situations specified by statute.  Furthermore, the California Legislature amended the codification of the court}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{
\fs20\insrsid1049636 s inherent power through the enactment of section 128.5.  Section 128.5 was added to expressly permit the issuance of attorneys}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1049636  fees as a sanction; it was just another codification of the court}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
s power to issue sanctions, after the }{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 Bauguess}{\fs20\insrsid1049636  court narrowly interpreted the scope of the trial court}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 s inherent powers.  The enactment of section 128.5 could be construed as the Legislature}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
s correction of an erroneous construction by the court. }{\insrsid1049636  }}}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [9]\tab }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 We think that this court can and should avoid the narrow construction given section 128 by the California Supreme Court in }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Bauguess}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  and }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Yarnell.}{\i\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
We note that certain inherent powers exist which have defied codification, while others have been codified and repealed.}{\cs15\super\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid1049636 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1049636 The Appellant argues that 8 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}
{\fs20\insrsid1049636  70.45 (1993) was derived from ABA Standard }{\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1049636  4.7 that  contained a subsection which provided }{
\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 the court may subject counsel to appropriate sanctions upon a finding that counsel willfully violated the rule or order.}{
\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
  This section was omitted from the local statute when enacted.  The Appellant argues, presumably, that this omission was purposeful and that section 70.45 does not provide statutory authority for the trial court to impose monetary sanctions.  However, we
 find that the power to sanction is an inherent power vested in the trial courts and that such cannot be divested by statute.  Therefore, we deem it unnecessary to delve into the legislative history behind the enactment of section 70.45.}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  As one jurisdiction has stated:}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Undoubtedly, courts of justice possess powers which were not given by legislation and which no legislation can take away.}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 These are }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 inherent powers}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  resident in all courts of superior jurisdiction.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
These powers spring not from legislation but from the nature and constitution of the tribunals themselves.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 State of Arizona v. Superior Court}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 275 P.2d 887, 889 (Ariz. 1954)}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [10]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab California authority supports the imposition of monetary sanctions in the absence of statutory provisions or court rules.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
Santandrea v. Siltec Corp.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 56 Cal.App.3d 525, 128 Cal.Rptr. 629 (1976) }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 overruled by}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Bauguess v Paine}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 22 Cal.3d 626, 586}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 P.2d}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 942, 150 Cal.Rptr. 461}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 (1978); }{
\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 see also Fairfield v. Superior Court,}{\i\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 246 Cal.App.2d}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 113, 54 Cal.Rptr.}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 721}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 (1966).}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
In these cases, attorneys fees were awarded to compensate a party for unnecessary legal work occasioned by the conduct of the offending party.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 On Guam, the Appellate
 Division has likewise relied on the inherent power doctrine to impose monetary sanctions to compensate a party for unnecessary legal work.}{\cs15\super\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid1049636 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1049636 Federal courts possess the inherent power to assess attorneys fees. }{
\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 See}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 , }{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 Barnd v. City of Tacoma}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 , 664 F.2d 1339 (9}{\fs20\super\insrsid1049636 th}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
 Cir. 1982).  While the courts of Guam may not be Article III courts like the Federal District Courts, they are federal courts nonetheless in the sense that they are created by Congress under Article IV of the Constitution. }{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 
See, Matter of Hipp, Inc.}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 , 895 F.2d 1503 (5}{\fs20\super\insrsid1049636 th}{\fs20\insrsid1049636  Cir. 1990).  However, such sanctions can only be issued only upon a showing of recklessness, bad faith or wilfulness.  }{
\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 Zambrano v. City of Austin}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 , 885 F.2d 1473 (9}{\fs20\super\insrsid1049636 th}{\fs20\insrsid1049636  Cir. 1989).   }}}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 See Desoto}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , Civ. No. 82-0002A, 1983 WL 30218 (D. Guam App. Div. Sept. 9, 1983).}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
We therefore find, as a matter of law, that the trial court may rely on its inherent powers to impose monetary sanctions. }{\b\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 II.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325627 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [11]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab The imposition of sanctions by the trial court is reviewed for abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Tuncap.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  at }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  11.}{\insrsid3358237  
}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [W]hen the record contains no evidence supporting a court}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s decision, the standard is violated.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  at }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  13.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Personal liability should be imposed only where the court finds counsel}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s conduct demonstrates either }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
an intentional departure from proper conduct, or, at a minimum, from a reckless disregard of duty owed by counsel to the court.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 U.S. v. Ross}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 535 F.2d 346, 349 (6}{\super\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 th}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  Cir. 1976) (interpreting the term }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 vexatious}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  as used in federal statute 2 U.S.C. }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
 1927).}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Monetary sanctions should not be imposed for mere inadvertence, mistake or error of judgment.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Zambrano v. City of Tustin}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 885 F.2d 1473, 1480 (9}{\super\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 th}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  Cir. 1989) (citation omitted).}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [12]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab In }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Ross}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
, counsel failed to appear on the day of trial and failed to notify the court that he would be unable to appear due to the necessity of his appearance at an on-going murder trial.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 535 F.2d at 347.}{
\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The power to sanction for district courts is codified in a federal statute which requires an attorney to personally satisfy costs when he }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 so multiplies the proceedings in any case as to increase costs unreasonably and vexatiously.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
The district court sanctioned the attorney in an amount representing the cost associated with summoning forty-two (42) jurors.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  at 348.}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The district court noted that defense counsel}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
s conduct was neither purposeful or malicious.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  at 349.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
Without a finding of at least a reckless disregard for counsel}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
s duty to the court, the appellate court ruled that the imposition of the sanctions, in that case, was improper.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [13]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab In the instant case, the record on appeal gives little enlightenment as
 to why the trial court was imposing sanctions against the Prosecution saying only that there was a failure to comply with the court}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s previous discovery orders.}{\cs15\super\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs15\super\insrsid1049636 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1049636 The trial court ordered the sanctions pursuant to 8 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid1049636 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
 70.45 which allows the court to issue orders it deems just for failure of compliance with a previous order by the court.}}}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
Actually, the trial court dismissed the case due to a defective indictment and not as a result of the finding of discovery violations.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
In effect, the discovery violations became moot with the dismissal of the case.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 From what we can glean from the reco
rd, the Prosecution did not offer any explanation as to why it failed to comply with the court}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
s discovery orders, but did make representations that it made good faith efforts to provide defense counsel with discovery in a timely fashion.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
There is no indication in the record that the trial court made findings that the Prosecution had acted in bad faith or even with reckless disregard for counsel}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s duty to the court.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 There simply is no articulable justification for the sanctions.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 III.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325627 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [14]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab 
Had the court made appropriate findings supporting the imposition of sanction in this case, there would remain the issue of whether the jury fees, amounting to several thousand dollars, were properly assessed against counsel.}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 In }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Tuncap}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 1998 Guam 13 at }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  25, this court adopted the following test which set out four factors to consider when examining the propriety of the sanctions imposed by the trial court: }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 1)}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
reasons why the disclosure was not made; 2) the extent of the prejudice, if any, to the opposing party; 3) the feasibility of rectifying that prejudice by a continuance, and 4) any other relevant circumstances.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\cs15\super\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid1049636 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1049636 At the time the trial court imposed sanctions in this case, the }{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 Tuncap}{\fs20\insrsid1049636 
 opinion had not yet been issued; thus, the trial court did not conduct a }{\i\fs20\insrsid1049636 Tuncap}{\fs20\insrsid1049636  analysis.}}}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 In the instant case, defens
e counsel argued that the delay of production of discovery affected his ability to defend his client.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
However, the court, in its written Decision and Order failed to make any specific findings that prejudice had resulted.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Since there was no showing of prejudice, there can be no determination under }{
\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Tuncap}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  as to whether the alleged prejudice could have been rectified by other more appropriate sanctions.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [15]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab Beyond the }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Tuncap}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  analysis, the issue arises as to whether the imposition of jury f
ees is even a permitted sanction under any circumstances.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The Ninth Circuit Court spoke to the district court}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s imposition of jurors fees in the }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Zambrano}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  case finding }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 it inappropriate for the court system to claim }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 compensation}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  for being }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 ill-used.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 885 F.2d at 1480.}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The court system is not a private party that needs to be reimbursed for its inconvenience.}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 T
he court there recognized the inherent and statutorily based authority of the court to sanction attorneys for misconduct based upon findings of bad faith.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  at 1479.
}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 However, in speaking to the propriety of juror}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
s fees as sanctions, the court espoused a rule that such were allowable if grossly negligent, reckless, or willful conduct could be shown.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  at 1480.}{
\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [16]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab Taking the opposite view, the court in }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Ross}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  stated that jurors}{\insrsid12325627 ' }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 fees were not properly sanctionable costs within the meaning of the word }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 costs}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  under section 1927.}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Ross}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 535 F.2d at 350.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The court adopted this interpretation of the term }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 costs}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
 within the meaning of the statute to mean taxable costs of which jurors fees do not qualify.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 We do not find any authority for holding that such governmental expense can be taxed against one convicted of a criminal offense as }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 costs of the local prosecution}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  in the absence of statute or established local practice.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The expression }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 costs of prosecution}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  means such items of costs as are taxable by statute or by established practice or rule of court based on statute, and in the federal courts, where no feder
al statute is found to be directly applicable, recourse may sometimes be had to the statutes and practice of the state.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 See Henkel v. Chicago}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
, St. P., M. & O. Ry. Co., 284 U.S. 444, 52 S.Ct. 223, 76 L.Ed. 386, }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Ex parte Peterson}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 253 U.S. 300, 316, 40 S.Ct. 543, 64 L.Ed. 919, }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
U.S. v. Minneapolis, St. P. & S. M. Ry. Co. (D.C.)}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 235 F. 951, 954, and cases cited in these opinions.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
It does not include the general expense of maintaining the system of courts and the administration of justice, all of which is an ordinary burden of government.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
That the enumerated items could not be taxed as costs was expressly held in }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 United States v. Murphy}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
 (D.C.) 59 F.2d 734, and we are satisfied with the conclusions concerning taxation of costs there indicated.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 See}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 also}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 U.S. v. Wilson}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  (C.C.) 193 F. 1007; }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 State v. Morehart,}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
 149 Minn. 432, 434, 183 N.W. 960; }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Board of Com}{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
rs v. Board of Com}{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 rs}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 84 Minn. 267, 269, 87 N.W. 846; }{
\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 McLean v. People}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 66 Colo. 486, 497, 180 P. 676; }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Saunders v. People}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 63 Colo. 241, 165 P. 781; }{
\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 People v. Kennedy}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 58 Mich. 372, 373, 25 N.W. 318; }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Stanton County v. Madison County,}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  10 Neb. 304, 308, 4 N.W. 1055, }
{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 citing}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  1 Bouvier Law Dict. 370; Corpus Juris, vol. 15, s 833, page 330.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325627 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id. }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 at 351}{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , quoting Gleckman v. United States,}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  80 F.2d 394,}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 403 (8}{\super\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 th}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  Cir. 1935), }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 cert. denied}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 297 U.S. 709, 56 S.Ct. 501 (1936).}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Also mentioned in }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Ross}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
 was the illogical ramification of allowing the imposition of jurors}{\insrsid12325627 '}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  fees as a sanction.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 It the district court}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s analysis were carried to its logical conclusion, an attorney}{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 who}{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
caused the proceedings to be extended }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 unreasonably and vexatiously}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
 could be required to pay the pro rata salaries of the judge, his staff, the U.S. Attorney and marshals, in addition to the expenses for any witnesses called.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
We do not believe that the statute was mean to include such costs.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325627 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id.}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237  at 351, n. 3.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [17]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab We agree that while it is within the court}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s discretion to impose sanctions it deems just, the imposition of sanctions to cover juror}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s fees is not appropriate.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
We do acknowledge and understand that mustering a hundred or so jurors at thirty ($30.00) dollars a piece to be sent home without serving when the Government dismisses its case is extremely expensive for the court and frustrating for judges.}{
\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 This court rejects the }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Zambrano}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
 analysis and instead adopts the rule that disallows the imposition of jurors fees and other court administrative related costs as proper sanctions.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 This rule embraces the holdings of the Sixth, Seve
nth and Eighth Circuit Courts as well as courts of other jurisdictions.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 See Ross}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 , 535 F.2d at 351.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
Incurring jurors fees is a normal function of the court}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
s business and such expenses are not attributable to the parties and thus no party should be made to indemnify the court for such expenses.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\i\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Id.}{\insrsid12325627 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 CONCLUSION}{\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325627 {\insrsid12325627 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\b\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 [18]}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 \tab We find that the trial court possesses inherent authority to impose sanctions against attorneys.}{
\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 However, the standard for imposing such sanctions must be met.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The trial court must make a finding of at least recklessness on the part of the attorney.
}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Therefore, based on the foregoing, although it is within the trial court}{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 s inherent authority to impose sanctions against the Prosecution for failure to comply with discovery, the record does not indicate that the imposition of such sanctions in this case was appropriate.}{\insrsid3358237  }{
\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Furthermore, the type of sanctions imposed here, jury costs, is unauthorized.}{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 The sanctions imposed by the trial court are hereby VACATED.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14306798 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 JANET HEALY WEEKS\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 JOAQUIN C. ARRIOLA, SR.
\par Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid3358237  }{\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 Associate Justice
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3358237 {\insrsid1049636\charrsid3358237 PETER C. SIGUENZA
\par Chief Justice
\par }}