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{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\f41\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial Unicode MS;}{\f45\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Segoe UI;}{\f54\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;}
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{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Aptos Display;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Iskoola Pota;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Aptos{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Iskoola Pota;}{\f1716\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f1717\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
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{\f1722\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f1723\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f1724\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f1726\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}
{\f1727\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f1729\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f1730\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f1731\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}
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{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Aptos Display CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Aptos Display Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Aptos Display Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Aptos Display Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Aptos Display Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Aptos Display (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Aptos CE{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Aptos Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Aptos Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Aptos Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Aptos Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Aptos (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}}
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\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin864\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f37\fs22\cf19\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink33 \sqformat \spriority30 \styrsid13577834 Intense Quote;}{\*\cs33 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af41 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink32 \slocked \spriority30 \styrsid13577834 
Intense Quote Char;}{\*\cs34 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\scaps\expnd1\expndtw5\cf19 \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority32 \styrsid13577834 Intense Reference;}{\s35\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057\ulc1 \snext35 \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid13577834 No Spacing;}{
\s36\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext36 \slink37 \sunhideused \styrsid6502754 header;}{\*\cs37 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0\ulc1 \sbasedon10 \slink36 \slocked \styrsid6502754 Header Char;}{
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext38 \slink39 \sunhideused \styrsid6502754 footer;}{\*\cs39 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0\ulc1 \sbasedon10 \slink38 \slocked \styrsid6502754 Footer Char;}{
\s40\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext40 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid5454955 Normal (Web);}{\*\cs41 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority20 \styrsid5454955 Emphasis;}{\*\cs42 \additive \spriority0 \styrsid4735276 None;}{\*\cs43 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid4012487 co_glossaryterm;}{\*\cs44 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid4012487 Hyperlink;}{\*\cs45 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid4012487 icon25;}{\s46\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \snext46 \shidden \ssemihidden \styrsid6424651 Revision;}{\*\cs47 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid15695827 page number;}{
\s48\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af45\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f45\fs18\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext48 \slink49 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid5905689 Balloon Text;}{\*\cs49 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af45\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f45\fs18\cf1\ulc1 \sbasedon10 \slink48 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid5905689 Balloon Text Char;}{
\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext50 \slink51 \sunhideused \sqformat \styrsid5055616 footnote text;}{\*\cs51 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe0\kerning2\langnp5129\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink50 \slocked \styrsid5055616 
Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs52 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid5055616 footnote reference;}{\s53\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext53 \spriority0 \styrsid5055616 text;}{\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\snext54 \slink56 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid3808592 JDI Number;}{\s55\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext55 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid3808592 JDI Quotations;}{\*\cs56 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon10 \slink54 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid3808592 JDI Number Char;}{\*\cs57 \additive \f0\fs22\lang5129\langfe0\langnp5129\langfenp0 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Party ref;}{\*
\cs58 \additive \fs22\lang5129\langfe0\langnp5129\langfenp0 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Party name;}{\*\cs59 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 line number;}{\*\cs60 
\additive \slocked \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 Numbering Symbols;}{\*\cs61 \additive \f1715 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 Bullets;}{
\s62\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs24\cf6\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning24\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 
\sbasedon63 \snext62 \slocked \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 JDI DRAFT DATE;}{\s63\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f1\fs24\cf6\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning24\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext63 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Draft;}{
\s64\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning1\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext64 \slink65 \ssemihidden \styrsid6503134 Body Text;}{\*\cs65 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang0\langfe0\kerning1\langnp0\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink64 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid6503134 Body Text Char;}{
\s66\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af54\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning1\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon64 \snext66 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 List;}{\s67\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\nowidctlpar\noline\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af54\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext67 \ssemihidden \spriority35 \styrsid6503134 caption;}{\s68\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\noline\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af54\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext68 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 Index;}{
\s69\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\snext69 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Normal;}{\s70\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext70 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Appearances;}{\s71\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240\brdrcf1 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240\brdrcf1 
\tx5103\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext71 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Waistband;}{
\s72\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext85 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 
JDS FileNo;}{\s73\ql \li0\ri0\sl-220\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext73 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Solicitors;}{\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\keepn\widctlpar\tqr\tx8222\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\caps\fs24\ul\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext69 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Heading;}{\s75\ql \fi-709\li1418\ri686\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext75 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 
JDI First Indent;}{\s76\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext69 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Title Case;}{\s77\ql \fi-3969\li5387\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5387\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \sbasedon76 \snext77 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Matter;}{\s78\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext78 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 
JDI Body;}{\s79\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon76 \snext79 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Suppression;}{\s80\ql \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\tx1418\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext80 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Bullets;}{\s81\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\tx5103\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext81 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 
JDI Justice;}{\s82\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext82 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Name Suppression;}{\s83\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext83 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Role;}{\s84\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
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\snext54 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Subheading;}{\s85\ql \fi-2552\li3970\ri0\widctlpar\tx15879\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3970\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext85 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Matter1;}{\s86\ql \fi-2552\li3970\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx15879\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3970\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \sbasedon85 \snext86 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 
JDI Matter2;}{\s87\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext87 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Party Name Criminal;}{\s88\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext88 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Versus;}{\s89\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext89 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Party Type Criminal;}{
\s90\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\noline\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext90 \slocked \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 Table Contents;}{\s91\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\noline\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon90 \snext91 \slocked \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 Table Heading;}{\s92\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\keepn\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 
\tqr\tx8222\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon74 \snext69 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Heading 1;}{\s93\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\keepn\widctlpar\tqr\tx8222\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \sbasedon74 \snext69 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Heading 2;}{\s94\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon84 \snext54 \slocked \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 JDI Subheading 2;}{\s95\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
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\sbasedon94 \snext54 \slocked \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 JDI Subheading 3;}{\s96\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8222\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority39 \styrsid6503134 toc 1;}{\s97\ql \li238\ri0\nowidctlpar
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\sbasedon0 \snext0 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority39 \styrsid6503134 toc 2;}{\s98\ql \li482\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqr\tx8222\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin482\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority39 \styrsid6503134 toc 3;}{\s99\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar
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\sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority39 \styrsid6503134 toc 4;}{\s100\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx425\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning1\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext100 \slink101 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid6503134 endnote text;}{\*\cs101 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs20\lang0\langfe0\kerning1\langnp0\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink100 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid6503134 Endnote Text Char;}{\*\ts102\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 
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\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon11 \snext102 \spriority59 \styrsid6503134 Table Grid;}{
\s103\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f54\fs16\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning1\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext103 \slink104 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid6503134 Document Map;}{\*\cs104 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f54\fs16\lang0\langfe0\kerning1\langnp0\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink103 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid6503134 Document Map Char;}{\*\cs105 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 label;}{\*\cs106 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 insertwords;}{\*\cs107 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid6503134 annotation reference;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext108 \slink109 \sunhideused \styrsid6503134 annotation text;}{\*\cs109 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon10 \slink108 \slocked \styrsid6503134 
Comment Text Char;}{\s110\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 
\sbasedon108 \snext108 \slink111 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid6503134 annotation subject;}{\*\cs111 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon109 \slink110 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid6503134 Comment Subject Char;}{\*\cs112 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af45\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f45\fs18 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 cf01;}{\*\cs113 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 sup;}{\s114\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext114 \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 subprov;}{\s115\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext115 \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 Default;}}{\*\ud\uc0{\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
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\ltrch\fcs0 \fs32\cf19\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink16 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 2;}{
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\fs28\cf19\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink17 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 3;}{\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb80\sa40\sl276\slmult1
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\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink18 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 4;}{\s5\ql \li0\ri0\sb80\sa40\sl276\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink19 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 5;}{
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\i\fs22\cf20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink20 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 6;}{\s7\ql \li0\ri0\sb40\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink21 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 7;}{\s8\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel7\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\cf21\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink22 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 8;}{
\s9\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf21\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink23 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 heading 9;}{\*\cs10 \additive 
\ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31506\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs24\lang8192\langfe8192\cgrid\langnp8192\langfenp8192 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused Normal Table;}{\*
\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs40 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs40\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink1 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs32\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink2 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink3 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs18 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink4 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 4 Char;}{\*\cs19 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink5 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 
Heading 5 Char;}{\*\cs20 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf20\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink6 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 6 Char;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink7 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 7 Char;}{\*\cs22 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf21\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink8 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 8 Char;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink9 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13577834 Heading 9 Char;}{\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sa80\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs56\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs56\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning28\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink25 \sqformat \spriority10 \styrsid13577834 Title;}{\*\cs25 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs56 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs56\expnd-2\expndtw-10\lang2057\langfe0\kerning28\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink24 \slocked \spriority10 \styrsid13577834 Title Char;}{\s26\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\expnd3\expndtw15\cf20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink27 \sqformat \spriority11 \styrsid13577834 Subtitle;}{\*\cs27 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\expnd3\expndtw15\cf20\lang2057\langfe0\dbch\af31501\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink26 \slocked \spriority11 \styrsid13577834 Subtitle Char;}{\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sb160\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f37\fs22\cf22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink29 \sqformat \spriority29 \styrsid13577834 Quote;}{\*\cs29 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af41 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf22\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink28 \slocked \spriority29 \styrsid13577834 Quote Char;}{\s30\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext30 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid13577834 List Paragraph;}{\*\cs31 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf19 
\sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority21 \styrsid13577834 Intense Emphasis;}{\s32\qc \li864\ri864\sb360\sa360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp200\brdrcf19 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp200\brdrcf19 
\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin864\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f37\fs22\cf19\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink33 \sqformat \spriority30 \styrsid13577834 Intense Quote;}{\*\cs33 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af41 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf19\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink32 \slocked \spriority30 \styrsid13577834 
Intense Quote Char;}{\*\cs34 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\scaps\expnd1\expndtw5\cf19 \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority32 \styrsid13577834 Intense Reference;}{\s35\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057\ulc1 \snext35 \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid13577834 No Spacing;}{
\s36\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext36 \slink37 \sunhideused \styrsid6502754 header;}{\*\cs37 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0\ulc1 \sbasedon10 \slink36 \slocked \styrsid6502754 Header Char;}{
\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext38 \slink39 \sunhideused \styrsid6502754 footer;}{\*\cs39 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\langfenp0\ulc1 \sbasedon10 \slink38 \slocked \styrsid6502754 Footer Char;}{
\s40\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext40 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid5454955 Normal (Web);}{\*\cs41 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority20 \styrsid5454955 Emphasis;}{\*\cs42 \additive \spriority0 \styrsid4735276 None;}{\*\cs43 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid4012487 co_glossaryterm;}{\*\cs44 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid4012487 Hyperlink;}{\*\cs45 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid4012487 icon25;}{\s46\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \snext46 \shidden \ssemihidden \styrsid6424651 Revision;}{\*\cs47 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid15695827 page number;}{
\s48\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af45\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f45\fs18\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext48 \slink49 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid5905689 Balloon Text;}{\*\cs49 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af45\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f45\fs18\cf1\ulc1 \sbasedon10 \slink48 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid5905689 Balloon Text Char;}{
\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext50 \slink51 \sunhideused \sqformat \styrsid5055616 footnote text;}{\*\cs51 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe0\kerning2\langnp5129\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink50 \slocked \styrsid5055616 
Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs52 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid5055616 footnote reference;}{\s53\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext53 \spriority0 \styrsid5055616 text;}{\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\snext54 \slink56 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid3808592 JDI Number;}{\s55\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext55 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid3808592 JDI Quotations;}{\*\cs56 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon10 \slink54 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid3808592 JDI Number Char;}{\*\cs57 \additive \f0\fs22\lang5129\langfe0\langnp5129\langfenp0 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Party ref;}{\*
\cs58 \additive \fs22\lang5129\langfe0\langnp5129\langfenp0 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Party name;}{\*\cs59 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 line number;}{\*\cs60 
\additive \slocked \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 Numbering Symbols;}{\*\cs61 \additive \f1715 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 Bullets;}{
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\sbasedon63 \snext62 \slocked \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 JDI DRAFT DATE;}{\s63\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f1\fs24\cf6\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning24\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext63 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Draft;}{
\s64\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning1\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon0 \snext64 \slink65 \ssemihidden \styrsid6503134 Body Text;}{\*\cs65 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang0\langfe0\kerning1\langnp0\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink64 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid6503134 Body Text Char;}{
\s66\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af54\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning1\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 
\sbasedon64 \snext66 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 List;}{\s67\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\nowidctlpar\noline\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af54\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext67 \ssemihidden \spriority35 \styrsid6503134 caption;}{\s68\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\noline\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af54\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext68 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 Index;}{
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\snext69 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Normal;}{\s70\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext70 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Appearances;}{\s71\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240\brdrcf1 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240\brdrcf1 
\tx5103\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext71 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Waistband;}{
\s72\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext85 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 
JDS FileNo;}{\s73\ql \li0\ri0\sl-220\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext73 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Solicitors;}{\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\keepn\widctlpar\tqr\tx8222\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\caps\fs24\ul\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext69 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Heading;}{\s75\ql \fi-709\li1418\ri686\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
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JDI First Indent;}{\s76\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext69 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Title Case;}{\s77\ql \fi-3969\li5387\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5387\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \sbasedon76 \snext77 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Matter;}{\s78\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
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JDI Body;}{\s79\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon76 \snext79 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Suppression;}{\s80\ql \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\tx1418\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext80 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Bullets;}{\s81\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
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JDI Justice;}{\s82\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext82 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Name Suppression;}{\s83\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext83 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Role;}{\s84\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
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\snext54 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Subheading;}{\s85\ql \fi-2552\li3970\ri0\widctlpar\tx15879\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3970\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext85 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Matter1;}{\s86\ql \fi-2552\li3970\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx15879\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3970\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \sbasedon85 \snext86 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 
JDI Matter2;}{\s87\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext87 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Party Name Criminal;}{\s88\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext88 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Versus;}{\s89\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext89 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Party Type Criminal;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext90 \slocked \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 Table Contents;}{\s91\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\noline\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129\ulc1 \sbasedon90 \snext91 \slocked \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 Table Heading;}{\s92\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\keepn\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 
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\sbasedon74 \snext69 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Heading 1;}{\s93\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\keepn\widctlpar\tqr\tx8222\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \sbasedon74 \snext69 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6503134 JDI Heading 2;}{\s94\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
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\sbasedon84 \snext54 \slocked \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 JDI Subheading 2;}{\s95\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
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\sbasedon94 \snext54 \slocked \spriority1 \styrsid6503134 JDI Subheading 3;}{\s96\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8222\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning1\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \sbasedon0 \snext100 \slink101 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid6503134 endnote text;}{\*\cs101 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ulc0\insrsid16263984\charrsid11418521 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ulc0\insrsid6503134\charrsid11418521 CRIMINAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ulc0\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\ulc0\insrsid6503134\charrsid11418521 PETITION NO. CA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ulc0\insrsid16263984\charrsid11418521 V }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ulc0\insrsid6503134\charrsid11418521 0025}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ulc0\insrsid16263984\charrsid11418521  of 202}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ulc0\insrsid6503134\charrsid11418521 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ulc0\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521 
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\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ulc0\insrsid6503134\charrsid11418521 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ulc0\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521 BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6503134\charrsid11418521 LIVAI KAIVITI RATABUA}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8800231\charrsid11418521 Petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13577834\charrsid11547819 
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\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11418521\charrsid11418521 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6503134\charrsid11418521 THE STATE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx2268\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3088229\charrsid11418521 Respondent
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2268\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11295522\charrsid3088229 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521 Coram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11418521\charrsid11418521 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3088229\charrsid11418521 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11418521  Hon. Justice William Calanchini}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11418521\charrsid11418521 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3088229\charrsid11418521 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6503134\charrsid11418521 The Hon. Justice William Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11418521\charrsid11418521 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3088229\charrsid11418521 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6503134\charrsid11418521 The Hon. Justice Isikeli Mataitoga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11418521\charrsid11418521 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3088229\charrsid11418521 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11295522 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid15484557 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521 Counsel:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11418521\charrsid11418521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15099675\charrsid11418521 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11487599\charrsid11418521 Petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15099675\charrsid11418521  in person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1529994 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7163390\charrsid11418521 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1656341\charrsid11418521 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7163390\charrsid11418521  M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1656341\charrsid11418521 . Vosa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7163390\charrsid11418521 wale }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6503134\charrsid11418521 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11418521 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11418521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13844705\charrsid11418521 Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1582808 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6948220\charrsid11418521 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3365768\charrsid11418521 Date of Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1582808\charrsid11418521 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11418521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6503134\charrsid11418521 05}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3365768\charrsid11418521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11418521 June}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11360015\charrsid11418521 , 202}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3365768\charrsid11418521 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577834\charrsid11418521 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1582808 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3365768\charrsid11418521 Date of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6948220\charrsid11418521 Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1582808\charrsid11418521 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11418521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10113172\charrsid11418521 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6503134\charrsid11418521 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10113172\charrsid11418521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3808592\charrsid11418521 June}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10113172\charrsid11418521 , 2024}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3365768\charrsid11418521 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs32\ul\insrsid6448164\charrsid11418521 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li284\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid3365768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs32\ul\insrsid3365768\charrsid11547819 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3808592 Calanchini}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3365768\charrsid11547819 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8409300 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3365768\charrsid11547819 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1\insrsid16536763 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16536763 I have had the advantage of reading in draft }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2588390 form the judgment of Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8201804 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2588390  J and agree with his reasons and conclusions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3365768\charrsid8409300 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11418521 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3808592 Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12597240\charrsid3808592 , J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12597240\charrsid3808592 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s84\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The petition seeking leave to appeal
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 Following trial before a Judge and assessors, Livai Ratabua (the petitioner) was found guilty of murdering Maciu Bakani (the deceased). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid17005  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 He was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14444394 term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 of imprisonment of 15 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14444394 
 to be served before a pardon may be considered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
His appeal against conviction was dismissed by the Court of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
The petitioner undoubted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8741149 ly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134  assaulted the deceased. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid17005  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 This was part of the sequence of events that resulted in the deceased dying. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid17005  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
His petition is based on arguments that raise issues whether his assault on the deceased caused his death, and if it did, whether he appreciated that his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid554334 conduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134  carried a substantial risk of causing death and, for this reason, was guilty of murder. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
I would grant leave to appeal on both issues.  On the first issue, this is because I formed the view that careful analysis of the evidence as to causation was required before I could be confident that there had not been a substantial and grave injustice (
s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16077126  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
7(2)(c), Supreme Court Act 1998).  In the case of the second issue, it is because the reasoning that led the Judge and assessors to find that the petitioner guilty, while understandable given the way the trial had been run, was erroneous in respects that 
engage s 7(2)(a), (b), and (c) of the Supreme Court Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418521 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s84\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The background to the appeal
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 What happened}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid1709846 
\par {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref167956597}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref167956597}}}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 T
he petitioner, then 18, the deceased, Pauliasi Iliatoko and two others spent the late afternoon and early evening of 7 January 2013 drinking at the Balawa Cemetery in Lautoka. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid17005  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 They consumed two bottles of rum and made a start on a third. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid17005  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
The group broke up at around 7.00pm or perhaps a little later. One of the group was sufficiently intoxicated to require assistance from the petitioner to get home.  The deceased and Mr Iliatoki walked to the latter\rquote 
s home at the nearby Navutu village where they continued to drink what was left of the third bottle of rum. The petitioner later joined them. A major dispute developed between the deceased and Mr Iliatoko on the one hand and Mr Iliatoko\rquote 
s wife on the other. The petitioner took the side of Mr Iliatoko\rquote s wife wit
h the result that the deceased and Mr Iliatoko assaulted him.  He managed to escape, somewhat the worse for the assault (in terms of damage to his face) and angry at what had happened.  That he was angry was understandable.  The deceased and Mr Iliatoko w
ere related to him, appreciably older than he was and had had no justification for assaulting him. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}
After his escape, the petitioner ran into Etonia Bose, another relative, to whom he complained about what had happened.  Accompanied by Mr Bose, he returned to Mr Iliatoko\rquote 
s house. Standing outside that house, they shouted abuse at the deceased and Mr Iliatoko. At this point, Mr Iliatoko had either just passed out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid4814048  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
from his alcohol consumption or was about to do so. However, the deceased went out of the house and confronted Mr Bose and the petitioner.  He threw a punch at Mr Bose. Mr Bose avoided that punch 
and responded with a punch that knocked the deceased down. The petitioner then attacked the deceased.  Bystanders intervened to stop any further violence. They unsuccessfully attempted to get the deceased to sit up and arrangements were made to take him t
o hospital{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref167956597}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref167956597}}} by minivan.  The evidence suggests that he died before he reached hospital.
\par {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref168045588}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref168045588}}}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}
Associate Professor Ramaswamy Goundar carried out a post-mortem examination of the body of the deceased on 8 January 2013.  His report referred to five external injuries:{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref168045588}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref168045588}}}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \fi-426\li426\ri522\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin522\lin426\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 An abrasion 2 centimetres above the bridge of his nose.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
A laceration and surrounding abrasion 4 centimetres to right of the abrasion referred to in (a).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}
A laceration 2.2 centimetres to the right of injury referred to in (b) in the frontal temporal area.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}A laceration 2.2 centimetres above injury referred to in (c) in the parietal area.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}An abrasion 3 centimetres in front of the upper part of the left ear.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
As will be noted, all these injuries were on the upper part of the deceased\rquote s face.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11418521 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 Internal examination revealed:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \fi-426\li426\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin426\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 (a)\tab 
a large haematoma associated with the injuries referred to in }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134  REF _Ref168045588 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100360038003000340035003500380038000000936c}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8201804 [8]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
 (b), (c) and (d) above;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \fi-426\li426\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx993\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin426\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 (b)\tab 
dislocation of the atlanto-occipital joint;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \fi-426\li426\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin426\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid17005 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \tab compression of the medulla oblongata consequential on that dislocation.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \fi-425\li425\ri522\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin425\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11418521 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
The atlanto-occipital joint is the point of articulation between the occipital and atlas bones, where the lower back part of the skull (occipital bone) is attached to the top of the spine (atlas bone). The medulla oblongata connects the brain stem with th
e spinal canal.  The haematoma referred to by the pathologist was under the skin on the outside of the skull. There were no fractures in the skull and no other injuries (including to the mouth and nose area, back of the head and abdomen) were noted.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11418521 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The law
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 Under s 237 of the Crimes Act 2009 a person is guilty of murder if:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid6558489 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \fi-567\li567\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin567\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid6959474 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077126  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid6959474 the person engages in conduct; and
\par (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077126  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid6959474 the conduct causes the death of another person; and
\par (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077126  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid6959474 
the first-mentioned person intends to cause, or is reckless as to causing, the death of the other person by the conduct.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 Section 239 provides for the form of manslaughter relevant to this case in this way:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \fi-567\li567\ri686\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1560\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin567\itap0\pararsid989364 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid17005 39.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid16657307 A person commits an indictable offence if\emdash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s55 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid11942304 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s55\qj \fi-567\li567\ri686\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2410\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin686\lin567\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134\charrsid11942304 the person engages in conduct; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s55 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid11942304 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}the conduct causes the death of another person; and
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s55\qj \fi-567\li567\ri686\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2410\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin567\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid989364 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid11942304 \tab the first-mentioned person\emdash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s55\qj \fi-567\li567\ri686\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin567\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid989364 (i)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid11942304 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid11942304 ntends that the conduct will cause serious harm; or

\par (ii)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid11942304 is reckless as to a risk that the conduct will cause serious harm to the other person
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \'93Harm\'94 is defined in s 3 as meaning:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri522\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6503134 any bodily hurt, disease or disorder (including harm to a person\rquote 
s mental health) whether permanent or temporary, and includes unconsciousness, pain, disfigurement, infection with a disease and physical contact with a person that the person might reasonab
ly object to in the circumstances (whether or not the person was aware of it at the time) \'85 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \'93Serious harm\'94 is not defined but \'93grievous harm\'94 is defined as including any harm that is \'93
dangerous\'94. I consider that harm that is \'93dangerous\'94 is \'93serious\'94 for the purposes of s 239.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Recklessness is addressed in s 21(2) of the Crimes Act.  It provides:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \fi-567\li567\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin567\itap0\pararsid989364 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4136878 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4136878 
A person is reckless with respect to a result if \emdash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s55\qj \fi-567\li567\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2410\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin567\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4136878 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077126  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4136878 he or she is aware of a substantial risk that the result will occur; and
\par (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077126  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4136878 
having regard to the circumstances known to him or her, it is unjustifiable to take the risk.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 As to causation, s 246 relevantly provides:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \fi-567\li567\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin567\itap0\pararsid989364 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 (1)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid6429260 In this Division, a person\rquote 
s conduct causes death or harm if it substantially contributes to the death or harm.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 (2)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid6429260 
Without limiting the right of a court to make a finding in accordance with sub-section (1), a person is deemed to have caused the death of another person although the act is not the immediate or the sole cause of death in any of the following cases 
\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s55\qj \fi-567\li567\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin567\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 \'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134\charrsid6429260 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s55\qj \fi-567\li567\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx2410\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin567\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid6429260 (d)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077126  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid6429260 \tab 
if by any act or omission he or she hastened the death of a person suffering under any disease or injury which apart from such act or omission would have caused death}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134  \'85 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134\charrsid6429260 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
I defer until later in these reasons my discussion of the statutory provisions as to the relevance of an offender\rquote s intoxication.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6503134 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6503134 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6503134 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 See below at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394  REF _Ref169249551 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14444394  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100360039003200340039003500350031000000006e}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8201804 [55]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid989364 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The trial
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 At the petitioner\rquote s trial, the prosecution case was that the petitioner:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
had caused the death of the deceased by stomping on, and kicking his head; 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
had done so recklessly as he was aware that his conduct carried a substantial risk of killing the deceased; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}was therefore guilty of murder under s 237 of the Crimes Act 2009.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri522\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
The primary thrust of the defence case was that although the petitioner had indeed kicked and stomped on the deceased, and with considerable force, this was only to his abdomen and not his head.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 There was also twofold back-up defence theory that was available \endash 
 along the line that even if the petitioner had targeted the deceased\rquote s head, it was nonetheless reasonably possible that:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 (a)\tab Mr Bose\rquote 
s punch had dislocated the deceased\rquote s atlanto-occipital joint and was the sole substantial cause of his death; and
\par (b)\tab in any event, the petitioner had not appreciated that he was creating a substantial risk of death.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri521\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 At trial the causation elemen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4417590 t of this fall-back defence was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
 pursued, as I will explain.  However, there was no detailed attention paid to what the Judge and assessors should make of the petitioner\rquote s state of mind if satisfied that he had targeted the deceased\rquote 
s head. Rather, the prosecution case was simply that such a targeting of the head carried a risk of death so obvious that the petitioner must have appreciated it.  And because the petitioner did not accept that he had targeted the deceased\rquote 
s head, he 
was not well placed to dispute that reasoning when he gave evidence and, unsurprisingly, did not attempt to do so. In her closing address, counsel for the defence did not advance an argument to the assessors that even if sure that the petitioner had cause
d the deceased\rquote s death, there remained for them a serious issue as to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4417590  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134  petitioner
\rquote s state of mind having regard to his youth, understandable anger at having been assaulted, his intoxication and the speed with which everything happened.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
At the end of the trial, the three assessors concluded that the petitioner was guilty of murder, a verdict which the Judge accepted for reasons which he gave. He accordingly found the petitioner guilty.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The applications to the Court of Appeal for leave to appeal
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
The petitioner sought leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal. He was not legally represented. His application was refused by a single Judge and his renewed application to the full court was dismissed in a judgment delivered on 29 September 2022.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The basis of the proposed appeal to this Court
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 The petitioner now seeks leave to appeal to this Court.  Boiled down, his challenges to his conviction come down to contentions that:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid1779405 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1779405 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 t was reasonably possible that Mr Bose\rquote s punch was the sole cause of the deceased\rquote s death, and that this aspect of the case was not dealt with fairly b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1779405 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134  the Judge.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid1779405 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid1779405 a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 lternatively, it was also reasonably possible that he did not act with knowledge that his attack on the deceased carried a substantial risk of killing him.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
The petitioner in his submissions mentioned provocation, but I took this to be part of his argument that he had not acted recklessly, rather than a contention that provocation should have been separately addressed as a possible defence. At trial, provocat
ion had not been advanced as a defence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s84\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The evidence at trial
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Preliminary comments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid1998038 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 As I have explained, the primary issues at trial were as to the nature of the petitioner\rquote 
s attack on the deceased and the plausibility or otherwise of the defence theory that the sole relevant cause of death was Mr Bose\rquote s punch.  In what follows, I discuss the evidence that bears on those issues and do so under the following headings:

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8601407 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8601407 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid8399660 id the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134 petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid8399660  stomp on and kick the deceased\rquote s head}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 ?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
Where did Mr Bose\rquote s punch land?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Did the deceased\rquote 
s head hit a rock when he fell after being punched?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
Did the deceased attempt to get up after the punch?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}What did the medical evidence indicate as to the cause of death?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri521\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid8399660 Did the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid8399660  stomp on and kick the deceased\rquote s head}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid8399660 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 Two of the prosecution witnesses (Seremaia Radororo and Josepha Naikere) who saw the altercation that resulted in the deceased\rquote s death said that the petitioner had targeted the deceased\rquote 
s head with both stomps and kicks.  A third prosecution witness, Lavenia Balielomaloma, described what seem to have been two kicks or stomps to the middle of the deceased\rquote 
s body.  Two defence witnesses (Senileba Vosamacala and Asilika Silovate) claimed that the petitioner kicked the deceased three times with the kicks directed to the deceased\rquote s abdomen and not his head.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
In the hand-written note of the caution interview of the petitioner on 8 January 2013, the following questions and answers were recorded:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Q 80: When [the deceased] fell down what did you do?
\par A: First, I kicked him and also stomped his head.
\par Q81: Did you also punch him?
\par A: No, I only stomped and kicked him in the head.
\par \'85
\par Q 86: It was alleged by the onlookers that you jumped and kicked [the deceased] on his chest first before you stomped his head. What can you say about that?
\par A: Yes, it is true.
\par Q 87: While stomping [the deceased\rquote s] head and body did you use the flat surface of your feet or your heels?
\par A: I used both.
\par Q 88: What shoes were you wearing at the time of the incidence?
\par A:  My black flip flop which I am now wearing.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
At trial, the petitioner claimed that the answers to questions 80 and 81 were fabricated. They are, however, part of a 10-page manuscript, every page of which has been signed by the petitioner and which was read over to him. They are also consistent with 
his answers to questions 87 and 88 \endash  answers which he did not claim to have been fabricated.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 When giving evidence at trial the petitioners\rquote 
 response to the introductory question as to what he did when the deceased fell following Mr Bose\rquote s punch, was simply:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 I kicked and stomp him My Lord.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 He expanded on this by saying that he kicked him once on the chest and twice on the stomach.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 The ex
ternal injuries to the deceased which the pathologist described were consistent with the prosecution case and not easily reconciled with the defence case.   There were no injuries to the deceased apart from to his head.  So, if there were any blows to the
 deceased\rquote s abdomen, they left no trace.  More significantly, to my way of thinking, the defence had no credible explanation for the number of injuries to the deceased\rquote s head. There was nothing in the petitioner\rquote 
s narrative to suggest that he had stuck the deceased in the head in the initial altercation at Mr Iliatoko\rquote 
s house and it was common ground that Mr Bose only punched the petitioner once. Conceivably one of the injuries may have been explained by the deceased\rquote s fall.   In this context, the only logical explanation for most of injuries to the deceased
\rquote s head was the kicking and stomping attributed to the petitioner.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
The Judge and assessors must have accepted that the petitioner kicked and stomped on the deceased\rquote s head. I consider that they were right to do so and what I have to say in the balance of these reasons proceeds on this basis.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Where did Mr Bose\rquote s punch land?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 Most of the evidence, including what the petitioner said in his caution interview and evidence at trial, was of a punch that landed on the deceased\rquote 
s face, most likely around his mouth. Lavenia described a punch to the \'93area around the nose and mouth.\'94 Seremaia spoke of a punch that that was \'93right on the face\'94, Josepha referred to a punch to the deceased\rquote 
s mouth, the petitioner in his caution interview referred to a punch to the deceased\rquote s face and in his evidence said that the punch was to the deceased\rquote s right jaw.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}
The two defence witnesses described the punch said that it had been to the right side of the deceased\rquote 
s neck.  The proposition that Mr Bose had punched the deceased on the right side of the neck had not been put by defence counsel to any of the prosecutio
n witnesses. There were other unsatisfactory aspects to their evidence, and it seems unlikely that the assessors and Judge placed any weight on it.     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
In his evidence, the pathologist said that he did not see any abnormalities on the lower part of the face of the deceased which, to his mind was inconsistent with punch to that part of the face having dislocated the deceased\rquote 
s atlanto-occipital joint.  Although defence counsel did not ask the pathologist whether the absence of such abnormalities was inconsistent with the punch landing in the general area of the deceased\rquote 
s mouth, she sought to cross-examine him on the basis that one of the injuries to the upper part of his head had been caused by the punch. Her attempts to cross-examine on this basis were interrupted by the Judge. I will come back this shortly.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Did the deceased\rquote s head hit a rock when he fell after being punched.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 Lavenia said that when the deceased fell after Mr Bose\rquote s punch, his head hit what she referred to as a \'93stone\'94 but described as being \'93the same size as [a] 2 litre ice-cream container\'94
, which is suggestive of a rock.  The drift of her evidence was that th
e combination of the punch and the contact with the rock rendered the deceased unconscious as she said he was motionless throughout everything that followed, including the attack on him by the petitioner.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}
The two other eyewitnesses who gave evidence for the prosecution (Seremaia and Josepha) described the deceased falling with his head coming into contact with the gravel surface of the road and then attempting to get up before the petitioner attacked him. 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}Neither the petitioner nor the eyewitnesses called on his behalf mentioned the deceased
\rquote s head hitting a rock.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}Police photographs of the road show no sign of a rock and the pathologist\rquote 
s report gives no indication of an injury to the back of the deceased\rquote s head of the kind that might have been expected if Lavenia\rquote s account was correct.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}
On the basis of the evidence as a whole, I think it most unlikely that the deceased suffered a significant injury to the back of his head when he fell after being punched.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Was the deceased motionless on the ground when the petitioner attacked him?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134\charrsid8399660 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
The petitioner, Lavenia and the two defence eyewitnesses all said that the petitioner attacked the deceased while he was lying motionless on the ground. This contention had the advantage for the petitioner of aligning with the defence theory that it was t
he punch from Mr Bose that resulted in the dis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid10843769 location}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134  of the deceased\rquote 
s atlanto-occipital joint and thereby caused his death.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
Seremaia and Josepha remembered things differently as they referred to the deceased starting to get up from the ground prior to the petitioner\rquote s attack.   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
There were difficulties with the defence eyewitnesses, and I am confident that their evidence was put to one side by the assessors and Judge.  Lavenia\rquote 
s account of the deceased lying motionless after the punch had a logical correlation with her contention
 that the deceased had hit his head on a rock when he fell, a contention that, I have explained, is not consistent with the police photographs or the evidence of the pathologist.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
Whether the deceased attempted to get up after the punch is a significant aspect of the case.  If the deceased was able to attempt get up, it means that either the punch did not dislocate his atlanto-occipital joint, or, if it did, that the dislocation di
d not have any immediately catastrophic consequences. This line of thinking was not explored with the pathologist when he gave evidence.  What he did say, however is that there were no injuries to the back of the deceased\rquote 
s head, an observation that is at least consistent with some of the kicking and stomping occurred when his head was off the ground.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
Seremaia and Josepha were generally accepted by the Judge and assessors as witnesses of truth. I think it likely, indeed distinctly more likely than not, that their account of the deceased attempting to get up after Mr Bose\rquote s punch is correct.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The medical evidence 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
I have found the evidence of Dr Goundar not as complete as it might have been.  This is not his fault.  It is rather a consequence of (a) his evidence being given by Skype with the person responsible for preparation of the transcript being unable to trans
cribe substantial portions of it; (b) the flow of the cross-examination having been disrupted by interventions by the Judge and (c) most importantly, issues that I think were relevant not being explored. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}Dr Goundar\rquote 
s evidence in chief was largely based around the post-mortem report.  He did say that the dislocation of the atlanto-occipital joint could have been caused by kicking and stomping on the deceased\rquote s head.  But beyond that, he was not invited in 
evidence in chief to comment on the competing theories advanced by the prosecution and defence. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}Defence counsel\rquote s cross-examination of Dr Goundar started in this way:
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts102\trgaph108\trleft885\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid12911790\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind993\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1980\clshdrawnil \cellx2865\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5532\clshdrawnil 
\cellx8397\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\pararsid11418521\yts102 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Ms Choy:\tab \cell 
Now doctor, you earlier stated in your examination in chief about assault.  The reason for the dislocation of the joint. Now you are uncertain as to what type of assault would you agree with me?\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts102\trgaph108\trleft885\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid12911790\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind993\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1980\clshdrawnil \cellx2865\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5532\clshdrawnil \cellx8397
\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\pararsid11418521\yts102 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Dr Goundar\cell Yes\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow\ts102\trgaph108\trleft885\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid12911790\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind993\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1980\clshdrawnil \cellx2865\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5532\clshdrawnil \cellx8397
\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\pararsid11418521\yts102 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Ms Choy:\tab \cell And is it possible that the assault could be from a punch?\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow\ts102\trgaph108\trleft885\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid12911790\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind993\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1980\clshdrawnil \cellx2865\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5532\clshdrawnil \cellx8397
\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\pararsid11418521\yts102 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Dr Goundar:\cell Could be a punch, right\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\trowd \irow3\irowband3\lastrow \ltrrow\ts102\trgaph108\trleft885\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid12911790\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind993\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1980\clshdrawnil \cellx2865\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5532\clshdrawnil 
\cellx8397\row }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Later in cross-examination, Dr Goundar again accepted that a punch to the deceased\rquote 
s head could have caused the dislocation of the atlanto-occipital joint and the deceased\rquote s death. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 During defence counsel\rquote 
s cross-examination of Dr Goundar, there were a number of interventions by the Judge.  His view was that a viable defence theory that the punch from Mr Bose had caused the petitioner\rquote s death could only be premised on a punch to the 
lower part of the petitioner\rquote s face. This was because, at that stage of the trial, there was no evidence to suggest that it had landed anywhere else.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14444394 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6503134 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 The defence witnesses who spoke of a punch to the neck had, of course, not yet given evidence and the substance of their evidence had not been put to any of the prosecution witnesses.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
 The Judge was also generally sceptical of what he saw as an attempt to blame Mr Bose for the death of the deceased. Defence counsel was not able to induce Dr Goundar to accept that a punch to the lower part of the petitioner\rquote 
s face in the area of his mouth, whether by itself or in combination with a subsequent fall, could have caused the dislocation that resulted in the petitioner\rquote s death. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
Some issues that might have been helpfully explored with Dr Goundar were not addressed, at least in any detail:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
There was no substantive discussion (at least in the portions of the transcript I can follow) whether the dislocation of atlanto-occipital joint was necessarily the result of a single application of force or may have been the result of multiple applicatio
ns of force coming from different directions.  That said, the drift of his evidence was that it may have been the result of a single application of force and what follows proceeds on that basis.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
If the punch had caused the dislocation of the atlanto-occipital joint, it seems unlikely that the deceased would have been able to make a start on getting up.  It would have been helpful to have the comments of the pathologist on this but, in the absence
 of such comments there is scope for the application of common sense.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}If the initial punch and the deceased\rquote s fall had dislocated the deceased\rquote 
s atlanto-occipital joint but he had nonetheless been able to start to get up, any further violence to his head would be likely to cause, or severely exacerbate any existing, damage 
to the medulla oblongata and thus contribute to or accelerate his subsequent death. Dr Goundar was not asked about this, but again there is scope for a common-sense approach.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}
The evidence of those present in the aftermath of the attack is consistent with the deceased continuing to live for some time after it ceased.  So, even if the punch from Mr Bose dislocated the deceased\rquote 
s atlanto-occipital joint and left him motionless, it remains likely to say the least that the petitioners\rquote 
 attack on his head at least accelerated his death. Again, this was not explored with Dr Goundar but once more, resort to common-sense is possible.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}
It was common ground that Mr Bose punched the deceased with sufficient force to knock him to the ground. However, no injury to the lower part of his face was discernible on post-mortem examination.  If it is the case that such an injury would have been di
scernible, it might be thought to follow that one of the injuries noted by Dr Goundar must have been caused by Mr Bose\rquote s punch. Unfortunately, Dr Goundar was not invited to comment on this.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s84\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Causation
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The approach of the Judge
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
In summing up to the assessors, the Judge reviewed the evidence. He made it clear that the assessors should acquit the petitioner unless sure that petitioner had targeted the head of the deceased in the manner described in the evidence of Seremaia and Jos
epha and as admitted by the petitioner\rquote s caution interview. As to this, he said that the prosecution had to make the assessors \'93sure that the confessions were made, and they were true\'94.  He also put the substance of the petitioner\rquote 
s case.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 He then went on to say:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 When you put the evidence of Seremaia Radaroro \'85, Joseva Naikere \'85 and the accused\rquote 
s alleged confession to stomping and kicking the deceased\rquote s head at the material time, with the evidence of Doctor Goundar \'85 , the irresistible inference was that the accused\rquote s stomping and kicking of the deceased\rquote 
s head on 7 January 2013 set in motion a chain of events that led to the deceased\rquote s death. If you accept the above, you will have to examine [causation]. If you don\rquote t accept the above, you have to find the accused not guilty of murder.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 In his judgment convicting the petitioner the Judge said:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 I accept that the accused stomped and kicked the deceased\rquote 
s head several times on 7.1.13.  These actions caused the deceased\rquote s brain injuries as described by Doctor Goundar in his post-mortem report.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The Court of Appeal
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 The petitioner\rquote 
s submissions to the Court of Appeal did not explicitly challenge the conclusion that he had caused the death of the deceased.  Indeed, as the relief that he sought from the Court was confined to setting aside the murder conviction and subs
tituting a conviction for manslaughter, he implicitly accepted that he had caused the death of the deceased.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The petitioner\rquote s submissions to this Court 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 The petitioner\rquote 
s written submissions do not elaborate much on causation save to say that it was reasonably possible that the punch from Mr Bose caused the dislocation of the atlanto-occipital joint and to refer to the way that the deceased was handled in 
the aftermath of the assault. He also noted that the Judge was critical of the theory that Mr Bose\rquote 
s punch was the sole cause of death as an attempt to shift the blame.  Interestingly, however, the relief he sought was, as in the Court of Appeal, confined to substituting a conviction for manslaughter.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid15206920 My approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 I have some reservations whether it is safe to find causation solely on the basis that (a) Mr Bose\rquote s definitely landed on the deceased\rquote 
s lower face and (b) such a punch, on the evidence of Dr Goundar, could not have dislocated the deceased\rquote s atlanto\_occip
ital joint.  This is because I am prepared to accept the possibility at least that those who spoke of a punch to the lower face may have been wrong; a possibility that may draw some support from the absence of any discernible injury to that part of the de
ceased\rquote s face.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [53]\tab}
I am, however, nonetheless satisfied that causation was established.  This is for the following reasons.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
There were at least five applications of force to the head of the deceased (corresponding to the five injuries detected on post-mortem examination) and in all probability more than that.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}Although there is, in my mind, at least a possibility that Mr Bose\rquote 
s punch was responsible for one of the detected injuries on the upper part of the deceased\rquote s face, I think it unlikely that the punch did in fact dislocate the atlanto-occipital joint. Thi
s is part for the reasons given by Judge (as I accept it is distinctly more likely than not that the punch landed on the lower part of the deceased\rquote s and more generally because of the drift of Dr Goundar\rquote 
s evidence as to the high level of force required to cause such a dislocation.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}
I think it distinctly more probable than not that the deceased attempted to stand up after the punch. This accords with what Seremaia and Josepha said, and it was their evidence that the Judge and assessors accepted on other but closely related aspects of
 the case.  It is not very likely that the deceased would have been purposefully moving if the punch had dislocated his atlanto-occipital joint. And in any event, if he was able to do so despite having a dislocated atlanto-occipital joint, the consequenti
al instability of the joint meant that any violence to his head carried a high likelihood of killing him or at least accelerating his death.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}As earlier indicated, even if Mr Bose\rquote 
s punch dislocated the atlanto-occipital joint and the deceased was totally incapacitated by the time the petitioner attacked his head, it is inherently likely that his kicks and stomps at least accelerated the deceased\rquote s death.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
So, all in all, it is very unlikely that Mr Bose\rquote s punch dislocated the deceased\rquote 
s atlanto-occipital joint and, if it did, there is a high likelihood that the subsequent violence to his head contributed to, or accelerated, his death.  Allowing f
or this combination of factors, I see the compound likelihood of the defence theory that the death was solely due of the punch and not even accelerated by the petitioner\rquote s actions is so low as not to raise a reasonable doubt as to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2969506 causation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [54]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
Given that I am satisfied that the petitioner caused the death of the deceased, the significance of any possible infelicities in the way in which this aspect of the case was dealt with by the Judge falls away. This is because I am satisfied that irrespect
ive of those possible infelicities, there was no miscarriage of justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid6947932 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s84\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Recklessness
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The Crimes Act provisions that deal with intoxication
\par {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169249551}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169249551}}}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [55]\tab}
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 The relevance of intoxication to criminal liability is addressed in the Crimes Act, in ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16077126  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 29 \endash  33. The scheme of these sections is reasonably complex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14444394  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 but, for the purposes of this judgment, it is sufficient for me to refer to s 32(1).  This provides:
{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169249551}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169249551}}}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
If any part of a defence is based on actual knowledge or belief, evidence of intoxication may be considered in determining whether that knowledge or belief existed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \kerning0\insrsid6503134\charrsid9061369 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
This means that in determining whether the petitioner knew that there was a substantial risk of death, it was relevant to have regard to his intoxication. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid2129543 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The approach of the Judge at trial
\par {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169255064}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169255064}}}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [56]\tab}
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 When dealing w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4417590 
ith recklessness, the Judge told the assessors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 :{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169255064}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169255064}}}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri522\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The head of a person contains his or her brain, and certainly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6503134\charrsid608706 
the accused was aware that [the deceased] would die if he repeatedly stomped and kicked his head on 7 January 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
. The accused know [the deceased] had fallen to the ground after being punched by Bose, and he knew he was helpless and no threat to him There was no need to stomp or kick [the deceased\rquote 
s] head at the time, because he was helpless.  Yet the accused proceeded to stomp him 4 times and kicked his head 3 times. It would appear, he was reckless as to causing the deceased\rquote 
s death, at that time. It was not justifiable for him to take the risk. If you agree with the above, you must find the accused guilty as charged. If otherwise, you must find him not guilty as charged.  It is a matter entirely for you. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri522\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134 Emphasis added.{\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169254068}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169254068}}}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [57]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
There is one aspect of this direction that I should mention, although I see it as being of no moment.  The passage that I have emphasised is not a correct summary of the situation. This is because the case against the petitioner was not that he knew that 
he was killing the deceased, but rather that he recognised that there was substantial risk that his actions would cause his death.   However, I see this as just a slip of the tongue as I am confident that what }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4417590 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid4417590 Judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 intended to say was:{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169254068}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169254068}}}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid1714404 the accused was aware that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6503134\charrsid608706  t
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6503134 here was a substantial risk }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13376104 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid1714404 
the deceased] would die if he repeatedly stomped and kicked his head on 7 January 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 .
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 I am also confiden
t that what the Judge said would have been understood by the assessors in this way, given the summing up as a whole.
\par {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169254458}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169254458}}}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [58]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
The logic underlying what the Judge said is that kicking and stomping o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8008853 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134  the deceased\rquote 
s head carried a substantial risk of death so obvious that it could be safely inferred that it was appreciated by the petitioner. The Judge was also of the view that the question whether this inference could be safely drawn was determined wi
thout regard to the petitioner\rquote s intoxication. I say this because he addressed the relevance of intoxication in this way.{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169254458}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169254458}}}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 \'85
 [both the deceased and the accused appeared to be drunk at the time of the incident, in law, self-induced intoxication is no defence to a criminal charge. This is especially so when the fault element relied on by the prosecution is recklessness.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [59]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 That
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4417590  the Judge did not refer to s 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
 of the Crimes Act is understandable.  This is because defence counsel had not advanced the argument that the alcohol that the petitioner had consumed was relevant to whether he had appreciated that his attack on the deceased carried a substantial risk of
 death.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The Court of Appeal
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [60]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 Recklessness and what I see as an included question as to intoxication were in issue in the Court of Appeal.
\par {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169252380}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169252380}}}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [61]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
Prematilaka RJA (whose reasons were adopted by the other members of the Court) noted, correctly, that the Judge had summed up accurately as to what constituted recklessness. He then went on:{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169252380}
{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169252380}}}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 \'85
 the petitioner was obviously not of such a tender age as not to understand the natural consequences of his acts or not to know the risk involving his act of stomping and kicking the heard of the deceased.  \'85
\par Having examined the totality of the evidence I am unable to conclude that petitioner was unaware that there was a substantial risk that the death of the deceased will occur as a result of his acts \'85 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134\charrsid2763204 
\par {\upr{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169252552}{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkstart _Ref169252552}}}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid9181617 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [62]
\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid9181617 When dealing with intoxication}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6754155 , Prematilaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134  RJA referred to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid6303360 Tapoge v State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid9325686 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6503134 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6503134 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 Tapoge v State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394  [2017] FJCA 140.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134  as authority for the proposition that:{\upr{\*\bkmkend _Ref169252552}
{\*\ud\uc0{\*\bkmkend _Ref169252552}}}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 \'85
 voluntary intoxication is relevant in determining whether the accused had the pre-requisite fault element to be guilty of murder.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 However, when applying the law to the facts, he took what seems to me to be a different approach.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
The evidence of drunkenness falling short of a proved incapacity in the accused to form the intent necessary to c
onstitute the crime, and merely establishing that his mind was affected by drink so that he more readily gave way to some violent passion, does not rebut the presumption that a man intends the natural consequences of his acts \'85 . 
\par If an accused fails to prove such incapacity, the law presumes that he intended the natural and probable consequences of his act \'85 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid9858370 I have no doubt that on the evidence available the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid9858370 
 had no incapacity not to know the natural and probable consequences of his acts as res
ult of consuming liquor which simply had not affected his mind to such an extent. His moves were calculated and predetermined. He may not have had the intention to kill the deceased, but it cannot be said that he was not reckless as to causing his death.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7539826 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [63]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7539826 
There are three aspects to these reasons that warrant comment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 They}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7539826  appear to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134  proceed on the basis of a reversal of the onus of proof. The issue was not whether the Court of Appeal could \'93conclude that the petitioner was unaware that there was a substantial risk\'94 of death (see the remarks cited in }
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134  REF _Ref169252380 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100360039003200350032003300380030000000f765}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201804 [61]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
.  Rather it was whether there was a reasonable possibility that this was the case. Likewise, a defendant relying on intoxication in relation to mens rea does not have to establish a \'93proved incapacity \'85
 to form the intent necessary to constitute the crime\'94 (see }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134  REF _Ref169252552 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003600390032003500320035003500320000000013}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201804 [62]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
, above). Rather it is for the prosecution to establish beyond reasonable doubt that a defendant had the necessary intent (or knowledge, as in th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4417590 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
 case) after taking full account of all relevant circumstances, including intoxication.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2913107  I do not attach any weight to this aspect of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1515285 
reasons because they can only have been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5067706  in the nature of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1515285  slips of the tongue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5067706 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid5067706 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5067706 More significant are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 repeated references to \'93incapacity\'94 in the passage cited in }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134  REF _Ref169252552 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310036003900320035003200350035003200000000a5}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201804 [62]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5067706 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 The issue is not whether the petitioner was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6503134\charrsid4333634 incapable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 of knowing that his actions carried a substantial risk of death; rather it is whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6503134\charrsid11763560 he did know}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134  that.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13525980 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13525980 Further, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid946956 and most significantly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13525980 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 here is no presumption of law that person must be taken \'93
to have intended the natural and probable consequences of his actions\'94, as postulated in the passage cited in }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134  REF _Ref169252552 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310036003900320035003200350035003200000000a8}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201804 [62]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 , above).  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 What I have just said warrants some explanation.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6503134\charrsid4477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [64]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4477 
The view that elements of an offence could be established by presumption rather than proof was generally rejected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 nearly 90 years ago }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4477 
by the House of Lords in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6503134\charrsid4477 Woolmington v Director of Public Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6503134 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\cf1\super\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6503134 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14444394 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6503134 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 Woolmington v Director of Public Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 
[1935] 1 AC 462.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6503134  This case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6503134\charrsid4477 is famous for Viscount Sankey\rquote s remark}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6503134 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid11416600 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s55\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4477 
Throughout the web of the English Criminal Law one golden thread is always to be seen, that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner's guilt \'85\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077126  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6503134\charrsid4477 Controversially, this general approach was not applied by the Hou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6503134 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6503134\charrsid4477 e of Lords in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6503134\charrsid4477 Director of Public Prosecutions v Smith}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6503134 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s50\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14444394 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 
Director of Public Prosecutions v Smith }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 [1961] AC 290.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4477  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 This case}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4477  proceeded on the basis that a person }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14444394 must be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4477  taken to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13525980  have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4477  intend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13525980 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4477  the natural and probabl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13525980 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4477  consequences of their actions. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7608104 I suspect that this is what Premitilaka RJA had in mind.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134\charrsid4477 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6503134\charrsid4477 Smith }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4477 is now recognised as having been wrongly decided}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6503134 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6503134 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14444394 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\f0\super\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 Frankland v Director of Public Prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394  [1987] AC 576. See also }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 Parker v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394  (1963) CLR 610.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid4477  So, Lord Sankey
\rquote s \'93golden thread\'94 that a prosecutor is required to prove guilt applies to intention and knowledge.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s94\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 My approach
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [65]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 As I have explained, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11549498 only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
 lines of defence relied on at trial were that the petitioner had not targeted the head of the deceased and, mainly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11549498 , although not entirely,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
 for that reason, causation had not been established.  In the course of the trial, consumption of alcohol was referred to but largely just as part of the narrative, for instance as to what had happened at the Balawa Cemetery, or as providing context, for 
instance as explaining why Mr Iliatoko did not participate in the final confrontation (which was because, at the time, he was in the process of passing out from alcohol intoxication). But although }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14444394 the intoxication of the petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
 was not addressed in detail at trial, it is clear that the petitioner had consumed substantial quantities of alcohol.  As the passage I have cited from the Judge\rquote s summing up shows, he recognised this.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6503134 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6503134 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 See }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394  REF _Ref169254458 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14444394  \\* MERGEFORMAT }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003600390032003500340034003500380000000048}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8201804 [58]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 
, above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [66]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-23\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-23\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
This is not to say that the petitioner was necessarily significantly physically affected; he had after all been able to escape from Mr Iliatoko and the deceased when they attacked him, and he was able to direct his kicking and stomping accurately to the h
ead of the deceased. He was also able to act purposefully, as his recruitment of Mr Bose to assist, shows. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [67]\tab}
It is possible that the alcohol he had merely made him more willing to engage in risky conduct than he would be if sober. A merely disinhibitory effect of this nature would be immaterial to his guilt.  This is because the general approach of the law, as e
xemplified by s 29 \endash 
 32 of the Crimes Act, is that self-induced intoxication does not excuse criminal conduct.  So, if the fault element of an offence is an intention to bring about a particular result, a drunken intention suffices. Likewise, if the fault e
lement is knowledge \endash  as in this case, knowledge of a substantial risk of death \endash  a drunken awareness of a substantial risk suffices.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [68]\tab}
On the evidence, I think it was open to the Judge and assessors to conclude that the petitioner had recognised that his assault on the deceased carried a substantial risk of death. However, such inference should only have been drawn when all relevant circ
umstances were allowed for. In this context it seems to me to have been at l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid15354397 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
ast arguable that it was reasonably possible that the alcohol the petitioner had consumed may have affected his cognitive functioning to the point that he did not recognise a risk 
of death that he would, in normal circumstances, have appreciated.  As to the plausibility of this hypothesis, three other factors are material.  The first is that the petitioner was only 18 at the time (and young people tend to act impulsively).  The sec
ond is that he was very angry. The third is that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16400885 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
key events, from when the attack started to when it finished}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7158855 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
 must have taken only a minute or so, or perhaps less. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [69]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
I can see why defence counsel may have been reluctant to run an argument that the petitioner had attacked the deceased }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14444394 when so angry and intoxicated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
 that he had not recognised a risk of death. Such an argument would have had the forensic downside of highlighting why the petitioner might have targeted the head of the deceased.  That said, it would have been possible for defence counsel at least to rai
se the issue at trial and do so in way that limited possible prejudice to the petitioner on the causation issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14444394 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134  I consider that she should have done so,
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [70]\tab}Because defence counsel did not rely on s 32(1) of the Crimes Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14444394 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
 it is understandable that the Judge did not sum up on it. However, when viewed as a whole, his directions were wrong. This is because he treated the petitioner\rquote s intoxication as irrelevant; this by the combination of:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri522\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin522\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
his heavy emphasis on what in substance was a natural and probable consequences approach to imputing knowledge as to the risk of death;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14444394  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
his direction that self-induced intoxication was not a defence, a direction which he linked with recklessness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s50\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6503134 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6503134 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 See }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394  REF _Ref169254458 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14444394  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003600390032003500340034003500380000000067}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8201804 [58]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6503134\charrsid14444394 , above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
Although I accept that it not satisfactory for an appeal against conviction to be allowed on the basis of line of defence not advanced at trial, I see no alternative to doing so in this case.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [71]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 
Under s 239, the petitioner is guilty of manslaughter if he was reckless as to the risk that his attack would cause serious harm to the deceased. It is practically inevitable that the petitioner, drunk and angry that he was, recognised that that his targe
ting of the head of the deceased carried the risk of dangerous harm.  So, if not guilty of murder, he was guilty of manslaughter as the petitioner in his submissions accepted.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [72]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
I see not utility in directing a retrial.  So, I would allow the appeal in relation to the conviction murder and substitute a conviction for manslaughter.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s84\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134 Sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6503134\charrsid14030048 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid16189442 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [73]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri-25\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin-25\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16189442 
The appellant was sentenced to life imprisonment on 14 July 2016.  He has therefore served nearly eight years imprisonment.  In all the circumstances, including his youth at the time (18 years of age), absence of prior convictions and the significant prov
ocation to which he had been subjected by the deceased (the unprovoked attack o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12324222 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16189442 
 him), justice will be served if we sentence him now to imprisonment for eight years, a sentence which, wi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14444394 th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16189442 what I anticipate will be an allowance for good behaviour, should result in his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8192175 immediate or at least }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16189442 prompt release.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid6503134 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s84\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6360456 Outcome}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16189442 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid16189442 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [74]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16189442 I would therefore:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid16189442 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri522\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin522\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16189442 
Set-aside the conviction for murder and replace it with a conviction for manslaughter.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid16189442 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin521\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16189442 
Substitute (and impose) a sentence of eight years imprisonment for the sentence of life imprisonment imposed in the High Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16189442\charrsid3018006 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6754155 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6503134\charrsid6503134 Mataitoga, J
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid13179345 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [75]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid13179345 I concur with the judgment of Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8201804 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid13179345  J.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid11542981 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid989364 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16189442\charrsid6754155 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [76]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418521 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\i\ul\insrsid16189442\charrsid6754155 Orders of the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs42\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid7933447\charrsid6754155 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\i\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8192175\charrsid11542981 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \fi-425\li1134\ri521\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin521\lin1134\itap0\pararsid989364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\i\insrsid8192175\charrsid11542981 Leave to appeal is granted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs42\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8192175\charrsid11542981 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\i\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8192175\charrsid11542981 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs42\i\insrsid8192175\charrsid11542981 The c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\i\insrsid2507070\charrsid11542981 onviction for murder is set-aside.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs42\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2507070\charrsid11542981 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\i\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2507070\charrsid11542981 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs42\i\insrsid2507070\charrsid11542981 A conviction for manslaughter is substituted for it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\i\insrsid7694598\charrsid11542981 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8192175\charrsid11542981 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s54 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid2507070\charrsid11542981 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid2507070\charrsid11542981 On the substituted conviction for manslaughter, petitioner is sentenced to eight years imprisonment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid8192175\charrsid11542981 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989364 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid989364 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid662135 The Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823 Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3808592 William Calanchini}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\f0\fs24\insrsid662135 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823\charrsid6752646 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11343823 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11343823 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid989364 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid662135 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid16189442 on. Justice William Young}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\f0\fs24\insrsid662135 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823\charrsid6752646 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11343823 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid989364 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid662135 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823 Hon. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid16189442 Isikeli Mataitoga}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\b\f0\fs24\insrsid11343823 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs42\f0\fs24\insrsid662135 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\cf0\insrsid11343823\charrsid6752646 
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