{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg0\uc1\adeff37\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi31506\deflang8192\deflangfe8192\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs1115{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f41\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial Unicode MS;}{\f45\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Segoe UI;}
{\f340\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Aptos{\*\falt Calibri};}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Aptos Display;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Iskoola Pota{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Aptos{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Iskoola Pota{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f1717\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f1718\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f1720\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f1721\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\f1722\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f1723\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f1724\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\f1725\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f2057\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f2058\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f2060\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}
{\f2061\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f2064\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f2065\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f2087\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\f2088\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f2090\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f2091\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f2092\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}
{\f2093\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\f2094\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f2095\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\f2167\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Segoe UI CE;}
{\f2168\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Segoe UI Cyr;}{\f2170\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Segoe UI Greek;}{\f2171\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Segoe UI Tur;}{\f2172\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Segoe UI (Hebrew);}
{\f2173\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Segoe UI (Arabic);}{\f2174\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Segoe UI Baltic;}{\f2175\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Segoe UI (Vietnamese);}{\f5117\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Aptos CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f5118\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Aptos Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f5120\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Aptos Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f5121\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Aptos Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f5124\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Aptos Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f5125\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Aptos (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Aptos Display CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Aptos Display Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Aptos Display Greek;}
{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Aptos Display Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Aptos Display Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Aptos Display (Vietnamese);}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Aptos CE{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Aptos Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Aptos Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Aptos Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Aptos Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Aptos (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;
\caccentone\ctint255\cshade191\red15\green71\blue97;\ctextone\ctint166\cshade255\red89\green89\blue89;\ctextone\ctint216\cshade255\red39\green39\blue39;\ctextone\ctint191\cshade255\red64\green64\blue64;\red33\green33\blue33;}{\*\defchp \f31506\fs24 }
{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\upr{\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
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\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink19 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 5;}{
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\i\fs22\cf20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink20 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 6;}{\s7\ql \li0\ri0\sb40\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink21 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 7;}{\s8\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel7\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\cf21\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink22 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 8;}{
\s9\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf21\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink23 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 9;}{\*\cs10 \additive 
\ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31506\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs24\lang8192\langfe8192\cgrid\langnp8192\langfenp8192 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused Normal Table;}{\*
\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs40 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs40\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink1 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs32\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink2 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink3 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs18 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink4 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 4 Char;}{\*\cs19 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink5 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 5 Char;}{\*\cs20 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf20\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink6 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 6 Char;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink7 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 7 Char;}{\*\cs22 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink8 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 8 Char;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink9 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 9 Char;}{\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sa80\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs56\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs56\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning28\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink25 \sqformat \spriority10 \styrsid13577834 Title;}{\*\cs25 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs56 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs56\expnd-2\expndtw-10\lang2057\langfe0\kerning28\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink24 \slocked \spriority10 \styrsid13577834 Title Char;}{\s26\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\expnd3\expndtw15\cf20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink27 \sqformat \spriority11 \styrsid13577834 Subtitle;}{\*\cs27 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\expnd3\expndtw15\cf20\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink26 \slocked \spriority11 \styrsid13577834 Subtitle Char;}{\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sb160\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f37\fs22\cf22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink29 \sqformat \spriority29 \styrsid13577834 Quote;}{\*\cs29 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af41 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf22\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink28 \slocked \spriority29 \styrsid13577834 Quote Char;}{\s30\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext30 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid13577834 List Paragraph;}{\*\cs31 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf19 
\sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority21 \styrsid13577834 Intense Emphasis;}{\s32\qc \li864\ri864\sb360\sa360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp200\brdrcf19 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp200\brdrcf19 
\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin864\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f37\fs22\cf19\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink33 \sqformat \spriority30 \styrsid13577834 Intense Quote;}{\*\cs33 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af41 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink32 \slocked \spriority30 \styrsid13577834 
Intense Quote Char;}{\*\cs34 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\scaps\expnd1\expndtw5\cf19 \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority32 \styrsid13577834 Intense Reference;}{\s35\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057\ulc1 \snext35 \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid13577834 No Spacing;}{
\s36\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext36 \slink37 \sunhideused \styrsid6502754 header;}{\*\cs37 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0\ulc1 \sbasedon10 \slink36 \slocked \styrsid6502754 Header Char;}{
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Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs52 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid5055616 footnote reference;}{\s53\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
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\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs40 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs40\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink1 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs32\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink2 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink3 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs18 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink4 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 4 Char;}{\*\cs19 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink5 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 5 Char;}{\*\cs20 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf20\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink6 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 6 Char;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink7 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 7 Char;}{\*\cs22 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink8 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 8 Char;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
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\i\f37\fs22\cf22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink29 \sqformat \spriority29 \styrsid13577834 Quote;}{\*\cs29 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af41 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf22\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 
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\f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext30 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid13577834 List Paragraph;}{\*\cs31 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf19 
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Intense Quote Char;}{\*\cs34 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\scaps\expnd1\expndtw5\cf19 \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority32 \styrsid13577834 Intense Reference;}{\s35\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
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\sbasedon0 \snext36 \slink37 \sunhideused \styrsid6502754 header;}{\*\cs37 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0\ulc1 \sbasedon10 \slink36 \slocked \styrsid6502754 Header Char;}{
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\'02{\uc1\u1 \'a1.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
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\'02{\uc1\u4 \'a1.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
\'02{\uc1\u5 \'a1.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703
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\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6502754 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7740545 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6502754 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7740545 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6502754 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7740545 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\footerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\overlay\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15479460 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs47\insrsid15695827  PAGE }}{\fldrslt }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs47\insrsid15695827 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15695827 
\par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\overlay\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15479460 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs47\insrsid15695827  PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs47\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7697213 15}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs47\insrsid15695827 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15695827 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16263984\charrsid11492941 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941  FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16263984\charrsid11492941 APPELLATE JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li284\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13577834\charrsid11547819 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 CIVIL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16263984\charrsid11492941 PETITION NO. CBV 00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11492941 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7632111\charrsid11492941 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16263984\charrsid11492941  of 202}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11492941 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16263984\charrsid11492941 Court of Appeal No. ABU 00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7632111\charrsid11492941 39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16263984\charrsid11492941  of 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7632111\charrsid11492941 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li284\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1582808\charrsid11492941 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11492941\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid7632111\charrsid11492941 UMA DUTT SHARMA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8800231\charrsid11492941 Petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13577834\charrsid11547819 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx2268\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 AND:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11492941\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid7632111\charrsid11492941 ISIRELI BIUMAITOTOYA}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx2268\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3088229\charrsid11492941 Respondent
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2268\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11295522\charrsid3088229 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 Coram:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11492941\charrsid11492941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3088229\charrsid11492941 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7632111\charrsid11492941  Hon. Acting Chief Justice Salesi Temo}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11492941\charrsid11492941 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7632111\charrsid11492941 Acting President }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3088229\charrsid11492941 
of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7632111\charrsid11492941 Lowell Goddard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11492941 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3088229\charrsid11492941 
Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11492941 The Hon. Justice William Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11492941 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3088229\charrsid11492941 
Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11295522 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid15484557 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 Counsel:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11492941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5055616\charrsid11492941 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5112748\charrsid11492941 V}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13658833\charrsid11492941 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5112748\charrsid11492941  Sharma }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11487599\charrsid11492941 Petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1529994 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5055616\charrsid11492941 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11492941 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5055616\charrsid11492941 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5112748\charrsid11492941 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14696761\charrsid11492941 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13658833\charrsid11492941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5112748\charrsid11492941 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13658833\charrsid11492941 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5112748\charrsid11492941  Singh and Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696761\charrsid11492941 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5112748\charrsid11492941  P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696761\charrsid11492941 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13658833\charrsid11492941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5112748\charrsid11492941 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13658833\charrsid11492941 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5112748\charrsid11492941  Prasad }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11492941 fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11492941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13844705\charrsid11492941 Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1582808 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6948220\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3365768\charrsid11492941 Date of Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1582808\charrsid11492941 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11492941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10113172\charrsid11492941 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7632111\charrsid11492941 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3365768\charrsid11492941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11492941 June}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11360015\charrsid11492941 , 202}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3365768\charrsid11492941 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1582808 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3365768\charrsid11492941 Date of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6948220\charrsid11492941 Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1582808\charrsid11492941 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11492941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10113172\charrsid11492941 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11492941 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10113172\charrsid11492941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11492941 June}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10113172\charrsid11492941 , 2024}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3365768\charrsid11492941 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15420259\charrsid11492941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li284\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid3365768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs32\insrsid3365768\charrsid11492941 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7632111 Temo, AP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3365768\charrsid11547819 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1\insrsid8420267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8420267 I agree entirely with the judgment and orders of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2047227 Hon Justice William Young.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3365768\charrsid8409300 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid662135 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7632111 Goddard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3365768\charrsid11547819 , J
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1\insrsid7107324 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7107324 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2047227 am }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7107324 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2047227 in agreement with the orders proposed and the reasons.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3808592 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid3808592 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3808592 Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12597240\charrsid3808592 , J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12597240\charrsid3808592 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 The petition seeking leave to appeal
\par {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169336646}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169336646}}}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Dr Uma Sharma sued Dr Isireli Biumaitotoya for defamation.  He was successful at trial and was awarded damages of $70,000.  Dr Biumaitotoya
\rquote s appeal to the Court of Appeal was successful, with that Court concluding that the statement Dr Sharma had sued on was not defamatory.  Dr Sharma now seeks leave to appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5112748 
{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169336646}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169336646}}} and an extension of time to do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid5112748 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5112748 
There being no prejudice associated with the relatively short delay in the filing of the petition, I would extend time as requested.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
The issues raised by the petition include the pleading, conduct and resolution of defamation cases.  They are \'93of substantial general interest to the administration of civil justice\'94
 for the purposes of s 7(3)(c) of the Supreme Court Act 1998 and I would therefore grant leave to appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5112748 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid11950255 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Background
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 How the dispute started
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 Many years ago, Dr Sharma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7107324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
developed a building complex in Nadi.  For some time, he practised there as a dentist on the ground floor.  Also on the ground floor was a medical centre which, in 2000, was taken over by Dr Biumaitotoya, a general practitioner. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15420259  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 He practised there under the trading name, \'93Shortlane Medical Centre\'94
.  On the first floor of the building were residential units.  Dr Sharma and his family occupied one. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15420259  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 From what seems to have been 2010 or perhaps early 2011, Dr Biumaitotoya rented another residential unit that he sublet to others. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15420259  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 This was referred to by the parties as \'93the girls\rquote  hostel\'94 and I will do the same.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}
Relationships between Dr Sharma and Dr Biumaitotoya soured and eventually Dr Biumaitotoya was evicted. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8412699  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 He left on 4 February 2012.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}On 27 February 2012, Dr Bium}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8412699 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 itotoya sent an email to 144 recipients, most of whom were dentists or doctors practising in Nadi. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8412699  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 This email was critical of Dr Sharma in his role as landlord. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8412699  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 Passages in the email touched on aspects of the breakdown of Dr Sharma\rquote s marriage. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8412699  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 These had affected Dr Sharma\rquote s relationship with Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12156076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 Biumaitotoya and formed part of the background to the eviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
Dr Sharma issued proceedings for defamation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 The litigation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7632111 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 The pleadings
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 Dr Sharma\rquote 
 statement of claim pleaded in some detail the background to the dispute between him and Dr Biumaitotoya.  It then set out the text of the email interposing between the passages to which Dr Sharma took exception, the meanings that he alleged tho
se passages bore along with assertions that those meanings were false (including in some instances particulars as to why they were false).  The email is set out below at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  REF _Ref169332772 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310036003900330033003200370037003200000058}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12805390 [32]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8412699  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  As I will explain later, the substance of what was alleged in the email was that Dr Sharma had acted as a bad landlord in relation to his eviction of Dr Biumaitotoya.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote 
s statement of defence denied all allegations that reflected badly on him, disputed the meanings attributed to the passages in the email about which Dr Sharma complained, set out what he claimed were the actual meanings and, in some respec
ts, gave particulars as to why those meanings were true. Justification was not pleaded separately as a defence.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}
In a pre-trial memorandum, the parties listed a number of agreed facts and summarised some agreed issues.  Some of these issues seem to have been directed to whether aspects of what was said in the email were true. Others were expressed in such general te
rms (for instance whether the email was defamatory) as to be of no practical utility.  They did not identify what I regard as the real issues in the case \endash 
 that is, in what respects, if any, was the email was defamatory; and if, in those respects, what Dr Biumaitotoya had said was true.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 The trial
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 The claim was heard by before Sapuvida J in November 2015. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8412699  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 I will deal with the evidence later.  Primarily in issue was the truth of what was said in the email. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}
Written submissions were filed in May and June 2016.  In his submissions, counsel for Dr Biumaitotoya explicitly asserted that \'93the words complained of were true in substance and fact\'94
.  And in his submissions, counsel for Dr Sharma responded by contending that what had been said was false.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 The High Court judgment
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 Sapuvida J not having delivered a judgment before he resigned from the High Court, the case was dealt with by Nanayakarra J. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8412699  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 This wa
s on the basis of the transcript of the hearing.  This posed some practical difficulties as the evidence of Dr Sharma and Dr Biumaitotoya had been in sharp conflict on a number of issues and there were not many hard facts against which the plausibility of
 the conflicting accounts could be assessed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8412699  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
That said, the agreement that the case be determined in that way implied that any necessary credibility findings would be made on the basis of that transcript.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}
As it happened, the approach taken by Nanayakkara J meant that he did not have to make findings of credibility. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8412699  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 This is because he took the view that in the absence of an expressly pleaded defence of justification, there was no occasion to go into whether what had been said was true. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid2652939  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 So, in holding that Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12156076  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
Biumaitotoya was liable, he put entirely to one side the evidence adduced as to the truth of what was said. He also did not engage with the detail of what the words used in the email were alleged to have meant.  In the result, he awarded Dr Sharma damages
 of $70,000, together with interest and ordered Dr Biumaitotoya to pay cost on an indemnity basis.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 The Court of Appeal judgment
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 The Court of Appeal allowed Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote s appeal.  The nub of its reasoning is captured in the following passage from the reasons of Guneratne P (with whom the other two judges agreed):
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 While \'85
. disagreeing with Mr Singh (for [Dr Biumaitotoya]) that the impugned words were a mere hyperbole, nevertheless, the words did not constitute defamatory content in as much as the consequential criterion of (a) the Respondent\rquote s reputation and/or (b)
 he had suffered financial loss were not established \'85 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7632111 
The Court of Appeal did not closely examine the email, or the meanings attributed to it.  The judgment was thus pitched at a high level of generality. Because it proceeded on the basis that the email was not defamatory, it did not address the truth of wha
t was said.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}In what he described as \'93
some final reflections, Guneratne P referred to the Defamation Act 2013 (UK) under which a claim for defamation can only succeed if the publication complained of had caused or was likely to cause serious harm to the plaintiff\rquote s re
putation.  He also noted that prior to that Act, the Court of Appeal of England and Wales had held in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7632111\charrsid16284126 Jameel v Dow Jones & Co Inc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid7632111 {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169269417}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169269417}}}\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7632111 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 Jameel v Dow Jones & Co Inc}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 [2005] QB 904.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 {\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169269417}
{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169269417}}} that balancing the right of freedom of speech against the right to reputation, a claim for defamation could be struck out as an abuse of process if the alleged defamation had caused little or no damage.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 The basis of the application for leave to appeal
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
The application for leave to appeal is advanced largely on the assumption that the Court of Appeal decided the case by adopting into the law of Fiji recent developments in the United Kingdom, most particularly the serious harm test provided for by the Def
amation Act 2013 (UK). I think that this is a mistaken assumption.  However, the petition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5112748 er}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
 advances more straight-forward arguments that the email was defamatory and that the Court of Appeal was wrong to find otherwise. As well, the petitioner:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
defended the conclusion of Nanayakkara J that justification not having been pleaded, the truth of what was said was not a defence; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}argued that the truth of what was alleged in the email had not been established.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa120\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Why I think that the judgments of the courts below were wrong
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 Nanayakkara J was wrong to decide the case on the basis that he did.  This is for two reasons:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
He did not recognise that the combined effect of the unorthodox statement of claim (which pleaded that the defamatory meanings were false for reasons that were particularised) and the statement of defence which denied that falsity, meant that issue had be
en joined as to the truth of what Dr Biumaitotoya had said. And
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
The trial in November 2015 had been conducted on the basis that the truth of the allegations was very much in issue.  By May 2019, when Nannayakara}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12156076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 J delivered his judgment, it was far too late in the day to say that justification had not been raised.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
The Court of Appeal judgment did not analyse the email for what it meant and offered no opinion in this respect.  Its finding that it was not defamatory was entirely conclusory.  Instead of deciding the case on this basis, it should have engaged in a gran
ular way with the text of Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote 
s email, the meanings Dr Sharma attributed to it, and whether it was, in any event defamatory just on the ordinary meaning of the language used. If it had done so, it would (or at least should) have concluded that t
he email was defamatory.  In short, I consider that the Court of Appeal was wrong to allow the appeal on the basis it did.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Overview of what follows
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
In subsequent sections of this judgment, I will discuss (a) the legal background (by reference to the common law and the Defamation Act 1971), (b) explain that the case came down to whether Dr Sharma had acted as a bad landlord in relation to Dr Biumaitot
oya\rquote s eviction, (c) conclude that Dr Biumaitotoya did establish that Dr Sharma had acted as bad landlord and (d) revert to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5914730 harm requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  alluded to by the Court of Appeal in its judgment.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 The legal background
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 The common law 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
The law of defamation addresses damage to reputation.  Such damage is likely to depend on a range of factors, including:  the seriousness of the defamatory imputation, the number of people to whom it is published and any connections between those people a
nd the plaintiff (for instance as actual or potential customers).  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}
Up until this century, defamation has been defined by reference largely to the seriousness of the imputation and, since the 1936 judgment of the House of Lords in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid6363308 Sim v Stretch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 , against the standard of whether the tendency of the words used was to \'93
lower the plaintiff in the estimation of right-thinking members of society.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7632111 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 Sim v Stretch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  [1936] 2 All ER 1237 at 1240 per Lord Atkin.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
  On publication of such a statement to at least one person, damage was presumed and a claim for defamation lay.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7632111 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab Halsbury, Laws of England 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  edit vol 32 Defamation (2023), at [519].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}
More recently, there has been a focus in the United Kingdom and in New Zealand on the significance of actual or likely harm, with attention paid to the extent of publication and its actual or probable effect on the plaintiff, reputationally, financially a
nd otherwise.  Associated developments have included:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
In the United Kingdom, a willingness to strike out proceedings as an abuse of process where the associated costs will be disproportionate to the harm caused, as in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid11469227 Jameel v Dow Jones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  & Co Inc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s50\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16388335 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab See above at fn }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 
 NOTEREF _Ref169269417 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16388335  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100360039003200360039003400310037000000a4}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12805390 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 . In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 Jameel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 , the imputation was extremely serious, that the plaintiff was a supporter of terrorism. But the defamatory statement had been seen by only five people.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  the recognition by Tugendhat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12156076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 J, in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid6454760 Thornton v Telegraph Media Group Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid6454760 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7632111 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 Thornton v Telegraph Media Group Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  [2011] 1 WLR 1985.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  of a \'93substantial harm\'94 threshold and the adoption of a rather more stringent 
\'93serious harm\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12805390 requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111   by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12156076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12156076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 of the Defamation Act 2013 (UK), the impact of which is discussed in the judgment of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid1463744 Lachaux v Independent Print }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid593005 Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid2170228 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid2170228 {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169508505}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169508505}}}\chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7632111 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 Lachaux v Independent Print Ltd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 [2019] 4 All ER 485}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16388335\charrsid16388335 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid2170228 {\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169508505}
{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169508505}}}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
in New Zealand, the adoption by the Court of Appeal of a more than minor harm threshold but with the onus of proof as to it lying on the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7632111 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 Craig v Slater}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  [2020] NZCA 305.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
My current thinking is that it would be too big a jump from the law as previously understood for this Court to impose a \'93serious harm\'94 requirement.  In the United Kingdom, this requirement was introduced by legislation.  I therefore apply }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16388335 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  substantial harm threshold.  I do so provisionally: it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5914730 seems to me to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
the highest standard that could plausibly be applied on the common law authorities; and, for the reasons I give shortly, Dr Sharma\rquote s claim crosses this threshold. I will revert at the end of these r
easons to whether such a threshold should be adopted as part of the law of Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16388335 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7632111 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab See below, at }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  REF _Ref169424468 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16388335  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 
{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100360039003400320034003400360038000000ef}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12805390 [63]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj }}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}Against this background, Dr Sharma had to establish that the email:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
had a tendency to lower Dr Sharma in the estimation of right-thinking members of society; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}caused or was likely to cause him substantial harm.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
I will say more about the substantial harm issue when dealing with the one respect in which I regard the email as defamatory.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7632111 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab See below, at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  REF _Ref169424682 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16388335  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310036003900340032003400360038003200000039}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12805390 [44]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 .\tab }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
 But some elaboration of what is and is not defamatory is appropriate at this stage.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
Whether a statement is defamatory depends on the meaning of the words used. This is determined by the trier of fact objectively, by reference to what an ordinary person would take from the alleged defamatory statement when considered in the context of the
 surrounding circumstances, including the mode and style of its publication. As well{\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169265130}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169265130}}}, there are two particular aspects of defamation practice that warrant mention:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 Word of abuse or insult are not usually construed literally.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169272868}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169272868}}}\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7632111 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab Halsbury,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  Laws of England}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  edit vol 32 Defamation (2023), at [548].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 {\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169272868}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169272868}}}  Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12156076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 Biumaitotoya\rquote s email was something of a rant and, for this reason, unlikely to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16388335 be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 read literally.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}Statements are defamatory only if they relate to the reputation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid31054 of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  person. So, while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf23\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7632111\charrsid13260867 a statement that disparages the goods a person supplies may give rise to a claim for slander of goods or malicious falsehood, a claim for defamation will not usually lie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf23\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid16388335  in respect of it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf23\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7632111\charrsid13260867 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\cf23\super\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7632111 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7632111 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab Halsbury, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 Laws of England}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  edit vol 32 Defamation (2023), at [554].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf23\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7632111\charrsid13260867 
 The same principle must also apply to the supply of services. For instance, that a landlord chooses to lease mid-range commercial premises does not mean that he or she is a worse person than a landlord who only leases premium commercial premises. So, to 
say of a landlord that the premises he or she leases out are not as good as premises available elsewhere is not defamatory of the landlord.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid8853299 
{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169265130}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169265130}}}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 The Defamation Act 1971
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 The Defamation Act 1971 merely amended the common law as to defamation and did so in a piecemeal way. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 The only provision of the Act that is relevant to the case at hand is s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12156076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 15 which provides:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
In an action for defamation in respect of words containing two or more distinct charges against the plaintiff, a defence of justification shall not fail by reason only that the truth of every charge is not proved if the words not proved to be true do not 
materially injure the plaintiff's reputation having regard to the truth of the remaining charges.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \kerning0\insrsid7632111\charrsid348696 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12071586 The case comes down to whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
Dr Sharma acted as a bad landlord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12071586  in the events leading to Dr Biumaitotoya eviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Preliminary comments
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
A party alleging defamation customarily pleads the statement or statements that are said to be defamatory. Where the natural and ordinary meaning of the words in issue is obvious, no elaboration is necessary.  But commonly a plaintiff will allege meanings
 that go beyond the literal and plead them. This is what Dr Sharma did in this case.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 The text of the email}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111\charrsid8598851 
\par {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169332772}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169332772}}}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 The email at the heart of the case reads as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111\charrsid7282216 {\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169332772}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169332772}}}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Subject: SHORTLANE MEDICAL CENTR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16388335 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 \'94 
\par Totally different here folks}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\insrsid7632111\charrsid145978 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 As you have heard I have been vacated by my landlord Dr Uma D Sharma from Shortlane Medical Center, Namaka. This after 12 years in that location.
\par I hear a group of Dr\rquote s including Dr Tui Taoi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15420259  from L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 autoka are planning to move in there.
\par I have moved to a better location, however, I want everyone interested that there is a LEGAL ACTION by me against Dr Uma coming up in 3 weeks at Nadi Court. I will be suing for DAMAGES.  After}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15420259  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 all I have been at that location for a long time, marketed it well as a medical centre, and if I move normally I would sell it to incoming Drs at a fee.
\par Those moving in there may find themselves inconvenienced by this Legal Suit.
\par Dr Uma\rquote s wife is also for Filing for Divorce, so the property may go into receivership, causing future problems to tenants.
\par Also Dr Uma is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16388335 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 andlord from hell, his Interference into the rented premises and into your business}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16388335 es,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111  refusing to do repairs, refusing to renew the Legal Lease Agreement after the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111\charrsid3871274 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7632111\charrsid3871274 st }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111\charrsid3871274 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111  years, so that he can chase you away anytime and, and every disagreement he will say that to your face. 

\par This is what he did to me. He is landlord that will involve you and expect you to do silly things like spying on his wife for lovers etc. I have been through that rubbish.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 What did the email mean?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
The recipients of the email would have understood that Dr Biumaitotoya was cross with Dr Sharma over his eviction and the events that preceded it. It being in the nature of a rant, those reading it would not construe it in a particularly literal way.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7632111 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab See fn }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  NOTEREF _Ref169272868 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16388335  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100360039003200370032003800360038000000f2}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12805390 10}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 , above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  They would also appreciate that there was likely to be another side to the story.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Was the email defamatory?
\par {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169336094}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169336094}}}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
In his pleadings and at trial, Dr Sharma objected to just about everything that was in the email.   He also set out in detail what the passages that he objected to meant.  These meanings were expressed in extravagant language. By way of example, Dr Biumai
totoya\rquote s description of Dr Sharma as a \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16388335 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 andlord from hell\'94
 was alleged to mean that he was:{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169336094}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169336094}}}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111\charrsid16082987 
evil, bad, unreasonable, immoral, vile, foul, baleful, wicked,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12156076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111\charrsid16082987 untrustworthy, noxious,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12156076  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111\charrsid16082987 villainous,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12156076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111\charrsid16082987 manipulative, hateful, deceitful, unsound, sinful}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 . 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
Most of the other pleaded meanings are similar in style and likewise have little or no relationship with the words used.  Save to the limited respects to which I refer to them in passing in what follows, I do not propose to analyse them.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
In deciding whether the email was defamatory there are four passages in it that warrant attention.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}
The first is the reference in the email to Dr Biumaitotoya having moved to a better location.  This was pleaded as meaning that:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111\charrsid6899207 [Dr Sharma\rquote 
s] property was in a location which was not suitable, conducive, adequate, appropriate, proper, satisfactory for the purposes for which [Dr Biumaitotoya] had rented the subject premises for.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid7632111\charrsid6899207 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 It did not mean that at all.  All it meant was what it said \endash  that Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote 
s new premises were in a better location than those he had rented from Dr Sharma. So construed, this passage is not defamatory; this for the reasons given in }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  REF _Ref169265130 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310036003900320036003500310033003000000039}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12805390 [28]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
, above. This, however, is not to say that the passage is entirely irrelevant as it provides context in relation to the later reference to Dr Sharma being a \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1534716 L}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 andlord from hell\'94, as I will explain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16388335 shortly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
Secondly, the email refers to proceedings by Dr Biumaitotoya in the Nadi Magistrates Court and by Dr Sharma\rquote 
s wife for divorce. Counsel for Dr Sharma argued that these references were untrue because the proceedings that were referred to had not been comme
nced on 27 February 2012. They were in fact commenced not long afterwards.   The relevant passages did not have the floridly defamatory meanings alleged in the statement of claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1534716 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab 
By way of example, that the reference to divorce proceedings meant that Dr Sharma was \'93abusive, intolerant, manipulative\'94 and so on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs22\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
 and in their ordinary and literal meaning were not defamatory of Dr Shama. In any event, when construed in accordance with their ordinary meaning they were true, at least in substance.  This is because the references to the proceedings in the email can b
e read as encompassing proceedings that were about to be commenced. As a matter of ordinary English usage, a person who says, \'93I\rquote m really unhappy about what X did and I\rquote m suing him\'94
, could be referring to proceedings that are in preparation and about to be commenced.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}Thirdly, the email claimed that the building complex }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7632111 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111\charrsid4672668 may go into receivership, causing future problems to tenants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 \'94
. I agree that references to likely receivership would usually be taken to imply financial difficulties. And I also see the reference as having at least some materiality to the impact of the later allegation that Dr Sharma was a \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1534716 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 andlord from hell\'94.  But, standing alone, it was not defamatory. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 This is because the reference to \'93receivership\'94 was linked so closely to litigation between Dr Sharm
a and his wife that it can only be construed as an opinion that a possible outcome of the proceedings brought by Dr Sharma\rquote 
s wife would be court-directed changes in the operation or ownership of the building complex.  Construed in this way, it was not def
amatory.  In any event, as at 27 February 2012, that opinion was a fair assessment of what might happen, as I will now explain.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}
In July 2004, Dr Sharma had created a trust of which he was the sole trustee. The certificate of title to the property records a later transfer (in 2005) to Dr Sharma as trustee of this trust.  The beneficiaries of the trust include Dr Sharma and his chil
dren but not his wife. The trust deed is couched in extremely discretionary terms and confers broad powers on Dr Sharma as trustee.  These are not confined to distributions (including to himself) but extend to a power to resettle all trust assets on himse
lf
. It must be at least open to argument that the trust is illusory (because Dr Sharma retains full control of the assets and can wind the trust up in his favour at any time) and was a device to deprive his wife of any interest she might otherwise claim in 
the property. For those reasons, proceedings challenging the trust might result in ownership and operation of the building complex coming under court control or being subject to court direction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
This leaves in play a fourth passage of the email that I consider warrants more sustained discussion:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Also Dr Uma is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1534716 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7632111 andlord from hell, his Interference into the rented premises and into your business}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1534716 es}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
, refusing to do repairs, refusing to renew the Legal Lease Agreement after the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111\charrsid3871274 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111\charrsid3871274 st }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7632111\charrsid3871274 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111  years, so that he can chase you away anytime and, and every disagreement he will say that to your face. 
\par This is what he did to me. He is landlord that will involve you and expect you to do silly things like spying on his wife for lovers etc. I have been through that rubbish.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 The meaning alleged in the statement of claim discussed above, at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  REF _Ref169336094 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003600390033003300360030003900340000009a}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12805390 [34]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
) are not available on the language of the email. However, the words did mean that Dr Sharma had acted as a bad landlord in relation to eviction (including the events that led up to it).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 At this point, there is a process issue I should mention.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}
Where all pleaded meanings are rejected (as I have rejected them in this case), a plaintiff is not usually be able to fall back on another meaning that has not been pleaded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5914730 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab 
There is elaborate discussion of this in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 Broadcasting Corporation of NZ v Crush}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 
 [1988] 2 NZLR 234 at 239-240 by Sir Robin Cooke P.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
  As it happens, however, I think it clear the parties conducted the case on that basis that Dr Sharma could rely on the ordinary meaning of the words \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1534716 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 andlord from hell\'94.  This is apparent from the closing submissions in the High Court in which:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx851\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
counsel for Dr Biumaitotoya recognised that the email conveyed that Dr Sharma was a \'93difficult or hard Landlord\'94 but argued that this was not defamatory and in any event was true. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}counsel for Dr Sharma argued that Dr Biumaitotoya had not shown that Dr Sharma was \'93
a difficult landlord\'94.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
Given this I proceed on the basis that Dr Sharma could rely on the ordinary but unpleaded meaning that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Dr Sharma had acted as a bad landlord in the events leading to Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote s eviction.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
So construed, the email was not highly defamatory and there is at least scope for debate whether it had caused or was likely to cause Dr Sharma substantial harm.
\par {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169424682}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169424682}}}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}
With some hesitation, I conclude that the substantial harm threshold was satisfied.  In this context}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1534716 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  \'93substantial\'94 means \'93real and of substance\'94 rather than serious.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7632111 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  \tab See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 Laschaux}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 , fn }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335  NOTEREF _Ref169508505 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16388335  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310036003900350030003800350030003500000057}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12805390 6}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7632111\charrsid16388335 , above at 489-90 per Lord Sumption.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
  The allegation that Dr Sharma was a bad landlord included particulars of odd behaviour on his part. The email was addressed to a group of people who were likely to know Dr Sharma and from whom Dr Sharma might have hoped to obtain a tenant.  Indeed, look
ing at the situation in the round (including the references in the email to better location, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Dr Tui Taoi and possible receivership)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 , it is reasonable to infer that Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote s purposes included warning prospective tenants not to deal with Dr Sharma. That being Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote 
s intention, it seems reasonable to conclude that it had the tendency to impact on Dr Sharma\rquote s ability to rent out the premises to a doctor or dentist. Indeed, as late as the trial before Sapuvida J, the premises once occupied by
 Dr Biumaitotoya were still vacant. {\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169424682}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169424682}}}Although }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1534716 
the courts below were not prepared to conclude that there was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 a \'93but for\'94 link between the email and the vacancy of the premises, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1534716 the combination of Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote s purpose of warning off prospective tenants and the continuing vacancy are material to at least the likelihood of substantial harm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Had Dr Sharma acted as a bad landlord in relation to his eviction of Dr Biumaitotoya?
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 My approach to the facts
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
The basis on which it was agreed that Nanayakkara J deal with the case meant that it was open to him to make findings of fact as to whose narrative of events was correct.  As I have explained, he did not do so; this because he wrongly concluded that he di
d not need to engage with whether what was said in the email was true.  Likewise, on the approach of the Court of Appeal \endash  that the email was not defamatory \endash  there was no need to go into the facts. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
Given my conclusions that the email was defamatory, but that truth is a defence, I have no choice but to make findings of fact, despite the difficulties of doing so on the basis of the transcript.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
Having read that transcript, I prefer the narrative given by Dr Biumaitotoya to that of Dr Sharma. I will give the reasons for this after discussing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1534716 
 the facts primarily by reference to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote s evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote s account of the event leading to his eviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 Dr Sharma leased the Shortlane Medical Centre to Dr Biumaitotoya in 2000 for five years. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
On the expiry of the lease, Dr Sharma did not engage with Dr Biumaitotoya with the latter\rquote 
s request for a written renewal of the lease. At trial he said that this was because he was too busy. So, from 2005 on, Dr Biumaitotoya had no security of tenure. It was entirely a matter for Dr Sharma whether he renewed Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote 
s lease. But I can see some justification for Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote s sense that Dr Sharma had given him the run-around on this issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1534716 {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169336659}
{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169336659}}}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
In or about March 2011, Dr Sharma separated from his wife.  He stopped living in the building complex. On Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote 
s account of events, his relationship with Dr Sharma broke down in June 2011 in respects that were in large part related to this.  This seems to have occurred in the following way:{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169336659}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169336659}}}

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid1534716 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx993\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1534716 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 r Sharma questioned him about his suspicions that his wife was having an affair with a man who he claimed had been hiding in the girls\rquote 
 hostel. Dr Biumaitotoya said he made some inquiries of those living in the girls\rquote  hostel, was told that there was no man there and reported this back to Dr Sharma.  Dr Sharma\rquote s response was that the girls\rquote 
 hostel would have to be closed down because (i) there was no monitoring of who was there and, in any event, (ii) he wanted to occupy the flat. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
Dr Sharma asked him to fire his receptionist or give her and another employee warning letters because of their supposed involvement with Dr Sharma\rquote s wife and her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1534716 
alleged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  lover.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}Dr Sharma\rquote 
s wife told him that she had obtained a domestic violence restraining order against Dr Sharma, that there was next to no food in the flat and she and her children did not have enough money to buy food.  So, after obtaining some legal advice, Dr 
Biumaitotoya began paying rent to her rather than Dr Sharma.  It is not clear to me when Dr Biumaitotoya stopped paying rent.  Some evidence suggested that this was in March 2011 but there were also indications in the evidence that it may have been as lat
e as June.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid3699197 As I have noted, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 Dr Biumaitotoya took legal advice as to this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid3699197 . As well, he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  later signed what purported to be a lease from Dr Sharma\rquote s wife }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid13130840 which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  had been legally prepared.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 On 14 June 2011, Dr Sharma\rquote 
s solicitors wrote to Dr Biumaitotoya claiming that Dr Sharma wished to carry out repairs to the girls\rquote  hostel and then occupy it himself.  The letter required Dr Biumaitotoya to pay all outstanding money and to vacate the premises within 30 days.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52]\tab}
Dr Biumaitotoya responded by his solicitors on 15 June 2011.  The letter asserted that Dr Biumaitotoya regarded Dr Sharma\rquote s wife as the landlord.  It went on to make a number of complaints about Dr Sharma in relation to the matters referred to in }
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111  REF _Ref169336659 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310036003900330033003600360035003900000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12805390 [49]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
 above. The narrative set out in the letter was consistent with the evidence Dr Biumaitotoya gave at trial. It also referred to logged calls from Dr Sharma\rquote s cell phone that correlated with the complaints recorded in that letter.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [53]\tab}Dr Sharma\rquote s solicitors replied on 28 June denying that Dr Sharma\rquote 
s wife had any interest in the property, disputing the allegations set out in the letter of 15 June and indicating that proceedings would be issued.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [54]\tab}
Dr Sharma took no immediate steps to obtain possession of the premises. But in August 2011, he leased to a friend the unit adjacent to the Shortlane Medical Centre from which that friend operated a fish shop and proposed also to run a pool parlour. The fr
ont door to the fish shop was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5914730 close to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
 the front door to the surgery and Dr Biumaitotoya said that he was severely affected by smell, flies and noise associated the fish shop. He complained to the Nadi Town Council which shut the fish shop down.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7632111\charrsid11350384 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [55]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111\charrsid11350384 Dr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
 Biumaitotoya said he came to work one morning to find that one of two back doors to his surgery that opened out onto a balcony had been welded shut and a barricade had been placed so as to block access to the balcony.  He made contact with the National F
ire Authority which required that the barricade be removed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14224116  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
However, the door remained welded shut. In his evidence he referred to a letter of 24 August 2011 that he had written to the National Fire Authority.  At this point, an issue was raised as to th
e letter not having been discovered and it was not produced.  However, and unsurprisingly, he was not pu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 t to him that his evidence in this respect was wrong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [56]\tab}On 5 January 2012, Dr Sharma\rquote 
s solicitors wrote to Dr Biumaitotoya demanding possession of the rented premises. Dr Biumaitotoya complied with this demand and left the rented premises on 4 February 2012.  My assumption is that at the same time he abandoned
 his tenancy of the unit that was used as a girls\rquote 
 hostel.  It will be recalled that in June 2011, Dr Sharma had said that he intended to renovate that unit and move into himself.  However, once he regained possession of the unit, he continued to run it as a girls\rquote  hostel.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [57]\tab}
In his evidence, Dr Biumaitotoya did not make much of the repairs issue that was mentioned in his email but did maintain that he had asked Dr Sharma to carry out certain repairs to the leased premised and that he refused to do so.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Why I prefer to the evidence of Dr Biumaitotoya
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [58]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 My reasons for this are as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Many of Dr Sharma\rquote 
s answers to questions asked in cross-examination have the appearance of being evasive. Examples of this are very vague evidence about the non-renewal of Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote s lease, other litigation to which he was or had been a party, incl
uding the property proceedings with his wife, and the fish shop tenancy. As well, what began as unequivocal denials of recruiting Dr Biumaitotoya to assist in relation to the suspected lover of his wif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914730 
e, his evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 became }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914730 vague}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111  when the detail of logged telephone calls was put to him.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}It is clear that Dr Sharma did arrange for a fish shop to open next to Dr Biumaitotoya
\rquote s surgery and I see this as straight-out harassment.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}
Dr Biumaitotoya gave evidence of events so strange that I think it unlikely that he could have made them up.  I have in mind here the engagement by Dr Sharma with him over the supposed lover of Dr Sharma\rquote 
s wife, the welding shut of his back door and the steel barricade.  Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote 
s evidence in relation to the supposed lover was consistent with the letter his solicitors wrote on 15 June 2011 and the record of calls to his cell phone in June 2011.  There was no challenge to Dr Biumaitotoya\rquote s very speci
fic evidence of the letter that he wrote to the National Authority and, more generally, given that the welding and barricade incidents followed the fish shop episode, the inference that they were instigated by Dr Sharma is obvious. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 Was the defence of justification made out?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [59]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 I accept and that in paying money to Dr Sharma\rquote s wife, Dr Biumaitotoya thought he was doing the right thing.  He was, however, unwise to cease paying rent to Dr Sharma. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5914730 If}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
 Dr Sharma had merely sought to evict Dr Biumaitotoya by legal means, that would have been reasonable and would not have justified calling him a bad landlord.  However, the allegation that Dr Sharma was a bad landlord was based on far more than that.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [60]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 I consider that Dr Sharma acted as a bad landlord in:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
allowing the fraught nature of his relationship with his wife to become entangled with his landlord and tenant relationship with Dr Biumaitotoya, in particular by attempting to recruit Dr Biumaitotoya to assist with inquiries about his wife and interferin
g in Dr Biumitotoya relationships with his staff.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}placing a fish shop next to his surgery; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}
causing the rear door of his surgery to be welded shut and the steel barricade to be placed so as to block access to the balcony.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [61]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
In reaching my conclusion that the defence of justification was made out, I have taken into account also the non-engagement by Dr Sharma over the non-renewal of the lease in 2005.  This is not particularly cogent in itself but it has some materiality when
 considered alongside the three aspects of Dr Sharma\rquote s conduct just referred to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5002139 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111   

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [62]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
I have not relied on the events surrounding the termination of the tenancy for the girls\rquote  hostel and Dr Sharma continuing to operate the girls\rquote  hostel. It is true that Dr Sharma\rquote s post}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5914730 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
eviction actions were not consistent with the reasons given in June 2011 for terminating the tenancy. But the time that elapsed between the letter and my assumption as to when the eviction occurred (February 2012) and the fluidity of Dr Sharma\rquote 
s situation after the breakdown of his marriage leave ample scope for him to have c
hanged his plans. I have likewise not relied on the rather limited evidence as to Dr Sharma not carrying out repairs as it was not correlated to the lease requirements as to who was legally responsible for carrying them out. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9972205 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111  harm requirement?
\par {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169424468}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169424468}}}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [63]\tab}
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
As will be apparent, I adopted, but only provisionally, a substantial harm threshold in determining whether the email was defamatory. As I have explained, Dr Sharma was able to satisfy this threshold and, for this reason would have been able to satisfy an
y lower threshold.    
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [64]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
Whether a substantial harm threshold, a lower harm threshold or no threshold should finally be adopted is for a future case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid9972205  and should be determined following }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 
a review of current practice in Fiji, analysis of the approaches taken in jurisdictions other than just England and Wales and New Zealand and careful consideration of the significance of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid9972205 reasonably particular }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 ways in which freedom of expression is protected by s 17 of the Constitution of Fiji.
{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169424468}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169424468}}}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8998853 Outcome}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7632111 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [65]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 I would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid5112748  extend time for the filing of the petition, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 grant leave to appeal, dismiss the appeal (albeit for reasons that differ from those provided by the Court of Appeal) and order Dr Sharma to pay costs, summarily assessed, of $}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11209880 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7632111 ,000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14696761 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\i\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15420259\charrsid14696761 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [66]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs42\b\i\ul\insrsid15420259\charrsid14696761 Orders of the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15420259\charrsid14696761 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid8998853\charrsid14696761 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \fi-425\li1134\ri0\sb360\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls30\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8998853\charrsid14696761 Leave to appeal is granted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15420259\charrsid14696761 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid8998853\charrsid14696761 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8998853\charrsid14696761 The appeal is dismissed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid8998853\charrsid14696761 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}Dr Sharma is to pay Dr Biumaitotoya costs (summarily assessed) of $}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid94812 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8998853\charrsid14696761 ,000.
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid11492941 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8203464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx4253\tqr\tx8647\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11343823\charrsid4471150 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid662135 The Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\f0\fs24\insrsid15420259 Acting President of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\f0\fs24\insrsid662135  the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs42\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823\charrsid6752646 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11343823 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14224116 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12861230 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx4253\tqr\tx8080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11343823\charrsid4471150 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid662135 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid15420259 on. Justice Lowell Goddard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\f0\fs24\insrsid662135 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823\charrsid6752646 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11343823 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12861230 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx4253\tqr\tx7797\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11343823\charrsid4471150 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid662135 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823 Hon. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3808592 William Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\f0\fs24\insrsid662135 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\cf0\insrsid11343823\charrsid6752646 
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