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\i\fs20\insrsid4282281 People v. Angoco}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 , 1998 Guam 9, Opinion\tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid4282281 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid790422 1}}}{\fs20\insrsid4282281  of 8
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\b\insrsid7433066 
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\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-2160\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 THE PEOPLE OF GUAM,\tab }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab \tab )\tab Supreme Court Case No.}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid2247424 CRA97-010}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
\par }{\insrsid2247424 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 )\tab Superior Court Case No.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid2247424 CF0053-94}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-2160\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2247424 {\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Plaintiff-Appellee,\tab \tab }{\insrsid2247424 \tab }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 )
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\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\ul\insrsid2247424 ____________________________________}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 )}{\insrsid7433066 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid2247424 Filed: July 6, 1998}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid2247424 Cite as: 1998 Guam 10
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and Submitted on February 17, 1998
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\insrsid7433066 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2247424 {\insrsid7433066 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\ul\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Appearing for the Plaintiff-Appellee}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
\par Monica J. Hickey
\par Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par Prosecution Division
\par Suite 2-200E, Judicial Center Building
\par 120 West O}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Brien Drive
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\insrsid7433066 
\par 
\par }{\ul\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Appearing for the Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
\par Wilson A. Quinley
\par Law Office of Wilson Quinley
\par Suite 5001, GCIC Building
\par 414 West Soledad Avenue
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910}{\insrsid4282281 
\par }{\insrsid2247424\charrsid7433066 
\par }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 BEFORE: PETER C. SIGUENZA, Chief Justice, JANET HEALY WEEKS, and BENJAMIN J. F. CRUZ, Associate Justices.}{\insrsid7433066 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid2247424 CRUZ, J:
\par }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
\par }{\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 [1]}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab Defendant-Appellant makes this appeal pursuant to the trial court}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s attempt to extend its jurisdiction over the Defendant-Appellant after the expiration of his probationary term.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
The trial court revoked the Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
s probation after his probationary period had ended and, as a result, the Defendant-Appellant was sentenced to incarceration for thirty (30) days.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
This court, after reviewing the applicable statutes regarding the trial court}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
s jurisdiction over probation, finds that the trial court acted beyond its jurisdiction in revoking the Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s probation and in ordering incarceration.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Therefore, the trial court}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s decision is hereby REVERSED.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2247424 {\insrsid4282281\charrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2247424 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid2247424\charrsid2247424 
\par }{\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 [2]}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab The Defendant-Appellant was indicted in Superior Court Case Number CF0053-94, for theft, as a third degree felony on February 25, 1994.}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The Defendant-Appellant subsequently pled guilty, pursuant to a}{\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 plea agreement, to thef
t as a misdemeanor with the judgment being filed on August 29, 1994.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The judgment imposed several conditions on the Defendant-Appellant, including the requirement that he pay a fine to the Victim}{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s Compensation F
und, perform community service hours, and be placed on two (2) years probation beginning August 15, 1994.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 That two year probationary period was to end on August 15, 1996.}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 A probation violation was later alleged and summons was issued on Feb. 10, 1997.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 On June 16, 1997 a revocation of probation hearing was held.}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Counsel for the Defendant-Appellant requested that the summons be quashed and the matter dismissed asserting the court lacked jurisdiction, pursuant to 9 GCA }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066  80.66 (1993), because the probationary period had expired.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
On June 16, 1997, the court heard from the probation officer, Officer David Uson, the Defendant, and defense counsel.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
As a result, the court made a ruling from the bench revoking probation and sentenced the Defendant-Appellant to thirty (30) days incarceration.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
Included in the record on appeal were the minutes and the transcript from the June 16, 1997 hearing which memorialized the court}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s intent that the revocation ruling was a final disposition of the case.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
Although this court would prefer written orders for purposes of establishing jurisdiction on appeal, the trial court}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s ruling is sufficient to establish that a final order in the case was made at that time.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The Defendant-Appellant filed a timely Notice of Appeal on June 26, 1997.}{
\insrsid2247424 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 ISSUES}{\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2247424 {\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 [3]}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab On appeal, the Defendant-Appellant raises
 the issue of whether the trial court retained jurisdiction to revoke the Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
s probation after the probationary period had terminated.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Furthermore, should this court find that the trial court sti
ll retained jurisdiction, the Appellant argues that his due process rights were violated when the trial court revoked the Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s probation.}{\insrsid2247424 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 ANALYSIS}{\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2247424 {\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 [4]}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab The court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 48 U.S.C. }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066  1424-3(d) (1984) and 7 GCA}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 3107(b) (1994).}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Questions of jurisdiction are reviewed }{\i\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 de novo}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 . }{
\i\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 People v. Quichocho}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 , 1997 Guam 13, }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 38 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066  3.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The court reviews the trial court}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s revocation of a probationer}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
s probation for clear abuse of discretion.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\i\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 U.S. v. Daly}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 , 839 F.2d 598, 599-600 (9}{\super\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 th}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
 Cir. 1988).}{\insrsid2247424 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid2247424 I.}{\b\insrsid2247424\charrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2247424 {\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri4\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin4\lin0\itap0\pararsid2247424 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 [5]}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab This court first addresses the threshold issue of whether the statute is facially unambiguous.}{
\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The statute provides in relevant part:}{\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-4320\li4320\ri4320\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin4320\lin4320\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid2247424 
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 80.66. Revocation of Probation:}{\b\insrsid7433066  }{\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 When Permitted.}{\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 (a) At any time before the discharge of the offender or the termination of the period of suspension or probation:}{\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 (1) upon a showing of probable cause that an off
ender has violated a condition of his suspension or probation, the court may summon the offender to appear before it or may issue a warrant for his arrest.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
The warrant or summons shall be served in the manner provided by 8 GCA }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 15.70 (Criminal Procedure).}{
\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The offender may be arrested without a warrant only in those circumstances where such an arrest is otherwise permitted by law;}{\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \fi720\li1440\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 (2) the court, if satisfied that the offender has inexcusably failed to comply with 
a substantial requirement imposed as a condition of the order may revoke the suspension or probation and sentence or re-sentence the offender.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
Violation of a condition shall not result in revocation, however, unless the court determines that revocation under all the circumstances then existing will best satisfy the ends of justice and the best interests of the public.}{\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid2247424 
\par }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 9 GCA }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066  80.66(a) (1993).}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Should ambiguities in the language of a statute exist it becomes necessary for the court to interpret the statute}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s meaning.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
However, no ambiguity in the language of the statute in question exists, and the language of the statute is plain on its face and straight forward in its meaning.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
The plain meaning rule for statutory interpretation provides that }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
if the language of a statute is clear and there is no ambiguity, then there is no need to }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 62 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 interpret}{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066  the language by resorting to the legislative history or other extrinsic aids.}{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid7433066  }{\i\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Church of Scientology of California v. U.S. Dept. of Justice}{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 , 612 F.2d 417, 421 (9}{\super\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 th}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066  Cir. 1979).}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
The statute is clear: action must be taken against the probationer for violations of probation before the termination of the probationary period.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 9 GCA }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066  80.66(a).}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
The statutes do not provide for any extension of time or for any tolling of the probationary period which would allow the court to retain jurisdiction past the probationary period.}{\cs15\super\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid4282281 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid4282281 Former Guam Penal Code }{\f63\fs20\insrsid4282281 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid4282281  1232 
(1966) permitted probation to be revoked for up to six (6) months beyond the probationary period, however, the statute was repealed and the language for extension was omitted from the current statute. }}}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The parties are in agreement as to the trial court}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
s lack of jurisdiction to revoke probation beyond the probationary period, pursuant to the statutory authority.}{\cs15\super\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid4282281 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid4282281 Other jurisdictions share the same view, based on their own statutory authority, and allow probation 
to be revoked only if a revocation hearing is held and a revocation order is issued within the probationary period.  }{\i\fs20\insrsid4282281 Keller v. Super. Ct. In & For Cty. of Maricopa}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 
, 524 P.2d 956 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1974) (At the time the Arizona court construed the state}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 
s revocation statute, the language was similar to Guam}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 
s.  The probation revocation statute has since been amended in Arizona to provide that a filing of a petition for revocation tolls the running of the probationary period.); }{\i\fs20\insrsid4282281 see also People v. Cooper}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 
, 54 Misc.2d 42, 280 N.Y.S.2d 920 (N.Y. Cty. Ct. 1967).}}}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 In other jurisdictions it has been determined that courts do retain jurisdiction beyond the probationary period, either for a reasonable
 period of time thereafter}{\cs15\super\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid4282281 \chftn }{
\fs20\insrsid4282281 Some jurisdictions construe their own state statutes to mean that the court maintains jurisdiction to hear revocation hearings not only within the probationary period, but also for a reasonable period of time thereafter.  }{
\i\fs20\insrsid4282281 State v. White}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 , 225 N.W. 2d 426, 427 (Neb. 1975); }{\i\fs20\insrsid4282281 Phoenix v. Nebraska}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 , 77 N.W.2d 237, 241 (Neb. 1956).   In }{\i\fs20\insrsid4282281 Phoenix}{
\fs20\insrsid4282281 , the court held that it could revoke probation for a violation occurring within the probationary period within a reasonable time after the probationary period has expired.  }{\i\fs20\insrsid4282281 Id.}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 
  The statute in }{\i\fs20\insrsid4282281 Phoenix}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 , did not specify that the court could only revoke probation during the period of probation.}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
 or if informal action has been initiated during the probationary period}{\cs15\super\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid4282281 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid4282281 Many states have determined that the ending of the probationary period terminates the court}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 s jurisd
iction; however, the commencement of proceedings, such as the issuance of a warrant for arrest, is sufficient to allow the court to retain jurisdiction and conduct a revocation hearing, even if such hearing occurs after the probationary period expires.  }
{\i\fs20\insrsid4282281 New Jersey v. Gibson}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 , 384 A.2d 178, 183 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1978) (holding the court has jurisdiction if proceedings have been initiated in some fashion before the probationary term expires); }{
\i\fs20\insrsid4282281 People v. Gore}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 , 774 P.2d 877, 882 (Mont. 1989) (holding that if revocation proceedings are initiated during the probation term, the court will retain jurisdiction).}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
, for example, the filing of a probation violation report within the probationary period.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 However, in these jurisdictions where probation need not be 
formally revoked before the expiration of the probationary period, the courts were construing the individual applicable state statute.}{\cs15\super\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid4282281 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid4282281 
The New Jersey and Colorado statutes regarding probation revocation either contain in themselves or in a separate code s
ection a tolling provision which the Guam laws do not.  In Colorado, the statutes do not provide for a maximum term for probation.  Furthermore, although the Guam statute is based on repealed New Jersey statute 2A:168-4 which was relied upon in the }{
\i\fs20\insrsid4282281 Gibson}{\fs20\insrsid4282281  case, the language of 9 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid4282281 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 
 80.66 is different so as to clearly distinguish that the phrase }{\fs20\insrsid4282281 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 
[a]t any time before . . . the termination of the period of . . . probation}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\fs20\insrsid4282281 
 modifies not only the action of issuing a warrant, but also revocation of probation by the court, which is different from the New Jersey statute.  }}}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The former Guam Penal Code }{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066  1232 also allowed for probation to be revoked beyond the probationary term.}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Policy goals of the specific jurisdictions are different.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 This court may only act within its authority and cannot change the meaning of the statute.}{
\cs15\super\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid4282281 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid4282281 
The court must presume that the omission of certain language in the amended statute expresses a clear intention of the legislature to prevent revocation of probation from occurring beyond the probationary term.}}}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Furthermore, the court does not need to look to the court decisions of other jurisdictions to interpret what the statute clearly states and means.}{\insrsid2247424 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 [6]}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab As applied to the facts of this case, the Defendant-Appellant}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt
\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s probationary period began on August 15, 1994, as a result of his plea agreement with the government and the trial court}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s acceptance and incorporation of that agreement into the trial court}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols"
 \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s judgment.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 A two-year probationary period was ordered, which would have ended on August 15, 1996.}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Although the alleged probation violation may have occurred within the probationary period, it was not brought to the attention of the trial court in a timely fashion.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
Consequently, probation was not revoked until June 16, 1997, almost a year after probation ended.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
Because probation was not revoked during the probationary period, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to take action after the term had ended.}{\insrsid2247424 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid2247424 II.}{\b\insrsid2247424\charrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2247424 {\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 [7]}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab As its second 
argument, the Defendant-Appellant asserts that his due process rights were violated when the trial court revoked probation and ordered incarceration without being presented sufficient evidence of a probation violation at the revocation hearing.}{
\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Case law has established that a probationer faced with revocation of probation is not entitled to the full panoply of due process rights due other criminal defendants.}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\i\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Morrissey v. Brewer}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 , 408 U.S. 471, 92 S. Ct. 2593 (1972).}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 However, a parolee}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL
 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s retains the following due process rights: (1)}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
notice of claimed violations, (2) opportunity to appear and present evidence, (3) the conditioned right to confront adverse witnesses, (4) an independent decision maker, and (5) a written report of the hearing involved parole revocation proceedings.}{
\insrsid7433066  }{\i\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Gagnon v. Scarpelli, }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 411 U.S. 778, 786, 93 S.Ct. 1756, 1761 (1973).}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
The minimal due process requirements set forth above were meant to be a diminished form of due process rights afforded to criminal defendants, and the court indicated that flexibility should be given and formality was not required.}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\i\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Morrissey, }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 408 U.S. at 489, 92 S.Ct. at 2604}{\i\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 .}{\insrsid2247424 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 [8]}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab Statutorily, a hearing must occur before revocation of probation may be ordered, pursuant to 9 GCA }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066  80.68 (1993)}{\cs15\super\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid4282281 \chftn }{\b\fs20\insrsid4282281 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 39 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f169\fs20}}}{\b\fs20\insrsid4282281  80.68. Revoca
tion:  Hearing Required;  Release Permitted;  Confinement Provided for.
\par }{\fs20\insrsid4282281 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid4282281 
(a) The court shall not revoke a suspension or probation or increase the requirements imposed thereby on the offender except after a hearing upon written notice to the offender of the
 grounds on which such action is proposed. The offender shall have the right to hear and controvert the evidence against him, to offer evidence in his defense and to be represented by counsel.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid4282281 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid4282281  }}}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Although a hearing was conducted in the case at hand, the sufficiency of the evidence presented is at issue.}{
\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The standard of proof required}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 by the Ninth Circuit is that the }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 evidence and facts be such as reasonably to satisfy the judge that the probationer's conduct has not been as required by the conditions of probation.}{\insrsid7433066  }
{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The judge may revoke probation when reasonably satisfied that a state or federal law has been violated, and conviction is not essential.}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid7433066  }{\i\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 U.S. v. Guadarrama}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 , 742 F.2d 487, 489 (9}{\super\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 th}{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066  Cir. 1984) (citations omitted).}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
Because a revocation hearing is not a formal criminal prosecution, traditional rules of evidence do not apply, and conventional substitutes for live testimony, including affidavits, depositions, letters and other documentary evidence are admissible.}{
\insrsid7433066  }{\i\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 U.S. v. Miller}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 , 514 F.2d 41 (9}{\super\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 th}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
 Cir. 1975) (upholding the admission of hearsay testimony of a probation officer in establishing a probation violation);}{\i\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066  Gagnon}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 , 411 U.S. at 782 n.5, 93 S.Ct. at 1760 n.5.}{
\insrsid2247424 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 [9]}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab A revocation hearing was held, at which the Appellant was present with counsel along with Probation Officer David Uson.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
Although no formal evidence was presented, Officer Uson relayed to the court the basis for the alleged violation.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The Defendant-Appella
nt informed the trial court that a charge of family violence against him was dismissed with prejudice, that he pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge of unauthorized use of a motor vehicle, and that he was incarcerated for breaking parole.}{\insrsid7433066  
}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The low burden of proof required for establishing the occurrence of a violation does not leave much for reviewing courts to question of a trial court}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f 
"WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 s actions.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 Furthermore, the high standard of review provides a trial court with w
ide latitude in reaching a decision to revoke probation.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 However, in this case, having already determined that the trial court lacked j
urisdiction to revoke probation, this court can merely outline the standard to be applied in sim}{\insrsid2247424 ilar proceedings in the future.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 CONCLUSION}{\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2247424 {\insrsid2247424 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 [10]}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab The court does recognize that seemingly unjust results may occur, based on this court}{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
s interpretation of the law, especially in the case of the last minute probation violator who will escape punishment for violations which occur}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
near the end of his probationary term because sufficient time is not available to properly revoke his probation.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 However, the court must act within the confines of the statute.}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 A legislative act is the sole remedy for dealing with the problem of unpenalized probationers who violate any or all of their terms and conditions of probation.}{\insrsid2247424 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 [11]}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab Despi
te the strictness of the statutory language, the trial courts themselves, along with the Probation Department, have further exacerbated the problem by failing to timely address probation violations as they occur, instead of choosing to wait until the prob
ationary period has expired.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 The Probation Department is slow to act and then poor case management by the trial courts delay the proper proceedings beyond the probationary period.}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 It is incumbent upon the trial courts and the Probation Department to take action and reevaluate current practices and procedures for addressing probation violations.}{\insrsid7433066  }{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
It would be prudent, in order to rectify this problem, for trial courts to set further proceedings hearings, at the time when probation is imposed, for six months prior to the end of the probationary period.}{\insrsid7433066  }{
\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 This hearing will provide the court, Probation, and the probationer the opportunity to review the status of the case and provide sufficient time should revocation become necessary.}{\insrsid2247424 
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 [12]}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 \tab The trial court}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f169\fs24}}}{\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 
s decision to revoke probation in this case is hereby REVERSED, and the case is dismissed.}{\insrsid7433066 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2247424 {\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 BENJAMIN J.F. CRUZ, Associate Justice\tab \tab JANET HEALY WEEKS, Associate Justice}{\insrsid7433066 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-5040\li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid7433066 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7433066 {\insrsid4282281\charrsid7433066 PETER C. SIGUENZA, Chief Justice
\par }}