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{\author Judicial Officer}{\operator Kym Freriks}{\creatim\yr2024\mo11\dy4\hr14\min16}{\revtim\yr2024\mo11\dy21\hr5\min54}{\printim\yr2024\mo10\dy28\hr15\min41}{\version8}{\edmins11}{\nofpages20}{\nofwords5495}{\nofchars31328}{\*\company HP Inc.}
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\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2325296 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2325296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 APPELLATE JURISDICTION
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 CRIMINAL PETITION NO. CAV 00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14815741\charrsid2325296 34 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 of 2023
\par Court of Appeal No. AAU 00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14815741\charrsid2325296 65}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296  of 2018
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1640052\charrsid2325296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14815741\charrsid2325296 GANGA RAM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 Petitioner
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1640052\charrsid2325296 AND
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14760259\charrsid2325296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 THE STATE
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 Respondent
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2325296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2325296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2325296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 Coram\tab :\tab \tab The Hon. Justice Anthony Gates
\par Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par The Hon. Justice Brian Keith
\par Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par The Hon. Justice Terence Arnold
\par Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2325296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 
\par Counsel:\tab \tab The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296  Petitioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 in person
\par \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 Ms L L Latu }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 for the Respondent
\par 
\par Date of Hearing:\tab 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid14815741\charrsid2325296 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296  October 2024\tab 
\par Date of Judgment:\tab 30 October 2024       }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15140653 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2325296\charrsid2325296 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2325296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15140653\charrsid2325296 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15140653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\cf17\insrsid15140653\charrsid12850251 Gates, J

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15022660 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15140653\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15022660 I agree with the judgment of Keith J, with its reasoning and orders.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\cf17\insrsid15140653\charrsid12850251 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15140653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5701817\charrsid12850251 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15140653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5701817 Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5701817\charrsid5701817 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5701817  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15140653\charrsid5701817 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid15140653\charrsid5701817 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14815741 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6095633\charrsid14815741 Introduction
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15554397\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14815741\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15554397\charrsid14815741 This is one of a numbe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2233667\charrsid14815741 r of cases in the present sessi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15554397\charrsid14815741 on of the Supreme Court in whic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2233667\charrsid14815741 h a considerable time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 e}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2233667\charrsid14815741 lapsed be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15554397\charrsid14815741 tween when the defendant had been inte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2233667\charrsid14815741 rviewed by the police about an offence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15554397\charrsid14815741 and the investigation into the offence had been completed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2233667\charrsid14815741 and when his trial eventually got under way.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15554397\charrsid14815741   In this case, the lapse of time was almost seven years.  To what extent, i
f at all, did that lapse of time prevent the defendant from getting a fair trial?  And even if he still got a fair trial, should the delay be reflected in some tangible way?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095633\charrsid14815741 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5701817\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14815741\charrsid14815741 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13500537\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10355218 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13500537\charrsid14815741 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6095633\charrsid14815741 petitioner is Ganga Ram.  For the sake of convenience, I shall refer to him as Ram.  He was charged with tw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13500537\charrsid14815741 
o offences of rape.  The complainant in each case was the daughter of his cousin.  The rape to which the first charge related was alleged to have taken place on 22 January 2011.  The rape to which the second charge related 
was alleged to have taken place between 1 July 2010 and 31 December 2010.  The second charge was a representative charge.  In other words, the rape to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5968899\charrsid14815741  which it related was said to have been}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13500537\charrsid14815741  one of a number of similar offences which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid15036662\charrsid14815741 
Ram was alleged to have committed against the complainant in the period to which the charge related.  Ram\rquote s conduct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036662\charrsid14815741 
was reported to the police on 30 May 2011.  He was interviewed by the police on 8 June 2011, but he was not charged unti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2445703\charrsid14815741 l 1 September}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15036662\charrsid14815741  2015. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036662 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14815741 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815741\charrsid14815741 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036662\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10355218 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036662\charrsid14815741 Ram\rquote s trial on these two charg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3896636\charrsid14815741 es began on 21 May}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036662\charrsid14815741  2018 in the High Court at Lautoka before Goundar J.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3896636\charrsid14815741 
He had pleaded not guilty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036662\charrsid14815741 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13190638\charrsid14815741 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10570287\charrsid14815741 t the conc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5968899\charrsid14815741 lusion of the State\rquote s case, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9469573\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5968899\charrsid14815741 judge acquitted Ram on the first}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10570287\charrsid14815741  charge.  The trial then continued on the second charge.  A major}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3896636\charrsid14815741 ity of the assessors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15036662\charrsid14815741 ex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3896636\charrsid14815741 pressed the opinion that Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10570287\charrsid14815741  was guilty on that charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5968899\charrsid14815741 , and the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9469573\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036662\charrsid14815741 judge agreed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10570287\charrsid14815741 
with them.  He sentenced Ram to 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036662\charrsid14815741  y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10570287\charrsid14815741 ears\rquote  imprisonment with a non-parole period of 10 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5701817 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5701817 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036662\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid15036662\charrsid14815741 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10570287\charrsid5701817 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10355218\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10570287\charrsid5701817 Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15036662\charrsid5701817  appealed to the Court of Appeal against his convictio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6387681\charrsid5701817 n.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15036662\charrsid5701817 The single judge refused to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6387681\charrsid5701817 
grant him leave to appeal.  He renewed his application to the Full Court, which also refused him leave to appeal.  Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15036662\charrsid5701817  now applies to the Supreme Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6387681\charrsid5701817 urt for leave to appeal against}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15036662\charrsid5701817  his conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6387681\charrsid5701817  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5701817\charrsid5701817 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5701817\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5701817\charrsid5701817 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5701817\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6387681\charrsid5701817  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15036662\charrsid5701817 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14815741 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1602752\charrsid14815741 The State\rquote s case
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1602752\charrsid5701817 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10355218\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1602752\charrsid5701817 The State\rquote 
s case was based entirely on the evidence of the complainant.  She was 25 years old at the time of the trial, but she was only 17 when the incidents which gave rise to the charges began.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10633439\charrsid5701817 She turned 18 in the last month of the period covered by the second charge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15490997\charrsid5701817   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1602752\charrsid5701817 I shall refer to her as C in order to preserve her anonymity.  She was still at school at the time.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13839350\charrsid5701817 Her home was not far from Ram
\rquote s, and s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1602752\charrsid5701817 he used to spend a good deal of her time at Ram\rquote s home }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13839350\charrsid5701817 
doing household chores in order to pay for her bus fare to school.  She claimed that during the period to which the second charge related he forced her to have sexual intercourse with him about six times.  He would use force to take off her 
clothes, lay on top of her and put his penis into her vagina.  Sh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5968899\charrsid5701817 e could feel it inside her.  He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13839350\charrsid5701817 
 threatened to kill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5968899\charrsid5701817  her if she told anyone what he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13839350\charrsid5701817 
 was doing.  She did not know whether he really meant to carry out that threat, but she did not tell anyone about it.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13566401\charrsid5701817 
He was much older than her, and she did not want her parents to know what was happening.  She eventually realized that she was pregnant.  Her neighbour susp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8074027\charrsid5701817 ected that}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13566401\charrsid5701817 .  She questioned C about it, and C eventually admitted that she was pregnant, and said that Ram was responsible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8074027\charrsid5701817   That was on 22 May 2011.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13190638\charrsid5701817   She did not say that she had been raped on 22 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2832707\charrsid5701817  2011}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13190638\charrsid5701817  \endash  the date to which the first charge related \endash  which wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5968899\charrsid5701817 s why the judge acquitted h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3410499 im}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5968899\charrsid5701817  on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5701817\charrsid5701817  that charge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13566401\charrsid5701817 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5701817\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5701817\charrsid5701817 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15490997\charrsid5701817 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10355218\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15490997\charrsid5701817 One feature of C\rquote s evidence needs to be me}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13190638\charrsid5701817 ntioned.  She made a witness statement on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15490997\charrsid5701817  28 May 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13190638\charrsid5701817 11.  In it, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15490997\charrsid5701817 she referred to a single occasion on which Ram had raped her.  She said that it had been on 22 January 2011.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13190638\charrsid5701817 No doubt that was why the first charge had been brought against him.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15490997\charrsid5701817 She did not mention }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13190638\charrsid5701817 in that statement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15490997\charrsid5701817 having been raped on any other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13190638\charrsid5701817 occasion.  She was asked which part of her evidence was true: had she been raped on 22 January 2011 as she had said in her witness statement, or had she been raped}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817  a number of times between July and December 2010 as s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13190638\charrsid5701817 he had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817 
 said in her oral testimony?  She said that her oral testimony had been true.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5701817\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5701817\charrsid5701817 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5701817\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5701817\charrsid5701817 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5701817\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817 Thi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16525964\charrsid5701817 s line of cross-examin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817 ation did not tell the whole story.  C had made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16525964\charrsid5701817 a second witne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817 ss statement three days later \endash  on 31 May 2011.  I
t was among the disclosures.  It was in that witness statement that she referred to the \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16525964\charrsid5701817 more than six time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817 s\'94 that she had been raped between July}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16525964\charrsid5701817  and D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817 ece}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5968899\charrsid5701817 mber 2010}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16525964\charrsid5701817 .  That witness s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817 tatement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16525964\charrsid5701817 was not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817  put to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16525964\charrsid5701817 her.  The impression woul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817 d therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16525964\charrsid5701817 hav}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817 e been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16525964\charrsid5701817 created that she had never told the police anything abou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817 t what had happened in 2010.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16525964\charrsid5701817 That would have been a false}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5968899\charrsid5701817 
 impression, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16525964\charrsid5701817  since the judge was not told anything about the later witness }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5968899\charrsid5701817 
statement that false impression \endash  which was favourable to Ram \endash  was not corrected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16525964\charrsid5701817 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5701817\charrsid5701817 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5701817\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9010343\charrsid5701817  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13190638\charrsid5701817   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15490997\charrsid5701817 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14815741 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13566401\charrsid14815741 Ram\rquote s case
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13566401\charrsid5701817 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10355218\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13566401\charrsid5701817 Ram gave evidence at the trial.  He claimed that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9469573\charrsid5701817 C occasionally visited him but never to do any housework.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15687643\charrsid5701817 On one occasion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13566401\charrsid5701817 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15687643\charrsid5701817 
n December 2010 she gave him a hug when he was lying on his bed watching a film}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13566401\charrsid5701817 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15687643\charrsid5701817 
He told her off and asked her to go home.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13566401\charrsid5701817 Nothing more had happened then, but over the next few weeks }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15687643\charrsid5701817 she continued to visit him.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13566401\charrsid5701817 hey }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15687643\charrsid5701817 eventually }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13566401\charrsid5701817 developed feelings for each other, and in January 2011 they had sexual intercourse on one occasion.  It was 
entirely consensual.  He acknowledged that he was the father of the child she eventually gave birth to, but claimed that the occasion when she had got pregnant was the only time they had had sexual intercourse.  They had not had sexual intercourse in 2010
 at all, let alone sexual intercourse without her consent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5701817 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5701817\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13839350\charrsid5701817  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13566401\charrsid5701817 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14815741 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5701817 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9469573\charrsid14815741 The judge\rquote s judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13839350\charrsid14815741    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1602752\charrsid14815741     
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5968899\charrsid9600302 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 10.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1721131\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5968899\charrsid9600302 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9469573\charrsid9600302  judge found C to have been a convincing witness.  He described her as \'93honest and reliable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8074027\charrsid9600302 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9469573\charrsid9600302 .  The judge did not say that there had been anything in the way in which she had given her evidence for h}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8074027\charrsid9600302 im to doubt what she had said.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11350479\charrsid9600302 
  Nor did he say that he found anything implausible in her account of what she said had happened to her.  He was alive to the fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8074027\charrsid9600302  t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11350479\charrsid9600302 hat C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8074027\charrsid9600302  had kept going back to Ram\rquote s home after he had fo
rced himself on her the first time.  He noted that she had said that she had done that because she trusted him.  Many people might regard that as surprising, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5968899\charrsid9600302 but if the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8074027\charrsid9600302 judge did, he did not say so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1507968\charrsid9600302   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9600302 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9600302\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8074027\charrsid9600302   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11350479\charrsid9600302 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14815741 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11350479\charrsid14815741 The grounds of appeal
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10633439\charrsid10355218 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 11.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14363298\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633439\charrsid10355218 In his petition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1507968\charrsid10355218  to the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633439\charrsid10355218  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11350479\charrsid10355218 Ram }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1507968\charrsid10355218 relies on the grounds of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10633439\charrsid10355218  consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9179282\charrsid10355218 ed by the Court of Appeal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4734212\charrsid10355218 He had d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4937798\charrsid10355218 rafted those grounds himself.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9179282\charrsid10355218 All but one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10633439\charrsid10355218  of them can be disposed of relatively briefly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1507968\charrsid10355218  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6181215\charrsid10355218  First, h
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9179282\charrsid10355218 e claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2893659\charrsid10355218  that there was no e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8979647\charrsid10355218 vidence that C had been forced to have sexual intercourse with him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid10355218 .  However, the effect of C\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6181215\charrsid10355218  evidence was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2893659\charrsid10355218  that she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid10355218 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2893659\charrsid10355218 submitted to what he was doing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8979647\charrsid10355218 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2893659\charrsid10355218  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid10355218 even though she had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6181215\charrsid10355218  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6628776\charrsid10355218 
not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid10355218 been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6628776\charrsid10355218 consenting to it.  C was not asked why she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid10355218 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6628776\charrsid10355218 submitted to sexual intercourse.  It could have been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2893659\charrsid10355218 
 because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1979099\charrsid10355218 of his threat to kill her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6628776\charrsid10355218  if she told anyone what he was doing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1979099\charrsid10355218 to her.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6628776\charrsid10355218   It could have been because she needed the money he was paying her.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8979647\charrsid10355218   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6628776\charrsid10355218 But whatever the reason, the fact is that it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9179282\charrsid10355218 
reasonably }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6628776\charrsid10355218 open to the judge on the evidence as a whole to conclude that this was a case of submission, rather than consent, to sexual intercourse.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10355218\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10355218\charrsid10355218 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6628776\charrsid5920746 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 12.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5920746\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6628776\charrsid5920746 Secondly, Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8979647\charrsid5920746  cl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9179282\charrsid5920746 aims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8979647\charrsid5920746 
 that if he had forced C to have sexual intercourse with him, there would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2893659\charrsid5920746  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8979647\charrsid5920746 
in all likelihood have been some injury which a medical examination on her would have revealed.  The absence of any evidence to that effect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6181215\charrsid5920746 
 showed, so he claimed, that any sexual intercourse was consensual.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6628776\charrsid5920746   There are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8156407\charrsid5920746 
 a number of answers to that, but the most obvious one is that C only told her neighbo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid5920746 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8156407\charrsid5920746 
r about what she said Ram had been doing to her five months after the last time on which she claimed to have been forced to have sexual intercourse with him.  If she had had any injuries as a result of that, 
they are likely to have disappeared well before any medical examination could have taken place.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5920746\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5920746\charrsid5920746 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5920746\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5920746\charrsid5920746 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8156407\charrsid5920746 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 13.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5920746\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8156407\charrsid5920746 Thirdly, Ram }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9179282\charrsid5920746 relies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8156407\charrsid5920746  on the fact that it was only after C had discovered that she was pregnant that she complained tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid5920746 t he had raped her.  Ram claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8156407\charrsid5920746  that 
she only complained about being raped because she did not want it to be thought that she had got pregnant as a result of consensual sexual intercourse with someone.  But whether that was what really had happened was for the assessors and then the judge to
 decide.  The judge must have rejected that possibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9179282\charrsid5920746 , and it cannot be said that it was not reasona}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid5920746 bly open to him to reach the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9179282\charrsid5920746  view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid5920746  he did}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9179282\charrsid5920746 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5920746\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5920746\charrsid5920746 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9179282\charrsid5920746 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 14.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14375117\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9179282\charrsid5920746 
Fourthly, Ram argues that if he had been having unwanted sexual intercourse with C for six months or so, the
 local community would not have supported his candidature for the position of Advisory Counsellor for the district.  Again, there are a number of answers to that, but the most obvious one is that it assumes that the local community would have known what h
ad been going on behind the closed doors of Ram\rquote s home.  That was not suggested at the trial, let alone explored in the evidence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5920746\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5920746\charrsid5920746 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5920746\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5920746\charrsid5920746 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9179282\charrsid11015186 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 15.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid11015186\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9179282\charrsid11015186 Fifthly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid90029\charrsid11015186 on 11 February 2016 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11015186 \endash  five months o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid11015186 r so after Ram had been charged 
\endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid90029\charrsid11015186 C wrote to the Director of Public Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8156407\charrsid11015186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid90029\charrsid11015186 requesting that the charges against Ram be dropped.  In that letter, she said that Ram had never raped her, that it was her father who 
had reported the matter to the police, and that she was not aware of what details he had told the police.  Ram says that this letter was \'93overlooked\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2058933\charrsid11015186 by the State\rquote 
s lawyer at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid90029\charrsid11015186  the trial, and had the assessors known about it, the outcome}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2058933\charrsid11015186  of the case might ha
ve been ve}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid90029\charrsid11015186 ry different.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2058933\charrsid11015186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11015186\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11015186\charrsid11015186 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2058933\charrsid13400699 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 16.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13400699\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2058933\charrsid13400699 
What actually happened puts a different complexion on things.  The transcript of the first day of the trial shows that the existence of this letter, and the use to which it could be put at the trial, was discussed with the judg
e before the trial got under way.  The State\rquote s lawyer had not seen the letter at that stage, though Ram\rquote s lawyer had.  He told the judge that he was intending to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11042708\charrsid13400699 
cross-examine C about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2058933\charrsid13400699 it, even though }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11042708\charrsid13400699 that had not been referred to on the pre-trial conferenc
e checklist.  The judge said that Ram\rquote s counsel could cross-examine C about it, and that the State\rquote s counsel could then re-examine her on it.  In the event, Ram\rquote 
s counsel did not cross-examine C about it at all, and there was therefore no need for C to be 
re-examined about it.  That was why the assessors knew nothing about it.  There was, of course, no obligation on the State to raise the letter in the trial.  The defence knew about it, and it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2233667\charrsid13400699  was for them to decide what use to ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11042708\charrsid13400699 ke of it.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13400699\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13400699\charrsid13400699 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13400699\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13400699\charrsid13400699 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11042708\charrsid13400699 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 17.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13400699\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11042708\charrsid13400699 We have not been told why Ram\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2233667\charrsid13400699 s cou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11042708\charrsid13400699 nsel did not cross-examine C about it.  It is unlikely that he completely forgot about it.  After all, it was he who}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid13400699  had raised it with the judge in the first place.  It is more likely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11042708\charrsid13400699 
 that he decided that it was just too risky to introduce it.  For all he knew, C might have said that it was Ram who put h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2233667\charrsid13400699 er up to write the letter.  Tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11042708\charrsid13400699 t w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2233667\charrsid13400699 ould have been very damaging fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11042708\charrsid13400699 r Ram.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2233667\charrsid13400699   The bottom line here is that Ram cannot complain about the non-use of the letter at the trial when
 it was the defence who decided not to use it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13138858\charrsid13400699  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095633\charrsid13400699 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13400699\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13400699\charrsid13400699 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14815741 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2233667\charrsid14815741 Delay
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2233667\charrsid13400699 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 18.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13922958\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2233667\charrsid13400699 The one ground of appeal which calls for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid13400699 more }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2233667\charrsid13400699 
mature and careful consideration is the dela}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15554397\charrsid13400699 y.  Ram\rquote s lawyers did not rely on that delay for any purpose before Ram\rquote 
s trial.  No application for a stay of the proceedings was made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12915146\charrsid13400699 .  It was brought up }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4937798\charrsid13400699 
for the first time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12915146\charrsid13400699 as a ground of appeal by Ram in written submissions prepared by him dated 28 January 2019.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4937798\charrsid13400699   However, he was subsequently represented by a lawyer in the Legal Aid Commission.  She drafted written submissions on Ram\rquote 
s behalf dated 23 October 2020.  Those submissions did not rely on the delay.  Those were the submissions considered by the single judge.  Since they did not suggest that the delay had had an impact on either Ram\rquote 
s conviction or sentence, the issue of delay was not considered by the single judge when he refused Ram leave to appeal against his conviction.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13400699\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13400699\charrsid13400699 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4937798\charrsid13400699 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 19.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13922958\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4937798\charrsid13400699 By the time Ram\rquote 
s renewed application for leave to appeal against his conviction was heard by the Full Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4734212\charrsid13400699 , he had filed revised subm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid13400699 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4734212\charrsid13400699 ssion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid13400699 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4734212\charrsid13400699 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5076495\charrsid13400699 He had drafted them himself.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4734212\charrsid13400699 
They contained the grounds of appeal which the Full Court considered.  They included delay.  That ground was considered by the Full Court.  Having referred to a number of authorities, it concluded that Ram had 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13400699\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13400699\charrsid13400699 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13400699\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs4\insrsid13400699\charrsid13400699 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri855\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin855\lin1134\itap0\pararsid13400699 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4734212\charrsid14815741 \'93 \'85
 not demonstrated how his defence was prejudiced by the so called delay or how the alleged delay infringed his right to a fair trial or how the criminal proceedings had not been fair to him.  There is no abuse 
of process here and the trial against the appellant had not been oppressive or vexatious.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\i\f0\fs24\super\insrsid4734212\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4530255 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255  [2023] FJCA 66 at para 11 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4530255\charrsid4734212 per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255  Prematilaka RJA).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4937798\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri567\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid14815741 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs14\insrsid13400699\charrsid13400699 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5733991\charrsid13922958 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 20.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2884424\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid13922958 Much of what I have to say about the law on the impact of delay on the fairness of a defendant\rquote s trial has been said in one of the other judgments handed down today \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid13922958 Waqaninavatu v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid13922958  \endash 
 but I repeat here what was said there for ease of reference.  I begin by restating what is well-known \endash  that defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15554397\charrsid13922958  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid13922958 have the right under section 15(1) of the Constitution to a fair tr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1787107\charrsid13922958 ial, as well the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid13922958  right under section 14(2)(g) of the Constitution \'93to have the trial begin and conclude without unreasonable delay\'94.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13922958\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13922958\charrsid13922958 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5733991\charrsid2884424 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 21.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2884424\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid2884424 Two distinct rights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid2884424 .  The right to a fair trial and the right to be tried \'93without unreasonable delay\'94 will often overlap, but they are distinct and separate rights.  Breach of the right to be tried \'93
without unreasonable delay\'94 will not necessarily amount to a breach of the right to a fair trial.  As Wilson J said in the Supreme Court of New Zealand in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid2884424 R v Williams}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid2884424 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2884424\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2884424\charrsid2884424 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2884424\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs2\insrsid2884424\charrsid2884424 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri855\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx8505\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin855\lin1134\itap0\pararsid2884424 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \'93\'85
 the court may be satisfied that the right to be tried without undue delay has been infringed although the accused has been unable to demonstrate any particular prejudice in defending the charges.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255  [2009] 2 NZLR 750 at para 9.  The right to be tried \'93without undue delay\'94
 is guaranteed by section 25(b) of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid2884424 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 A little later, he said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri855\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx8647\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin855\lin1134\itap0\pararsid2884424 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \'93
The right to trial without undue delay is directed to the time that elapses bet
ween arrest and final disposition, including any appeal, whereas the right to a fair trial comes into play at the time of trial.  The two rights overlap, however, where the consequence of undue delay in bringing an accused to trial is that a fair trial ca
nnot be held.  Both rights are then breached.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3082\langfe1033\langnp3082\insrsid4530255\charrsid2325296  Para 19.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14509947\charrsid14509947 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 22.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14509947\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 The remedy for breach of these rights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 .  Where a defendant\rquote 
s right to a fair trial has been infringed by the delay in bringing the trial on, the usual remedy will be a stay of the proceedings.  However, where only the defendant\rquote s right to be tried \'93without unreasonable delay\'94
 has been infringed, a stay of the proceedings, as Wilson J said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 , will not be \'93
a mandatory or even a usual remedy\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3082\langfe1033\langnp3082\insrsid4530255\charrsid2325296  Para 18.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947   That was explained by Lord Bingha
m in the Court of Appeal in England in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 Attorney-General\rquote s Reference (No 2 of 2001)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 
 as follows:   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14509947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14509947\charrsid14509947 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri855\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin855\lin1134\itap0\pararsid14509947 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \'93If the breach is established before the
 hearing, the appropriate remedy may be a public acknowledgement of the breach, action to expedite the hearing to the greatest extent practicable and perhaps, if the defendant is in custody, his release on bail. It will not be appropriate to stay or dismi
s
s the proceedings unless (a) there can no longer be a fair hearing or (b) it would otherwise be unfair to try the defendant. The public interest in the final determination of criminal charges requires that such a charge should not be stayed or dismissed i
f
 any lesser remedy will be just and proportionate in all the circumstances. The prosecutor and the court do not act incompatibly with the defendant's Convention right in continuing to prosecute or entertain proceedings after a breach is established in a c
a
se where neither of conditions (a) or (b) is met, since the breach consists in the delay which has accrued and not in the prospective hearing. If the breach of the reasonable time requirement is established retrospectively, after there has been a hearing,
 
the appropriate remedy may be a public acknowledgement of the breach, a reduction in the penalty imposed on a convicted defendant or the payment of compensation to an acquitted defendant. Unless (a) the hearing was unfair or (b) it was unfair to try the d
e
fendant at all, it will not be appropriate to quash any conviction. Again, in any case where neither of conditions (a) or (b) applies, the prosecutor and the court do not act incompatibly with the defendant's Convention right in prosecuting or entertainin
g the proceedings but only in failing to procure a hearing within a reasonable time.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf1\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3082\langfe1033\langnp3082\insrsid4530255\charrsid2325296  [2004] AC 72 at para 24.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255 The references to \'93the defendant\rquote 
s Convention right\'94 are references to the right in Art 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights to be tried \'93within a reasonable time\'94. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14509947\charrsid14815741 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 23.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14509947\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 The time to apply for a stay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 .  Where it is said that a defendant cannot have a fair trial \endash 
 whether because of the delay or for some other reason \endash  the appropriate time for him to apply for a stay of the proceedings is before the trial begins.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1787107\charrsid14509947 
As I have said, n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 o application for a stay was made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1787107\charrsid14509947  on Ram\rquote s behalf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947  before his trial.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1787107\charrsid14509947 Indeed,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 
 the issue of delay was not raised by his lawyers prior to the trial at all.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1787107\charrsid14509947 Should Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 
 nevertheless be allowed to argue after his trial that the delay in bringing him to trial was such that he was denied a fair trial? 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14509947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14509947\charrsid14509947 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 24.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7750727\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 
The question whether, after the trial has taken place,  a defendant can c
hallenge his conviction on the ground of the delay in bringing him to trial when he had not previously said that the delay had prevented him from having a fair trial was considered by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947 Seru v The State.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3082\langfe1033\langnp3082\insrsid4530255\charrsid2325296  [2003] FJCA 26.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14509947   In that cas
e, both defendants had raised the issue of delay prior to their trial, and the Court of Appeal considered two matters.  First, by what route did the Court of Appeal have jurisdiction to treat delay as a ground of appeal, even if the issue of delay had bee
n
 raised before the trial?  Secondly, where the issue of delay had not been raised before the trial, could it subsequently be raised on an appeal against conviction?  The Court of Appeal did not express a final answer on either of those questions.  What it
 said was this:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14509947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14509947\charrsid14509947 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14509947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs2\insrsid14509947\charrsid14509947 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri855\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin855\lin1134\itap0\pararsid14509947 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \'93 \'85
 the State did not deny the Court had jurisdiction to consider the argument based on section 29(3). In the absence of argument we do not express a final opinion on the foundation of the jurisdiction, but the possibilities include regard
ing it as founded on the miscarriage of justice ground under section 23(1)(a) of the\~Court of Appeal Act 1949; or the rationale may be that section 29(3) expands the statutory grounds of appeal. A leading decision in the Supreme Court of Canada,\~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 R v Morin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 (1992) CR (4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf1\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 
) 1 dealt with a delay argument after trial and conviction; although the appellant\rquote s contention failed, none of the judgments suggested the argument could not be raised at that stage. Likewise, in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 R v Coghill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 [1995] 3 NZLR 651}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 a full court o
f the New Zealand Court of Appeal dealt with a delay argument under the corresponding New Zealand legislation, on an appeal after trial. We consider it is open to an appellant to raise the delay issue post trial, certainly in cases where, as here, the poi
n
t has been taken pre trial, and an appeal against dismissal was lodged and remained extant. To what extent this Court has jurisdiction to entertain such a ground post trial in different circumstances must remain to be decided in cases where that issue ari
ses.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs16\cf1\insrsid14509947\charrsid14509947 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid14509947 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid1787107\charrsid14815741 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .     The cases of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 Morin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 Coghill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  cited in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  were, like }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 , cases in which, unlike the present case, the issue of delay was raised prior to the defendants\rquote 
 trial.  I have come across only one case prior to the present one in which an appellate court has had to consider the issue of delay when the issue had not been raised prior to the defendant\rquote 
s trial.  That case is the decision of the Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 Nalawa v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3082\langfe1033\langnp3082\insrsid4530255\charrsid2325296 
 [2010] FJSC 2.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 
  It did not specifically address the question whether a failure to raise the issue of delay prior to the trial prevented it from being raised on appeal.    It referred to the judgment of the Court of Appeal which had noted that the case had been adjourne
d a very large number of times.  The Court of Appeal had acknowledged that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs10\cf1\insrsid14509947\charrsid14509947 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri855\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin855\lin1134\itap0\pararsid14509947 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \'93
many of the adjournments were simply due to the unavailability at 
Lautoka of sufficient magistrates to enable matters to be heard in a timely manner.  But many of the adjournments were at the request of the appellant after the withdrawal of defence counsel, after the sacking of defence counsel or while the appellant sou
ght legal aid \'85\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid3016357 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 
Although the Supreme Court noted that \'93not once did he or legal aid solicitors appearing on occasion for him \'85 complain about delay or breach of his right to be tried within a reasonable time\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3082\langfe1033\langnp3082\insrsid4530255\charrsid2325296  Para 31}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 , it said that it was led \'93to the inescapable conclusion that the petitioner is the cause of his own problems as far as delay is concerned\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3082\langfe1033\langnp3082\insrsid4530255\charrsid2325296  Para 32.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741   Looking at these passages in the round, it looks to me as if the Supreme Court refused leave to appeal, not so much because it had no power
 to consider an appeal based on delay when delay had not been raised as an issue before the trial, but rather because it was the defendant in that case (or perhaps his lawyers) who had been responsible for much of the delay, and the defendant was therefor
e the author of his own misfortune.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid3353877\charrsid14815741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid3016357 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid1787107\charrsid14815741 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid1787107\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid7750727 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid1787107\charrsid14815741 In my view, the failure of Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 
 or his lawyers to apply for a stay of the proceedings before his trial did not prevent him from raising the issue of delay on his appeal against his conviction.  The reason is that
 in many cases, the adverse impact of the delay on the fairness of the trial may well not become apparent until the trial is already under way.  For instance, it may not have been appreciated before the trial began that the memory of a particular witness 
w
ho it was believed could have given evidence favourable to the defence was as poor as it turned out to be, or that such a witness had become unavailable, whether through death, illness, absence overseas or being unable to be found.  And every lawyer knows
 
that unexpected things can emerge in the course of a trial.  Perhaps a new issue has arisen, but as a result of the delay witnesses who might have been able to give evidence favourable to the defence on that issue are not available.  Other examples can be
 given, but that is sufficient to make the point.  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid10051183\charrsid14815741 n my opinion, it was open to Ram to argue in the Court of Appeal that there had been a breach of his}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  right to a fair trial and his right to be tried \'93without reasonable delay\'94
, even though the issue of delay had not been raised before his trial.  That accords with what the Supreme Court did in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 Nalawa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 , even though it did not consider the jurisdictional basis for doing so.      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid3353877 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741     
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid10755685 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1787107\charrsid14815741 27}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 The consequences of delay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .  A lengthy 
delay in bringing a defendant to trial has two consequences.  The first, of course, is that it could have an adverse impact on the trial itself.  I have already touched on that: the unavailability of witnesses, the impact of the delay on their memory, the
 
destruction or loss of relevant documents to name just a few.  But there is also the impact of the delay on the defendant.  Some delay will be inevitable as both sides prepare for trial, and once they are ready, a judge, a courtroom and court staff will h
a
ve to be made available, but the longer the delay, the greater the impact of the prosecution on the defendant.  If the charges are serious, and the defendant knows that he or she will be going to prison for a long time in the event of conviction, life for
 
them will often stand still.  They cannot make plans for the future as they do not know what the future will hold.  They may be suspended or dismissed from their employment.  Their family life will inevitably be affected.  They may still be able to get a 
f
air trial, but that does not mean that they have not been prejudiced in other ways.  The anxiety of someone who is awaiting trial and is presumed to be innocent until his guilt has been established at trial should not be underestimated.  In addition, the 
defendant may have been remanded in custody pending his trial or subject to onerous bail conditions.  The fact that delay has both these consequences was pithily expressed by Lord Templeman in the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 Mungroo v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-851\li851\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid3353877 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs14\insrsid3353877\charrsid3353877 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri855\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin855\lin1134\itap0\pararsid3353877 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \'93
The right to a fair trial \lquote within a reasonable time\rquote 
 secures, first, that the accused is not prejudiced in his defence by delay and, secondly, that the period during which an innocent person is under suspicion and any accused suffers from uncertainty and anxiety is kept to a minimum.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3082\langfe1033\langnp3082\insrsid4530255\charrsid2325296 
 [1991] 1 WLR 1351 at page 1352.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255 The right to be tried \'93within a reasonable time\'94 is guaranteed by the Constitution of Mauritius.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3353877\charrsid14815741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid10755685 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1787107\charrsid14815741 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 The test for determining breach of these rights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 Morin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 , Sopinka J in the S
upreme Court of Canada said:                   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri855\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin855\lin1134\itap0\pararsid13583946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \'93
The general approach to a determination as to whether the right [to be tried within a reasonable time] has been denied is not by the application of a mathematical or administrative formula but rather by a ju
dicial determination balancing the interests which the section is designed to protect against factors which either inevitably lead to delay or are otherwise the cause of delay \'85
 While the Court has at times indicated otherwise, it is now accepted that the factors to be considered in analyzing how long is too long may be listed as follows:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri567\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin567\lin1134\itap0\pararsid13583946\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 the length of the delay;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}waiver of time periods;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}the reasons for the delay, including
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1575\ri567\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin567\lin1575\itap0\pararsid14815741\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  inherent time requirements of the case,
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab} actions of the accused,
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab} actions of the Crown,
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab} limits on institutional resources, and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1575\ri855\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin855\lin1575\itap0\pararsid13583946\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  other reasons for delay; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri567\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin567\lin1134\itap0\pararsid13583946\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  prejudice to the accused.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid4530255\charrsid9729903 
Morin v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255  [1992] 1 SCR 771 at pagers 787d-788a.  The right to be tried \'93within a reasonable time\'94 is guaranteed by section 11(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri567\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1134\itap0\pararsid13583946\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13583946\charrsid14815741 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid13583946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 
This statement of principle was adopted by the New Zealand Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 Martin v Tauranga District Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255  [1995] 23 NZLR 419.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  and by the courts of Fiji \endash  by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 Mills and ors v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255  [2005] FJCA 6.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  and by the Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 Nalawa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430\charrsid14815741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5259430 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1787107\charrsid14815741 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 
Sopinka J made important comments on all of these factors, but he thought that one particular factor needed to be looked at with a degree of realism.  That factor was \'93limits on institutional resources\'94
.  Very often the system will not be able to accommodate the parties even when they are ready for trial.  We live in a world in which resources are limited.  On that topic, Sopinka J said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430\charrsid14815741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri855\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin855\lin1134\itap0\pararsid5259430 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \'93How are we to re
concile the demand that trials are to be held within a reasonable time in the imperfect world of scarce resources?  While account must be taken of the fact that the state does not have unlimited funds and other government programs compete for the availabl
e resources, this consideration cannot be used to render [the right to be tried within a reasonable time] meaningless.  The Court cannot simply accede to the government\rquote 
s allocation of resources and tailor the period of permissible delay accordingly.  The w
eight to be given to resource limitations must be assessed in light of the fact that the government has a constitutional obligation to commit sufficient resources to prevent unreasonable delay which distinguishers this obligation from many others that com
pete for funds with the administration of justice.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255  At p 795f-j.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5259430\charrsid14815741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5259430 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1787107\charrsid14815741 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5251840 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 I gratefully adopt Sopinka J\rquote 
s approach with one reservation.  Prejudice to the defendant is obviously of critical importance to whether the delay has resulted in a breach of the defendant\rquote 
s common law right to a fair trial, but it is, I think, less relevant to whether the delay has resulted in a breach of his right to be tried \'93without unreasonable delay\'94.  As Wilson J noted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5733991 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid4530255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4530255\charrsid5329858 Op cit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255 , para 54 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4530255\charrsid5329858 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530255 ).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 , a defendant\rquote 
s right to be tried without undue delay may have been infringed even though the defendant has been unable to demonstrate any particular prejudice in defending the charge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5259430 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4530255\charrsid14815741 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 The application of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4530255\charrsid14815741 test to Ram
\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .  With these principles in mind, I turn to the present case.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5654727\charrsid14815741 As I have said, Ram was interviewed by the police on 8 June 2011.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 
We were told that the police sent their file to the office of the Director of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4530255\charrsid14815741  Public Prosecutions on 9 November 2011}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  for a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4530255\charrsid14815741 decision to be made whether Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  should be }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5654727\charrsid14815741 charged, and if so, with what.  We were not told why it took some five months for the file to be sent to the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions.  We were told that t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4530255\charrsid14815741 he police were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11563637\charrsid14815741 then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4530255\charrsid14815741 
required to carry out further investigations, though}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11563637\charrsid14815741  we were not told what they were or w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5654727\charrsid14815741 
hether any further investigations were indeed carried out.  It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11563637\charrsid14815741 may be that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5654727\charrsid14815741 
 none were because when one looks at the disc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4530255\charrsid14815741 los}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5654727\charrsid14815741 ures which were served on the d}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4530255\charrsid14815741 efence in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5654727\charrsid14815741 
2015 after the case had been transferred to the High Court, none of the witness statements disclosed were dated after 9 November 2011 \endash  with the exception of witness statements setting out Ram\rquote 
s response when he was told in 2015 that he was being charged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4530255\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4530255 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430\charrsid14815741 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5654727\charrsid14815741 32.     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445703\charrsid14815741 
We were told that the Director of Public Prosecutions sanctioned the charges on 23 June 2014, more than 2\'bd years after the file had been received at the office.  We were not told}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11563637\charrsid14815741  why it took so long, save for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445703\charrsid14815741 further unspecified investigations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10051183\charrsid14815741  which the police had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11563637\charrsid14815741  required to carry out.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445703\charrsid14815741 
The file was returned the following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11563637\charrsid14815741 day }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445703\charrsid14815741 to the police for Ram to be charged.  However, a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 s I have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5654727\charrsid14815741 said, Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445703\charrsid14815741 
 was not c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 harged with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445703\charrsid14815741 two offences until 1 September 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741 .  We wer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445703\charrsid14815741 e not told why it took over 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5733991\charrsid14815741  months for}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11563637\charrsid14815741  Ram to be charged after the charging decision had been made.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11563637 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430\charrsid14815741 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11563637\charrsid14815741 33.     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11563637\charrsid14815741 
Although Ram was charged with the two offences on 1 September 2015, his trial in the High Court did not begin until 21 May 2018 \endash  about 2\'bd years later.  We have the judge\rquote s brief notes of what happened when Ram\rquote 
s case was listed for mention, and we have been provided with a detailed chronology as well.  These documents show that the disclosures}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4484074\charrsid14815741  were ready to be served on Ram\rquote 
s lawyers by 7 December 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11563637\charrsid14815741 , and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13920283\charrsid14815741 
his pleas of not guilty were tendered on 21 January 2016.  By 24 February 2016 the State had asked for more time to finalise the issues to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10051183\charrsid14815741 
discussed at the pre-trial conference}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13920283\charrsid14815741 .  By then six months had elapsed since Ram had been charged, and the pace of the litigation up to then had not been unreasonable.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11563637 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430\charrsid14815741 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13920283\charrsid14815741 34.     So why did it then take over two year
s for the case to come to trial?  It could have been because of a delay in holding the pre-trial conference, though we were not told when it took place.  It could have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12396045\charrsid14815741 
because the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10051183\charrsid14815741  agreed facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12396045\charrsid14815741  had not been filed by 20 February 2017, even though the ne
ed to agree them had been discussed in court on 21 January 2016.  That is at first blush very surprising.  The agreed facts which were eventually agreed covered C\rquote 
s name and date of birth, where her home was at the relevant time and the fact that she was l
iving with her father, and the dates on which Ram was interviewed and charged.  Without wishing to be too discourteous, a 12 year old would have been able to agree the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10051183\charrsid14815741 
se facts in five minutes rather than}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12396045\charrsid14815741  the 13 months it actually took.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741 Alternatively, the 
delay could have been because of the letter which C wrote asking for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10051183\charrsid14815741 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741 
charges against Ram to be dropped.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12396045\charrsid14815741 But whatever was the cause of the delay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12396045\charrsid14815741 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12396045\charrsid14815741 
 resulted in the case not being ready for trial until 7 July 2017, which was when the date for the trial \endash  21 May 2018 \endash  was fixed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13920283\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13920283\charrsid14815741  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741 35.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10755685 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741 
A lapse of time of almost seven years from the interview of the defendant to trial would not be permitted in more sophisticated jurisdictions.  A delay of this kind \endash  especially in a relatively straightforward case like this \endash 
 simply would not happen.  But it would be wrong to look at Fiji through the same prism.  Although all jurisdictions have their own resource limitations, Fiji does not have the resources \endash  whether in terms of judicial manpower, experienced prose
cutors, courtrooms  and funding \endash  comparable to, say, Australia, New Zealand or the United Kingdom.  That should not be overlooked when you compare the lapse of time in this case with delay which is treated as unacceptable elsewhere.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430\charrsid14815741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid14760259 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741 36.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10755685 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741 In the light of all the circumstances (though leaving as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5138151\charrsid14815741 ide for the present whether Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741  was prejudiced in presenting his defence properly at the trial), the lapse of time in this case \endash 
 with so much of it unexplained \endash  amounted in my opinion to a violation of Ram\rquote 
s right to be tried without unreasonable delay.  That should have been reflected in an appropriate reduction in his sentence.  As it turned out, that is exactly what happened.  Although the trial judge did not have Ram\rquote s constitutional right to be 
tried \'93without unreasonable delay\'94 in mind, he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10383799\charrsid14815741  made a reduction in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741 
 what would otherwise have been the appropriate sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10383799\charrsid14815741 .  After referring to the three weeks during which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10383799\charrsid14815741 Ram had been remanded in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5138151\charrsid14815741 
custody pending his trial, the j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10383799\charrsid14815741 udge said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10755685\charrsid14760259 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10755685 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs12\insrsid10755685 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2430\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10755685 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs12\insrsid10755685 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs2\insrsid5259430\charrsid10755685 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri855\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin855\lin1134\itap0\pararsid5259430 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10383799\charrsid14815741 \'93There is al
so a pre-charge delay of 4 years by the State in charging you and a [systemic] post-charge delay of about 3 years in trying you.  Some concession is made to reflect delay.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\i\f0\fs24\super\insrsid10383799\charrsid14815741 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid10383799 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10383799  Page 38 of the Record of the High Court, para 6.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10383799 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5259430\charrsid14815741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5259430 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12670826\charrsid14815741 37.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12670826\charrsid14815741 Unfortunately, we do not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5138151\charrsid14815741  know what di}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12670826\charrsid14815741 scount the judge gave for the delay.  He did not say what his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5251840\charrsid14815741 starting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12670826\charrsid14815741  point would have been but for the delay.  But we can, I think, make an educated guess.  He said that the current tariff for rape of an adult was between 7 and 15 years\rquote 
 imprisonment.  He added that the aggravating factors in the case were \'93overwhelming\'94: C\rquote s age, the breach of trust, the pregnancy, the thwarting of her ambitions for the future, the disparity in their ages, and the cultural stigma whic
h might prevent her from finding a loving and permanent relationship.  He may well have taken as his starting point somewhere close to the top end of the tariff.  Doing the best I can, I propose to assume that the judge\rquote 
s starting point before factorin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5138151\charrsid14815741 g the delay into the eq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12670826\charrsid14815741 uation would have been 14 years\rquote 
 imprisonment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5138151\charrsid14815741 On that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741  assumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5138151\charrsid14815741 , h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741 e would have discount}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5138151\charrsid14815741 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741  Ram\rquote s sentence by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5138151\charrsid14815741 only one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741 
 year for the delay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430\charrsid14815741 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741 38.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741 
In my opinion, that would have been too little.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12670826\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741  I think that the appropriate discount, be
aring in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4216350\charrsid14815741  min}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741 d how long elapsed before Ram\rquote 
s trial got under way, would have been two years.  So although Ram has not sought leave to appeal against sentence, reducing his sentence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4216350\charrsid14815741 by a further year }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741 is the only way properly to reflect the violation of his constitutional right to have been tried \'93without unreasonable delay\'94. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12670826\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12670826 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5259430 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430\charrsid14815741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5259430 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741 9.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4598444  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741  But what abou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741 t Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741 \rquote 
s right to a fair trial?  Was the delay such that he did not have a fair trial?  It is here, of course, that the question }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741 of prejudice is all important.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932\charrsid14815741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5138151\charrsid14815741  We asked Ram how the delay had had an adverse impact on the fairness of his trial.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12140704\charrsid14815741 To the extent that he understood what he was being asked, he was unable to point to anything specific.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4216350\charrsid14815741 
  As he is not represented, I have tried to look at things from his perspective, but I have not been able to think of anything which could be said to have caused the delay to have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5138151\charrsid14815741 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4216350\charrsid14815741 an adverse impact on the fairness of his trial.  It follows that I do not think that Ram\rquote 
s right to a fair trial has been breached. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9981932 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5259430\charrsid14815741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14815741 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741 Conclusion
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5259430 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741 40.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10563838 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741  For these reasons, I would give Ram leave to appeal against his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741 conviction on the basis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3558755\charrsid14815741 
that his ground of appeal relating to delay involves a question of general legal importance.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741 In accordance with the Supreme Court\rquote 
s usual practice, I would treat the hearing of his application for leave to appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5138151\charrsid14815741 against his conviction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741 as the hearing of the appeal, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3558755\charrsid14815741 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741 I would dismiss }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3558755\charrsid14815741 
his appeal against conviction.  I would allow him to treat his application for leave to appeal against his conviction as also an application for leave to appeal against his sentence.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741 I would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3558755\charrsid14815741 
give him leave to appeal against his sentence on the basis that a substantial and grave injustice might occur if he were not permitted to contend that an insufficient discount was given for the delay in bringing him to trial.  I would allow his}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741  appeal against sentence, I would quash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3558755\charrsid14815741 sentence of 13 years\rquote  imprisonment with a n}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3558755\charrsid14815741 n-parole period of 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741  y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3558755\charrsid14815741 ears}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741 , and I would substitute for it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3558755\charrsid14815741 a sentence of 12 years
\rquote  imprisonment with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741 a non-paro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3558755\charrsid14815741 le period of 9 year}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2832707\charrsid14815741 s.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14815741 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid10563838 Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10563838 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid10563838  J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid10563838 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12271264\charrsid10563838 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12271264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 41.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12271264 \tab I have read the judgment of Keith J in draft and agree wit
h its reasoning and with the orders proposed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14815741 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12271264 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14760259 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10563838\charrsid14815741 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 Orders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741   Leave to appeal against conviction granted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10563838\charrsid14815741 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-491\li851\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 The petitioner\rquote s application for leave to appeal against his conviction be treated as also an application for leave to appeal against his sentence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10563838 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10563838\charrsid10563838 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li851\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs2\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10563838\charrsid10563838 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741   Leave to appeal against sentence granted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10563838\charrsid14815741 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (4)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741   Appeal against conviction dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10563838\charrsid10563838 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs8\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10563838\charrsid8525484 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (5)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741   Appeal against sentence allowed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10563838\charrsid14815741 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (6)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-491\li851\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259\charrsid14815741 Sentence of 13 years\rquote  imprisonment with a non-parole period of 10 years quashed, and a sentence of 12 years\rquote 
 imprisonment with a non-parole period of 9 years substituted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13370259 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10563838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10563838\charrsid10563838 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3085733 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10563838\charrsid3085733 
\par The Hon. Justice Anthony Gates
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10563838\charrsid3085733 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10563838\charrsid3085733 The Hon. Justice Brian Keith
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10563838\charrsid3085733 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10563838\charrsid3085733 The Hon. Justice Terence Arnold
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10563838\charrsid3085733 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10563838\charrsid3085733 
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