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\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
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\b\f211\ul\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\ul\insrsid11890694 ORIGINAL JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\ul\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\ul\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 
\par MISCELLANEOUS ACTION NO. 0001 OF 2024
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\ul\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 IN THE MATTER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 of Section 91(5) of the Constitution of the Republic of Fiji
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\ul\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 IN THE MATTER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 
 of a reference by Cabinet for an opinion from the Supreme Court on matters concerning the interpretation and application of sections 105(2)(b), 114(2), 116(4) and 117(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of Fiji
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\ul\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 
\par 
\par Coram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 \tab \tab :\tab The Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid8723103 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 Justice Brian Keith

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 Judge of the Supreme Court 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 
\par The Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid8723103 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 Justice Terence Arnold
\par Judge of the Supreme Court 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 The Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\insrsid8723103 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 Justice William Young
\par Judge of the Supreme Court
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\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-2160\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\ul\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 \tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid12940983 Mr F. Haniff and Mr T. Tuitoga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285 
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\f211\insrsid12940983\charrsid12940983 or General\rquote s Office
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid12940983 Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid8923503 A. M. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid12940983 Daubney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid8923503  KC and Mr R. Naidu}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid12940983 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12940983\charrsid12940983 For the Fiji Law Society
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid12940983 \tab \tab \tab \tab Mr S. Leweniqila and Ms S. Mataitoga
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12940983\charrsid12940983 For Judicial Services Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12940983 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8923503 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid8923503\charrsid10487351 Mr P. Sharma 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8923503 \tab \tab \tab \tab For Fiji Human Rights & Anti-Discrimination Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8923503\charrsid12940983 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid12940983 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Mr A. J. Singh and Ms P. Prasad
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\f211\insrsid12940983\charrsid12940983 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid12940983 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\ul\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 Date of Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 \tab :\tab 19 June 2024\tab 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\ul\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 
\par Date of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\ul\insrsid3817045 Opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 \tab :\tab 28 June 2024         
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\ul\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs32\ul\insrsid8220069 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs32\ul\insrsid6111498 OPINION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs32\ul\insrsid6111498\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs32\ul\insrsid12940983\charrsid12940983 
OF THE COURT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs32\ul\insrsid1850285\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12532629\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [1]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12532629\charrsid12940983 
This is the opinion of the Court, to which all three of us have contributed.  Accompanying this opinion is a summary of it, which has been prepared for the benefit of the press and the public.  This summary must be read in conjunction with the full reason
s of the Court, which are set out below.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12532629\charrsid12940983 Introduction
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6488905\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [2]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6488905\charrsid12940983 Section 91(5) of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6488905\charrsid12940983 Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6488905\charrsid12940983 
 provides that the Cabinet may seek an opinion from the Supreme Court \'93on any matter concerning the interpretation or application of this Constitution\'94.  On 5 April 2024, the Cabinet filed an Originating Motion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 under this section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6488905\charrsid12940983 seeking the Court\rquote s opinion on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6488905\charrsid12940983  questions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 .  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [3]\tab}The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5272465\charrsid12940983 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983  questions arise from two features of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1457582\charrsid12940983 he first feat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 ure is that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983  section 105(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10904818\charrsid12940983 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983  of the Constitution provides, among other things, that a person is not qualified for appointment as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12213268\charrsid12940983 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 udge if he or she has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 
been found guilty of any disciplinary proceeding involving legal practitioners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid406502\charrsid12940983 , whether in Fiji or abroad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983  \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343838\charrsid12940983 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7229713\charrsid12940983  (we will refer to this as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7099570\charrsid12940983 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7229713\charrsid12940983 disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5272465\charrsid12940983 proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7229713\charrsid12940983  disqualification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12532629\charrsid12940983 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7229713\charrsid12940983 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid406502\charrsid12940983 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid406502\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid406502\charrsid12940983 The second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 feature }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid406502\charrsid12940983 is that the Constitution provides that to qualify for appointment to various }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 
named }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid406502\charrsid12940983 public offices }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343838\charrsid12940983 (including }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16081573\charrsid12940983 the office of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343838\charrsid12940983 Director of Public Prosecutions), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid406502\charrsid12940983 a person must be qualified for appointment as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12213268\charrsid12940983 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid406502\charrsid12940983 udge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7229713\charrsid12940983 we will refer to this as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7099570\charrsid12940983 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 judicial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7229713\charrsid12940983 ly appointable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10904818\charrsid12940983 requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12532629\charrsid12940983 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid406502\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5393588\charrsid12940983   The effect of this is that the disciplinary proceeding disqualification applies to these offices as well.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [4]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 three questions arising from these two features of the Constitution are:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6488905\charrsid12940983 
hether a legal practitioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16081573\charrsid12940983 who has been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2246200\charrsid12940983 found}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6488905\charrsid12940983 
 by the Independent Legal Services Commission to have engaged in unsatisfactory professional conduct or professional misconduct under section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 
 121(1) of the Legal Practitioners Act 2009 is ineligible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343838\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12343838\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-363\li2160\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl5\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343838\charrsid12940983 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 o }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 be appointed as a Judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12343838\charrsid12940983 under s 105 of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 ; or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12343838\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (ii)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 hold any of various }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 public }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 offices}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7229713\charrsid12940983 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983  which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7229713\charrsid12940983 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 judicial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid7229713\charrsid12940983 ly appointable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10904818\charrsid12940983 requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7229713\charrsid12940983 applies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 
hether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 in light of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4325674\charrsid12940983 findings of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 
Independent Legal Services Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4325674\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3633664\charrsid12940983 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 
Chief Registrar v Alipate Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4325674\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid4406704 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4406704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258286 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4406704 Chief Registrar v Alipate Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4406704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2246200 [2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4406704 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2246200  FJILSC 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4406704 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid4325674\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 Justice Alipate Qetaki is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2246200\charrsid12940983 qualified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12020695\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 to hold office as a Judge of the C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12343293\charrsid12940983 urt of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4325674\charrsid12940983 ?  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6488905\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 Whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 in light of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5393588\charrsid12940983 Independent Legal Services Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 \rquote s findings in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 Chief Registrar v John Rabuku}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13962431 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid4406704 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4406704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13258286 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4406704 Chief Registrar v John Rabuku}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid875254  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2246200 2013] FJILSC 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid875254 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12081274  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 John Rabuk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4406704\charrsid12940983 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983  is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2246200\charrsid12940983 qualified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983  to hold the office of Director of Public Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4325674\charrsid12940983 ?  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15823586\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12269479\charrsid12940983 
The disciplinary proceedings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12269479\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid8328123\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [5]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8328123\charrsid12940983 
We will not give a detailed account of the disciplinary proceedings against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5404717\charrsid12940983 Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8328123\charrsid12940983  Qetaki or Mr Rabuku.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5376727\charrsid12940983 But a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8328123\charrsid12940983  brief description }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5376727\charrsid12940983 is necessary to give context to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5272465\charrsid12940983  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5376727\charrsid12940983  discussion which follows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8328123\charrsid12940983 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5404717\charrsid12940983 Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8328123\charrsid12940983  Qetaki
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid5404717\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [6]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5404717\charrsid12940983 Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12269479\charrsid12940983  Qetaki }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8328123\charrsid12940983 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12269479\charrsid12940983  admitted as a barrister and solicitor in Fiji in 1977 and spent most of his career working in the public sector in legal and other roles.  In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8328123\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983 March }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12269479\charrsid12940983 2016 he decided to establish a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11037556\charrsid12940983 private }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12269479\charrsid12940983 consultancy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8328123\charrsid12940983 practice.  To do that, he needed to obtain a practi}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11037556\charrsid12940983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8328123\charrsid12940983 
ing certificate and to open a trust account.  To open a trust account, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5404717\charrsid12940983 Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8328123\charrsid12940983  Qetaki needed the Attorney-General\rquote s approval.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid6709853\charrsid12940983 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx142\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid1669755 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid6709853 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6709853  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1669755 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6709853 Under the Trust Accounts Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1669755  1996, approval had to be sought from the Minister }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9578022 
responsible for the administration of the Act, which was, as we understand it, the Minister }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1669755 of Justice, not the Attorney-General.  However, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11037556 
advice at the time was that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1669755 Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11037556 \rquote s approval was required.  Given that the Attorney-General was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1669755  also the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11037556 n the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1669755  Minister of Justice, no point was taken about this.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5404717\charrsid12940983 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983  did write to the Attorney-General in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid272213\charrsid12940983 late }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983 April 2016 seeking approval, but by that stage a trust account had already been opened.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12269479\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid1669755\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [7]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1669755\charrsid12940983 To explain, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983  had applied to the Chief Registrar for a practising certificate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6951642\charrsid12940983 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6951642\charrsid12940983 6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983 March 2016.  The Chief Registrar had advised }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1669755\charrsid12940983 him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983  of the requirements for establishing a trust account.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983  then approached the Bank of the South Pacific to open an account.  The Bank advised }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid13258286\charrsid12940983 by email }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6951642\charrsid12940983 on 11 March }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983 that, among other things, he would need to provide a copy of the Attorney-General\rquote s approval before the Bank could open }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6951642\charrsid12940983 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983  account. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid13258286\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid13258286\charrsid12940983  forwarded this email to the Legal Practitioners\rquote  Unit, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16663033\charrsid12940983 headed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid13258286\charrsid12940983  by the Chief Registrar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16663033\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [8]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6951642\charrsid12940983 
 obtained a conditional practising certificate, a copy of which was emailed to the Bank.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16663033\charrsid12940983 On 8 April, the Bank emailed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6951642\charrsid12940983  again}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16663033\charrsid12940983 , saying that he would need to provide a copy of the Attorney-General\rquote s approval.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6951642\charrsid12940983 However, on the same day despite not having received a copy of any approval,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16663033\charrsid12940983 
 the Bank opened a trust account for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16663033\charrsid12940983 \rquote s consultancy, thereby b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983 reach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16663033\charrsid12940983 ing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983 its legal obligations (which were reflected in its internal policies).  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16663033\charrsid12940983 Shortly after, the Bank}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983  asked }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983  to place }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16663033\charrsid12940983 funds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983  in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16663033\charrsid12940983 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983  the account}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6951642\charrsid12940983 , which he did (still without the necessary approval).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983 
The Bank advised the Legal Practitioners Unit that it had opened the account.  It was after this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid272213\charrsid12940983 (on 20 April) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983  wrote to the Attorney-General seeking his consent to open a trust account.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8524968\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid1669755\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [9]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1669755\charrsid12940983 Ultimately, o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983 n 13 May 2016, the account was closed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11037556\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983  and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid272213\charrsid12940983 bulk of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983 funds were returned to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid1669755\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [10]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1669755\charrsid12940983 The Bank was prosecuted for opening a trust account in breach of its legal obligations.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1669755\charrsid12940983 It pleaded guilty and was convicted and fined $1,500.00.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid9578022\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid9578022 \chftn 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9578022  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16663033 State v Bank of the South Pacific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16663033  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116225 [2016] FJMC 131}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5376727 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1669755\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid272213\charrsid12940983 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [11]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983  was charged with two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983 counts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4393987\charrsid12940983  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6709853\charrsid12940983 professional misconduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1669755\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6709853\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983 to which he ultimately pleaded guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid272213\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983 a lengthy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983  judgment on sanctions, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10116225\charrsid12940983 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Independent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983 Legal Services }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10116225\charrsid12940983 Commissioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983 traversed the background in some detail.  He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10116225\charrsid12940983 accepted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10116225\charrsid12940983  had not breached the Act intentionall}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983 y and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10116225\charrsid12940983 would not have breached }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983 it at all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10116225\charrsid12940983  had the Bank not opened the account in breach of its }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983 statutory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10116225\charrsid12940983 obligations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983 .  He also accepted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983  had kept the \'93Regulator\'94 (ie, the Chief Registrar and the Legal Practitioners Unit) informed of what he was doing.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983 Further, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983 he account was open for only one month and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid272213\charrsid12940983 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid3833344\charrsid12940983 apart}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid272213\charrsid12940983  from the deposit,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8586083\charrsid12940983  there were no material transactions on it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983   Given th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16148254\charrsid12940983 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983 \rquote s level of culpability was low and that there was no harm, the Commissioner concluded that no sanction should be imposed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11037556\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [12]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 Relevantly, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983 n his formal orders, the Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid3833344\charrsid12940983 er}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-708\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 Found that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983 both counts of professional misconduct had been proven by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983 \rquote s plea of guilty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (b)\tab}Determined that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983 because the level of seriousness was low, no sanction would be imposed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 on}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983  and his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983  name would not be entered in the Discipline Register}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid11994838\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (c)\tab}Ordered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14770181\charrsid12940983 
 to pay $1000 by way of costs to each of the Commissioner and the Chief Registrar.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11037556\charrsid12940983 Mr Rabuku}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11037556\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid272213\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [13]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid272213\charrsid12940983 
Mr Rabuku faced one allegation of professional misconduct.  A client had made a complain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7163252\charrsid12940983 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid272213\charrsid12940983  against him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7163252\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid272213\charrsid12940983   The Chief Registrar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7163252\charrsid12940983  required Mr Rabuku to provide an explanation 
within a specified timeframe under s 105 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Legal Practitioners Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7163252\charrsid12940983 
 2009.  When Mr Rabuku failed to comply, the Chief Registrar issued a further notice under s 108 reminding Mr Rabuku of the requirement and advised that if the failure to comply continued, he would be liable to be dealt with for professional misconduct.  
When Mr Rabuku did not respond within the timeframe, a professional misconduct allegation was made against him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid9661015\charrsid12940983 
 to the Independent Legal Services Commissioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7163252\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11037556 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14823697\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7163252\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [14]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7163252\charrsid12940983 
Mr Rabuku admitted the allegation.  The Commissioner regarded Mr Rabuku\rquote s failure to respond as required as \'93very serious indeed\'94.  He said that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid9661015\charrsid12940983 Mr Rabuku}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7163252\charrsid12940983  had displayed \'93a complete lack of remorse\'94
 and had sought to shift the blame for his non-compliance onto his client.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7163252\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [15]\tab}
By way of penalty, the Commissioner publicly reprimanded Mr Rabuku, suspended him from practice for three months and fined him $500.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid16148254\charrsid12940983 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 Constitutional provisions at issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [16]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 The relevant constitutional provisions fall into two categories \endash  those r}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7763434\charrsid12940983 elating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
 disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7030515\charrsid12940983 proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  disqualification}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  and those }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7763434\charrsid12940983 relating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 judicially appointable requirement.  We deal with each in turn.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl5\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 The disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f211\insrsid7030515\charrsid12940983 proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  disqualification
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [17]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 Qualification for judicial appointment is addressed in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16148254\charrsid12940983 ection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  105 of the Constitution.  Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16148254\charrsid12940983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  105(1) and (2) provide:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi425\li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\fs24\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 Qualification for appointment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-363\li1440\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
The making of appointments to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16148254\charrsid12940983 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
judicial office is governed by the principle that judicial officers should be of the highest competence and integrity.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}A person is not qualified for appointment as a Judge unless he or she
\emdash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-357\li1797\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1797\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl4\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 holds, or has held a high judicial office in Fiji or in another country prescribed by law; or
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (b)\tab}
has had not less than 15 years post-admission practice as a legal practitioner in Fiji or in another country prescribed by law, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\fs24\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
and has not been found guilty of any disciplinary proceeding involving legal practitioners whether in Fiji or abroad,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
 including any proceeding by the Independent Legal Services Commission or any proceeding under the law governing legal practitioners, barristers and solicitors prior to the establishment of the Independent Legal Services Commission.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li1797\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 (Emphasis added.)
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 There is a similar, but not identical, provision dealing with the appointment of Magistrates: see section 105(3).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [18]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 Three points about these provisions require emphasis.  First, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 the fundamental principle governing appointments to the judiciary is found in section 105(1), namely, that judicial officers should be of the \'93highest competence and integrity\'94
.  This is an important statement of principle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7477793\charrsid12940983 .  It links back to the reference in section 3(1) of the Constitution to the \'93
values that underlie a democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid9661015\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid9661015 \chftn 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9661015  \tab Section 3 is quoted at para [30] below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7477793\charrsid12940983   An in
dependent judiciary of the highest calibre and probity is critically important to the proper functioning of a democratic society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10889376\charrsid12940983 .  Equally important is public perception }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889376\charrsid12940983 \u8722\'2d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10889376\charrsid12940983  the public must have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7477793\charrsid12940983  confidence in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10889376\charrsid12940983 independence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16148254\charrsid12940983 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14704679\charrsid12940983 competence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10889376\charrsid12940983  and integrity of the judiciary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7477793\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [19]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 Second, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 the disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7030515\charrsid12940983 proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  disqualification in relation to eligibility for appointment as a judge or magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  introduced for the first time by the 2013 Constitution. Earlier constitutional or statutory provisions dealing with qualification for judicial appointment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 identified two alternative paths to judicial appointment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14704679\charrsid12940983 \u8722\'2d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 the holding of previous judicial office }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 
having practised for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 an identified number of years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\f211\super\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid2969051 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2969051 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14055448 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051 See 1970 Constitution, s 90(3); 1997 Constitution, s 130; Administration of Justice Decree 2009, s 15.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 Section 105(2) follows this pattern by identifying two qualification paths \endash  the holding of \'93high judicial office\'94 or 15 years post-admission legal practice \endash 
 but then adds the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 new }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding disqualification to the legal practice path.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [20]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 n the sense that it does not purport to identify all the circumstances that might mean a person should not be appointed as a judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 , section 105(2) is incomplete}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 
.  For example, a person who has held high judicial office in a prescribed overseas country but has committed a significant criminal offence, may qualify for appointment under section 105(2)(a) but may not be suitable for appointment to the Fijian judicia
ry given the \'93highest competence and integrity\'94 principle articulated in section 105(1).  So, meeting the requirements of section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12081274  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 105(2) does not necessarily mean that a person will meet the standard set in section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12081274  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 
105(1).  Moreover, depending on how it is interpreted, the disciplinary proceeding disqualification may not mesh precisely with the principle stated in section 105(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 
, in the sense that someone who meets the standard set out in section 105(1) may not qualify for appointment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15214331\charrsid12940983 if the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 
 disciplinary proceeding disqualification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15214331\charrsid12940983  is interpreted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8418301\charrsid12940983 as applying to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f211\insrsid8418301\charrsid12940983 any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8418301\charrsid12940983  adverse finding in a disciplinary process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid725092\charrsid12940983  (broadly construed)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [21]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 Finally, the critical words that we have italicised in the extract from s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1210465\charrsid12940983 ection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
 105(2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  \'93
has not been found guilty of any disciplinary proceeding involving legal practitioners whether in Fiji or abroad\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983  - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 do not make sense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7030515\charrsid12940983  as a matter of English.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983   A disciplinary proce}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16389950\charrsid12940983 eding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983  is a process, not an outcome}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15230636\charrsid12940983 .  The words \'93
disciplinary proceeding\'94 do not identify the nature of the adverse finding made in that process that triggers ineligibility for judicial office.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983 
  The issue for the Court is how these words }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15230636\charrsid12940983 from s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1210465\charrsid12940983 ection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12081274  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15230636\charrsid12940983 105(2)(b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983 are to be interpreted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 
  We note that the same words appear elsewhere in the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15230636\charrsid12940983 .  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding disqualification }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15230636\charrsid12940983 is explicitly applied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 to eligibility to hold certain other offices, in particular, that of Attorney-General}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid4208623 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid4208623 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4208623  \tab 2013 Constitution, s 96(2)(b).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 
 and that of legal practitioner member of the Judicial Services Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1210465\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid4208623 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid4208623 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4208623  \tab 2013 Constitution, s 104(1)(d)(ii).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983  in the same language as in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1210465\charrsid12940983 ection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4208623\charrsid12940983  105(2)(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 (ii)\tab The judicially appointable requirement}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [22]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 Under the Constitution, to be eligible for appointment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983  to several public offices}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 , a person must be qualified to be appointed as a judge.  Examples are the offices of Solicitor-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid2969051 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2969051 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14055448 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051 2013 Constitution, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid725092  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051 116(4).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  and the Director of Public Prosecutions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid2969051 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid2969051 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14055448 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051 2013 Constitution, s 117(2).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
  In other instances, to be eligible for appointment a person must either already be a judge or must be qualified to be appointed as a judge.  Examples are Chairperson of the Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Commission,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\f211\super\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid2969051 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2969051 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14055448 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051 2013 Constitution, s 45(2)(a).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  Chairperson of the Electoral Commission,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\f211\super\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid2969051 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2969051 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14055448 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051 2013 Constitution, s 75(6).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  Chairperson of the Public Service Disciplinary Tribunal,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\f211\super\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid2969051 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2969051 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14055448 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051 2013 Constitution, s 120(3).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  Chairperson of the Accountability and Transparency Commission,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid2969051 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2969051 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14055448 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051 2013 Constitution, s 121(3).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  and the Independent Legal Services Commissioner.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\f211\super\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid2969051 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2969051 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14055448 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051 2013 Constitution, s 114(2),}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [23]\tab}
The effect of applying the judicially appointable requirement to eligibility for appointment to these public offices is that the disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983 proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983  disqualification applies to them, at least in respect of people who are not already judges.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid2969051 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2969051 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14055448 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2969051 
For those who are already judges, s 105(2)(b) would not render them ineligible for appointment, although there may still be an issue of competence and integrity under s 105(1).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983   

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [24]\tab}
In the result, then, either directly or indirectly, the Constitution applies the disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5272465\charrsid12940983 proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2969051\charrsid12940983 
 disqualification to a significant range of public offices.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343838\charrsid12940983 
Approach to interpretation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7229713\charrsid12940983 and application }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343838\charrsid12940983 of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12343838\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [25]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 We received written and oral submissions from the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3833344\charrsid12940983  of Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 
, the Judicial Services Commission, the Fiji Law Society, the Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Commission and Justice Alipate Qetaki.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8418301\charrsid12940983 Mr Rabuku chose not to participate}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1187773\charrsid12940983  in the proceedings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8418301\charrsid12940983 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 We thank all participa
nts for their submissions, which we have found helpful.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [26]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983 participants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983 addressed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983  the approach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 the Court should adopt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983  to interpreting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11274234\charrsid12940983 and applying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983 the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983 , referring}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983  to this Court\rquote s decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983 Qarase v Chaud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid7420473 h
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983 ry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid14055448 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14055448  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4207001\charrsid5247809 Qarase v Chaudhry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4207001  [2003] FJSC 1.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f211\insrsid8418301\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8418301\charrsid12940983 and to various provisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14055448\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8418301\charrsid12940983 in the Constitution.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4207001\charrsid12940983 We begin with th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8418301\charrsid12940983 is Court\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14704679\charrsid12940983 judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8418301\charrsid12940983  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8418301\charrsid12940983 Qarase}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8418301\charrsid12940983  and then address the relevant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4207001\charrsid12940983  provisions in the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10634013\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8545685\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid4207001\charrsid12940983 (i)\tab Qarase v Chaud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid7420473 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid4207001\charrsid12940983 ry
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [27]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983 Qar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid7420473 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 this Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983 was required to inter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 pret}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983  and apply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3823760\charrsid12940983 the 1997}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid13655816\charrsid12940983  c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 onstitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983 .  It set out its approach in the following passages}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14704679\charrsid12940983  cited by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 participants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4207001\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983 62.\tab Statu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 tory}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983  and constitutional interpretation must always take as its point of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 
departure the natural and ordinary meaning of the words appearing in the provision to be construed and read according to their context. \'85 Sometimes, as in this case, the words so read will yield only one construction which may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid13655816\charrsid12940983 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 e called \'93the plain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 read}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 ing of the provision\'94.  \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid9907747\charrsid12940983 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 63.\tab Construction builds upon the natural and ordinary meaning of the words in a constitutional provision.  The way in which the words, taken together, are to be read 
will often involve selection from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid13655816\charrsid12940983 among}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983  a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid1116250\charrsid12940983 number}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 
 of possible readings.  That selection must have regard to the context which includes the whole of the document identified as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\fs24\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983 Constitution (Amendment) Act 1997.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983   It must also have regard to the interpretive principles which are found in the Constitution itself and which apply to the whole of its text. \'85
 The purpose or object underlying the provision to be construed, the spirit of the Constitution as a whole, context, in the extended sense of the context in which the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid13655816\charrsid12940983 
Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983  was drafted, and social and cultural developments relating to particular human rights, all have a part to play by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid13655816\charrsid12940983 virtue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid11691252\charrsid12940983  of s 3. \'85
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid13655816\charrsid12940983 64.\tab 
Construction is a multi-dimensional process.  It is not appropriate to approach a text on the basis that some kind of ambiguity must first be found to exist in a specific provision before taking into account the whole of its context and other relevant
 principles and considerations.  At the very least context must be considered in the first instance.
\par 65.\tab This is of particular significance when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 interpreting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid13655816\charrsid12940983  a constitution.  A basic rule of 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 interpretation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid13655816\charrsid12940983  is that the nature of the document being }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 construed is itself a matter to be considered \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid13655816\charrsid12940983 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 \'85
\par 67.\tab A narrow literalism is not an appropriate wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid1210465\charrsid12940983 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 
 to interpret a constitution.  Such a text, perhaps more than any other, must be interpreted by reference to the natural and ordinary meaning of its words, but not literalistically, and in its total context as well as by reference to the principles which 
it lays down for its own interpretation.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [28]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 We take }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983 four}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983  relevant points from these passages:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 First, the starting point is the natural and ordinary meaning of the language
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12793073\charrsid12940983  at issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 , construed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3892180\charrsid12940983 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983  context.  This may produce a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1210465\charrsid12940983  single}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983  \'93plain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 reading}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 \'94 of the relevant provision, which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3892180\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1210465\charrsid12940983 will }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3823760\charrsid12940983 resolve the issue of interpretation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (b)\tab}Second, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid3892180\charrsid12940983 
in considering the natural and ordinary meaning of the language used, the Court must take into account the interpretive directions contained in the constitution, the purpose of the provision under consideration and the constitution\rquote 
s broader context.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3892180\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (c)\tab}Third, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983 taking account of context }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12793073\charrsid12940983 in ascertaining meaning }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983 
is not dependant on finding an ambiguity in the language being interpreted.  Particularly in a constitutional setting, context is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983 always}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983  important in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12793073\charrsid12940983  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983 interpretati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12793073\charrsid12940983 ve process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (d)\tab}Fourth, the Court must not take a narrow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3823760\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983  literalistic approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12793073\charrsid12940983  to interpreting a constitution}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983 , ie, an approach which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12793073\charrsid12940983 interprets the language in isolation rather than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983 in light of its overall }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12793073\charrsid12940983 purpose and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983 context and of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5733656\charrsid12940983 constitutionally mandated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12793073\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11888627\charrsid12940983 principles of interpretation}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12793073\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2979798\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12793073\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [29]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12793073\charrsid12940983 We accept these propositions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983  and turn to consider the interpretative principles in the Constitution itself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12793073\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 (ii)\tab 
Relevant constitutional provisions
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [30]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 Section 3(1) of the Constitution provides:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi425\li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 Principles of constitutional interpretation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-363\li1440\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
 Any person interpreting or applying this Constitution must promote the spirit, purpose and objects of this Constitution as a whole, and the values that underlie a democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
The significant feature of this direction is that the process of interpretation or application of the Constitution requires a consideration of both the purpose and objects of the Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 as a whole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983  and the values underlying a democratic society based on dignity, equality and fr
eedom.  In other words, the Constitution requires that a contextual approach be taken, rather than one which simply looks at the meaning of words in isolation from their overall setting.  As we have said, an independent, well-qualified and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2645951\charrsid12940983 trustworthy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 judiciary is vital to a functioning democracy.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [31]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
In addition, to the extent that the provisions of the Bill of Rights in Chapter 2 of the Constitution are engaged, there are further relevant interpretive provisions.  Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2645951\charrsid12940983 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983  7(1) and (5) provide:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-363\li1440\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\tx1560\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
In addition to complying with section 3, when interpreting and applying this Chapter, a court, tribunal or other authority \emdash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-357\li1797\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1797\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl4\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 must promote the values that underlie a democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (b)\tab}
may, if relevant, consider international law, applicable to the protection of the rights and freedoms in this Chapter.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi425\li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \'85.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-483\li1560\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1560\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1560\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 (5)\tab 
In considering the application of this Chapter to any particular law, a court must interpret this Chapter contextually, having regard to the content and consequences of the law, including its impact upon individuals or groups of individuals.\tab 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 As this language indicates, a broad, contextual approach to interpretation/application must be taken where the provisions of the Bill of Rights
 are in issue.  Part of the context to be considered is the impact of the provision under consideration on individuals or groups.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [32]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 Further, as with many other constitutions,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983  the Constitution provides that it is the supreme law of the State \endash  see section 2(1).  Section 2(2) goes on to say that subject to the provisions of the Constitution, \'93
any law inconsistent with th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2645951\charrsid12940983 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983  Constitution is invalid to the extent of the inconsistency\'94
.  Section 3(2) qualifies that to some extent.  It provides:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \li1077\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1077\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 If a law appears }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid9117986\charrsid12940983 to be }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
inconsistent with a provision of this Constitution, the court must adopt a reasonable interpretation of that law that is consistent with the provisions of this Constitution over an interpretation that is inconsistent with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid9117986\charrsid12940983 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 onstitution.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9117986\charrsid12940983 A court must, then attempt to reconcile the apparently inconsistent provisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [33]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 Such \'93inconsistency\'94
 provisions pose something of a challenge in Fiji given the short-lived nature of recent constitutions.  Since becoming independent in 1970, Fiji has had four constitutions \endash  the 1970 constitution, the 1990 constitution, the 1997 const
itution and the 2013 constitution, along with periods where it was unclear what the constitutional position was.  These constitutional changes and uncertainties resulted from coups and similar political upheavals, spanning the period 1987 to 2009.  

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [34]\tab}
The Constitution was promulgated against the background that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid1050693 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid15168721 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15168721  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1050693 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15168721 
For a discussion of the background see, for example, Regan, Kirkby & Kant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1050693 \'93\lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15168721 Between Two Worlds\rquote 
: The Origins, Operation, and Future of the 2013 Fiji }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15168721\charrsid1864271 Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15168721 \'94
 (2023) Journal of Pacific History https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2023.2271124}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1050693 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
There was no extensive public consultative process prior to its adoption; rather, it was the work of a small group of officials.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (b)\tab}
When it was promulgated, Fiji had an extensive body of statutory law.  It is not clear that to what extent there was close consideration of how the Constitution (or particular provisions in it) would affect that existing statutory law (or elements of it).
  Put another way, it cannot be assumed that all instances of inconsistency were identified at the time, much less that there was a deliberate decision that particular constitutional provisions should prevail over relevant existing statutory provisions.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 The
se features may, in some settings, weaken the notion of constitutional supremacy, or at least require the Court to consider how to mesh what appear to be inconsistent provisions so as to avoid problematic outcomes.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 (iii)\tab Proportionality as a constitutional value
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6957746\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [35]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6957746\charrsid12940983 Besides}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9661015\charrsid12940983 
 the general interpretative directions just mentioned, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4196916\charrsid12940983 there is further guidance in Chapter 2 of the Constitution.  That Chapter shows that there is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid5911861\charrsid12940983 another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4196916\charrsid12940983  relevant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9661015\charrsid12940983  value embedded in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983  the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9661015\charrsid12940983 , namely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 proportionality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid9661015\charrsid12940983 .  We see proportionality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9661015\charrsid12940983 as an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983  important }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9661015\charrsid12940983 constitutional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 value in Fiji, as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid9661015\charrsid12940983 it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 in other comparable jurisdictions.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9661015\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [36]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 Proportionality analysis attempts to weigh restrictive measures against the benefits those measures seek to achieve in order to determine whether there is an appropriate balance between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10640759\charrsid12940983 the measure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 
 and the objective.  A highly restrictive measure aimed at achieving a particular objective will be disproportionate if the objective can equally well be achieved by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5404717\charrsid12940983 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 less restrictive measure.  In colloquial terms, the issue is whether the ends justify the means.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid14493486\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid14493486 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid14493486 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14493486  \tab 
For a recent comprehensive overview of proportionality analysis, see Vicki C Jackson \'93Constitutional Law in an Age of Proportionality\'94 (2015) 124 Yale Law Journal 3094.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [37]\tab}
Chapter 2 of the Constitution contains numerous explicit and implicit references to proportionality.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14493486\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 
 There are two explicit references.  The first is in section 11(1):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\kerning2\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\fs24\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 
Every person has the right to freedom }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 from torture of any kind, whether physical, mental or emotional, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f211\fs24\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983  cruel, inhumane, degrading or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\fs24\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 
disproportionately severe treatment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983  or punishment. 
\par \tab (Emphasis added.)
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 \tab The second is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6059397 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 section 16(1): 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 \tab 
Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and such other limitations as may be prescribed by law\emdash  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-568\li1985\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\adjustright\rin686\lin1985\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 
every person has the right to executive or administrative action that is lawful, rational, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\fs24\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 proportionate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 , procedurally fair, and reasonably prompt;  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li1417\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1417\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 (Emphasis added.)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [38]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 Apart from these provisions, various sections state that particular rights and freedoms may be subject to \'93such limitations as are necessary\'94
.  For example, section 6(5)(c) provides that the rights and freedoms set out in Chapter 2 may be limited by limitations which are not expressly set out or authorised, but which are \'93necessary\'94 and have some legal basis.  The Chapter }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14493486\charrsid12940983 goes on to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 
provide that certain rights and freedoms may be limited where necessary to achieve certain specified purposes, for example, freedom of speech (section 17(3)) freedom of assembly (section 18(2))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid14493486\charrsid12940983  and freedom of movement (section 21(7)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4196916\charrsid12940983 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15277195\charrsid12940983 
.  The reference to the concept of necessity in such provisions means that a proportionality analysis is required. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14493486\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [39]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid14493486\charrsid12940983 Mr Sharma for the Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Commission drew our attention to s 32 of the Constitution.  That confers on everyone a limited right to \'93
full and free participation in the economic life of the State, which includes the right to choose their own work, trade, occupation, profession or other means of livelihood\'94.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1185265\charrsid12940983 
Although this right is limited or qualified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10640759\charrsid12940983  in nature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1185265\charrsid12940983 
, we consider that it has some relevance to the interpretation of the disciplinary proceeding disqualification.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid4196916\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid4196916 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4196916  \tab We discuss the relevance of proportionality at paras [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10899904 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4196916 ]
\endash [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10899904 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4196916 ] below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1185265\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid3431300\charrsid12940983 Three preliminary points}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2645951\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [40]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 Before we address the critical issue in the case \endash  the meaning of the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1187773\charrsid12940983 disciplinary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983  proceeding disqualification \endash 
 we should address three arguments raised in the course of submissions that we do not accept.  These were arguments raised by Justice Qetaki, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9117986\charrsid12940983 Judicial Services Commission}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983  and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9117986\charrsid12940983 Huma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid9117986\charrsid12940983  Rights and Anti-Discrimination Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3431300\charrsid12940983   W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 e begin with that raised by Justice Qetaki.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl5\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 Misuse of disciplinary process
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [41]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 
Where, as in the present case, constitutional provisions depend on the application of other processes (in this instance, statutory professional disciplinary processes), the underlying assumption should be that those processes will be undertaken independen
tly, in good faith and with good cause.  In this case, one of those affected, Justice Qetaki, has submitted that during the period prior to and after the promulgation of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid725092\charrsid12940983 C}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 onstitution, professional disciplinary and other processes were used improperly against lawyers who challenged the actions of the then government, citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 Attorney-General of Fiji v Naidu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid12593379 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12593379 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12593379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4196916 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12593379 Attorney-General v Naidu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12593379  [2022] FJHC 735.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983  as an example.  Justice Qetaki claims that he admitted the two charges of professional misconduct \'93
out of fear of the powers of the then Attorney-General\'94, and that it was \'93a plea of convenience \'85 to have the matter disposed of as quickly and conveniently as possible to avoid the ire of the Government of the day\'94. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [42]\tab}
An allegation of misuse of disciplinary and other processes in this way by the Government is, of course, serious.  Obviously, such misuse may have harmful distortionary effects on the operation of the Constitution and more generally on the rule of law.  B
ut this is not an allegation that the Court can resolve in the present case.  The issue is outside the scope of the terms of the Reference and would require a lengthy factual enquiry of a type that this Court could not carry out.  We must therefore disreg
ard this allegation and proceed on the assumption that by admitting the charges, Justice Qetaki was acknowledging that what he had done amounted to professional misconduct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid12593379 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12593379 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12593379  \tab See further at paras [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4196916 6}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6622760 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12593379 ]-[}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11477414 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6622760 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12593379 ] below.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid7606072\charrsid12940983 (ii)\tab 
The impact of uncertainty on the Judicial Services Commission\rquote s operations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid12593379\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7606072\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [43]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7606072\charrsid12940983 As we noted earlier, Fiji has had several constitutions since independence}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6978258\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7606072\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9117986\charrsid12940983 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid7606072\charrsid12940983  the current constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9117986\charrsid12940983 having been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7606072\charrsid12940983  promulgated relatively recently}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 , which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7606072\charrsid12940983  may cause }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7606072\charrsid12940983 difficulties in the way }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7606072\charrsid12940983 
supremacy provisions of the Constitution operate.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7606072\charrsid12940983 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 he Judicial Services Commission }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7606072\charrsid12940983 (JSC) raised an argument reflecting this.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6978258\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6978258\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [44]\tab}The JSC\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
submission was that whether a wide interpretation of the disciplinary proceeding disqualification should be adopted or a narrower one was ultimately a matter of policy for the Government, especially given that the disqualification had been introduced for 
the first time in the Constitution.  The JSC argued that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Legal Practitioners Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
 had not been updated to reflect the introduction of the disciplinary proceeding disqualification and to ensure the Act\rquote s consistency with section 105}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6978258\charrsid12940983  of the Constitution}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 .  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [45]\tab}
Moreover, the JSC argued that there was a constitutional direction in section 104(8) of the Constitution concerning the JSC\rquote s independence and freedom from direction by others. The JSC submitted:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi22\li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \'85 in the absence of a clear and express power that displaces the JSC\rquote 
s independence under section 104(8), that it is not bound by the \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 qualification for appointment\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983  in section 105(2) and further, that if it was the intention of those that wrote the Constitution that the JSC be bound by the \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 qualification for appointment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \rquote  provision in section 105, that section 104 would have provided as much.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 The JSC went on to submit that, in the interests of certainty and transparency, a legislative framework supporting section 104 of the Constitution, and the work of the JSC, was required.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [46]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
The JSC may be right that there is a need for further integration between the Constitution and other legislation, perhaps even for the enactment of new legislation.  That is not something about which we express a view.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [47]\tab}But we cannot accept the JSC\rquote 
s submission that it is not bound by s 105(2).  Section 104(8) of the Constitution provides:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi22\li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
In the performance of its functions or the exercise of its authority or powers, the Commission shall be independent and shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority, except by a court of law }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 or as otherwise prescribed by written law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid10899904\charrsid12940983 (Emphasis added.)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [48]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 The Constitution comes within the definition of \'93written law\'94;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid15168721 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid15168721 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15168721  \tab \'93Written law\'94
 is defined in section 163(1) of the Constitution to mean \'93an Act, Decree, Promulgation and subordinate law made under those Acts, Decrees or Promulgations\'94.  The Constitution was introduced by the Constitution of the Republic of Fiji (Prom
ulgation) Decree 2013.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983  but even if it did not, the clear terms of s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6978258\charrsid12940983 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983  apply.  Section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6978258\charrsid12940983 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
(1) provides that the Constitution is the supreme law of the State; section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6978258\charrsid12940983 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 (3) goes on to say:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi22\li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
This Constitution shall be upheld and respected by all Fijians and the State, including all persons holding public office, and the obligations imposed by the Constitution must be fulfilled.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 Moreover, under s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6978258\charrsid12940983 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 
(4), the courts can enforce duties under the Constitution to ensure they are performed. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [49]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 Accordingly, in relation to a provision such as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid6978258\charrsid12940983 disciplinary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983  proceeding disqualification in s 105(2)(b), the JSC is entitled to reach a \'93good faith\'94
 view as to as to its interpretation and application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6978258\charrsid12940983  (subject, of course, to any contrary view expressed by the courts)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15168721\charrsid12940983 ; but it is not free to act inconsistently with the provision where it obviously applies. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid6978258\charrsid12940983 (iii)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f211\insrsid2690604\charrsid12940983 \tab The relevance of \'93forgiveness\'94 legislation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6978258\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [50]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 In its submissions, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2690604\charrsid12940983 he Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Commission (HRADC) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 emphasised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3308626\charrsid12940983 
 the Rehabilitation of Offenders (Irrelevant Convictions) Act 1997.  Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3308626\charrsid12940983 
 Act is intended to assist with the rehabilitation of offenders by removing restrictions on, among other things, their ability to work.  It does this by providing that convictions are \'93irrelevant\'94
 either where there is no direct connection between the conviction and a particular position or job or where the rehabilitation period has expired.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12339153\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 The HRADC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12339153\charrsid12940983 
 argued that the passage of time since Justice Qetaki and Mr Rabuku were found guilty of misconduct exceeds the statutory rehabilitation period, so that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12339153\charrsid12940983 findings against them }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 should be treated as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12339153\charrsid12940983  \'93irrelevant
\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2690604\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3308626\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [51]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid3308626\charrsid12940983 Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12339153\charrsid12940983 e short answer to this submission is that the Act applies only to criminal offending.  As we discuss further below,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid12339153\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12339153 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12339153  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16721439 See para}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11477414  [56]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16721439  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12339153\charrsid12940983 
 disciplinary proceedings are not criminal proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9645433\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [52]\tab}This brings us to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid9645433\charrsid12940983 the meaning of the disciplinary proceeding disqualification.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3308626\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid9645433\charrsid12940983 
The meaning of the disciplinary proceeding disqualification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid15926682\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6820057\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [53]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6820057\charrsid12940983 The critical issue for the Court is the meaning to be attributed to the words \'93
found guilty of any disciplinary proceeding involving legal practitioners whether in Fiji or abroad\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11738777\charrsid12940983  in s 105(2)(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid6820057\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1128029\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9849582\charrsid12940983 The Government and the Fiji Law Society submitted that the \'93guilty\'94
 pleas entered by Justice Qetaki and Mr Rabuku }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid152341\charrsid12940983 before the Legal Services Commissioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9849582\charrsid12940983 
to the professional misconduct charges against them meant that they had been \'93found guilty\'94 of disciplinary offences in disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid9849582\charrsid12940983 .  This was enough to satisfy the disciplinary proceeding disqualification.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid152341\charrsid12940983   It was irrelevant that the Commissioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15230636\charrsid12940983 decided to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid152341\charrsid12940983 impose no sanction on Justice Qetaki because his culpability was low and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11738777\charrsid12940983 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid152341\charrsid12940983  misconduct minor.  Equally, the relatively minor nature of Mr Rabuku\rquote s misconduct was irrelevant.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11738777\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [54]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11738777\charrsid12940983 
As we have said, we must interpret the language used in its context, which includes the fact that it appears in the Constitution.  We must do so against the background that, as written, the language does not make sense as a matter of ordinary English.  We
 must consider whether (taking Justice Qetaki\rquote s case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983 as an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11738777\charrsid12940983  example}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11738777\charrsid12940983  it is likely that the disciplinary proceeding disqualification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983 
 was intended to operate to exclude from consideration for judicial appointment a person against whom no sanction was imposed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983 in light}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983  of the minor nature of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid1973548\charrsid12940983 professional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983 misconduct and the low level of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14682777\charrsid12940983 his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983 culpability.  In considering this, we must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983 bear in mind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983  that the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983  disqualification applies not only to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16399821\charrsid12940983 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983 holding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16399821\charrsid12940983 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983 judicial office but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16399821\charrsid12940983 also to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983 holding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16399821\charrsid12940983 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16399821\charrsid12940983 number}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983  of other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1973548\charrsid12940983 public }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983 office}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16399821\charrsid12940983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8326002\charrsid12940983 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14682777\charrsid12940983  Moreover, it applies to disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2243530\charrsid12940983 proceedings \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14682777\charrsid12940983 abroad\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid152341\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi709\li0\ri0\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid9645433\charrsid12940983 (i)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f211\insrsid14682777\charrsid12940983 Disciplinary proceedings \'93abroad\'94
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid1128029\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [55]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1128029\charrsid12940983 The reference to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid14682777\charrsid12940983 a disciplinary proceeding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1128029\charrsid12940983 \'93whether in Fiji or abroad\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 in s 105(2)(b) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1128029\charrsid12940983 is important.  Under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983 ection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1128029\charrsid12940983  105(2)(b), a person }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983 who}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1128029\charrsid12940983  has had 15 years post-admission legal practice in Fiji }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1128029\charrsid12940983 or in another country prescribed by law\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983 
 is qualified for judicial appointment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3896833\charrsid12940983  provided he or she is not caught by the disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1973548\charrsid12940983 proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3896833\charrsid12940983 disqualification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1128029\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983   The other countries }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2978465\charrsid12940983 \'93prescribed by law\'94 for the purposes of section 105(2)(b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983 are identified in section 5A of the High Court Act 1875}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1973548\charrsid12940983  and include Australia and New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 Because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983  it is important to have some feel for the nature of typical
 professional disciplinary regimes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2978465\charrsid12940983  we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14682777\charrsid12940983 will}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2978465\charrsid12940983  briefly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14682777\charrsid12940983 identify}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2978465\charrsid12940983  elements of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16399821\charrsid12940983 the disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983 regimes in New South Wales}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14682777\charrsid12940983  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983  New Zealand and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14682777\charrsid12940983 
 then describe in more detail the disciplinary regime in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983  Fiji.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14682777\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [56]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid14682777\charrsid12940983 The traditional model for disciplinary proceedings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983  involves a process similar to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid1973548\charrsid12940983 that in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983 criminal proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1116250\charrsid12940983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11555257\charrsid12940983 even though}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983  disciplinary proceedings are classified as civil, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 eg }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983 
proof is to the civil standard).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid854018 \chftn }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid854018  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10818927 See, for example, the discussion in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10818927 Z v Dental Complaints Assessment Committee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10818927  [2008] NZSC 55, [2009] 1 NZLR 1.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983   There will be a charge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10818927\charrsid12940983 (with particulars) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983 laid before }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983 isciplinary tribunal; there will be a prosecutor; the accused practitioner will be entitled to legal representation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10818927\charrsid12940983 ; the practitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983 
 may elect to admit or dispute the charge; where the charge is disputed, there will be a hearing with witnesses and submissions; the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983 ribunal will ultimately make a determination, either finding the charge proved or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1116250\charrsid12940983 not proved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11555257\charrsid12940983 If the charge is proved, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11555257\charrsid12940983 ribunal will consider what sanction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10818927\charrsid12940983 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11555257\charrsid12940983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10818927\charrsid12940983 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11555257\charrsid12940983  should be imposed on the practitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1314598\charrsid12940983  (including whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1314598\charrsid12940983  should lose the right to practice)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11555257\charrsid12940983 
.  Although disciplinary proceedings are civil and are for the protection of the public rather than for the punishment of errant practitioners, they commonly utilise the language of criminal proceedings \endash 
 charges, prosecutors, findings of guilt and so on.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid854018\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11555257\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [57]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11555257\charrsid12940983 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10818927\charrsid12940983 disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11555257\charrsid12940983 regimes in both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid14682777\charrsid12940983 New South Wales and the New Zealand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11555257\charrsid12940983 contain a disciplinary tribunal along the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1973548\charrsid12940983 
 traditional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11555257\charrsid12940983  lines}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16399821\charrsid12940983  just described}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11555257\charrsid12940983 
.  But they also contain a lower level process, which operates as a filter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid1973548\charrsid12940983 short}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 , they involve a two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1973548\charrsid12940983 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 tier }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983 structure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [58]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid5444378\charrsid12940983 To explain, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14513312\charrsid12940983 complaints are dealt with in the first instance by an officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\f211\super\insrsid14513312\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid14513312 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513312  \tab In New South Wales, the NSW Legal Services Commissioner}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16399821 : see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9138168 Legal Profession Uniform Law 2014 (NSW)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513312 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid14513312\charrsid12940983  or body}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid14513312\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid14513312 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513312  \tab In New Zealand, Standards Committees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10818927 : see the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006, Part 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513312 .}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14513312\charrsid12940983  that is not a traditional disciplinary tribunal and need not hold hearings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2243530\charrsid12940983  in the traditional sense}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14513312\charrsid12940983 .  The relevant officer or body has the power to deal with low level complaints }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15302151\charrsid12940983 
(including by imposing a limited range of sanctions) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14513312\charrsid12940983 but may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14822959\charrsid12940983 refer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid14513312\charrsid12940983  more serious matters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14822959\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14513312\charrsid12940983 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10818927\charrsid12940983 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14513312\charrsid12940983  traditional disciplinary tribunal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 
When such a referral is made, the officer or body acts as the prosecutor. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10818927\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [59]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10818927\charrsid12940983 To take the New Zealand Standards Committees as an example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983 their functions include}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10818927\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983 conducting investigations either in response to complaints or o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11160012\charrsid12940983 n}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983  their own motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11160012\charrsid12940983 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10818927\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983 promoting the resolution of cases by negotiation, conciliation or mediation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11160012\charrsid12940983 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983  making final determinations in relation to complaints}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11160012\charrsid12940983 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983 
 and laying and prosecuting charges before the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11216474\charrsid12940983 Layers and Conveyancers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983 Disciplinary Tribunal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid16396343 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16396343  \tab 
Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006 (NZ), s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11160012 ection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16396343  130.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2243530\charrsid12940983 In relation to complaints}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1973548\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2243530\charrsid12940983  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983  standards committee may decide to take no action for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 a variety of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983 
 reasons, including that the subject matter of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2243530\charrsid12940983 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16396343\charrsid12940983 he complaint is \'93trivial\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11160012\charrsid12940983 , and may discontinue an investigation if it considers that in the circumstances \'93any further action is unnecessary or inappropriate\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\f211\super\insrsid11160012\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid11160012 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11160012  \tab Section 138.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4328513\charrsid12940983   Standards committees may conduct hearings, but they are generally \'93on the papers\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid4328513\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid4328513 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4328513  \tab Section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5911861 153}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4328513 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10302050\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983 Following an investigation and hearing, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10302050\charrsid12940983  standards committee may refer }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10302050\charrsid12940983  matter to the Disciplinary Tribunal, take no further action or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983 determine that there was been unsatisfactory conduct by the practitioner concerned.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid7347543 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7347543  \tab Section 152.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5911861   \'93Unsatisfactory conduct\'94 is defined in section 12.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983   Where it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 makes an \'93unsatisfactory conduct\'94 determination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983 , there are }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 various}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983  remedies available to it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 .  These }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 include}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983 
 ordering that an apology be given, reprimanding or censuring the practitioner involved, ordering the payment of compensation or the refund of fees paid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid1973548\charrsid12940983 incorporating the terms of an agreed settlement in a final determination, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16721439\charrsid12940983 imposing a fine of up to $15,000 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983 requiring the practitioner to take advice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid1973548\charrsid12940983  or practical training or to open his or her practice to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983 inspection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid7347543 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7347543  \tab Section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10253157 156.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11477414\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8782628\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [60]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8782628\charrsid12940983 There is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8782628\charrsid12940983  broadly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983 similar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8782628\charrsid12940983  structure in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983  New South Wales}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8782628\charrsid12940983 , where}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983  the NSW Legal Services Commissioner performs the filtering }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7420473\charrsid12940983 function and
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983  acts as prosecutor where there is a reference }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8782628\charrsid12940983 to the Disciplinary Tribunal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\f211\super\insrsid10253157\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid10253157 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid10253157 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10253157  \tab 
See Legal Profession Uniform Law, Part 5.4. Disciplinary Matters}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11477414\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7347543\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8782628\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [61]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8782628\charrsid12940983 Where a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 practitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8782628\charrsid12940983  from New }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983 South Wales or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983  New}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8782628\charrsid12940983 Zealand is charged with disciplinary misconduct before the relevant disciplinary tribunal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 
 and is found guilty and sanctioned, he or she will not qualify for judicial appointment in Fiji as a result of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983  disqualification.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983 However it is interpreted, the disqualification would apply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16399821\charrsid12940983 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983  such a case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [62]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 However, what is the position where a practitioner is dealt with by a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10253157\charrsid12940983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 
tandards }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10253157\charrsid12940983 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 ommittee or the NSW Legal Services Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 er}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983  and is not referred to the Disciplinary Tribunal?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983   If some form of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983 finding or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 order is made against the practitioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 by the Committee or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 Commissioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 does that fall within the disciplinary proceeding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983 dis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 qualification?  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [63]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 In his submissions for the Fiji Law Society, we understood Mr Daubney KC to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983 say}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 
 that a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 n otherwise qualified }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 New South Wales practitioner would not be disqualified }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16205524\charrsid12940983 in these circumstances }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 because the process before the NSW Legal Services Commissioner is not a \'93disciplinary proceeding\'94.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 That approach has some}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 attraction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 as it would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 
 disqualify only those who have been found guilty as a result of having gone through }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 isciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid5266076\charrsid12940983 ribunal process, which deals with the more serious cases of professional misconduct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983   In that situation, there is a clear link between the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16399821\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983 
disqualification and the s 105(1) objective of Fiji having judicial officers \'93of the highest competence and integrity\'94. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid6622760\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [64]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 However, it is not self-evident that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 this is the correct interpretation,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10899904\charrsid12940983 especially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 
given that both the NSW Commissioner and a New Zealand standards committee can make findings of unsatisfactory conduct against practitioners and can impose at least some remedies that look like disciplinary sanctions, for example, fines.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983   We return to this at paragraphs [84]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 \u8722\'2d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 [85] below.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8782628\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi709\li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid1187773\charrsid12940983 (ii)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f211\insrsid6360176\charrsid12940983 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Legal Practitioners Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983  2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid6360176\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13135341\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [65]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid13135341\charrsid12940983 We now describe the disciplinary scheme under the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Legal Practitioners Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983  2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid13135341\charrsid12940983 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13135341\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [66]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid13135341\charrsid12940983 Sections 81 and 82 of the Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 address the terms \'93unsatisfactory professional conduct\'94 and \'93professional misconduct\'94.  They }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid13135341\charrsid12940983 provide:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6360176\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-1276\li1985\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1985\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1985\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs24\insrsid13135341\charrsid12940983 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid152341\charrsid12940983 81.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid13135341\charrsid12940983 \tab For the purposes of this Act, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid1116250\charrsid12940983 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid13135341\charrsid12940983 unsatisfactory professional conduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid1116250\charrsid12940983 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid13135341\charrsid12940983  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid152341\charrsid12940983 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid13135341\charrsid12940983 ncludes conduct of a legal practitioner \'85
, occurring in connection with the practice of law that falls short of the standards of competence and diligence that a member of the public is entitled to expect of a reasonably competent or professional legal practitioner \'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid6360176\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-1287\li1985\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1985\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid14037154\charrsid12940983 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid13305529\charrsid12940983 82.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid14037154\charrsid12940983 \tab (1) For the purposes of this Act, 
\'93professional misconduct\'94 includes\emdash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-1287\li1985\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1985\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid14037154\charrsid12940983 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid14037154\charrsid12940983 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid14037154\charrsid12940983 unsatisfactory professional conduct of a legal practitioner \'85, if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid14037154\charrsid12940983 
the conduct involves a substantial or consistent failure to reach or maintain a reasonable standard of competence and diligence; or
\par \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid14037154\charrsid12940983 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid14037154\charrsid12940983 conduct of a legal practitioner \'85
, whether occurring in connection with the practice of law or occurring otherwise than in connection with the practice of law, that would, if established, justify a finding that the practitioner is not a fit and proper person to engage in legal practice 
\'85.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-1287\li1985\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1985\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid14037154\charrsid12940983 \tab \'85.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1455243\charrsid12940983 Section 83(1)(h) provides that without limiting sections 81 and 82, a legal practitioner\rquote s conduct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9247851\charrsid12940983 
that contravenes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1455243\charrsid12940983  the Trusts Account Act 1996 is capable of being \'93unsatisfactory professional conduct\'94 or \'93professional misconduct\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4328513\charrsid12940983 .\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9247851\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9247851\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [67]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9247851\charrsid12940983 We pause here to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12738873\charrsid12940983 recall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9247851\charrsid12940983  that both Justice Qetaki and Mr Rabuku pleaded guilty to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983 the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9247851\charrsid12940983 charges of professional misconduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983  against them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1455243\charrsid12940983 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9247851\charrsid12940983   In Justice Qetaki\rquote s case, the two allegations of professional misconduct arose out of the same failure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3625603\charrsid12940983 
\endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9247851\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3625603\charrsid12940983 namely, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9247851\charrsid12940983 
to obtain the necessary consent before }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3625603\charrsid12940983 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9247851\charrsid12940983  trust account was opened}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983  \endash  and the finding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11554715\charrsid12940983 of professional misconduct against him was based on his plea.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10684192\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5914912\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11554715\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [68]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11554715\charrsid12940983 We should}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8671110\charrsid12940983  emphasise that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10684192\charrsid12940983 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11554715\charrsid12940983 legal practitioner\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 contravention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11554715\charrsid12940983 of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983  provision of the Trust Accounts Act 1996 does not automatically amount to professional misconduct.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4421713\charrsid12940983 The effect of the opening words of section 83(1) is that s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 uch a contravention is only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 capable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983  of amounting to professional misconduct.  Whether such a contravention does }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4543217\charrsid12940983 indeed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 
amount to professional misconduct depends on the particular circumstances of the case.  Section 82(1) places the bar relatively high.  It gives two examples of the kind of conduct which would amount to professional misconduct, namely conduct which \'93
involves a substantial or consistent failure to reach or maintain a reasonable standard of competence and diligence\'94 and conduct which would \'93justify a finding that the practitioner is not a fit and proper person to engage in legal practice\'94.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [69]\tab}
In these circumstances, we ask: how should the Commissioner have approached Justice Qetaki\rquote 
s case?  Take a criminal case by way of analogy.  Where a defendant pleads guilty, but then advances mitigation which, if accepted, amounts to a defence to the char
ge, the judge cannot proceed on the basis of the guilty plea, unless the defendant withdraws that part of his mitigation which amounts to a defence.  If the defendant declines to do so, the judge must proceed on the basis that the defendant has pleaded no
t guilty.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [70]\tab}
That applies to disciplinary proceedings as well.  What the Commissioner should therefore have done was to consider whether the particular circumstances of Justice Qetaki\rquote 
s contravention of the Trust Accounts Act really did amount to professional misconduct, even though Justice Qetaki had admitted that it had.  The Commissioner did not address that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5914912\charrsid12940983 
aspect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 at all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10684192\charrsid12940983 ; rather, he simply stated that he found the charges proven \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4543217\charrsid12940983 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10684192\charrsid12940983  [Justice Qetaki\rquote s] guilty plea\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4543217\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [71]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 In our view, had the Commissioner addressed th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4543217\charrsid12940983 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983  question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4543217\charrsid12940983  of Justice Qetaki\rquote s guilt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 , he would have concluded that Justice Qetaki\rquote s contravention of the Trust Accounts Act }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4543217\charrsid12940983 did not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983  justif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4543217\charrsid12940983 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983  a finding of professional misconduct.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4421713\charrsid12940983 Even though the description of \'93professional misconduct\'94
 in s 82 is inclusive rather than exhaustive, it is difficult to see how th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4543217\charrsid12940983 e`}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4421713\charrsid12940983 
 non-compliance with the Trust Accounts Act requirement amounted to anything comparable to a substantial or consistent failure to maintain appropriate standards or justify a \'93not a fit and proper person\'94
 finding.  It was a single incident, it occurred only because the Bank }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4543217\charrsid12940983 breached its obligations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4421713\charrsid12940983 
, the trust account was open only for a short period and it was never operated in any meaningful sense.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4421713\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [72]\tab}Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8671110\charrsid12940983 at said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 , this Reference is about the proper interpretation of the Constitution.  Whether the Commissioner erred in law in accepting }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4421713\charrsid12940983 Justice Qetaki\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983  admission of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4421713\charrsid12940983 guilt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983  is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4543217\charrsid12940983 ultimately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 beside the point.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11554715\charrsid12940983 As stated earlier, we must proceed on the basis that, by his plea, Justice Qetaki acknowledged that his actions constituted professional misconduct.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4543217\charrsid12940983 The same is true in the case of Mr Rabuku.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7806062\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [73]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 Returning to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Legal Practitioners Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4086892\charrsid12940983 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983  contains a two-tier structure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid609913\charrsid12940983 that bears some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 resemblance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983  to that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 found }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 
New South Wales and New Zealand schemes, the opportunity for an initial filtering of complaints leading to an informal resolution is much more limited.  Section 109 provides that the Chief Registrar (who is the official who generally receives complaints) 
may take one of three steps:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 summarily dismiss a complaint in certain circumstances;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid16596883 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid16596883 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16596883  \tab 
See section 110(1).  Despite a summary dismissal, a complainant may pursue the complaint before the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116250 Independent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16596883 Legal Services Commission: section 110(4). }}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (b)\tab}attempt to resolve the matter, including through mediation;

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (c)\tab}commence disciplinary proceedings before the Commission.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [74]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 
The point to be emphasised is that while the Chief Registrar has the power to dismiss a complaint that is \'93vexatious, misconceived, frivolous, or lacking in substance\'94,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid16596883 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16596883  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14632400 Legal Practitioners Act
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16596883 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5404717 sections }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16596883 109}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5404717 (1)(a) and 110(1)(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16596883 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983  there is no explicit power to deal informally with complaints that are minor or trivial in nature.  The Chief Registrar }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 may take such efforts as it sees fit to facilitate the resolution of the matter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983  in question, including mediation\'94,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid680951 \chftn }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid680951  \tab Section 109(1)(b).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 
 but this power appears to be directed more at disputes between clients and lawyers or between lawyers than at regulatory matters of the type at issue in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 Rabuku}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983  cases.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 It seems, then, that there is little or no scope for low level resolutions of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983 minor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 regulatory infractions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 such as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid16596883\charrsid12940983  can occur under the New South Wales and New Zealand schemes.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [75]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\langfenp1025\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 If the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\langfenp1025\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 Chief Registrar }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\langfenp1025\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 decides to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\langfenp1025\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 
 commence disciplinary proceedings against a practitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\langfenp1025\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 , he or she makes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\langfenp1025\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983  an application to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\langfenp1025\insrsid1116250\charrsid12940983 Independent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\langfenp1025\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 Legal Services Commission.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 he procedure to be followed }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 thereafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 is specified in ss 111 \endash 
 120.  It is along}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 traditional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 disciplinary tribunal lines}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [76]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 
Section 121(1) provides for the kind of orders that can be made if:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab the Commission is satisfied that the legal practitioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983  has engaged in professional misconduct or unsatisfactory professional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid4543217\charrsid12940983 conduct \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10032124 We note that the \'93is satisfied\'94
 standard in a disciplinary context does not equate to the stand of proof in criminal cases, ie beyond reasonable doubt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid16537799 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid16537799 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16537799  \tab See, for example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16537799 Z v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15486533 Dental}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16537799  Complaints Assessment Committee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16537799 , above n 25, per McGrath J (with whom Blanchard and Tipping JJ agreed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15486533 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16537799 , at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15486533 [94]-[118].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10032124   For this reason the expression \'93found guilty\'94
 in s 105(2)(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15486533  may be misleading as it utilises}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10032124  the language of the criminal law}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16537799 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15486533 Under the Act, b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16537799 eing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15486533 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16537799 satisfied}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15486533 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16537799  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15486533 at the conclusion of a hearing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16537799 that a practitioner has engaged in misconduct is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15486533 a prerequisite to the imposition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16537799 order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15486533 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16537799  in the nature of disciplinary sanction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15486533 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid13645165 ; it is not a distinct procedural step like the entry of a conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6498873  in a criminal case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16537799 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 The orders provided for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16537799 in section 121(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 are in standard form, and includ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 
 striking off, suspension, reprimand, fine, requirements to pay compensation and restrictions and limitations on practice.  Some of the orders correspond more or less closely to those that can be made by a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 tandards }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 ommittee in New Zealand.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [77]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 As to costs, section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983  124 provides:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-1287\li1985\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1985\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab (1) \tab After hearing any application for disciplinary proceedings under this }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 
, the Commission may make such orders as to the payment of costs and expenses as it thinks fit against any legal practitioner \'85 .
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid609913\charrsid12940983 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab (3) \tab Without limiting subsection (1) the Commissioner may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-1417\li2835\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2835\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab (a)\tab without making any finding adverse to a legal practitioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid680951\charrsid12940983 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 , and
\par \tab (b)\tab if the Commission considers that the application for disciplinary proceedings was justified and that it is just to do so,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-1145\li1985\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1985\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab \tab \tab order that legal practitioner \'85
  to pay to the Commission and the Registrar such sums as the Commission may think fit in respect of costs and expenses of and incidental to the proceedings, including costs and expenses of any investigation carried out by the Registrar.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7734171\charrsid12940983 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6586203\charrsid12940983  important feature of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7734171\charrsid12940983 this section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6586203\charrsid12940983 for present purposes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7734171\charrsid12940983 is that it makes it clear that an award of costs against a practitioner is not a disciplinary sanction.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12142930\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [78]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12142930\charrsid12940983 In relation to the Discipline Register, s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 ection 126 provides:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-1287\li1985\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1985\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab \tab (1) \tab The Commission
 shall publicise and make public any order made against a legal practitioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid8989988\charrsid12940983 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 
 in an application for disciplinary proceeding, in any way the Commission considers appropriate; provided that the Commission may withhold the publication of any order if the Commission is of the view that there are exceptional circumstances which warrant
 against any publication.
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid8989988\charrsid12940983 \tab (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab 
The Commission must keep a Discipline Register of all orders made against legal practitioners }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid8989988\charrsid12940983 \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 . The Register must contain -
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-1417\li2835\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2835\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid12081274  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab the full name of the legal practitioner }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid8989988\charrsid12940983 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983  against which orders in an application for disciplinary proceedings were made;
\par \tab (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid12081274  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab the address of the legal practitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid8989988\charrsid12940983  \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983  against which orders in an application for disciplinary proceedings were made;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-708\li2126\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2126\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid12081274  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab 
the particulars of the application for disciplinary proceedings;
\par \tab (d)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid12081274  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab the actual orders made against the legal practitioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid8989988\charrsid12940983 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 ; and
\par \tab (e)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid12081274  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab such other particulars as prescribed by rules or regulation.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-1287\li1985\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1985\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid8989988\charrsid12940983 \tab \tab (3)\tab 
The Discipline Register may be kept in a form decided by the Commission, and must be available for public inspection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid8989988\charrsid12940983 \tab \tab \'85
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983 \tab \tab (5) \tab 
The Discipline Register shall not contain any records in relation to applications for disciplinary proceedings in which the Commission has not found the legal practitioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid8989988\charrsid12940983 
\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid16347545\charrsid12940983  to have engaged in professional misconduct or unsatisfactory professional conduct.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid609913\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [79]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid609913\charrsid12940983 As we have said, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4463410\charrsid12940983 Independent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid609913\charrsid12940983 
Legal Services Commissioner found the two professional misconduct charges against Justice Qetaki proved by his plea of guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14893446\charrsid12940983 
  He then went on to order that his name not be entered in the Discipline Register.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14893446\charrsid12940983 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4463410\charrsid12940983 basis for this appears to be as follows.  Section 121 identifies the orders that the Commissioner may make where satisfied that a legal practitioner has engaged in professional misconduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14893446\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4463410\charrsid12940983   The orders referred to do not include the power to award costs, which is d
ealt with separately in s 124 in a way which makes it clear that an order for costs is not a disciplinary sanction.  The obligation under s 126(2) to keep a Discipline Register refers to \'93orders\'94
 made by the Commissioner.  Given the structure of the relevant provisions, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15684459\charrsid12940983 the word \'93orders\'94 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4463410\charrsid12940983 
 best construed as a reference back to the list of orders set out in s 121(1), none of which were made against Justice Qetaki.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3498581\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15684459\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [80]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15684459\charrsid12940983 An }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14893446\charrsid12940983 important point }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6586203\charrsid12940983 that emerges from the foregoing description}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14893446\charrsid12940983  is that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14632400\charrsid12940983 Legal Practitioners Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14893446\charrsid12940983 
 simply does not provide the type of filter mechanisms that both the New South Wales and New Zealand Acts provide.  It is improbable that allegations of professional misconduct of the type advanced against Justice Qetaki and Mr Rabuku would have been refe
rred to the disciplinary tribunals in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7734171\charrsid12940983 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14893446\charrsid12940983 New South Wales and New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid7734171\charrsid12940983  regimes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14893446\charrsid12940983 ; rather, they would likely have been dealt with at the filtering stage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 in both jurisdictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14893446\charrsid12940983 .  If this is correct, it raises the un}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4606157\charrsid12940983 comfortable}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14893446\charrsid12940983  possibility that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4606157\charrsid12940983 professional mis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid14893446\charrsid12940983 
conduct which would not be disqualifying if it was dealt with in New South Wales or New Zealand would be disqualifying in Fiji }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4606157\charrsid12940983 simply as a result}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid14893446\charrsid12940983  of the process adopted to deal with it. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi709\li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid1187773\charrsid12940983 (ii)\tab D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f211\insrsid8393042\charrsid12940983 isciplinary procedure disqualification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid1187773\charrsid12940983  interpreted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid8393042\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12142930\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [81]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12142930\charrsid12940983 As we have said, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8393042\charrsid12940983  words \'93found guilty of any disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4082018\charrsid12940983  involving legal practitioners }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid6884164\charrsid12940983 whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4082018\charrsid12940983 in Fiji or abroad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8393042\charrsid12940983 \'94 do not make literal sense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8393042\charrsid12940983   Accordingly, some interpretative effort is required to determine their meaning.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12142930\charrsid12940983 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8393042\charrsid12940983 he two principal options are to interpret them as meaning:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8393042\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8393042\charrsid12940983 
found guilty of professional misconduct in any disciplinary proceeding involving legal practitioners whether in Fiji or abroad; or
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8393042\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (b)\tab}
sanctioned for professional misconduct in any disciplinary proceeding involving legal practitioners whether in Fiji or abroad.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10824604\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [82]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10824604\charrsid12940983 
On the first meaning, which is essentially that contended for by the Government and the Fiji Law Society, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12142930\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10824604\charrsid12940983 disqualification would apply in cases }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8287203\charrsid12940983 dealt with in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12546289\charrsid12940983 what could be characterised as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12546289\charrsid12940983  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8287203\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12546289\charrsid12940983 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8287203\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10843189\charrsid12940983 even though}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10824604\charrsid12940983  the relevant misconduct did not warrant any disciplinary sanction. On the second, it would apply only where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8287203\charrsid12940983 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10824604\charrsid12940983 disciplinary sanction ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8287203\charrsid12940983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10824604\charrsid12940983  been imposed. Justice Qetaki would be subject to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5914912\charrsid12940983  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10824604\charrsid12940983 disqualification only on the first meaning; Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12081274  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10824604\charrsid12940983 
Rabuku would be within the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5914912\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10824604\charrsid12940983 disqualification on both meanings. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\kerning2\insrsid10824604\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4082018\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [83]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4082018\charrsid12940983 We consider that the second meaning is that one that should be given to the words.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10056881\charrsid12940983 
The essential reason for this is that we consider that this interpretation is necessary to give effect to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983 the approach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8287203\charrsid12940983 to interpretation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983 set out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4082018\charrsid12940983  by this Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983 Qarase}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid4082018\charrsid12940983 which we accept}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10056881\charrsid12940983 .  The words }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4082018\charrsid12940983 must be given}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983  an interpretation that is consistent with the directions in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10056881\charrsid12940983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983 
 3 and 7 of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15150943\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983  and which sits most comfortably within their context, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid1185265\charrsid12940983 which includes both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983 s 105(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1185265\charrsid12940983 and the concept of proportionality}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [84]\tab}Before w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10056881\charrsid12940983 e explain this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4606157\charrsid12940983  conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 
, however, we should address the meaning of the words \'93disciplinary proceeding\'94 \endash 
 are they limited to proceedings before a traditional-style disciplinary tribunal, as we understood Mr Daubney to argue, or could they include the lower-level and less }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983 formal}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 
rocesses of bodies such as standards committees or the NSW Legal Services Commissioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983 , at least in some cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 ?  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [85]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 We consider that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983  words}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 
 should be interpreted as referring to proceedings before traditional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983 -style}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983  disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 tribunals}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 .  There are three reasons for this:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1251482\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 First, the use of the term \'93found guilty\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4938817 in section 105(2)(b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 carries with it the connotation of a formal, court-like process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 of the type}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983  used by disciplinary tribunals}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983 It is not apt when applied to most of the work carried out by filtering bodies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12662710\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983 Second, this interpretation is consistent with the structure of the Legal Practitioners Act, under which the only way a person can be \'93found guilty\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 of professional misconduct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983 is through the formal disciplinary process operated by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid3686184\charrsid12940983 Independent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983  Legal Services Commissioner.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (c)\tab}
Third, this interpretation is consistent with the context, which is a mandatory disqualification from judicial and other appointments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3686184\charrsid12940983 
  The court-like processes of a traditional disciplinary tribunal are best suited to such a context.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6122807\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 
This means that a matter dealt with by, for example, a standards committee in New Zealand would not fall within the disciplinary proceeding disqualification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6111498  in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12081274  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6111498 105(2)(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 
.  However, it is possible that such a matter could be taken into account under section 105(1) when the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12483718 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6111498 udicial S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10186817 ervices}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6111498  Commi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7102181 ssion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6111498  considers whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12483718 practitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6111498  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12483718 involved meets the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7420473\charrsid12940983 highest competence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983  and integrity\'94 standard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12483718 for judicial appointment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6111498   That said, the only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12483718 disciplinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid6111498 process contemplated by the Legal Practitioners Act in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12483718 relation to practitioners in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6111498 
Fiji is a process akin to a traditional disciplinary tribunal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2980490\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3686184\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [86]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3686184\charrsid12940983 
We now explain why we consider that the second of the two meanings identified in paragraph [81] above is the correct one.  As we have said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1185265\charrsid12940983 , proportionality is a value which }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11554715\charrsid12940983 is embedded in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1185265\charrsid12940983  the Constitution, Chapter 2 in particular.  While the various provisions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3686184\charrsid12940983 relating to proportionality }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1185265\charrsid12940983 
referred to in our earlier discussion are not directly controlling, they illustrate that the Constitution recognises proportionality as an important value.  Proportionality analysis seeks to ensure that restrictions on righ
ts and freedoms are justified, rather than arbitrarily imposed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11554715\charrsid12940983 The emphasis on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12546289\charrsid12940983 proportionality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1185265\charrsid12940983  brings section 3(1) into play:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1560\tx1985\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs24\insrsid1185265\charrsid12940983 \tab 
Any person interpreting or applying this Constitution must promote the spirit, purpose and objects of this Constitution as a whole, and the values that underlie a democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1185265\charrsid12940983 Because proportionality is one of the values underlying the Bill of Rights and Fijian society, the Court must seek to promote it or, put another way, to av
oid disproportionality to the extent possible.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [87]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983 
Section 105(1) is, in effect, a statement of purpose to be achieved by, amongst other things, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  disqualification. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid13979514\charrsid12940983 So}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5440056\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11011326\charrsid12940983  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5440056\charrsid12940983 proportionality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11011326\charrsid12940983  terms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid13979514\charrsid12940983 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\kerning2\insrsid13979514\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13979514\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid13979514\charrsid12940983 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983 
he object to be achieved is having a judiciary \'93of the highest competence and integrity\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid13979514\charrsid12940983 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\kerning2\insrsid13979514\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6172439\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid6172439\charrsid12940983 one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  means }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid13979514\charrsid12940983 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  achiev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid13979514\charrsid12940983 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  that is through the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  disqualification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1318106\charrsid12940983 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\kerning2\insrsid1318106\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid1318106\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid1318106\charrsid12940983 the disciplinary proceeding disqualification limits a person\rquote s ability to seek an occupation of their choice, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2228959\charrsid12940983 for which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1318106\charrsid12940983  s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2228959\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1318106\charrsid12940983 32 of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2228959\charrsid12940983  provides some protection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid1318106\charrsid12940983 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\kerning2\insrsid13979514\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11011326\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [88]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11011326\charrsid12940983 The question then becomes whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid13979514\charrsid12940983 any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983 disadvantage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11011326\charrsid12940983  or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983 prejudice associated with the adoption of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid13979514\charrsid12940983 each of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5440056\charrsid12940983 two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5456262\charrsid12940983 possible }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983 meanings }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4606157\charrsid12940983 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5914912\charrsid12940983 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5914912\charrsid12940983  disqualification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid4606157\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid5456262\charrsid12940983 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  proportionate to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5456262\charrsid12940983 the object of promoting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  the s 105(1) purpose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5456262\charrsid12940983 , ie, whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11011326\charrsid12940983 particular meanings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5456262\charrsid12940983  go further than necessary to achieve the objective sought.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5456262\charrsid12940983 
 In this case, it is arguable that both meanings }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983 result in disproportionate outcomes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11610067\charrsid12940983 
, in the sense that both will disqualify from judicial appointment people who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid9661015\charrsid12940983 might}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11610067\charrsid12940983  meet the section 105(1) standard
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11011326\charrsid12940983 ; but of the two, the second is less disproportionate than the first.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11610067\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11011326\charrsid12940983 Complying}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  with s 3(1) requires }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11011326\charrsid12940983 that we chose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  the second meaning i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11011326\charrsid12940983 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983  at all possible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\kerning2\insrsid12220844\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15150943\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [89]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15150943\charrsid12940983 The interpretation of 105(2)(b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5440056\charrsid12940983 that the Government and the Fijian Law Society urged upon us}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15150943\charrsid12940983  would lead to the exclusion of people who would otherwise meet the s 105(1) requirement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5440056\charrsid12940983 for judicial appointment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11610067\charrsid12940983 Mr Daubney KC pointed out that the 15 year practice requirement in s 105(2)(b) will have the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7151781\charrsid12940983 same effect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11610067\charrsid12940983 .  We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7151781\charrsid12940983 accept}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11610067\charrsid12940983  that, but it is not a reason to accept the meaning }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7151781\charrsid12940983 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7151781\charrsid12940983 
 disqualification for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11610067\charrsid12940983 which he contends}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7151781\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11610067\charrsid12940983   The 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7151781\charrsid12940983 meaning of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11610067\charrsid12940983 15 year requirement is pla}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7151781\charrsid12940983 in}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11610067\charrsid12940983  and does not admit of any alternative }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7151781\charrsid12940983 interpretation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid11610067\charrsid12940983 .  That is not the case with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid11610067\charrsid12940983  disqualification.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7151781\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [90]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid7151781\charrsid12940983 The meaning supported by the Government and the Law Society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5440056\charrsid12940983  will also result}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15150943\charrsid12940983 
 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid881380\charrsid12940983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5440056\charrsid12940983 ection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid881380\charrsid12940983  105(2)(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15150943\charrsid12940983  operat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid881380\charrsid12940983 ing more }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15150943\charrsid12940983 unevenly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15624661\charrsid12940983 across jurisdictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5440056\charrsid12940983  than it needs to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid881380\charrsid12940983 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15150943\charrsid12940983 depending on how disciplinary processes work in different prescribed countries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid881380\charrsid12940983 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15150943\charrsid12940983 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5440056\charrsid12940983 We think it undesirable and unintended}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15624661\charrsid12940983 
 that conduct that would not prevent a foreign lawyer from becoming a judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15407545\charrsid12940983 in Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15624661\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15407545\charrsid12940983 because it was not dealt with in a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15407545\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15407545\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15624661\charrsid12940983 would prevent a local lawyer from becoming a judge}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid5440056\charrsid12940983  because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6900697\charrsid12940983 , in Fiji, it was dealt with in a \'93disciplinary proceeding\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid15407545\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid3409755\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid3409755 \chftn 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3409755  \tab 
We note that even on the interpretation which we favour, there is scope for uneven application of the disciplinary proceeding disqualification given the limited scope for low-level, informal resolution of matters of professional discipline under the Leg
al }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3612290 Practitioners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3409755  Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3612290  2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3409755 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2513823 Arguably, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3409755 his highlights the point made by the JSC about the need for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2513823  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3409755  updating of the Act.}}}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15407545\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid15150943\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7346403\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [91]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid7346403\charrsid12940983 Mr Daubney argued that the interpretation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10382812\charrsid12940983 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid8659161\charrsid12940983 disciplinary proceeding}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10382812\charrsid12940983  disqualification }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7346403\charrsid12940983 
which we prefer would replace an objective test with a subjective one and should not be adopted for that reason.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10382812\charrsid12940983   But }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid3686184\charrsid12940983 the disciplinary proceeding disqualification is inherently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10382812\charrsid12940983  indetermina}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3686184\charrsid12940983 
te, in the sense that it is not obvious what it mean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3409755\charrsid12940983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3686184\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10382812\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid3686184\charrsid12940983 As we have noted,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid13724238\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid3686184\charrsid12940983 there is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10382812\charrsid12940983 indeterminacy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid13724238\charrsid12940983 as to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid10382812\charrsid12940983  what constitutes a \'93disciplinary proceeding\'94 just as there is indeterminacy in what amounts to a \'93disciplinary sanction\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6884164\charrsid12940983 
  But, as Professor H L A Hart pointed out many years ago, that is the nature of legal rules \endash  they have a central core of application surrounded by a penumbra of uncertainty, ie, an area where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid1012243\charrsid12940983 their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6884164\charrsid12940983  application is not certain.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid6884164\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid6884164 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6884164  \tab See H L A Hart }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6884164 The Concept of Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6884164  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5404717 (Clarendon Press, 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid5404717\charrsid5404717 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5404717  ed, 2012)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6884164 .}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid7346403\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid6884164\charrsid12940983 Opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid6884164\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6884164\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 [92]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6884164\charrsid12940983 In our opinion, the words \'93
found guilty of any disciplinary proceeding involving legal practitioners whether in Fiji or abroad\'94 should be interpreted to mean \'93sanctioned for professional misconduct in any disciplinary proceeding involving legal practition
ers whether in Fiji or abroad\'94.  Accordingly, we answer the questions in the Reference as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid6884164 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid7095606 Question:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\insrsid7095606\charrsid7095606 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 
Whether a legal practitioner who has been found by the Independent Legal Services Commission to have engaged in unsatisfactory professional conduct or professional misconduct under section 121(1) of the Legal Practitioners Act 2009 is ineligible:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-363\li2160\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl5\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 o be appointed as a Judge under s 105 of the Constitution; or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (ii)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 to hold any of various public offices to which the judicially appointable requirement applies.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 Answer:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi11\li1265\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1265\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 A legal practitioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid8338748\charrsid12940983 who the Independent Legal Services Commission }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid4938817 is satisfied has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid8338748\charrsid12940983 
 engaged in unsatisfactory professional conduct or professional misconduct under section 121(1) of the Legal Practitioners Act 2009 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 
will be disqualified from judicial appointment by the disciplinary proceeding disqualification in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid596485\charrsid12940983 ection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 
 105(2)(b) of the Constitution only if sanctioned for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid3612290\charrsid12940983 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid4938817 mis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\insrsid3612290\charrsid12940983 conduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid2490420 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7095606 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7095606\charrsid7095606 Question:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 
Whether in light of the findings of the Independent Legal Services Commission in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 Chief Registrar v Alipate Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\f211\super\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid2490420 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid2490420 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2490420  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2490420 Chief Registrar v Alipate Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2490420  [2017] FJILSC 9.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 Justice Alipate Qetaki is qualified to hold office as a Judge of the Court of Appeal?  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 Answer:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 
Justice Alipate Qetaki is qualified to hold office as a Judge of the Court of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid3352953\charrsid12940983 in terms of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid596485\charrsid12940983 ection}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid3352953\charrsid12940983  105(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid596485\charrsid12940983 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid3352953\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid4938817  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid8338748\charrsid12940983 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983  was not sanctioned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid3352953\charrsid12940983  for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid7095606 professional misconduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\insrsid3352953\charrsid12940983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid2490420 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid4869186 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\insrsid4869186\charrsid10487351 Question:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4869186\charrsid4869186 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 \hich\af211\dbch\af0\loch\f211 (c)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 Whether in light of the Independent Legal Services Commission\rquote 
s findings in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 Chief Registrar v John Rabuku}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\f211\super\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2490420 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2490420 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2490420  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2490420 
Chief Registrar v John Rabuku}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2490420  [2013] FJILSC 6.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid12081274  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 John Rabuku is qualified to hold the office of Director of Public Prosecutions?  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2490420\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi709\li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid3352953\charrsid12940983 Answer:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li1276\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid3352953\charrsid12940983 
Mr John Rabuku is not qualified to hold the office of Director of Public }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid596485\charrsid12940983 Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid3352953\charrsid12940983  because he }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid596485\charrsid12940983 is not qualified to be a judge, as required by section 117(2) of the Constitution.  He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid8220069\charrsid12940983 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid8220069 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid13645165  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\insrsid8338748\charrsid12940983 eligible for judicial appointment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\insrsid596485\charrsid12940983  by virtue of the disciplinary proceeding disqualification in section 105(2)(b) because he was sanctioned for professional misconduct in a disciplinary proceeding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f211\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid3352953\charrsid12940983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\ql \li4320\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs22\insrsid8220069 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs22\insrsid8220069\charrsid10487351 _________________________________
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs22\insrsid8220069\charrsid10487351 The Hon. Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs22\insrsid8220069 Jus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs22\insrsid8220069\charrsid10487351 tice }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs22\insrsid8220069 Brian Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs22\insrsid8220069\charrsid10487351 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs22\insrsid8220069\charrsid10487351 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs22\insrsid8220069 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs22\insrsid10487351\charrsid10487351 _________________________________
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs22\insrsid10487351\charrsid10487351 The Hon. Mr. Justice Terence Arnold
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs22\insrsid10487351\charrsid10487351 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\ql \li4320\ri0\widctlpar\tx5422\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10487351 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\ql \li4320\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid8220069 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\insrsid10487351 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs22\insrsid10487351\charrsid10487351 __________________________________
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f211\fs22\insrsid10487351\charrsid10487351 The Hon. Mr. Justice William Young
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f211\fs22\insrsid10487351\charrsid10487351 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100e9de0fbfff0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb4ec3301045f748fc83e52d4a
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