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\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid621594 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16609017 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid621594 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13851675\sftnbj {\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s48\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11689685 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid621594 }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11689685  PAGE   \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5317752 4}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid621594 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11689685 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid996779 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid996779 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 APPELLATE JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li284\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid996779 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 CIVIL PETITION NO. CBV 0009 of 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 Court of Appeal No. ABU 0049 of 2021
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li284\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid996779 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid996779 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid996779\charrsid996779 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 PDL INTERNATIONAL PTE LIMITED
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 Petitioner
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid996779 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\tx2268\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid996779 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 AND:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid996779\charrsid996779 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 1. CRUZ HOLDINGS LIMITED
\par 2. CCB ENVICO PTY LIMITED
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 Respondents
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2268\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid996779 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid996779 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 Coram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12868419\charrsid12868419  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 The Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15476983\charrsid12868419 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 Acting Chief Justice Salesi Temo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12868419\charrsid12868419 , 
Acting President of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 The Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15476983\charrsid12868419 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 Justice Terence Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12868419\charrsid12868419 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15476983\charrsid12868419 Madam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 Justice Lowell Goddard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12868419\charrsid12868419 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10818466 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12868419\charrsid12868419  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15729431\charrsid12868419 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10188163\charrsid12868419 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15729431\charrsid12868419  P David KC, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10188163\charrsid12868419 Mr. T Ashley, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15729431\charrsid12868419 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10188163\charrsid12868419 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15729431\charrsid12868419  N Prasad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10188163\charrsid12868419  and Ms. P Verma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13773479\charrsid12868419  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 for the Petitioner
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10818466 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15729431\charrsid12868419 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13202935\charrsid12868419 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15729431\charrsid12868419  V Kapadia }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 r the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15729431\charrsid12868419 First }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10818466 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 
\par Date of Hearing:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12868419  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 14 June, 2024
\par Date of Judgment:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12868419  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10357539\charrsid12868419 30 August,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419  2024

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid11547819 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li284\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid10818466 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs32\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 JUDGMENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs32\insrsid10818466\charrsid12868419 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10818466 Temo, AP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10818466\charrsid11547819 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\langnp5129\insrsid10188163 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s30\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls71\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10188163 I agree entirely with the judgment of His Lordship Mr. Justice Terence Arnold. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10818466\charrsid8409300 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10818466 Arnold, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10818466\charrsid11547819 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6060052\charrsid11566551 Introduction
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [2]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The liability of shipowners has long been limited in a way that has not applied to other business operators}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6060052\charrsid548028 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10561668 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 William Tetley }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749706 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 describes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10561668 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 the position as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid10561668 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10561668 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid10561668 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10561668  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10561668 \tab William Tetley }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid10561668 International Maritime and Admiralty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14433009  Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid10561668  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10561668 (2002 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14433009 \'c9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10561668\charrsid10561668 ditions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10561668  Yvon Blais, Canada) at 271 (footnotes omitted).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6060052 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10561668 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
One of the peculiarities of carriage by sea, as opposed to the law governing other forms of transportation, is the principle that a shipowner may limit its liability to persons suffering loss or damage, or even personal injury o\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
r death, as a result of the operation of the ship.  The owner\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s liability is limited to a maximum sum per occurrence, which the claimants share out of a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 limitation fund\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
, established by way of judicial \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 limitation proceedings\'94\loch\f0 , initiated by the shipowner.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14749706 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [3]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749706 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
This limitation has been justified as being necessary in the public interest to maintain the financial viability of the shipping industry, although it may be that the conditions which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 were thought to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749706 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 justif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749706 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 that approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749706 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in the past no longer exist.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid14749706 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15881585 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid14749706 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749706  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14749706 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15881585 See, for example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1988296 the discussion in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15881585 Aleka Mandaraka-Sheppard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid15881585 Modern Maritime Law Vol 2: Managing Risks and Liabilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15881585  (3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\super\insrsid15881585\charrsid15881585 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid15881585  ed, Informa Law, 2013) at 739-740}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1988296\charrsid13189026 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749706 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Be\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 that as it may, the limitation system is deeply engrained and is likely to remain so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1988296 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  for the foreseeable future}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749706 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid12920878 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15361727 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid12920878 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920878  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12920878 \tab 
For a detailed discussion of the law on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15361727 limitation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12920878  see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15361727  Barnabas Reynolds and Michael Tsimplis }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid15361727 Shipowners\rquote  Limitation of Liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15361727  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16144905 Wolters Kluwer,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid15361727  2012).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749706 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14749706 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [4]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
In common law jurisdictions such as Fiji, the limitation is based on a vessel\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s tonnage and has been imposed by statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13646820 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , currently Part 5 of 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the Maritime Transport Act 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1988296 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (MTA 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9115852 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1988296 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15099171 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1988296 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  right to invoke the limitation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is not confined to registered or beneficial owners of ships \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1988296 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 relevantly for present purposes, it }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 has been extended to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1988296 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 include charterers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1000991 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9115852 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1000991 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The tonnage basis for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid993417 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 calculating }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1000991 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 li\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 mitation and the extension of the right to invoke limitation to charterers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9115852 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
reflect the approach adopted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1000991 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9115852 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  international conventions, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1000991 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 name}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9115852 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15881585 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 International Convention Relating to the Limitation of Liability of Owners of Sea-going Ships 1957}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9115852 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (the 195\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
7 Convention) and the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976 (the 1976 Convention)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749706 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid1643533 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1643533 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid1643533 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1643533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1643533 \tab 
The 1976 Convention is increasingly replacing the 1957 Convention around the world: see Tetley, above n 1, at 276.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11100536   The LLMC Protocol 1996 to the 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8020106 9}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11100536 76 Convention raised the limitation levels.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749706 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1988296 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Fiji has acceded to the 1957 Convention but not the 1976 Convention.  I will examine the significance of this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3503729 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 later in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1988296 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  this judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3879625\charrsid11566551 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6060052\charrsid11566551 Factual background
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15676321\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15676321\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The First Respondent, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6060052\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Cruz Holdings Limited (Cruz)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15676321\charrsid11566551 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6060052\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was the registered owner of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6060052\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  the MV \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Southern Phoenix\'94
\loch\f0 , a general cargo ship with an overall length of just under 90 metres and a gross tonnage of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13851675\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6060052\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 3,113.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15676321\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0   On 6 May 2017, the MV \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Southern Phoenix\'94\loch\f0  ca
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 psized and sank in the port of Suva.  At the time, the vessel was under a time charter to the Petitioner, PDL International PTE Limited (PDL), for a voyage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to Tarawa, Kiritimati and Lautoka from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15676321\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  3 May to 3 June 2017.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3281783 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he charter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3281783 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  was evidenced by a Liner Booking Note dated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7148597 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  May 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3281783 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16215893 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15676321\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Second Respondent, CCB Envico Pty Limited (CCB), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353456\charrsid11566551 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was a shipper with a claim in relation to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15676321\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  cargo aboard the MV \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Southern Phoenix\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353456\charrsid11566551 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13851675\charrsid11566551 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid353456\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [6]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid353456\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The detail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11880854\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353456\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 of the capsize and sinking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11880854\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353456\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  not relevant at this
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  stage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10120190 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , so a short summary will }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11490457 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 be sufficient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10120190 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 . The vessel was in a berth at the port.  When}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11880854\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid353456\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 loading of cargo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10120190 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 had been completed and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353456\charrsid11566551 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 bunkering was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10120190 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 underway}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11880854\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
, the vessel began to list, apparently as a result of the accidental ingress of seawater.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11566551\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   When th\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
e vessel developed a significant list, the harbour master ordered that it be towed off its berth.  As this was occurring, the vessel capsized and ended up lying on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10120190 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 its}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11566551\charrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  port side almost completely under water}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10120190 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  about 200 metres offshore.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353456\charrsid11566551 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11566551\charrsid11566551 The proceedings
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [7]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Anti\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 cipating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3879625 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 that there would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9657093 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 be claims }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 against it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3879625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9657093 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 following}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3879625 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  the casualty to MV \'93\loch\f0 Southern P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3879625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 eonix\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11566551 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Cruz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10757889 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 sought a decree of limitation of liability under Part 5 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 MTA 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10757889 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12275563 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Its amended writ of summons }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10120190 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 dated 26 July 2017 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12275563 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 named as defendants Concrete Solutions (Fiji) Limited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9657093 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (which had cargo aboard the vessel) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12275563 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 All other persons claiming or being entitled to claim damages by reason of, or arising out of the casualty to the MV \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Southern Phoenix\'94\loch\f0 
 which occurred on 6 May 2\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 017\'94\loch\f0 .  The decree was granted, and Cruz }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10757889 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 constituted a limitation fund in the amount of FJ$1,713}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12275563 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ,573.64.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13851675\charrsid11566551 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16215893 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [8]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16215893 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
On 12 October 2017, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11490457 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 PDL issued a summons in which it sought }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a number of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11490457 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  orders.  For present purposes, it is sufficient to note that PDL sought leave to\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  be joined as another plaintiff in Cruz\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s proceedings.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7567251 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 PDL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11490457 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  argued that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3503729 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 because MV \'93
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Southern Pheonix\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7567251 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  was under charter to it at the time of the casualty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3503729 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11490457 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 it was, for limitation purposes, an \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94\loch\f0  within the meaning of section 77 of the MTA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16215893 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 2013 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16215893 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and was \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
entitled to limit its liability in accordance with sections 79 and 81 of the MTA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9259735 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16215893 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7567251 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16215893 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [9]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16215893 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Importantly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  for this appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16215893 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
, PDL argued that it was entitled to limit its liability by reference to the fund constituted by Cruz, so that all claims arising out of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3879625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 casualty to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16215893 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  the MV \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Southern Phoenix\'94\loch\f0 
 had to be dealt with from that fund.  PDL said there was one exception to this, namely any claim that it might have against Cruz under the Booking Note governing its time charter, which was expressed to be subject to E\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
nglish law and London arbitration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13851675 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10231588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [10]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Several of the orders sought by PDL were granted by consent. In particular, there was no dispute that PDL was an \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94\loch\f0 
 for limitation purposes and was entitled to a decree of limitation.   However, one claimant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14616454 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3281783 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 CCB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9657093 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3281783 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 wh
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ile not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3281783 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  object}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3281783 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to PDL being joined to the case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3281783 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  oppose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3281783 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  PDL\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s application to limit its liability by reference to the fund constituted by Cruz.  C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12521117 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3281783 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 B argued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9657093 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3281783 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  PDL should constitute its own fund.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2063202 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Presumably, this was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
in the belief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2063202 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  that an additional fu\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 nd would mean that there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2063202 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  more compensation to be shared among claimants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3281783 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10231588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [11]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16609017 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9844367 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16609017 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9844367 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 dated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16609017 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  8 May 2020, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9844367 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16609017 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
High Court held that if PDL wished to rely on its right to limit its liability, it could not simply rely on the limitation fund constituted by Cruz but had to constitute a further limitation fund }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3879625 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 itself }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16609017 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 for claims against it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid2063202 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid2063202 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2063202  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2063202 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid2063202 PDL International PTE Ltd v Cruz Holdings Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10188163  Admiralty Action No. HBG 1 of 2017, 8 May 2020}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9844367 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16215893 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16609017 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16609017 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 PDL then sought leave to ap\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 peal to the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12521117 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  against this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3879625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , the principal ground being that it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2316838 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 entitled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3879625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to take the benefit of the limitation fund established by Cruz and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9657093 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was not required to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3879625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 establish a separate fund itself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16609017 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14616454 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Because the limitation decree was \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 an interlocutory matter, PDL required leave from the High Court, which declined it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid16609017 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7567251 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid16609017 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16609017  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1405768 PDL International PTE Ltd v Cruz Holdings Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid1405768  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16648157 2021] FJHC 273.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7567251  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14616454 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  However, leave to appeal was granted by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1405768 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a single Judge of the Court of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid1405768 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid1405768 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1405768  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1405768 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1405768 PDL International PTE Ltd v Cruz Holdings Ltd}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1405768  [2022] FJCA 7.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1405768 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9657093 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14616454 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14616454 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In the result, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1405768 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15363275 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Court of Appeal dismissed PDL\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846714 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid15363275 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid15363275 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15363275  \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid15363275 PDL International PTE Ltd v Cruz Holdings Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15363275  [2023] FJCA 39.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846714 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 agreeing with the High Court\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  that PDL could not take the benefit of the limitation fund constituted by Cruz but had to constitute its own fund.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15935043 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The Court ordered PDL to pay Cruz costs of $5,000.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846714 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 PDL then petitioned this Court for leave to appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16609017 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12940144 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid5902694 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 etition for leave to appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5902694\charrsid5902694 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid5902694 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [14]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5902694 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 PDL su\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
bmits that this matter meets the criteria in section 7(3) of the Supreme Court Act 1998 in that it raises }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2063202 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5902694 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 far}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5902694 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 reaching question of law regarding the operation of the maritime law of limitation in Fiji.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12940144 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Court of Appeal\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s judgment, PDL argues, leaves \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the Fiji\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s law of limitation uncertain and at odds with th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 e law that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12940144 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  prevail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12940144 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 internationally.  In support of these contentions, PDL argues that the Court of Appeal adopted the wrong approach to the interpretation of Part 5 of the MTA and failed to put the\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  issue before it in its proper context.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5902694 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14290727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290727 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In its written submissions, PDL summarised the essential question for th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3879625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 Court as being:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290727 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Where a maritime incident occurs that allows a ship\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s owners and charterers to limit liability for all claims arising on a d\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 istinct occasion, does Part 5 contemplate a single limitation sum that can be relied on by all persons within the definition of \'93\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 owner\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (which includes charters and others), or a separate sum in respect of each \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94\loch\f0 ?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14290727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [16]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Even though}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846714 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12940144 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 question has arisen\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1988296 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  what }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12940144 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is technically}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846714 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  an interlocutory application, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I have no doubt that it is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846714 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12940144 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 an important legal issue, particularly given Fiji\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s reliance on sea transportation.  In my view, the section 7(3) criteria are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4668310 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 met,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12940144 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and I would grant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3879625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 PDL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12940144 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 leave to appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846714 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5979933 The Courts below}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12786111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 To give a brief }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5534232 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 preliminary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 overview, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid993417 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 previously}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  noted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5534232 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid993417 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Fiji has acceded to the 1957 Convention but not the 1976 Convention.  Despite that, the relevant Fiji legislation, Part 5 of the MTA 2013, incorporates elements from the 1976 Conventi\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7567251 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , as I will outline in more detail below}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ne important element of the 1976 Convention that Part 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of the MTA 2013 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 does not explicitly incorporate, however, is Art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 icle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  11}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5534232 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [18]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Article 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of the 1976 Convention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 makes it clear that a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15361727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 limitation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 fund c\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
onstituted by one }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15361727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  within the defined class of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94\loch\f0 
 is deemed to be constituted by all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15361727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 persons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  within the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7567251 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 class}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  So, to put it in the context of the present case, a limitation fund constituted by the registered owner of a vessel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (ie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141418 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Cruz) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is dee\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 med to be constituted by a charterer of the vessel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7567251 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 as well }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (ie, PDL) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 because charterers fall within the extended definition of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94\loch\f0 .  PDL argues that}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the absence of a similar provision from the 1957 Convention and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5534232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Part 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of the MTA 2013 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is not sign\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ificant because A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 rt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 icle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 11(3) simply made explicit what the position }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid993417 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was (and remains)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  under the 1957 Convention in any event}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ; moreover,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15099171 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the terms of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Part 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15739595 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 produce the same outcome}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16343732 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15739595 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Accordingly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15099171 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 PDL argues, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s not required to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 constitute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  a separate limitation fund.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1000991 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid282250 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [19]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid282250 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
As will be apparent, n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979933 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 either the High Court nor the Court of Appeal accepted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141418 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 PDL\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979933 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  argument.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid735680 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I will focus on the reasoning of the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11553266 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid735680 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553266 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5391602 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Justice Jameel delivered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8133899 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5391602 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  judgment with which the other members of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5534232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5391602 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ourt agreed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid11553266 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11553266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid11553266 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553266  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11553266 \tab 
An unusual feature of this case is that, at least in the argument before this Court, there was no party opposing the Petitioner\rquote s position.  This means that Court of Appeal\rquote s reasoning is of particular importance.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979933 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid5391602 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5391602 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Jameel JA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid282250 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 described}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5391602 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  PDL\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s principal contention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid282250 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5391602 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid8133899 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid8133899 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8133899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8133899 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid8133899 PDL International PTE Ltd v Cruz Holdings Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8133899 , above n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16648157 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8133899 , at para [3].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5391602 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-11\li0\ri662\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin662\lin0\itap0\pararsid868603 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8133899\charrsid8133899 [PDL]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5391602\charrsid8133899  urges this court to interpret the provisions of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid8133899\charrsid8133899 [Maritime]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5391602\charrsid8133899  Transport Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8133899\charrsid8133899 \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5391602\charrsid8133899 by reading into the Act, the deeming provisions of Article 11(3) of the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Marine Claims, 1976 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid8133899\charrsid8133899 \'85}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5391602\charrsid8133899 , although Fiji is not a signatory to the said Convention. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16321709 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [21]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16321709 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The learned Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6639920 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid282250 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 gave the following summary of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6639920 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he policy behind limitation of shipowners
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  liability:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid10827907 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid10827907 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10827907  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10827907 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid3301426 PDL International PTE Ltd v Cruz Holdings Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3301426 , above n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16648157 8}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3301426 , at para }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10827907 [27].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5391602 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10827907 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
The need to limit liability was triggered by the public policy need to encourage shipping, and restore confidence in ship owners, who had previously been subjected to heavy damages, over and above even the value of the vessel. It is easy to imagine the se
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 se of urgency and self-protection that triggered the creation of the rules of limitation, in a world when international transportation was predominantly confined to travel by sea. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid10827907 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 The Bramley Moore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10827907 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  (1963) 2 Lloyd\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Rep.151, at p 437, Lord Denning said l
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 imitation of liability is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10827907 \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
not a matter of justice, it is a rule of public policy which has its origin in history and its justification in convenience\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10827907 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 Thus, the principle of limitation of liability was designed to encourage shipping by protecting shipowners against having to bear heavy pecuniary damages flowing from the negligent navigation of their ships on the part of their servants and agents.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6639920 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16321709 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16321709 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Jameel\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  JA characterised PDL\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
\hich\f0 s argument as being that \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the court should interpret a statute on the basis of policy, rather than on the basis of the words used in the legislation \'85\'94\loch\f0  and rejected that approach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid282250 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid282250 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12147804 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5508178 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Honour}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid282250 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid5508178 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid5508178 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5508178  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5508178 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid3301426 PDL International PTE Ltd v Cruz Holdings Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3301426 , above n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15729431 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3301426 , at para }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5508178 [47].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid282250 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid282250 \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'85\loch\f0  it is important to note}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5508178 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  that [PD\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 L\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s] argument that the court should interpret a statute on the basis of policy, rather than on the basis of the words used in the legislation, is certainly devoid of legal basis, and has therefore to be rejected.  Further, [PDL] does not contend that ther
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  is any ambiguity in the MTA.  Therefore, there is no need to ascertain the intention of the legislature.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16321709 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid282250 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid5508178 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [23]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5508178 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The learned Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16321709 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  considered that the meaning of the language in Part 5 of the MTA 2013 was plain and meant that PDL had to constitute its own limita\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 tion fund.  The Judge relied particularly on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid881552 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 definitions of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 limitation of liability\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94\loch\f0  in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid881552 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  77.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid881552 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid881552 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid881552  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid881552 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid3301426 PDL International PTE Ltd v Cruz Holdings Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3301426 , above n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15729431 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3301426 , at paras }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid881552 [53]-[57].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid881552 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3156418 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Judge said:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri95\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin95\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3156418 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
In my view, the plain meaning of the words in section 77(b) of the MTA, which provide that when a ship is chartered, the\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3156418 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 owner}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3156418 \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0 
 means the charterer, without doubt requires the charterer to do what an owner would have done if the ship had not been chartered, that is constitute its own limitation fund, if it intended to seek the benefit of limitation of liability.  It cannot
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  possibly be contended as is done by [PDL], that the legislature contemplated that the liability of a charterer, can be foisted on the registered owner.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3156418\charrsid3156418 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862926 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Judge also rejected PDL\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s arguments based on the aggregation provisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid5862926 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid5862926 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862926  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5862926 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid3301426 PDL International PTE Ltd v Cruz Holdings Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3301426 , above n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15729431 8}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3301426 , at para }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5862926 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11354177 60}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5862926 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid11354177 -[62]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5862926 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8748246 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553266 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5508178 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12147804 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12147804 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5508178 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Honour also appears\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to have been troubled by the fact that there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14241546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5508178 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s no mechanism in the MTA 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14241546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  whereby PDL could be made to contribute to the limitation fund.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12147804 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 She}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14241546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9896613 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid5508178\charrsid5391602 
Thus, the fact that PDL decided to have itself joined as a plaintiff in an existing action instead of 
instituting its own independent action for a decree of limitation of liability, cannot be used as a basis on which to claim that a single fund constituted by an existing plaintiff, can also be utilized to its benefit, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid5508178\charrsid14241546 independent and irrespective of any financial commitment on its part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid5508178\charrsid5391602 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5508178 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14241546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (Emphasis added}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14241546 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5508178 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid548028 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [25]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid548028 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I return to the Court of Appeal\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s analysis later in these reasons.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5979933 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5979933\charrsid5979933 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid5979933 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979933 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 To resolve }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553266 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979933 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 his appeal it is necessary to place}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553266 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979933 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553266 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 raises }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979933 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
in context.  This means that the former and current legislative provisions and the two Conventions must be considered.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862926 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
This consideration must be undertaken against the background that limitation of shipowners\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  liability was intended to protect the financ\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ial position of shipowners (and others within the defined class) even though its effect was, at least in some cases, to prevent those who suffered loss from obtaining full}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141418 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5862926 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141418 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 or even substantial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 compensation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141418 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862926 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553266 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid548028 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 protective approach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553266 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was justified as being\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in the public interest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5534232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 order to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5534232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 sustain the viability of sea transportation}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862926 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2846669 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846669 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Before I begin that discussion, however, I should say something about the approach to be adopted to the interpretation of domestic legislation that gives effect to internation\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 al treaties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14241546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , especially given the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846669 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 observations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846669 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in the Court of Appeal\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  about the approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to interpreting Part 5 of the MTA 2013.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846714 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx709\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid12648793\charrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
Interpretation of legislation giving effect to treaties
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2846669 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846669 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Treaties may be implemented in domestic legislation in \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 different ways and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9336312 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2846669 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  even if not implemented }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9336312 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 legislatively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846669 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , may }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9336312 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 nevertheless }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846669 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 be relevant to the interpretation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and/or application }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846669 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of legislation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid2846669 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9336312 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid2846669 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846669  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2846669 \tab For }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9336312 a helpful }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2846669 discussion of this topic, see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9336312  Ross Carter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2846669  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid2846669\charrsid2846669 
Burrows and Carter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2846669  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid2846669 Statute Law in New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2846669  (5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\super\insrsid2846669\charrsid2846669 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2846669  ed, LexisNexis 2015) at 501-519.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12808767   }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9336312 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 terms of implementation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9336312 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , treaties may be implemented }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9336312\charrsid1524373 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 directly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9336312 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  by being given the force of law domestically\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  or }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9336312\charrsid1524373 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 indirectly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9336312 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  by means of statutory provisions which attempt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16535387 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9336312 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 implement the obligations in the treaty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1643533 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
by paraphrasing the treaty rather than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12147804 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 enacting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1643533 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1524373 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 precise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9336312 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 wordin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1643533 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9336312 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1524373 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1643533 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 As to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 interpretation/application}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1524373 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14241546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 statute }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1524373 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
may provide that officials must take }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6360271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 particular}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1524373 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  treaty obligations into account }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6360271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 when}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1524373 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  exercising their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 statutory }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1524373 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 powers or otherwise carrying out their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 statutory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1524373 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 functions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid548028 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ; o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3301426 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1524373 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  treaty obligations may be relevant to the interpretation of a statute where those obligations bear on the particular m\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 atter dealt with in the statute.  In this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid548028 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 latter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1524373 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 situation, the statute should be interpreted consistently with the country\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s international obligations to the extent that its wording allows. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11942453 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Because t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12808767 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he statutes which I discuss below provide examples of \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 both direct and indirect treaty implementation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11354177 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12808767 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
necessary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12808767 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 to consider the approach to interpretation that applies to such statutes.  The first point to make is that the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 states the generally accepted rules\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 of customary international law for the interpretation of treaties.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4072630 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Article 31(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14241546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 provid}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4072630 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 es:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6360271 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid4072630\charrsid4670481 
A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid4072630  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid4072630\charrsid4670481 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid4072630  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid4072630\charrsid4670481 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid4072630  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid4072630\charrsid4670481 given}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid4072630  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid4072630\charrsid4670481 to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid4072630  of it
s object and purpose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid4072630\charrsid4670481 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning0\dbch\af0\langfenp5129\insrsid14102942 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14102942 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The notable feature of Article 31(1) is that it requires that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14102942 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 ordinary meaning of words in a treaty be determined in their context and in light of the object and purpose of the treaty.  That is, it requires an approach which is d\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ifferent from that articulated in the Court of Appeal
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s judgment.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4072630 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [30]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4072630 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Article 32 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of the Vienna Convention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4072630 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
provides that preparatory materials and other aids may be referred to in order to confirm an interpretation resulting from the application of Art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14241546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 icle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4072630 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14102942 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4072630 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  or to determine the meaning where interpretation in accordance with Art
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14241546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 icle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4072630 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 31 results in an ambiguous or obscure meaning or produces a manifestly unreasonable or absurd result. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14102942 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Again, this is different }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14102942 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the approach articulated by the Court of Appea\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 l.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6360271 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9910110 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [31]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9910110 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
These principles obviously apply where a treaty is directly incorporated into domestic law.  They also apply where a treaty is indirectly implemented in domestic law, although in that situation the particular language chosen by the legislature will have
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to be carefully considered.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14241546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
That is because, although the legislation will be intended to implement the treaty, its terms may differ from the terms of the treaty in ways that are significant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9910110 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3686232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [32]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3686232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Ther}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3686232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  is one last point.  As the majority judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877064 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of the Cour\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 t of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3686232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3686232\charrsid11942453 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Air Fiji Ltd v Houng-Lee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3686232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  shows,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid3686232 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3686232 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid3686232 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3686232  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3686232 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid3686232 Air Fiji Ltd v Houng-Lee \endash 
 Majority Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3686232  [2005] FJCA 84.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3686232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 the courts must be conscious of the international jurisprudence when seeking to interpret and apply treaties in a local setting.  That case concerned the compensation of victims of aviation accidents in terms\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 of the Warsaw Convention 1929.  The majority considered a number of decisions from overseas jurisdictions and had regard to international developments more generally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 in reaching their decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3686232 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9910110 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9910110 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
I now turn to consider the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 relevant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9910110 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 statu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9910110 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 es and conventions,\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  beginning with the Marine Act 1986. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14235123 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4072630 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\insrsid3352378\charrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 The Marine Act 1986
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15739595 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [34]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15739595 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 The purpose of the Marine Act was to \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
regulate shipping, to give effect to certain international maritime conventions and for related purposes\'94\loch\f0 .  One of the internation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3352378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15739595 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  conventions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 identified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9504324 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15739595 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the 1957 Convention.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3352378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9504324 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [35]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9504324 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 L
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3352378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 imitation of liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9504324 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  was dealt with in Part 9 of the Marine Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3352378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 .  Section 177(1) provided that the 1957 Convention was to \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 have the force of law as part of the law of Fiji\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid3352378 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid3352378 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3352378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3352378 \tab 
There was one exception to this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13331514 , which is not relevant to the issues in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3352378 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15099171 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  It is, therefore,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9910110 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  an example of the direct implementa
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 tion of a treaty.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15361727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1969687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ection 178(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15361727 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1969687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  a person who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9504324 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was entitled to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1969687 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  limit their liability under the 1957 Convention could apply to the High Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid1969687 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid1969687 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1969687  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1969687 \tab Then called the Supreme Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1969687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 for a determination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15361727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of the limit of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1969687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 their liability where a claim either was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897381 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1969687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9504324 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was about to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1969687 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897381 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1969687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  made against them.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15361727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1969687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he Court had the power to make appropriate orders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15361727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (section 178(2)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1969687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9992497 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Section 180 empowered the responsible Minister to make regulations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9504324 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in relation to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9992497 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  matters that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15361727 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9992497 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15361727 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9992497 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
necessary or convenient to be prescribed for the purpose of carr\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ying out or giving effect to the applied provisions of the [1957] Convention\'94\loch\f0  and specified certain matters that could be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9504324 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 addressed in regulations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9992497 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid9504324 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid9504324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9504324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9504324 \tab As far as I have been able to ascertain, no regulations were ever made under section 180.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9992497 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   The 1957 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9992497 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 and a Protocol to it were annexed to the Marine Act as Schedules 6 and 7 respectively.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620348 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15866872 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15866872 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Incorporating the 1957 Convention into the law of Fiji meant that detailed statutory provisions to give effect to the Convention\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s terms were unnecessary.  Rather, the Convention\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s terms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159200 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , having the force of law,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15866872 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  could be applied directly by practitioners
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and the courts.  Accordingly, it is important to know exactly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897381 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15866872 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 what }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897381 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the 1957 Convention provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15866872 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897381 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5534232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I will not give}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897381 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979933 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
comprehensive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897381 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  description}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979933 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 it
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897381 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5534232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 but rather}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897381 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 will focus on matters relevant to this case.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx709\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\insrsid9504324\charrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 What did the 1957 Convention }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\insrsid12920878\charrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 relevantly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\insrsid9504324\charrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 provide?}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid9504324\charrsid12648793 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4616713 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [37]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616713 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The 1957 Convention, which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159200 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616713 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 still }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid134474 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the applicable treaty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616713 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in a number of states}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 including Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616713 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
, enables a shipowner to constitute a limitation fund calculated by reference to the tonnage of the vessel which suffers the casualty.  The limitation fund is available for the payment of claims that are subject to limitation.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15099171 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The fact that the fund has b\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 een established means that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616713 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3095477 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 claimants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15099171 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 are prevented }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3095477 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 from taking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616713 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 further action against the shipowner\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s property.  The procedure for establishing and making payment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553266 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616713 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  from the limitation fund is a matter for the State in which the fund is constituted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9504324 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11553266 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [38]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553266 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Apart f\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 rom its underlying policy of protecting shipowners by limiting their liability to claimants, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3095477 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 here are }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9138528 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 four}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3095477 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  particular features of the 1957 Convention that are relevant in the present context}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid595220 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3095477 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid595220 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3095477 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3095477 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 First, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid159200 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 1957 Convention expanded the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15099171 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 group of people}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3095477 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  entit
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 led to establish a limitation fund.  In particular, charterers were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14817245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 treated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15099171 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in the same way as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3095477 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14817245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3095477 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14817245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Article }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8140045 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14817245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (2) provided:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3095477 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid595220 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14817245 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
(2)  Subject to paragraph (3) of this Article, the provisions of this Convention shall apply to the charterer, manager and o\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
perator of the ship, and to the master, members of the crew and other servants of the owner, charterer, manager or operator acting in the course of their employment, in the same way as they apply to an owner himself:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14817245\charrsid12475424 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Provided that the total limits of the \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
owner and all such other persons in respect of personal claims and property claims arising on a distinct occasion shall not exceed the amounts determined in accordance with Article 3 of this Convention.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4147507 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12475424 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (Emphasis added.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12475424\charrsid12475424 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid293168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12475424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
italicised }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid293168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 proviso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12475424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid293168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12468363 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 relevan\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to the next point, aggregation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11808311 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4147507 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Second, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15999245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Article 2 provided}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9138528 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  for the aggregation of claims.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Given }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15999245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  importance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15999245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 to the argument,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  I set }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15999245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the provision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  out }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15999245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in full}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6560161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid595220 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid5317752 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9008753\charrsid15999245 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Article 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 . (1) The limit of liability }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15999245 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 prescribed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 by Article 3 of this Convention shall apply to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9008753\charrsid6560161 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 the aggregate of personal claims and property claims which arise on any distinct occasion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9008753 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  without regard to any claims which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15999245 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  have arisen or may arise on any other distinct occasion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9008753 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15999245 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (2) When the aggregate \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
of the claims which arise on any distinct occasion exceeds the limits of liability provided for by Article 3 the total sum representing such limits of liability may be constituted as one distinct sum.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (3) The fund thus constituted shall be available onl\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 y for the payment of claims in respect of which limitation of liability can be invoked.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5375934 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15999245 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 After the fund has been constituted, no claimant against the fund shall be entitled to exercise any right against any other assets of the shipowner in respect o\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
f his claim against the fund, if the limitation fund is actually available for the benefit of the claimant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6560161 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (Emphasis added.)
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808311 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The words of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12475424 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  italicised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808311 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  proviso to Article 6(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8140045 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5375934 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  also relevant in this context}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808311 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12394012 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 suggest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  that the limitation o\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 f liability applies to all claims arising out of a distinct occasion no matter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12394012 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 who within the class}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  they are against}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5375934 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8140045 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14817245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I will return to these provisions later in this judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12787274 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  For the moment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1054165 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I simply note}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12787274 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6560161 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 1957 Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12787274 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  appears to aggregate persona\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
l and property claims arising on a particular occasion irrespective of whether the claims are directed against a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9463067 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 one or more persons who fall within the definition of \'93
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12787274 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330424 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Third, the limits of liability were set at a relatively low level.  As will beco\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 me apparent, these limits have been increased significantly over time.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9138528 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9138528 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Fourth, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6560161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 under Article 1 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9138528 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 a shipowner lost the right to take advantage of limitation where \'93
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the occurrence giving rise to the claim resulted from the actual fault or privity of the owner\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6560161 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9138528 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  In England and similar jurisdictions, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9138528 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
he owner carried the burden of showing that their conduct did not contribute to the accident giving rise to the claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid6900492 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6900492 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid6900492 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6900492 \tab Under Art 1(6), the question of who carried the burden of proof was left to local law.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2583842 In the United }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10184597 Ki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2583842 
ngdom and Commonwealth countries, the shipowner carried the burden: see Tetley, above n 1, at 284, fn 67}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6370825  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2583842 and 68.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9138528 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Accordingly, if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid814574 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9138528 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 shipowner was negligent and this contributed to the casualty, the right to\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  limit was lost.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14817245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  Commentators suggest that it was relatively easy for a claimant to avoid the application of limitation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2583842 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
because of the difficulty faced by shipowners in establishing a lack of fault on their part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14817245 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid14817245 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1507560 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid14817245 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14817245  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14817245 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2583842 See, for example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1507560 Sarah Derrington & James Turner QC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1507560 The Law and Practice of Admiralty Matters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1507560  (2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\super\insrsid1507560\charrsid1507560 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1507560  ed, OUP 2016) at [10.05]; Mandaraka-Sheppard, above n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11941428 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1507560 
, at [7.2.1].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9138528 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid5534232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [39]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5534232 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I turn now to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1054165 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 relevant features of th\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 e 1976 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808311 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1054165 .
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx709\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\insrsid9504324\charrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 What did the 1976 Convention }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\insrsid2897381\charrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 relevantly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\insrsid9504324\charrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 provide?}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid9504324\charrsid12648793 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10750919 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [40]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750919 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Although the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid814574 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 1976 Convention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2761419 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 continued to reflect the policy underlying the 1957 Convention and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid814574 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 retained }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2761419 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid814574 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  essential structure, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750919 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 i}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid814574 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 t made some significant changes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750919 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in particular areas.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12787274 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750919 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 mention three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12394012 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9504324 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750919 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab First, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1721838 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  liability limits were increased significantly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6560161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , meaning that greater compensation was available for claimants}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1721838 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616777 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   (The limits were raised further in the LLMC Protocol 1996.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750919 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab Second, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1721838 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the circumstances in which an \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6560161 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 lost}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1721838 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the right to claim limitation were tightened}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3569121 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
.  The new disqualification arose only where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6560161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 it was \'93\loch\f0 proved that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3569121 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
the loss resulted from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9573235 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3569121 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the owner\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6560161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3569121 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  personal act or omission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6560161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , committed with intent }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9573235 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6560161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 o cause such loss, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3569121 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
or recklessly and with knowledge that such\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  loss would probably result\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid9573235 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid9573235 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9573235  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9573235 \tab 1976 Convention, art 4.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1721838 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3569121 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Experience has indicated that it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11941428 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3569121 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  almost impossible for claimant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid812013 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3569121 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to establish this and thus avoid the operation of the limitation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1721838 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid6900492 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7079217 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid6900492 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6900492 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7079217 See, for example, the discussion in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7079217 Daina Shipping Company v Te Runanga o Ngati Awa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7079217 
 [2013] NZHC 500, [2013] 2 NZLR 799 at [26]-[30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1507560 ; Derrington & Turner, above n 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6370825 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1507560 
, at [10.05] and [10.100]-[10.102].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750919 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1721838 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750919 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Third, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
the group of persons entitled to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9573235 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  invoke limitation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid812013 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of liability }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid812013 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was expanded to include }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342817 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 salvors and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid812013 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 insurers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4147507 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342817 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 those entitled to limit their liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid812013 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid3342817 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid3342817 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342817  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3342817 \tab See Art 1 of the 1976 Convention.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750919 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16666455 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [41]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16666455 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
In addition, the 1976 Convention made it clear in Article 11(3) that a fund constituted by one of the persons fitting within the definition of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 shipowner\'94\loch\f0  was deemed \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
to be constituted by all those within the category.  This was reinforced by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11304051 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Article 9, which provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11304051 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  for the aggregation of claims, and by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16666455 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Article 13, which extended the protection of limitation not only to the person who constituted the fund but to all p\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ersons \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 on behalf of whom the fund has been constituted\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11304051 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16666455 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 would include those falling within the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 deeming\'94\loch\f0  provision}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11304051 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16666455 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid1054165 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [42]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1054165 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
I now come to the current legislation, the MTA 2013.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\insrsid9504324\charrsid12648793 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 The Maritime Transport Act 2013}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid9504324\charrsid12648793 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10762724 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [43]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10762724 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The MTA 2013 repealed the Marine Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid10762724 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid10762724 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10762724  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10762724 \tab 
See section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3752829  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14843649 283}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10762724 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10762724 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid812013 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Like t\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
he Marine Act, the MTA 2013 annexed the 1957 Convention as a schedule, although it did not provide that the Convention was part of the law of Fiji.  Indeed, apart from stating in section 2 that various conventions are set out in the schedules, the MTA 201
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 3\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9317344 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 seem to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid812013 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 make any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14843649 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 specific }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid812013 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 reference to the 1957 Convention.  Rather, it deals with limitation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of liability }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid812013 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in Part 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9504324 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6900492 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Given that Fiji has not acceded to the 1976 Convention, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7356103 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Part 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is rather confusing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030947 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  because it is largely based on provisions fro\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 m the 1976 Convention.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030947 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 It appears that Part 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030947 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7356103 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3285806 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 modelled on the equivalent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  New Zealand }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9317344 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 legislation, namely Part 7 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Maritime Transport Act 1994 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9317344 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in the form}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900492 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  it was w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030947 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
hen the MTA 2013 was first promulgated as the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9317344 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Maritime Transport Decree 2013.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030947 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The provisions in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9317344 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Part 7 of the New Zealand Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8020106 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 were first introduced in 1987}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11941428 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and were broadly consistent with the 1976 Convention\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s principal provisions even though }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8020106 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 New Zealand had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11941428 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8020106 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 acceded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9317344 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to the 1976 Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11941428 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  at that stage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3022185 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid8020106 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3028990 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid8020106 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8020106  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8020106 \tab See the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3028990 Shipping and Seamen Amendment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8020106  Act 1987}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3028990 , section 22; see Derrington & Turner, above n 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11689685 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid3028990 , at paras [10.33]-[10.34].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3022185 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9317344 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12460001 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Part 7 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8015904 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 New Zeal\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and Act was an example of indirect implementation because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 it attempted to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12460001 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 give}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3752829 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12460001 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 effect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6370825 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3752829 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 elements of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8015904 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 1976 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Convention in substance but did not enact }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3752829 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931352 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  verbatim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877064 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid12475424 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12475424 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid12475424 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12475424  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12475424 \tab 
In its original form, Part 7 of the New Zealand Act proved problematic, mainly because it attempted to state the effect of the 1976 Convention in the language of the legislative drafter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1507560  rather t
han of the Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12475424 .  The New Zealand Parliament eventually abandoned this approach and made the 1976 Convention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4616777 and the LLMC Protocol }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12475424 part of the law of New Zealand: see section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4616777 84A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3028990 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4616777 
Maritime Transport Act 1994. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9317344 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10555588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5642654 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8015904 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [45]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8015904 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
In any event, the outcome as far as Fiji is concerned is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid293168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7079217 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 PDL\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10555588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 counsel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6619348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr David KC\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  rightly submitted, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid293168 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6619348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the substantive provisions in Part 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10555588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of the MTA 2013 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6619348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3285806 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 substantially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6619348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
derived from the 1976 Convention.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid12475424 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12475424 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid12475424 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12475424  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12475424 \tab Some elements of the adaption from the New Zealand legislation were not carried out as carefully as they should have been.  For example, section 81(1)(d) of Part 5 uses the words \'93
subject to subsection (4)\'94 even though there is no subsection (4) to section 81.  Those words appear to have been taken directly from the equivalent provision in the New Zealand Act (section 86(3)(d)).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6619348 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5984326 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8015904 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [46]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8015904 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Accordingly, the position is that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5984326 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9317344 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Part 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8015904 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of the MTA 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14775645 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  incorporates elements of the 1976 Convention that differ from thos\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 e of the 1957 Convention even though }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3285806 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the 1957 Convention is annexed to the MTA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030947 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 2013 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3285806 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14775645 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Fiji has not acceded to the 1976 Convention.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6619348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13989406 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Obviously, this creates some complexity in interpreting Part 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid812013 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6619348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [47]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6619348 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 R
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13772625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 elevantly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6619348 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13772625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9317344 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Part 5 of the MTA 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14775645 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9317344 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12866421 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12866421 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Defines }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8288905 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 limitation of\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  liability\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  to mean \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
the aggregate amount of liability of any one or more persons in accordance with this Part\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94\loch\f0  to include charterers (section 77);}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12866421 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12866421 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Appears to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4261732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  show an intention to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12866421 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14775645 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
xtend the right to take the benefit of the limitation to insure\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 rs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12866421 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 as the 1976 Convention did}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4147507 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , although th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12394012 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4147507 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  is not entirely clear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12866421 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14775645 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (section 78(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4261732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14775645 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 )(c));}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid14290203 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7412021 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid14290203 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290203  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14290203 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14843649 Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid7412021 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10244756 equivalent New Zealand provision provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7412021 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10244756  that the listed persons }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6370825 (including insurers) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7412021 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10244756 re entitled to limit their liability whereas section 78(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid7412021  of the MTA 2013 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10244756 provides that the listed persons are not personally liable for any act done in good faith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14290203 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7412021   It is not clear whether the different language of section 78(1) is intended to express the same point as the New Zealand provision.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13772625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14775645 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14775645 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Provides that \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
owners\'94\loch\f0  lose the right to limit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13772625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in accordance with the formula in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14775645 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 the 1976 Convention rather than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13772625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 with that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14775645 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in the 1957 Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13772625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (section 78(2));}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12866421 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13772625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13772625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Cont\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ains an aggregation clause in similar terms to that contained in the 1976 Convention (section 81}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4261732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13772625 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 );}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12866421 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13772625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13772625 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Utilises the limits of liability from the 1976 Convention rather than those from the 1957 Convention (section 83)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12866421 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13772625 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12394012 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [48]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12394012 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Having briefly stated the relevant effe\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ct of the conventions and statutes, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7079217 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12394012 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 will}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7079217 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  attempt to draw the various threads together so as to state a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099002 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 concluded view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7079217 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7079217 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Drawing the threads together}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11808311\charrsid11808311 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4261732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [49]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4261732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
As I have noted, the 1976 Convention contained a provision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473557 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (Article 11(3)) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4261732 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
which made it clear that a limi\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 tation fund constituted by one of the persons }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12394012 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 falling within the definition of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94
\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473557 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was deemed to be constituted by all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12394012 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 others within the definition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473557 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  There is no such explicit provision in the 1957 Convention, in Part 5 of the MAT 2013 or in the New Ze\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 aland legislation on which Part 5 seems to have been modelled.  

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12473557 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [50]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Despite the lack of an equivalent to Article 11(3) in the 1957 Convention and in Part 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid293168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of the MTA 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473557 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
, I think it clear that under both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid293168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the Convention and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9463067 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid293168 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9195026 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 MTA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11288199 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid293168 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473557 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the same position app\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 lies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3802361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
, ie, that a limitation fund constituted by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9195026 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 an owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3802361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808311 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in the context of a particular casualty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9463067 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to a vessel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3802361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
is treated as having been constituted by all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9195026 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 who fall within the definition of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94\loch\f0  and are thus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3802361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  entitled to invoke limitation in relation to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808311 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3802361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  casualty.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473557 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3022185 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 My reasons are as follows.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12866421 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12473557 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [51]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473557 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 First, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290203 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 at paragraphs [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7412021 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290203 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ](a) and (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid293168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290203 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ) above }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2509435 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I quoted two extracts from the 1957 Convention which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290203 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
are powerful indicators that the intention of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2509435 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Convention\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290203 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 fram}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2509435 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290203 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  was that there would be a single limitation fu\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
nd for those entitled to claim limitation arising out of a distinct occasion rather than a number of individual funds constituted by each allegedly liable person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4858630 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8015904 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2509435 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [52]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2509435 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The first extract was Article 6(2).  It will be recalled that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808311 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the proviso to Article 6(2) p\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 rovides:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \li-11\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin-11\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808311\charrsid293168 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Provided that the total limits of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11808311\charrsid9195026 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 the owner and all such other persons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808311\charrsid293168 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 in respect of personal claims and property claims arising on a distinct occasion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11808311\charrsid9195026 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
shall not exceed the amounts determined in accordance with Article 3 of this Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808311\charrsid293168 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9195026 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (Emp\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 hasis added.)
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8015904 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The second extract was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2509435 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Article 2(1), dealing with the aggregation of claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8015904 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2509435 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  provides:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808311 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2509435 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
The limit of liability prescribed by Article 3 of this Convention shall apply to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2509435\charrsid6560161 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 the aggregate of personal claims and property claims which arise on a
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ny distinct occasion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2509435 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  without regard to any claims which have arisen or may arise on any other distinct occasion.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9195026 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (Emphasis added.)
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8015904 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
Both these extracts point to there being a single limitation fund for all those within the description \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94\loch\f0  who are entitled to limitation on a distinct occasion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9465465 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Article 2(1) is particularly telling because it refers simply to the aggregate of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9465465\charrsid9465465 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9465465 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 arising on a distinct occasion but does not require that they be claims against the same person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9463067\charrsid9463067 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14290203 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [53]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290203 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Second, those involved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3802361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13989406\charrsid13989406 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 preparatory works}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3285806 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 to the 1976 Convention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4858630 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290203 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 onsidered that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4858630 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  1957 Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5995234 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  contemplated aggregation of \'93\loch\f0 all claims arising on o\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ne distinct occasion against the owner, charterer and operator of the ship and all persons for whom they are responsible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12277397 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5995234 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid5984326 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12277397 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid5984326 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5984326  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5995234 \tab Comit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13989406 \'e9 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5995234 Maritime International }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid5995234 The Travaux P}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid12277397 r\'e9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid5995234 paratoires of the LLMC Convention, 1976 and of the Protocol of 1996}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12277397  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid8015904 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12277397 ara [416].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5984326 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5995234 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5984326 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 cademic commentators}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5995234 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  have made the same point.  For example, Reynolds and Tsimplis say that the 1957 and 1976 Conventions}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12277397 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid12277397 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12277397 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid12277397 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12277397  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12277397 \tab Reynolds and Tsimplis, above note 3, at 114.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5995234 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12277397 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5995234 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
prescribe that the limits of liability apply to the aggregate of claims rather than to each separate claim.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5995234\charrsid15943744 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
Moreover, the limits of liability cover the aggregate liability of all persons entitled to limited liability rather than the liability of each defe\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ndant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5995234 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15943744 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (Emphasis added.)
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15276225 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Martin Davies & Anthony Dickey }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15760898 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 make the same point about}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15276225 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the effect of the aggregation clause in the 1976 Convention (Article 9(1)):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid15276225 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15760898 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid15276225 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15276225  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15276225 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15276225\charrsid14505734 Martin Davies & Anthony Dickey }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid15276225\charrsid14505734 Shipping Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15276225  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15276225\charrsid14505734 (3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\super\insrsid15276225\charrsid14505734 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15276225\charrsid14505734  ed, LawBook Co, 2004) at 460}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid15760898  (footnotes omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15276225 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15276225 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15276225 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
The fact that several different parties are entitled to limit their liability under the Conven\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 tion does not mean that the limited amount is available several times over. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15760898 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 For example, consider the following situation.  Ship A is damaged in a collision caused entirely by the fault of ship B.  The owners of ship A proceed against the owner, the time c\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
harterer and the master of ship B in personam, and against the ship in rem.  If the limited amount available under the terms of the Convention is [$x], the owners of ship A can only recover [$x] altogether, not [$x] from each of the parties entitled to li
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 it their liability.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15276225 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13126559 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [54]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13126559 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Third, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13989406 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
as I noted above, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790170 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
the Court of Appeal was critical of PDL for urging the Court to have regard to the purpose of Part 5 of the MTA 2013, viewed in light of the purpose of 1957 Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11667531 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790170 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 which is reflected also in the 1976 Conven\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 tion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid11667531 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid11667531 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11667531  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11667531 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid5124380 PDL International PTE Ltd v Cruz Holdings Ltd}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5124380 , above n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10188163 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5124380 , at paras }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11667531 [45]-[47].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790170 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11667531 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 with respect, that criticism was misplaced.  G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790170 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 iven that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790170 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Fiji has acceded to the 1957 Convention, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (ii)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790170 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8015904 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 1957 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13790170 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Convention was, at least until the passage of the MTA 2013, explicitly part of Fijian law, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (iii)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13790170 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8015904 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  1957}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790170 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Convention is \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
now annexed to the MTA 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11667531 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , it remains relevant to understanding Part 5 of the MTA 2013.  Although Part 5 gives statutory force to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 particular }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11667531 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 elements of the 1976 Convention, the 1957 Convention is the convention to which Fiji has acceded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5124380 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  The elements o\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 f the 1976 Convention that are incorporated into Part 5 are effectively an overlay on the 1957 Convention as far as Fiji is concerned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1507560 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , albeit a substantial overlay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5124380 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11667531 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5124380 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12331620 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [55]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12331620 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In my view,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11667531 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12331620 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 effect of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11667531 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 1957 Convention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12331620 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11667531 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  aggregate claims against different 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 persons within the definition of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owner\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12331620 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  where they arose out of a distinct occurrence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11304051 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  so that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1643533 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a single}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11304051 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  limitation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1643533 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 figure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11304051 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 applied to all the claims taken together
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12331620 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16543539 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6431561 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16543539 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 rt from reflecting the language used, this view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1643533 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12460001 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1643533 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  consistent with the purpose of the 1957 Convention to protect owners (broadly defined) from the crippling effects of full liability.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11219627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [56]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 But if there is any doubt about that, it is removed by section 81 of the M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15276225 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 TA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1643533 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  That section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  enacts the aggregation cl\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ause from the 1976 Convention.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11304051 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505734 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 aggregation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 clause is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Article 9(1)(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 provides:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13126559 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
The limits of liability determined in accordance with Article 6 shall apply to the aggregate of all claims which arise on any distinct occasion:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s36 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid11219627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Against the person
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  or persons mentioned in paragraph 2 of Article 1 and any person for whose act, neglect or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 fault}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  he or they are responsible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16543539 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The person or persons referred to are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  those falling within the definition of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 shipowner\'94\loch\f0 , that is, the owner, charterer, manager and operator of a seagoing ship.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219627 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [57]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Section 81(1)(a) of Part 5 of the M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15276225 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 TA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  2013 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16543539 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is virtually identical.  It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 provides:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 The limitation of liability under this Part\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s36 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 appl\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
ies to the aggregate of relevant claims arising on any distinct occasion against\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s36 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\dbch\af1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl5\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3620886\charrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 he owner of the ship and any seafarer or other person for whose act, omission, neglect or fault the owner is responsible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ;}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620886\charrsid3620886 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505734 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Owner\'94\loch\f0  is defined in s 77 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7410308 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 MTA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505734 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 2013 to inclu\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
de among others, the owner, charterer and person responsible for the navigation and management of the ship.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16328877 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [58]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16328877 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Given that Article 9(1) and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776189 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 section 81(1)(a)(i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16328877 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 are essentially identical, they must have the same effect.  Like the commentators cited at paragraph
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7412021 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16328877 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ] above, I consider that their language}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5776189 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  contemplate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16328877 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776189 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  a grouping together of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16328877 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 relevant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15276225 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 claims against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776189 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 those }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16328877 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owners\'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776189 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
facing liability under one liability figure.  Furthermore, the definition of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 limitation of liability\'94\loch\f0  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16328877 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 section 77 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776189 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  MTA 2013 as m\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 eaning \'93\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5776189\charrsid12929857 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 aggregate}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776189 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5776189\charrsid12929857 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 amount of liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776189 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 of any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5776189\charrsid12929857 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 one or more persons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776189 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  in accordance with this Part\'94\loch\f0 
 (emphasis added) also contemplates a grouping together of those facing liability under one liability figure. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7410308 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  As a consequence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9057139 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 unlike the Court of Appeal, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7410308 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  do not regard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1327906 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
it as significant that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7410308 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Part 5 of the MTA 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9057139 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 does not contain an explicit equivalent of Article 11(3) of the 1976 Convention.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776189 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9243528 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [59]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9243528 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Finally,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6827202 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3156418 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 as I noted earlier, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12331620 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Jameel JA said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12460001 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12331620 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  judgment:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid10188163 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid15937450 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid10188163 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10188163  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10188163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10188163 PDL International PTE Ltd v Cruz Holdings Ltd, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10188163 above }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15937450 
n 8, at para [53].  For the sake of completeness, I note that I do not agree with the significance the Court of Appeal gives in this extract to the use of the words \'93means\'94
 in section 77(b) of the MTA 2013.  When section 77(b) is seen in context, it is implausible that the use of \'93means\'94 rather than \'93includes\'94
 was intended to fundamentally change the operation of the limitation of liability regimes contemplated by the 1957 and 1976 Conventions. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12331620 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12331620 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 In my view, the plain meaning of the words in \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
section 77(b) of the MTA, which provide that when a ship is chartered, the \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12331620 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12331620 \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0 
 means the charterer, without doubt requires the charterer to do what an owner would have done if the ship had not been chartered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15664227 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 , that is, constitute its own limitation fund
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 , if it intended to seek the benefit of limitation of liability.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15664227\charrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
It cannot possibly be contended as is done by the Appellant, that the legislature contemplated the liability of a charterer, can be foisted on the registered owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15664227 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12331620 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (Emphasis added.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876\charrsid12331620 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7748832 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [60]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7748832 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The la\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 st sentence in this extract indicates that a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6827202 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  factor which influenced the Court of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12468363 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6827202 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the absence of any mechanism }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12468363 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
in the MTA 2013 for the sharing of costs where a charterer such as PDL seeks to take the benefit of a limitation fund established by an\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  owner.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 This }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5124380 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  arose in a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9703544 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  English case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7748832 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Metvale Ltd v Monsanto International SARL (The \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 MSC Napoli\'94
\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13989406 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid4488944 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15937450 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid4488944 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4488944 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4488944\charrsid4488944 
Metvale Ltd v Monsanto International SARL (The \'93MSC Napoli\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4488944  [2008] EWHC 3002 (Admlty)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9703544 , [2009] 1 Lloyd\rquote s LR 246.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13989406 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5124380 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 where}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13989406 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the 1976 Convention applied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9703544 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [61]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  large container vessel had suffered damage in heavy weather and was beached on the English coast.  Clai\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ms against the vessel\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s owner exceeded \'a3\loch\f0 \hich\f0 100 million.  The owner constituted a limitation fund of \'a3\loch\f0 14.71 million.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The vessel was subject to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13181122 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 some}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 slot\'94
\loch\f0  charters.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid10690876 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15937450 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid10690876 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10690876 \tab In effect, slot charterer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5124380 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10690876 
 simply hire some space on a vessel and enter into agreements with shippers to carry their cargo in that space}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5124380  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1730114 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid5124380 or slot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1730114 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10690876 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13181122 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Because t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 wo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715469 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
slot charterers had containers on board at the time of the casualty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and faced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715469 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  po
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ssible liability to cargo claimants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13181122 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9715469 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 wished to limit their liability.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9715469 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [62]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715469 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
There were two preliminary questions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to be determined:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715469 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9703544 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9703544 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 First,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  was a slot charterer a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9703544 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 shipowner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9703544 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  for the purposes of Article 1 of the of the 1976 Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13989406 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715469 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 so }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13989406 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 entitled to limit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715469 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13989406 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  liability under the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5727092 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13989406 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and the relevant English legislation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9703544 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9703544 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9703544 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Second, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 f }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9703544 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5727092 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was the limitation fund constituted by the owner deemed to be constituted by the slot charterer under the 1976 Convention and the relevant English le\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 gislation}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9703544 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4488944 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7748832 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9715469 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [63]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715469 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
Teare J held that slot charterers did fall within the definition of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 owners\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 .  The Judge noted that a literal reading of the phrase \'93\loch\f0 charterer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 
\loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'85\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715469 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10690876 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 seagoing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715469 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  ship\'94\loch\f0  might suggest that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid727615 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 definition did not include a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715469 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 charterer of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9715469\charrsid5124380 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715469 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of a shi\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 p}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15935043 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (ie, a slot charterer)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid727615 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid727615 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid727615 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid727615  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid727615 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1730114 The MSC Napoli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid1730114 , above n 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11689685 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1730114 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1730114  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1730114 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid727615 t para [18].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5124380  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid727615 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0   The learned Judge did not accept this approach, saying that \'93
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 a literal meaning must give way to a purposive construction\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid727615 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs40\super\insrsid727615 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid727615  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid727615 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1730114 The MSC Napoli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid1730114 , above n 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11689685 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1730114 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1730114  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1730114 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid727615 t para [19].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid727615 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   On the first question, His Honour concluded:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid727615 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid727615 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid727615  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid727615 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1730114 The MSC Napoli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid1730114 , above n 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11689685 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1730114 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1730114  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1730114 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid727615 t para [21].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5727092 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid727615 \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'85\loch\f0 in accordance with the ordinary meaning of the word cha
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 rterer and in light of the evident object and purpose of the convention, a slot charterer is within the definition of shipowner and therefore entitled to limit his liability.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12218919 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [64]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12218919 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Teare J went on to hold that the limitation fund constituted by the ship\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 s owner \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was deemed to be constituted by the slot charterers.  The Judge concluded with the following observation:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid7828544 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs40\super\insrsid7828544 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7828544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7828544 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7828544 The MSC Napoli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid11689685 , above n 35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7828544 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7828544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15937450 at para [24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7828544 ].}}
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5391602 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\qj \fi-11\li0\ri686\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12218919 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
Whilst that is clear, there is no clarity as to whether the person who has put up the fund is entitled to any form}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16198771 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  of contribution from those who ta\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 ke the benefit of the fund as \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 shipowners\'94\loch\f0 .  The convention does not deal with that matter, at any rate expressly.  Whether there is any right to contribution or restitution may have to depend on the general law.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12218919 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15935043 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [65]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15935043 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The point to be made about this is that, un\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
like Jameel JA, Teare J did not regard the absence of a cost-sharing mechanism }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5124380 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in the 1976 Convention or the relevant English legislation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15935043 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 as indicating that the slot charterers would have to constitute their own limitation funds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9057139 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Rather, that issue would 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 have to be dealt with under the general law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5508178 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5124380 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5124380 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid5124380 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [66]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8289983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5124380 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
I conclude that PDL is entitled to limit its liability by reference to the limitation fund constituted by Cruz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1730114 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5124380 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  is not required to constitute its own separate fund.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7363781 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Accordingly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5124380 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
, I would allow the appeal and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1730114 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 quash}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5124380 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 the costs award made by the Court of Appeal in favour of Cruz.  In the circumstances, I would make no order for costs in this Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10427717 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid10427717\charrsid13773479 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Goddard, J
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15937450 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [67]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid868603 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15937450 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
I fully endorse the reasoning and decision of Hon. Justice Arnold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10427717 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid10427717\charrsid13773479 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Orders \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of the Court
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7871914\charrsid13202935 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s35\qj \fi-11\li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7871914\charrsid13202935 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Leave to appeal is granted.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10427717\charrsid13202935 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7871914\charrsid13202935 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 2.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7871914\charrsid13202935 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The appeal is allowed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7871914\charrsid13202935 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 3.\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The order for costs made by the Court of Appeal is quashed. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s35 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af35\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7871914\charrsid13202935 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 4.\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
There is no order for costs in this Court.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx1560\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tx8931\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10427717\charrsid4471150 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12868419 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 The Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6442981 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 Acting Chief Justice Salesi Temo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 Acting President of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717\charrsid6752646 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10427717 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10427717 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 The Hon.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6442981  Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 Justice }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6442981 Terence Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717\charrsid6752646 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10427717 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 The Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6442981 Madam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 Justice }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6442981 Lowell Goddard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\f0\fs24\insrsid10427717 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\insrsid5508178\charrsid7871914 
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