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People of Guam v. Robert Mantanona Cruz, 1998 Guam 18, Opinion\tab }{\insrsid14246519 Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid14246519 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11623679 1}}}{\insrsid14246519  of 8
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\insrsid1080674 
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\insrsid14246519\charrsid13974813 Supreme Court Case}{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  CRA97-013}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
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\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
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\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Filed}{\insrsid11623679 :}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  September 11, 1998
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par Argued and Submitted on May 6,1998}{\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid1080674 Counsel for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
\par Angela M. Borzachillo, Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General, Prosecution Division
\par Suite 2-200E, Judicial Building Center
\par 120 West O}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Brien Drive
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 C}{\insrsid1080674 ounsel for Defendant-Appellant:}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
\par Terry E. Timblin, Esq.
\par Suite 501C, GCIC Building
\par 414 W. Soledad Ave.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\insrsid14246519 
\par }{\insrsid1080674\charrsid1080674 
\par }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 BEFORE: PETER C. SIGUENZA, Chief Justice; JANET HEALY WEEKS and EDUARDO A. CALVO, Associate Justices.}{\insrsid1080674  
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 SIGUENZA, C.J.:
\par }{\insrsid1080674\charrsid1080674 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [1]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab Robert Mantanona Cruz appeals the trial court}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 s decision denying his Motion for Acquittal.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Cruz first asserts the Government failed to prove the existence of a deadly weapon, an element of the first robbery charge.}
{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 He then submits that the Government did not prove the second charge because it failed to show that the witness was placed in fear of immediate serious bodily injury.}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Finally, Cruz argues that the convictions as to the special allegations should be vacated because these allegations are contingent on the improper robbery convictions.}{\insrsid1080674  
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [2]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab As to the first robbery charge, we disagree with Cruz}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 s contention that the Government must prove the weapon to be actually deadly.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
The statute upon which the charge rested required the prosecutor to prove that the weapon appeared to be deadly and our review indicates sufficient evidence was presented as to this particular element.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
We also conclude that sufficient evidence was presented at the trial showing the victim}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
s immediate fear during the robbery.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Thus, the jury was properly allowed to consider the second robbery charge.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
Consequently, we affirm the trial judge}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 s decision.}{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 I. Procedural and Factual Background}{\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [3]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab On the evening of January 24, 1997, Robert Mantanona Cruz and Larry Leon Guerr
ero went to the Gold Star Construction Company located in Harmon, Guam.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 When they arrived, they took possession of a 55-gallon drum of honing oil.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
They did so without permission of Tommy McKinney, the owner of both the oil and drum.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 As they loaded the oil drum into a truck,}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
Marcus Vancil, an employee of Gold Star who resided on the company grounds, confronted the two men and instructed them not to take the oil.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Cruz ignored this statement and continued on with his actions.
}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Vancil again stated they were not to take the barrel of oil.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Cruz then placed his hand on a knife he had sheathed on his hip.}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 When Vancil asked if he was going to use it, Cruz said }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 yes.}{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Vancil then started backing away from Cruz.}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 At that time, Cruz told Leon Guerrero to get a gun}{\cs15\super\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
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\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 As a result, Vancil turned away and grabbed a pipe.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 When he next faced Cruz, the Appellant had unsheathed his knife and held it in his hand.}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 In response, Vancil discarded his pipe, left Cruz}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
s presence, obtained a machete and returned.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Upon his return, however, the loading of the barrel was completed and Vancil ceased his attempt to prevent the taking.}{\insrsid1080674  
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [4]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab Cruz eventually brought and stored the drum of oil at the residence of another individual living in Mangilao.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
The barrel was full at the time of storage, but apparently the oil had leaked out of the container.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Due to the fumes, the residents of the property burned the container.}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Later, both the drum and the dolly used to move it were recovered by the police.}{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [5]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab Cruz was eventually arrested and indicted on February 6, 1997 on two counts of Second Degree Robbery (As 2}{\super\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 nd}{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  Degree Felonies) pursuant to both 9 GCA }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  40.20(a)(3) and (b) and }
{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  40.20(a)(2) and (b)(1993).}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
Special Allegations of using a deadly weapon, the knife, were also charged.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
Subsequently, a trial was conducted and the jury returned guilty verdicts on both counts of robbery and the special allegations.}{\insrsid1080674  
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [6]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab At both the close of the Government}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 s case and later, at the close of all evidence, defense counsel made oral motions for acquittal on both charges.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 He asserted that the prosecution had failed
 to present sufficient evidence from which the jury could find Cruz guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
Defense counsel argued that no evidence was presented showing Vancil, the victim-witness, was placed in immediate fear of bodily injury by Cruz.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 The Gov
ernment opposed the motion, and after taking the matter under advisement, the court denied the motion by finding enough evidence had been presented permitting the matter to go to the jury.}{\insrsid1080674  
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [7]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab On August 8, 1997, the trial court sentenced Cruz to five years incarceration.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
The Judgment was later entered on October 3, 1997.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 A Notice of Appeal was filed on August 11, 1997}{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 II. Analysis}{\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [8]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab A defendant may move for acquittal pursuant to 8 GCA }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 100.10 (1993).}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 This 
statue states that acquittal shall be ordered if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Id.}{\i\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Guam}{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 s statute is similar to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29, and de
cisions made pursuant to this rule are reviewed }{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 de novo}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 . }{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 U.S. v. Bahena-Cardenas}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 , 70 F.3d 1071, 1072 (9}{
\super\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 th}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  Cir. 1995).}{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [9]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab A court determines whether a judgment of acquittal should be granted by applying the same test used when the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged.}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Bahena-Cardenas}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 , 70 F.3d at 1072.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
Thus, an appellate court reviews the evidence presented in a light most favorable to the government and determines whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Jackson v. Virginia}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 , 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2788 (1979); }{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 U.S. v. Riggins}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 , 40 F.3d 1055, 1057 (9}{
\super\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 th}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  Cir. 1994).}{\insrsid1080674  
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [10]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab Cruz first argues that the prosecution never proved the knife was a deadly weapon.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
He asserts the definition of a deadly weapon, pursuant to 9 GCA }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
16.10(d)(1993), requires the Government to prove, based on the manner it was used or intended to be used, that the defendant knew the knife was capable of producing death or serious bodily injury.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
Furthermore, he argues that the knife was never recovered and thus the extent of its ability to inflict injury could not be determined. }{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [11]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab In response, the Government maintains that sufficient evidence was presented so a rational trier of fact could have found that the defendant was armed with a deadly weapon.}{
\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 They assert evidence was presented that described the knife, the manner of use, and its intended use.}{\insrsid1080674  
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [12]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab Based on the plain language of the robbery statute, the item must only appear to be a deadly weapon.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 The language of}{
\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 9 GCA }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  40.20(a)(3) reads in pertinent part: }{
\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li1440\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 (a) \tab A person is guilty of robbery in the second degree if, in the course of committing a theft, he:}{\insrsid1080674 

\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li2160\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 (3)\tab is armed with or displays }{\b\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 what appears to be}{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  explosives or a deadly}{\b\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 weapon. "Deadly Weapon" has the meaning provided by }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  16.10. (Emphasis added).}{\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid1080674 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [13]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab The provisions of 9 GCA }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  40.20(a)(3) were addressed and explained previously by the Appellate Division in the case of}{\insrsid1080674  }{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 People v. Marquez}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
, Crim No. DCA86-00016A, 1987 WL 109388 (D. Guam App. Div. Jul. 31, 1987).}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 The defendant in }{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Marquez}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
 had asserted a gun used during a robbery could not be a deadly weapon because it was not loaded.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Id.}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  at *2.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
Based on this fact, the defendant argued neither its actual nor intended use could have caused death or serious bodily injury during the robbery.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Id.}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  }{
\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [14]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab The Appellate Division}{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 disagreed and wrote:}{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 The Guam legislature addressed this precise point in }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  40.20 when it selected the words }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 what appears.}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
This language is dispositive of the issue at hand.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 A gun is a deadly weapon regardless of whether it is or is not loaded during the commission of a robbery.}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 The instruction that a gun need not be loaded to be a deadly weapon correctly states the law.}{\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid1080674 
\par }{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Id.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 In discussing the crime of robbery, the }{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Marquez}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  court emphasized:}{\insrsid1080674 

\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 The gravaman [sic] of a robbery charge is the fear which causes a person to relinquish property, not the actual or threatened harm.}{
\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 The victim is placed in fear and cannot be expected to inquire whether the gun is loaded.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 In robbery cases, unlike assault
 cases where the gravaman [sic] of the assault is the attack, the gist of the offense is not the actual or threatened physical harm, but the taking of property by force or fear.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
The existence of actual ability to do physical harm with the weapon is of little importance.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
One need not have the ability to do harm but merely project the ability to do harm so as to engender fear in the victim. }{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Id.}{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [15]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab The language of 9 GCA }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  40.20(a)(3) clearly focuses upon the projection to do harm during a theft and not the weapon}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 s actual ability to harm.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Consequently, we find Cruz}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 s argument that the knife must be capable of producing death or serious bodily injury to be without merit.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
The testimony of witnesses that Cruz displayed what appeared to be a large knife during the theft is dispositive of the issue and requires this court to affirm the trial judge}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 s decision as to the first robbery charge.}{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [16]}{\b\insrsid1080674 \tab }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Even if the court were to accept Cruz}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 s argument, under his own cited authority, several factors should be considered in determining whether sufficient evidence was presented showing the knife was a deadly weapon.}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 In }{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Davidson v. State}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
, 602 S.W.2d 272 (Tex. 1980), the court decided a knife can be a deadly weapon by showing the manner of use, its size and shape, and its capacity to produce death or serious bodily injury.}{\insrsid1080674  
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [17]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab In this case, testimony revealed the weapon was a hunting or buck knife, eight to nine inches in length when observed from a distance of three feet.}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 The knife was initially sheathed, but as the confrontation escalated, it was taken out and held in Cruz}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 s hand.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Moreover, Cruz indicated verbally that he would use the knife.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
We believe the evidence presented was sufficient to allow the jury}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 s consideration of the charge.}{
\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [18]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab Cruz next asserts error occurred because insufficient evidence was presented to establish that the witness was placed in fear of immediate serious bodily injury.}{
\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Pursuant to 9 GCA }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  40.20(a)(2): }{
\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-698\li1418\ri1440\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin1440\lin1418\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 (a)\tab A person is guilty of robbery in the second degree if, in the course of committing a theft, he:}{\insrsid1080674 

\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li2160\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 (2)\tab threatens another with or intentionally puts him in fear of immediate serious bodily injury;}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 or . . . .}{\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid1080674 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [19]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab Cruz maintains the prosecution did not prove the victim was placed in immediate fear of serious bodily injury.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
Instead, he argues Vancil was the aggressor during the encounter.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Conversely, Cruz states the evidence shows that he was essentially passive and never manifested a desire to fight.}{\insrsid1080674 

\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [20]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab Cruz}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
s contention is without merit.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 The witness, Vancil, testified he was }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 scared}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  during the encounter.}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 This was caused by Cruz holding an eight-to-nine inch knife with a jagged edge.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Moreover, Cruz stated he would use the knife.}{\insrsid1080674  }{
\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Viewing this testimony in a light most favorable to the prosecution, sufficient evidence was presented for the jury to find Cruz guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [21]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab Cruz}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
s contention as to the special allegation convictions were contingent on the reversal of the two robbery charges.}{\insrsid1080674  }{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Consequently, these convictions will not be disturbed.}{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 III. Conclusion}{\b\i\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid1080674\charrsid1080674 
\par }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 [22]}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 \tab We hereby }{\b\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 AFFIRM}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674  the trial court}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 s decision denying the Motion for Acquittal.}{\insrsid1080674 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 JANET HEALY WEEKS\tab \tab \tab \tab EDUARDO A. CALVO
\par }\pard \qc \fi-5040\li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Associate Justice}{\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-5040\li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid1080674 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1080674 {\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 PETER C. SIGUENZA
\par Chief Justice}{\i\insrsid14246519\charrsid1080674 
\par }}