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\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9251597 \fs20\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid788765\charrsid14948141 LAWS OF THE }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 UNITED KINGDOM}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9728542\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ACT 1865}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (28 & 29 Vict. c. 18)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15025875\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9251597 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15025875\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8129547\charrsid14948141 Section\tab 
\par 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 . Section 2 to apply to all trials for felony or misdemeano}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8129547\charrsid14948141 u}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 r; sections 3 to 8 to all}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8129547\charrsid14948141 
courts and persons }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 authorized to hear evidence
\par 2. Summing up of evidence in cases of felony and misdemeano}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8129547\charrsid14948141 u}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 r
\par 3. How far witness may be discredited by the party producing
\par 4. As to proof of contradictory statements of adverse witness
\par 5. Cross-examinations as to previous statements in writing
\par 6. Proof of conviction of witness for felony or misdemeano}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8129547\charrsid14948141 u}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 r may be given
\par 7. Proof of instrument to validity of which whereof attestation is not necessary
\par 8. Comparison of disputed writing with writing proved to be genuine
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 9}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141  "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Counsel"
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8129547\charrsid14948141 10}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 . Extent
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14053555\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14053555 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14053555\charrsid14948141 ---------------------------------------------------
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15025875\charrsid9728542 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9728542 An Act for am}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ending the Law of Evidence and Practice on Criminal Trials
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15025875\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15025875\charrsid14948141 [9th May 1865]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15025875\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9251597 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 Short title.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 The short title, which is misleading, was given to this Act by the Short Titles Act 1896. Ss. 3-8, }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 , repeat the Common L}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10238757 aw Procedure Act 1854, ss}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 . 22-27 (repealed), which applied only to civil proceedings, and s. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10238757 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 , }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
, applies those sections "to all courts of judicature as well criminal as all others".
\par Cases on the above-mentioned sections of the Act of 1854 are therefore of importance in interpreting ss. 3-8, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 p}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ost}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 .
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Courts-martial.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  See as to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid10238757  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 the application of the rules of evidence at courts-martial, the Army Act 1955, s. 99, and the Air Force Act 1955, s. 99, both Vol. 29, title Royal Forces. There are no corresponding p
rovisions as to naval courts-martial.
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Northern Ireland.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  This Act applies. See also as to the construction of the reference to attorneys in s. 9, }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 , the Solicitors (Ireland) Act 1898 (not printed in this work). See, further, the notes to ss. 3 and 7, }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 .
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14948141 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14948141\charrsid14948141 ______________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8129547\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 1. Section 2 to apply to all trials for felony or misdemeano}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8129547\charrsid14948141 u}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 r; sections 3 to 8 to all courts and persons authorized to hear evidence}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid680346 . . . }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 The provisions of section two of this Act shall apply to every trial . . }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid680346 . }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 and .
 . . the provisions of sections from three to eight, inclusive, of this Act shall apply to all courts of judicature, as well criminal as all others, and to all persons having, by law or by consent of par}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid680346 tie}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 s, authority to hear, receive, and examine evidence.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9251597 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 NOTE
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9251597 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 The words omitted were repealed by the S.L.R. Act 1893, t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid680346 he Criminal Law Act 1967, s. 10}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (2) and Sch. 3, Part III, and the Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967, s. 15(2) and Sch. 2.

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9251597 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 2. Summing up of evidence in cases of felony and misdemeano}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8129547\charrsid14948141 u}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 r
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 If any prisoner or prisoners, defendant or defendants, shall be defended by counsel, but not otherwise, it shall be the duty of the presiding judge, at the close of the case for the 
prosecution, to ask the counsel for each prisoner or defendant so defended by counsel whether he or they intend to adduce evidence; and in the event of none of them thereupon announcing his intention to adduce evidence, the counsel for the prosecution sha
l
l be allowed to address the jury a second time, in support of his case, for the purpose of summing up the evidence against such prisoner or prisoners, or defendant or defendants; and upon every trial . . ., whether the prisoners or defendants, or any of t
hem, shall be defended by counsel or not, each and every such prisoner or defendant, or his or their counsel respectively, shall be allowed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 , if he or they shall think fit, }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 to open his or their case or cases respectively; and after the conclusion of suc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 h}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  opening or of all such openings, if more than one, such prisoner or prisoners, or defendant or defendants, or their counsel, s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 ha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ll be entitled to examine suc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 h}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  witnesses as he or they may think fit, and when all the evidence is concluded to sum up the evidence
 respectively; and the right of reply, and practice and course of proceedings, save as hereby altered, shall be as at present}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9251597 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 NOTES
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9251597 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 The words omitted were repealed by the Criminal Law Act 1967, s. 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid680346 0}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (2) and Sch. 3, Part III, and the Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967, s. 15(2) and Sch. 2.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid680346 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid680346\charrsid680346 Counsel.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  For meaning, see s. 9, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post.

\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Prosecution's right to sum up.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
 Prosecuting counsel's right of reply must be distinguished from his right to sum up the evidence.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid680346 The latter was first created by this section. It}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
 should only be exercised when necessary in the interests of justice (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 v. Holchester }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (1865), 10 Cox C.C. 226; }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
R. v. Webb }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (1865), 4 F. & F. 862).
\par Counsel for the prosecution may not sum up the evidence unless the accused person is defended by counsel (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 v. Madden }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (1872), 12 Cox C.C. 239). The time to sum up is at the close of the evidence for the prosecution (}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R. v. Madden, supra}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid680346 ). }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
If the defence calls any witnesses (other than the accused) the prosecution may reply but not sum up.
\par At the time this Act was passed, accused persons were not competent witnesses. They were made so by the Criminal Evidence Act 1898, s. 1, p. 865, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid680346 S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
. 2 of that Act provided that the defendant, if called as the only witness for the defence
, should be called immediately after the close of the evidence for the prosecution. Where a defendant enters the witness box and does not call any other witnesses, the right to s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 
um up is not destroyed but post}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 poned until after he has given his evidence (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R. v. Sherriff }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (1903), 20 Cox C.C. 334; }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R. v}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid680346 .}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  Gardner}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 , (1899) 1 Q.B. 150), upon which counsel may comment; }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R. v. Gardner}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 , }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 supra}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 .
\par By virtue of s. 1, proviso }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid680346 (b)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
, of the Act of 1898, the prosecution may not comment on the failure of the accused or his or her spouse to give evidence.
\par This section must be read in the light of the Criminal Justice Act 1948, s. 42(1), Vol. 8, p. 362, and the Criminal Procedure (Righ}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 t of Reply) Act 1964, s. 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (1)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid680346 (b)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 , p. 9}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 0}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 6, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post.}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid680346 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid680346 Rights of defence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  The defence is also given the righ
t, not previously held, of summing up the evidence. Where no witness (other than the defendant) has been called by the defence, this right is exercised after the prosecuting counsel has summed up. When doing so, counsel for the defence may make observatio
ns on the whole case (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
v. Wainwright }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (1875), 13 Cox C.C. 171).
\par Counsel who intends to call witnesses for the defence has an absolute right to open his case (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 v. Hill }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid680346 (1911)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  7 Cr. App. Rep. 1, C.C.A.).
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Northern Ireland.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  See the first note above.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9251597 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 3. How far witness may be discredited by the party producing
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 A party producing a witness shall not be allowed to impeach his credit by general evidence of bad character; but he may, in case the witness shall in the opinion of 
the judge prove adverse, contradict him by other evidence, or, by leave of the judge, prove that he has made at other times a statement inconsistent with his present testimony; but before such last-mentioned proof can be given the circumstances of the sup
posed statement, sufficient to designate the particular occasion, must be mentioned to the witness, and he must be asked whether or not he has made such statement.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9251597 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9251597\charrsid14948141 
\par ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 NOTES
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9251597 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid4023595 General Note.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  This section applies to civil as well as criminal proceedings; see s. 1, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ante. }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid4023595 Prove adverse.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  This expression must be interpreted as meaning "hostile" and not merel}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1258630 y}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  "unfavourable" }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid1258630 (}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Greenough v. Eccles }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (1859), 5 C.B.N.S. 786).
\par Whether the witness is adverse is a question for the judge to decide }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid1258630 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Greenough v. Eccles}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 , }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 supra}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ; }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Price v. Manning }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (1889), 42 Ch. D. 372, C.A.; but see }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R. v. Bateman }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (1946), 174. L.T. 336); and his decision cannot be reviewed on appeal }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid1258630 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Rice v. Howard }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (1886), 16 Q.B.D. 681; }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R. v. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1258630 William}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 s }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 (1913), 77 J.P. 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 10).
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid4023595 Previous inconsistent statement.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
 Where by leave of the judge the fact that a witness has made a previous inconsistent statement which may be contained in a series of documents (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Jackson v. Thomason}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4262208\charrsid4262208  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4262208 (1861), }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
1 B. & S. 745), is proved, such a statement is relevant only to the credit of the witness and cannot be used as evidence, even if it is a deposition}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R. v. Birch }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4262208 (1924), 93 L.J.K}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 .B. 385), against any other person (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R. v. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4262208 Wh}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ite }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4262208 (1922), 17 Cr. App. Rep. 60}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
). See, however, now, as to civil proceedings, the Civil Ev}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4262208 idence Act 1968, s. 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (1), p. 912, }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (not yet in force).
\par For other relevant cases, see 14 Digest (Re}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4262208 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 l.) 295 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
et seq., }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 and 22 Digest (Repl.) 477 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 et seq.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4197630 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 4. As to proof of contradictory statements of adverse witness
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 If a w
itness, upon cross-examination as to a former statement made by him relative to the subject matter of the indictment or proceeding, and inconsistent with his present testimony, does not distinctly admit that he has made such statement, proof may be given 
that he did in fact make it; but before such proof can be given the circumstances of the supposed statement, sufficient to designate the particular occasion, must be mentioned to the witness, and he must be asked whether or not he has made such statement.
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12980932\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4197630 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 NOTES
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4197630 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 General Note.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  This section applies to civil as well as criminal proceedings; see s. 1, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ante. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 It must, in relation to civil proceedings, be read in conjunction with the Civil Evidence Act 1968, s. 3(1), p 912, }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (not yet in force).
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Previous inconsistent statement.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  See the note to s. 3, }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ante. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 As to statements in writing, see also s. 5, }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4197630 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 5. Cross-examinations as to previous statements in writing
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 A witness may be cross-examined as to previous statements made by him in writing, or reduced into writing, relative to t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 he subject matter of the indict}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
ment or proceeding, without such writing being shown to him; but if it is intended to contradict such witness by the writing, his at
tention must, before such contradictory proof can be given, be called to those parts of the writing which are to be used for the purpose of so contradicting him: Provided always, that it shall be competent for the judge, at any time during the trial, to r
equire the production of the writing for his inspection, and he may thereupon make such use of it for the purposes of the trial as he may think fit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4197630 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 NOTES
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4197630 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 General Note.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  This section applies to civil as well as to criminal proceedings; see s. 1, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid12980932 ante}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 . It must, in relation to civil proceedings, be read in conjunction with th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12980932 e Civil Evidence Act 1968, s. 3}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 (1), p. 912, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  (not yet in force).

\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Production of statement.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  The production for purposes }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12980932 o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 f cross-examination and use in evidence by the defence of a witness's previous statement in writing does not give the prosecution a right to reply on a trial o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 n indictment; see the Criminal J}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ustice Act 1948, s. 42}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12980932 
(1), Vol. 8, p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 . 362.
\par A witness may be cross-examined as to a statement without such statement being put in evidence, but it is irregular to cross-examine a witness on the contents of a statement not capable of being produced (}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R. v. Anderson}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141  (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12980932 19}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 29), 142 L.T. 580}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ).
\par See also s. 3, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ante}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4197630 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15025875\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 6. Proof of conviction of witness for felony or misdemeano}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15025875\charrsid14948141 u}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 r may be given
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 A witness may be questioned as to whether he has been convicted of any felony or misdemeano}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15025875\charrsid14948141 u}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 r, and upon being so questioned, if he either denies or does not admit the fact, or refuses to 
answer, it shall be lawful for the cross examining party to prove such conviction; and a certificate containing the substance and effect only (omitting the formal part) of the indictment and conviction for such offence, purporting to be signed by the cler
k of the court or other officer having the custody of the records of the court where the offender was convicted, o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid655501 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
 by the deputy of such clerk or o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid655501 ffice}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 r, (for which certificate a fee of five shillings}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 and no more shall be demanded or taken,) shall, upon p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 roof of the identity of the pers}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
on, be sufficient evidence of the said conviction, without proof of the signature or official character of the person appearing to have signed the same.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4197630 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 NOTES
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4197630 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 General Note.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  This section applies to civil as well as criminal proceedings; see s. 1, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ante}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid75946\charrsid75946 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid75946 Incriminating questions.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  See t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 he}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  Evidence Act 1851, s. 3, p. 816, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid75946 ante}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
, and the notes thereto.
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Questioning of accused.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  As to w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid75946 he}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 n an accused person may be asked and compelled to answer questions tending to show than he has been convicted, see the Criminal Evidence Act 1898, s. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid75946 1}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid75946 (f)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 , p. 865, }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 . See also as to the abolition of the distinctions between felony and}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141  misdemeanour, the Criminal L}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 aw Act 1967, s. 1, Vol. 8, p. 552, and the Criminal Law Act (No}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 rthern Ireland) 1967, s. 1 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid75946 (not}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  printed in this work).
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Other methods of proving }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 c}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 o}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 n}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 vict}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 i}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 on}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 s}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  For alternative methods of proving convictions, see the Evidence Act 1851, s. 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 ; p. 820}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 , }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ante}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 , and the General Note thereto.

\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Proof of identity.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  Conclusive }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid75946 proof is}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 not necessary, but there must be some evidence to show that the person previously co}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 nvict}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ed and the accused are the same pe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 
rsons (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 Martin v. White}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 , [1910] 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid75946  K.B. 665, at p. 681, }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid75946\charrsid75946 per}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 L}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ord Alverstone).
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Northern Ireland.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  See the note }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid75946 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Q}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid75946 uestio}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ning of accused" above.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15932372 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4197630\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 7. }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 Proof of instrument to validity of which whereof attestation is not necessary}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 It shall not be necessary to prov}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13976039 by}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  the attesting witness any instrument to the validity of which attestation is }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13976039 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ot requisite, and such instrument may be proved as if there had been no attesting witness thereto.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15932372 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 NOTES
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15932372 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 General Note.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  This section applies to civil as we}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9591492 ll}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
 as criminal proceedings; see s. 1, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ante}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 .
\par In any proceedings an instrument to the validity of which attestation is requisite, may, i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9591492 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
 not a testamentary document, be proved as if no attesting witness were alive (Evidence Act 1938, s. 3, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9591492 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 . 879, }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 post}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ).
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Former law.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  Even after the passing of the Evidence Act 1851, p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9591492 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  815, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ante}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 , by s. 2 of which parties were made competent witnesses, an admission by a party who had executed an attested instrument was insufficient to p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 rove its execution (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9591492\charrsid9591492 Whym}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 an v}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 . Garth}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9591492  (1853), 8 Exch. 8}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 0}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 3).
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Ex parte proceedings.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  Notwithstanding this section, in any pro}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 ceedings ex parte a deed must be}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  proved by the attesting witness, if any (}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Re Reay's Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  (1855)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9591492 ,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  3 Eq. Rep. 512) or by pr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 ov}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
ing his handwriting (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Re Rice}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  (1886), 32 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9591492 h}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 .D. 35, C.A.).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15932372 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 8. Comparison of disputed writing with writing proved to be genuine
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 
Comparison of a disputed writing with any writing proved to the satisfaction of the judge to be genuine shall be permitted to be made by witnesses; and such writings, and the evidence of witnesses respecting the same, may be s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 ub}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 mitted to the court and jury as evidence of the genuineness or otherwise of the writing in dispute.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15932372 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15932372\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 NOTES
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10892648 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 General Note.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  This section applies to civil as well as criminal proceedings; see s. 1, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ante}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 .
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid9591492 Proof of handwriting.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  See, generally, as to the proof of handwriting, 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 324 }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 et seq.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid7213208 , }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 and 22 Digest (Repl.) 185 }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 et seq}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid7213208 . }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 See also }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R. v. Tilley}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid7213208 , }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 [196}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7213208 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ] 3 All E.R. 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 0}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 6, and }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 R. v. Harden}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid7213208 , }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 [1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 963] 1 Q.B. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7213208 8}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 ; [1962] 1 All E.R. 286.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10892648 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 9. "Counsel"
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 The word "counsel" in this Act shall be construed to apply to attorneys in all cases where attorneys are allowed by law or by the practice of any court to appear as advocates.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10892648 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 NOTE
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10892648 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 Northern Ireland.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141  See the Introductory Note to this Act.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10892648 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 ___________________________________
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15025875 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 10. Extent
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7685150\charrsid14948141 This Act shall not apply to Scotland.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10892648 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10892648\charrsid14948141 ----------------------------------------------------------
\par }}