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{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid12022877 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16591065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid12528821 APPELLATE JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid12528821 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 CIVIL PETITION NO. CBV 0006 of 2023
\par Court of Appeal No. ABU 102 of 2019
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 THE NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8335786\charrsid16066264 MPANY }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 Petitioner
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\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 RAJENDRA SINGH
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 First Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 
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\f0\fs24\insrsid16066264 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 SUDESH SINGH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 
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\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7627724\charrsid16066264 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 Coram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 \tab \tab \tab :\tab The Hon. Justice Anthony Gates
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 The Hon. Justice Brian Keith
\par Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par The Hon. Justice Lowell Goddard
\par Judge of the Supreme Court
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 \tab \tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8335786\charrsid16066264 Mr. S. Krishna for the Petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8335786\charrsid16066264 \tab Mr. S. Heritage for the Respondents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 
\par \tab \tab 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 Date of Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 \tab :\tab 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5899178\charrsid16066264 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264  April 2024         
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs28\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 JUDGMENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid16066264 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186 Gates, J
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12741190 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12741190 I have read in draft the judgment of Keith J.  I agree with it and with the orders proposed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid12741190 \tab 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16066264 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186 Keith,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid7027417  J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3213181\charrsid16196186 Introduction
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\f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3213181\charrsid16196186 the early hours of the morning of 14 January 2013, an explosion occurred in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10831052\charrsid16196186  a shop in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15163669\charrsid16196186 Nadi which was operated by the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10831052\charrsid16196186 
laintiffs, Rajendra Singh and his wife Sudesh.  Rajendra was there at the time with a man who worked in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15163669\charrsid16196186  the shop, Mukesh Kumar, but Sud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10831052\charrsid16196186 esh was not.  As a result of the explosion, a fire broke out.  Mr Singh managed to escape, though his clothes were set alight, and he suffered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13578906\charrsid16196186 very }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10831052\charrsid16196186 severe bu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13578906\charrsid16196186 rns.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10831052\charrsid16196186 Mr Kumar was not so fortunate: tragically, he died in the fire.  The shop }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2565838\charrsid16196186 was ins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10831052\charrsid16196186 ured with the defendants, the New In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2565838\charrsid16196186 dia Insurance Company Limited (\'93the insurers\'94
), and in due course Mr and Mrs Singh made a claim against the insurers on the policy of insurance.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2122614\charrsid16196186 The claim was not accepted, and Mr and Mrs Singh issue
d proceedings in the High Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid150328\charrsid16196186   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2565838\charrsid16196186 That claim }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid150328\charrsid16196186 was struck out }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2565838\charrsid16196186 on the basis that Mr and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15163669\charrsid16196186 
 Mrs Singh were not the proper p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2565838\charrsid16196186 laintiffs.  They appealed to the Court of Appeal.  The Court of Appeal took the view that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1014155 it had not been open to the insurers to contend that Mr and Mrs Singh had not been the proper plaintiffs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2565838\charrsid16196186 
and allowed the appeal.  The insurers now apply for special leave to appeal to the Supreme Court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid150328\charrsid16196186 The relevant facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3213181\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10422077\charrsid16196186 policy of insurance was called a fire insurance policy.  It was dated 15 November 2012.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5070499\charrsid16196186 
It related to the shop operated by Mr and Mrs Singh.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8933213\charrsid16196186 It covered fire and other listed perils but excluded damage by cyclone.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10422077\charrsid16196186 The cover was for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5070499\charrsid16196186  12 months from 22 October 2012.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10422077\charrsid16196186  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8933213\charrsid16196186  Accordingly, the fire on 14 January 2013 was one of the perils covered by the policy and occurred during the period of the cover.  The policy named the i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13394275\charrsid16196186 nsured }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8933213\charrsid16196186 as HIZZ & HERZ, with a P O Box in Nadi.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10422077\charrsid16196186    
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 HIZZ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8933213\charrsid16196186 & HERZ was t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid150328\charrsid16196186 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5070499\charrsid16196186 name of the shop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8933213\charrsid16196186 .  It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid150328\charrsid16196186 wa
s a retail drapery.  It was on the ground floor of a building owned by Manji Jadavji & Son}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10422077\charrsid16196186 s Ltd.  There was no evidence as to who the sh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8933213\charrsid16196186 op was leased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5070499\charrsid16196186  to.  Such evidence as there was before the High Court related to the application for the registration of H
IZZ & HERZ as a business name.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8933213\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5070499\charrsid16196186  That application }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11629944\charrsid16196186 was dated 3 May 2011 and was lodged by Ramani & Co., a firm of accountants in Nadi.  There was no evidence on whose behalf Ramani & Co lodged the application.  However, the application form required \'93the cor
porate name of every corporation which is \'85 a partner in the firm\'94.  That name was given as Khoobh Surat Dolhan Limited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11935098\charrsid16196186  (\'93the Company\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11629944\charrsid16196186 , which was described as a private limited liability company, whose registered office in Nadi was also given.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11935098\charrsid16196186   The C}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11629944\charrsid16196186 ompany\rquote s seal was stamped next to that entry on the form.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15163669\charrsid16196186   Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote 
s name did not appear on the form.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2565838\charrsid16196186 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047349\charrsid16196186 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5047349\charrsid16196186 Following the fire, a claim was made on the policy using the insurers\rquote  fire claim form.  The form had to be completed by the policyholder, and it was Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13578906\charrsid16196186 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047349\charrsid16196186  Singh who completed it.  It was dated 13 February 2013.  In it, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13578906\charrsid16196186 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047349\charrsid16196186 he wrote that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13578906\charrsid16196186 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5047349\charrsid16196186 he did not know how the fire had started.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13578906\charrsid16196186   As a result of Mr Singh\rquote 
s injuries, it was she rather than him who gave instructions to their solicitors and gave evidence at the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047349\charrsid16196186 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13072720\charrsid16196186 insurers instructed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16744120\charrsid16196186 
Forensic Consulting Services Pty Ltd to investigate the cause of the fire.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13072720\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16744120\charrsid16196186 
 They reported that residues of hydrocarbon flammable liquids had been found at the seat of the fire.  These had 
subsequently been identified by chemical analysis to have been remnants of kerosene and possibly petrol or thinners.  Their conclusion, in the absence of any other explanation from Mr Singh, was that the fire ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4684076\charrsid16196186 d most likely been started deli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16744120\charrsid16196186 berately using
 a flammable liquid accelerant which had spread onto clothing on the display rack at the front of the shop.  They also concluded that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 it was very likely that flamma}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16744120\charrsid16196186 ble vapours e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 vaporated off the flammable liq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16744120\charrsid16196186 uid prior to the explosi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15163669\charrsid16196186 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 had been ignited unintention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16744120\charrsid16196186 ally when either Mr Singh or Mr Kumar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186  had tried to set fire to the c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16744120\charrsid16196186 ontents of the shop. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 
 An investigation by the National Fire Authority reached a similar conclusion.  They suspected that the fire had been deliberately lit inside the shop using
 accelerants causing a vapour explosion due to the insufficiency of space for the flammable vapours to escape.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 In these}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047349\charrsid16196186  circum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14168801\charrsid16196186 
stances, the insurers avoided the policy relying on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047349\charrsid16196186 fraud exemption in the policy which provided:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13072720\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5047349\charrsid16196186 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8354835\charrsid16196186 If the claim be in any respect fraudulent, or and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8676149\charrsid16196186 [sic] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8354835\charrsid16196186 if any false description be made or used in support thereof, or if any fraudulent means or devices be used by the insured or anyone acting on his behalf to obt
ain any benefit under this Policy or if any destruction or damage be occasioned by the wilful act or with the connivance of the Insured, all benefit under this Policy shall be forfeited.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5047349 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16066264 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8354835\charrsid16196186 The proceedings in the High Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8354835 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8354835\charrsid16196186 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8354835\charrsid16196186 The Statement of Claim r
eferred to the plaintiffs as Mr and Mrs Singh trading as HIZZ & HERZ, and described them as prosperous business people trading under that name and style}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7612228\charrsid16196186 
.  The policy of insurance was pleaded at paragraph 3 of the Statement of Claim.  It stated that in cons
ideration of the premiums paid and to be paid by the plaintiffs, the insurers insured the plaintiffs against loss and damage by fire.  That paragraph was admitted by the insurers in their Defence.  So although the insured was named in the policy as HIZZ &
 HERZ, the insurer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16648342\charrsid16196186 s were adm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7612228\charrsid16196186 itting that Mr and Mrs Singh were the policyholders, albeit tradin}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7568139\charrsid16196186 g as HIZZ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7612228\charrsid16196186  & HERZ, and they were therefore entitled to benefit under the policy}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16648342\charrsid16196186 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7568139\charrsid16196186   Indeed, the insurers made that admission not only in its Defence.  The minutes of the pre-trial conference}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12733607\charrsid16196186  recorded that one of the agreed facts was as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12733607\charrsid16196186 \'93
The Plaintiffs at all material times owned and operated a business tradi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8676149\charrsid16196186 ng as HIZZ & HER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12733607\charrsid16196186 
Z at [the address].\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7568139\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16648342 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7627724 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16648342\charrsid16196186 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12733607\charrsid16196186 The insurers\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16648342\charrsid16196186 solicitors became awar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11935098\charrsid16196186 e of the C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16648342\charrsid16196186 ompany}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12733607\charrsid16196186  when they did a search on the business name HIZZ & HERZ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16648342\charrsid16196186 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12733607\charrsid16196186   That search resulted in them being provided with the application for the registration of HIZZ & HERZ as a business name.  They }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16648342\charrsid16196186 
included }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12733607\charrsid16196186 it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16648342\charrsid16196186 in the bundle of documents disclosed by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12733607\charrsid16196186 m on discovery. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16648342\charrsid16196186  However, they did not seek to amend their Defence by pleading in the alternative that the pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11935098\charrsid16196186 oper plaintiff was the C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16648342\charrsid16196186 ompany, not Mr and Mrs Singh. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11947308\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10188601\charrsid16196186 According to the minutes of the pre-trial conference, the question whether Mr and Mrs Singh were the proper
 plaintiffs was not even highlighted as one of the issues to be determined at trial.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11947308\charrsid16196186 It looks}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10188601\charrsid16196186 
, therefore, as if the insurers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16648342\charrsid16196186 were waiting to ambush}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11947308\charrsid16196186  Mr and Mrs Singh with that rev}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16648342\charrsid16196186 elation at trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11935098\charrsid16196186   However, whether that is so or not, the inescapable fact i
s that neither Mr and Mrs Singh nor their legal team knew before the trial that the capacity of Mr and Mrs Singh to bring the case was going to be an issue at the trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12733607\charrsid16196186 
, despite the admission in the Defence and the agreed fact recorded in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4603412\charrsid16196186  minutes of the pre-trial confe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12733607\charrsid16196186 rence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11935098\charrsid16196186 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13573883 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11947308\charrsid16196186 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid997162\charrsid16196186 Although not relevant to the narrow issue raised on this appeal, the minutes of the pre-trial conference reveal}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3679756\charrsid16196186  something very surprising.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid412540\charrsid16196186 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9246533\charrsid16196186 
documentary exhibits \endash  which included the reports of those who had investigated the fire and had expressed opinions about how it had started \endash  were to be admitte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid412540\charrsid16196186 d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11671175\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9246533\charrsid16196186 without }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3679756\charrsid16196186 formal proof 
\endash  no doubt on the basis that their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8676149\charrsid16196186 authenticity was not challenged. N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3679756\charrsid16196186 ot su}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8676149\charrsid16196186 rprisingly, though, they were to be admitted without formal proof }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3679756\charrsid16196186 \'93
without prejudice to the right of all parties to impugn or challenge the truth of their contents.\'94  What was surprising was that the only witness to be called by the insurers was one of their employees.  It wa
s not proposed to call any of the experts who had examined the site of the fire and who had expressed opinions about what had caused it.  Nor was it proposed to call the police officers who investigated the fire.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9246533\charrsid16196186   How Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote s legal team were going to challenge those reports \endash  and how the judge was going to make his findings on the critical issue about whether the fire was started deliberately 
\endash  without the makers of the reports being cross-examined is a mystery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11671175\charrsid16196186   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid412540 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7627724\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11935098\charrsid16196186 The course of the trial
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7627724 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3679756\charrsid16196186 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3679756\charrsid16196186 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11671175\charrsid16196186 At the start of the trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10692773\charrsid16196186  on 4 February 2019}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11671175\charrsid16196186 , the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3474718\charrsid16196186 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11671175\charrsid16196186 judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3474718\charrsid16196186 , Nanayakkara J,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11671175\charrsid16196186  ruled that the burden of proof was on the insurers.  He required them to present their evidence first.  He also ruled 
\endash  apparently without having warned the parties beforehand \endash  that the trial would address the issue of liability first.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920076\charrsid16196186   The insurers\rquote 
 solicitors were alive to the possibility that the penny may drop with Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote s solicitors about the need to cross-examine the makers of the documents about their views on the cause of the fire,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15749664\charrsid16196186  and the insurers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8676149\charrsid16196186 therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15749664\charrsid16196186 
had the makers of the documents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920076\charrsid16196186  in court in case they needed to call them.  However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15749664\charrsid16196186 
Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920076\charrsid16196186 counsel told the judge that he did not wish to cross-examine any of them.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8676149\charrsid16196186 How he hoped to challenge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3739118\charrsid16196186 the insurers\rquote  case is impossible to understand, but t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8920076\charrsid16196186 hat resulted in the insurers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3739118\charrsid16196186 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920076\charrsid16196186 
calling the one witness who they had said at the pre-trial conference would be called, and that was one of their employ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3739118\charrsid16196186 ees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15749664\charrsid16196186 , As}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3739118\charrsid16196186 hneel Lal.  In his evidence-in-chief, Mr Lal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920076\charrsid16196186 
 gave little more than formal evidence about the reason for the rejection of the claim and the expenses which had been incurred in investigating it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11671175\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3739118 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7627724\charrsid16196186 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3679756\charrsid16196186 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6040726\charrsid16196186 
.     The first anyone might have known}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3739118\charrsid16196186  about the allegation that Mr and Mrs Singh were not the proper plaintiffs was when the insurers\rquote 
 counsel asked Mr Lal about the business name HIZZ & HERZ. In a leading question, he asked Mr Lal whether it was \'93owned\'94 by the Company.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6040726\charrsid16196186   Mr Lal replied that it was. 
The only other question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8676149\charrsid16196186 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6040726\charrsid16196186  he was asked on the topic came in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8151317\charrsid16196186 cross-examination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15749664\charrsid16196186 and when}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8151317\charrsid16196186 
 answering questions from the judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6040726\charrsid16196186 .  The questions related to who were the directors of the Company. His evidence was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8151317\charrsid16196186  that he thought that Mr and Mrs Singh were directors of the Company.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236232\charrsid16196186  That was all that Mr Lal was asked on the topic.  H}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15749664\charrsid16196186 e was not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236232\charrsid16196186 even }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15749664\charrsid16196186 
asked what had caused him to believe that, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8676149\charrsid16196186 nor whether there was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236232\charrsid16196186  any documentary e}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15749664\charrsid16196186 vidence about who the directors of the Company were. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236232\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3739118\charrsid16196186   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11671175\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11671175 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7627724\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3679756\charrsid16196186 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15749664\charrsid16196186 .    Mrs Singh was 
the only other witness.  She too gave little more than formal evidence in chief about the taking out of the policy, the claim for indemnification and the rejection of the claim by the insurers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7305557\charrsid16196186   Her counsel asked her only one question about whose business it was:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15749664\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1418\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1418\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7305557\charrsid10244131 \'93
Q.     You had a business by the name of HIZZ & HERZ?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7305557\charrsid10244131 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi142\li1418\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin567\lin1418\itap0\pararsid16066264\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7305557\charrsid10244131 Yes, my lord.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7305557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1560\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1560\itap0\pararsid16066264\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16066264 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6040726\charrsid16196186 She was asked that question simply as part of the narrative.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2647602\charrsid16196186   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7305557\charrsid16196186 When she was cross-examined, she initial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16584215\charrsid16196186 ly agreed that it was the Company which had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7305557\charrsid16196186  trading as HIZZ & HERZ.  A few questions later, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16584215\charrsid16196186 t was put to her that it had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7305557\charrsid16196186  not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16584215\charrsid16196186 been her and Mr Singh who had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7305557\charrsid16196186 
 trading as HIZZ & HERZ.  She did not answer that question.  She simply responded: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 \'93The plaintiff is HIZZ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7305557\charrsid16196186  & HERZ.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7305557\charrsid16196186 Because she had not answered the question she was asked, the following question was put to her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16584215\charrsid16196186 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7305557\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16584215\charrsid16196186 \'93So it\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7568139\charrsid16196186 s not Rajend Singh and Sudesh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16584215\charrsid16196186  Singh trading as HIZZ & HERZ you have given before.  Isn\rquote t that correct?\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16584215 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7627724\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16584215\charrsid16196186 She replied: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16584215\charrsid16196186 \'93That\rquote s correct.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16584215\charrsid16196186 That was where the matter was left.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10692773\charrsid16196186   The evidence of the only witnesses at the trial would have t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236232\charrsid16196186 
aken no more than an hour or so, and the questions about the relationship between Mr and Mrs Singh and the Company would have taken no more than a few minutes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6040726\charrsid16196186   I have to say 
that the point that Mr and Mrs Singh were not the proper plaintiffs was so obliquely taken during the evidence that I wonder whether I would have picked it up if I had been representing Mr and Mrs Singh.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16584215\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16584215 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10692773\charrsid16196186 
14.   The trial was then adjourned for the preparation of the transcript of the trial, and then for written submissions.  Since the insurers had presented their evidence first,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3679756\charrsid16196186 
 the written submiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10692773\charrsid16196186 ions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3679756\charrsid16196186  on behalf of Mr and Mrs Singh }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10692773\charrsid16196186 were filed first.  That was on 14 May 2019.  The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3679756\charrsid16196186 y did no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10692773\charrsid16196186 
t mention at all the all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3679756\charrsid16196186 egation that Mr and Mrs Singh we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10692773\charrsid16196186 re not the proper plaintiffs.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575917\charrsid16196186   The wr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10692773\charrsid16196186 itten submissions on behalf of the insurers were filed on 4 June 2019.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575917\charrsid16196186   In contending that Mr and Mrs Singh were not the proper plaintiffs, they relied on Mrs Singh\rquote 
s admission in cross-examination and the fact that the Company had been identified in the application for the registration of HIZZ & HERZ as the bus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 iness name of}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575917\charrsid16196186  the \'93corporation which is \'85 the partner in the firm\'94.  They asked for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14969246\charrsid16196186 the claim to be struck o
ut under Ord 18 r 18 of the Rules of the High Court.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186 Both sets of submissions addressed the question whether the insurers had proved fraud on the part of Mr and Mrs Singh.  

\par 15.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14969246\charrsid16196186 In his judgment dated 12 July 2019, the judge agreed with the insurers for the reasons they advance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14969246\charrsid16196186 .  He struck out Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186 
s claim on the basis that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 they were not the proper plaintiffs and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186 the claim had been}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14969246\charrsid16196186  an abuse of the court\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186 s process as \'93an attempt to use the court\rquote 
s machinery improperly\'94 had been made.  He did not address the question whether the insurers had proved fraud on the part of Mr and Mrs Singh.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15672971\charrsid16196186   I make four}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186  observations about this judgment:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186 
(i)  The use of Ord 18 r 18 was inappropriate.  Ord 18 r 18 only permits pleadings and indorsements on writs to be struck out.  It does not permit claims to be struck out.  The order which the judge should have m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 ade in the light of his finding as to who should have been the plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186  was to dismiss Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote s claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6040726\charrsid16196186 , not to strike it out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186 .
\par (ii)  There was no basis on which the judge could have found that the claim }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15672971\charrsid16196186 should be struck out }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186 
as an abuse of process.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15946323\charrsid16196186   As Gates J pointed out in the course of argument, naming the wrong plaintiff would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 have been no more than a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15946323\charrsid16196186 mistake.  An abuse of process connotes something akin to a litigant playing fast and loose with the Court
\rquote s machinery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15946323\charrsid16196186 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15672971\charrsid16196186 (iii)  The judge did not deal with the insurers\rquote  other contention that the claim should be struck out as failing to disclose a reasonable cause of action on the basis
 that the cause of action under the policy did not vest in Mr and Mrs Singh.  That contention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6040726\charrsid16196186 would have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15672971\charrsid16196186 had to be rejected.  No evidence is admissible on an application to strike out a pleading on the basis that the statement of claim did not disclose a r
easonable cause of action.  The basis of the application to strike out, though, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15672971\charrsid16196186 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15672971\charrsid16196186 
 based on the evidence: the reference to the Company on the application to register the business name and Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15672971\charrsid16196186  Singh\rquote s admission in her oral testimony.
\par (iv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10500777\charrsid16196186 )  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15946323\charrsid16196186 In case he was f
ound by an appellate court to have erred in his conclusion that Mr and Mrs Singh were not the proper plaintiffs, the judge should have gone on to decide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15946323\charrsid16196186 whether the insurers had proved fraud against them.  If the decision of the Court of Appeal stands, the
 case will have to be remitted to the High Court for that issue to be relitigated (the trial judge now having retired).  That would have been avoided if the judge had gone on to resolve the dispute on its merits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7568139\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7568139\charrsid16196186 The appeal to the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11296322\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6575917\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10692773\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7568139\charrsid16196186 16.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15479638 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7568139\charrsid16196186 
Mr and Mrs Singh appealed to the Court of Appeal.  The Court of Appeal concluded that Mr and Mrs Singh had properly been named as plaintiffs.  It therefore allowed the appeal and ordered the case to be remitted to the High Court for the claim to be decide
d on its merits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3474718\charrsid16196186 .  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2190104\charrsid16196186 Court\rquote s reasoning in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3474718\charrsid16196186 clear and comprehensive judgment of Jameel JA (with which the other members of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1014155 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3474718\charrsid16196186 ourt agreed)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186  was that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3474718\charrsid16196186 he insurers\rquote 
 contention was diametrically opposed to both the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12869402\charrsid16196186 ad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3474718\charrsid16196186 mission in the Defence and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12869402\charrsid16196186 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 agreed fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12869402\charrsid16196186 
 that it was Mr and Mrs Singh who owned and operated the business trading as HIZZ & HERZ.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3474718\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2190104\charrsid16196186 
 Moreover, Ord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12869402\charrsid16196186  15 r 6 of the Rules of the High Court provided that no cause or matter should be defeated by reason of the misjoinder or nonjoinder of any party, a
nd it gave the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1014155 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12869402\charrsid16196186 ourt the power to order anyone who ought to have been joined as a party to be added as a party.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2190104\charrsid16196186   The Court of Appeal took the view that if an objection was being taken to the misjoinder or nonjoinder of a party, that objection should be mad
e at the earliest possible opportunity.  In these circumstances, the insurers\rquote  conduct in not raising their objection to the misjoinder of Mr and Mrs Singh and the nonjoinder of the Company \endash 
 coupled with the admission in the Defence and the agreed facts \endash  prevented the insurers from pursuing their objection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12869402\charrsid16196186 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2190104\charrsid16196186 17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487208\charrsid16196186     I should add that only in one passage in Jameel JA\rquote 
s judgment was any reference made to whether the evidence supported the judge\rquote s conclusion that the Company was the proper plaintiff.  In para 
29 of the judgment, she said that the insurers knew at all times that they were dealing with natural persons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2190104\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487208\charrsid16196186 behind the business, even if Mr and Mrs Singh had been the directors of the Company.  But that begged the question which the Hig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14944027\charrsid16196186 
h Court had had t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487208\charrsid16196186 o decide.  When running the business, had Mr and Mrs Singh been acting in their capacity as directors of the Comp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14944027\charrsid16196186 any, or in their own ri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487208\charrsid16196186 ght as the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6040726\charrsid16196186 
 owners of the business?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14944027\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16066264 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14944027\charrsid16196186 The proper approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2190104\charrsid16196186    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14944027 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14944027\charrsid16196186 
18.     The insurers now seek special leave to appeal to the S
upreme Court.  They want the judgment of the High Court to be restored.  In written submissions in support of the petition, their solicitors relied heavily on well-known principles in company law \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14944027\charrsid16196186 the rule in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14944027\charrsid16196186 Foss v Harbottle}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2967882\charrsid16196186  (1843) 2 Har}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14944027\charrsid16196186 e 46, a case known to all law students, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2967882\charrsid16196186 that a company is a separate legal entity from its members, and only the company can sue to enforce rights which are those of the company, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 (b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2967882\charrsid16196186 the principle established in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2967882\charrsid16196186 
Salomon v Salomon and Co Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2967882\charrsid16196186  [1897] AC 22 that the company\rquote s rights and duties are separate from the rights and duties of its directors and shareholders, and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 (c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2967882\charrsid16196186 the limited circumstances in which \'93the corporate veil\'94 can be lifted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14944027\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124156\charrsid16196186   They contended that the Court of Appeal ignored these principles.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10500777\charrsid16196186 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124156\charrsid16196186 19.     In my opinion, that criticism of the Court of Appeal is misplaced.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10500777\charrsid16196186 
It is incontrovertible that the cause of action on a policy of insurance vest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124156\charrsid16196186 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10500777\charrsid16196186 
 in the insured, usually called the policy-holder.  In the present case, the policy named HIZZ & HERZ as the insured.  But HIZZ & HERZ was not a legal entity.  It was merely a trading name.  The insured was therefore whoever was trading }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 as HIZZ & HERZ.  The question was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10500777\charrsid16196186 
 whether that was the Company or Mr and Mrs Singh.  That depended on such evidence as the parties placed before the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124156\charrsid16196186 
High Court.  To say that the Court of Appeal erroneously lifted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10500777\charrsid16196186  th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124156\charrsid16196186 
e corporate veil is a little unfair on the Court of Appeal.  The Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid615878\charrsid16196186  was alive to the fact that the Company and Mr and Mrs Singh were separate legal e
ntities, and that it was necessary to identify which of them had been trading as HIZZ &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236232\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid615878\charrsid16196186 HERZ.  It}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124156\charrsid16196186 s focus was on (a) whether it was open to the insurers to contend that Mr and Mrs Singh were not the proper plaintiffs, and (b) if it was still open to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124156\charrsid16196186 insurers to advance that argument, whether the evidence showed that the Company was the proper plaintiff.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10500777\charrsid16196186  
\par 20.    The difficulty for Mr and M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124156\charrsid16196186 rs Singh was that their legal t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10500777\charrsid16196186 
eam had no idea prior to the trial that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124156\charrsid16196186  this issue was to be raised.  Indeed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10500777\charrsid16196186 the adm
ission in the Defence and the agreed facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid615878\charrsid16196186  would have led them to believe that there was no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 dispute
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid615878\charrsid16196186  that it was they who had been trading as HIZZ & HERZ, not the Company}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124156\charrsid16196186 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11035190\charrsid16196186   The consequence was that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236232\charrsid16196186 their solicitors were wholly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid615878\charrsid16196186  unprepared to meet the allegation that the Company was the proper plaintiff when it was raised at the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236232\charrsid16196186   They we}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11928087\charrsid16196186 re taken completely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236232\charrsid16196186 
by surprise.  Indeed, it looks as if the few exchanges at the trial on the topic may not have been enough to alert Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote s solicitors that this was a live issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508766\charrsid16196186   No application had been made by the insurers\rquote 
 solicitors to amend their Defence to take the point, nor had they applied to withdraw their admission in their Defence that Mr and Mrs Singh had been the policyholders, nor had they app
lied to resile from the agreed facts.  Indeed, the fact that the Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote s solicitors had not appreciated that it was being said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3290253\charrsid16196186 that Mr and Mrs Singh were }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508766\charrsid16196186 not the proper plaintiffs is borne out by the absence of any reference to the point in their written submissions after the conclusion of the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236232\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508766\charrsid16196186 
\par 21.    We do not know, of course, what }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4603412\charrsid16196186 steps }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508766\charrsid16196186 Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4603412\charrsid16196186 solicitors would have taken if they had been alerted to the insurers\rquote  solicitors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3290253\charrsid16196186 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4603412\charrsid16196186  intention to take the point when they first obtained a copy of the application to register H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616189\charrsid16196186 IZZ & HERZ }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4603412\charrsid16196186 as a business name, but in my opinion a competent lawyer would have taken the following steps:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4603412\charrsid16196186 
(i)  At the pre-trial conference they would have informed the court that it would not be open to the insurers to take the point at trial unless they had successfully applied for leave to amend their Defence, and to withdraw the relevant agreed fact.

\par (ii)   They would have applied to amend the Writ and Statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616189\charrsid16196186  of Claim to add the Compa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4603412\charrsid16196186 
ny as a second plaintiff, and to plead }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616189\charrsid16196186 in the alternative that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4603412\charrsid16196186  the Company}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616189\charrsid16196186  had been trading as HIZZ & HERZ if that was the conclusion which the trial judge reached.
\par (iii)  They would have obtained a copy of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3290253\charrsid16196186 the lease of the shop to find o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616189\charrsid16196186 
ut whether the Company or Mr and Mrs Singh were the lessees.
\par (iv)  They would have spoken to whoever }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15163669\charrsid16196186 at Ramani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616189\charrsid16196186 
 & Co had prepared the application to register HIZZ & HERZ as a business name to find out who the firm\rquote s client was \endash  the Company or Mr and Mrs Singh \endash 
 and why the Company rather than Mr and Mrs Singh had been named on the application.
\par (v)  They would have made a company search of the Company to find out who its shareholders and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14290209\charrsid16196186  directors were, and what its p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11616189\charrsid16196186 rin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14290209\charrsid16196186 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616189\charrsid16196186 ipal activity was.
\par (vi)  They would have made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14290209\charrsid16196186  inquiries about who owned the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616189\charrsid16196186  stock in trade}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14290209\charrsid16196186  of the business}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616189\charrsid16196186  \endash  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14290209\charrsid16196186 
particular whether the clothes which were obtained from wholesalers had been bought by the Company or Mr and Mrs Singh.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14290209\charrsid16196186 (vi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186 i)  They would have made inquiries abou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14290209\charrsid16196186 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186 how }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14290209\charrsid16196186 the profits and losses }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186 of the business had been report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14290209\charrsid16196186 ed to Fiji }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1014155\charrsid16196186 Revenue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1014155 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14290209\charrsid16196186 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186 ustoms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14290209\charrsid16196186 Service \endash  in o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186 ther words, whether they had been declared on the Company\rquote s tax return or Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote s tax return.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14290209\charrsid16196186  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616189 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7627724\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186 The insurers\rquote  solicitors\rquote  failure}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3290253\charrsid16196186  to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186  alert Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote 
s solicitors to the new point to be taken prevented Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote s solicitors from taking any of these (dare I say it?) obvious steps.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7627724\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186 
22.    Mr Krishna for the insurers valiantly argued that once Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote s solicitors had been alerted to the point at the trial, they could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186 then}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186  have taken all these steps.  I do not agree.  As I have said, it looks to me that Mr and Mrs Singh\rquote s solicitors did not realize t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6040726\charrsid16196186 hat the point was being t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186 aken until they saw the insurers\rquote  solicitors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3290253\charrsid16196186 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186  closing writte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6040726\charrsid16196186 
n submissions.  But even if they had been alive to the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186 oint }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6040726\charrsid16196186 
as a result of the questions at trial (something which I doubt), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16208722\charrsid16196186 it is not certain th
at the judge would then have adjourned the case to allow all these steps to be taken when the evidence had already been completed, and then allowed the parties to call such additional evidence as they chose on the topic.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16208722 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7627724\charrsid16196186 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16208722\charrsid16196186 23.    Mr Krishna also reminded us of the authorities which show that a \'93preliminary objection\'94 can be taken on a point of law at any time in the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14090523\charrsid16196186   The insurers could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16208722\charrsid16196186 not therefore be criticized for taking the point when they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14090523\charrsid16196186 did.  There are, in my view, tw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16208722\charrsid16196186 o answers to that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14090523\charrsid16196186   First, the issue here was not a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3290253\charrsid16196186 point of law.  It was an issue o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14090523\charrsid16196186 f fact: who was trading as HIZZ & HERZ, the Company or Mr and Mrs Singh?  Secondly, although you can take a \'93preliminary objection\'94 at any time in the trial, you have to live with the consequences of
 that if you take it so late that the other side is denied a fair opportunity to deal with it.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16208722\charrsid16196186     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7627724 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16208722\charrsid16196186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2968194\charrsid16196186 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14090523\charrsid16196186 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16208722\charrsid16196186 
.    The consequence of all this is that in my opinion Mr and Mrs Singh were denied a fair trial on the issue as to who was the proper plaintiff because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14090523\charrsid16196186 
 they were not given a sufficient, let alone any, opportunity to address it properly and take the steps which competent lawyers would have taken to address it.  If that had been where matters stood, I would have decided that the only fair course to take w
as to set aside the judge\rquote s finding that Mr and Mrs Singh had not been the proper plaintiffs, and to remit the case to the High Court for a fresh trial on that is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3290253\charrsid16196186 sue (a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14090523\charrsid16196186 s well as on the merits of the dispute).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14090523 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7627724\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14090523\charrsid16196186 
25.   But that is not where matters stand.  As the Court of Appeal said, the insurers face the difficulty that in their Defence they admitted that Mr and Mrs Singh were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2647602\charrsid16196186 the p}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14090523\charrsid16196186 olicyholder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3290253\charrsid16196186 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14090523\charrsid16196186 
, and they agreed as a fact that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2647602\charrsid16196186 Mr and Mrs Singh owned and operated the business which traded as HIZZ & HERZ.  In
 the absence of applications for leave to amend the Defence, to withdraw that admission, and to resile from the agreed fact, the question whether Mr and Mrs Singh were the proper plaintiffs was not an issue before the court.  I acknowledge that the presen
ce of the Company\rquote s name on the application to register the business name is powerful evidence that it was the Company which was trading as HIZZ & HERZ rather than Mr and Mrs Singh, but the insurers\rquote 
 difficulty still remains: the issue over who was the prop
er plaintiff was, in the light of the pleadings and the agreed facts, not an issue at the trial.  The upshot of all this is that I agree with the Court of Appeal that the trial judge was wrong to make the finding which he did.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2647602\charrsid16196186 Conclusion
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15163669\charrsid16196186 
26.     For the reasons which I have endeavoured to give, I would refuse the insurers special leave to appeal.  In addition, I would order the insurers to pay Mr and Mrs Singh $6,000 towards their legal costs of the appeal.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16196186\charrsid16196186 Goddard, J
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186 27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9795966 .
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9517314 I am in agreement with the orders of Keith J and his reasons for judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16196186\charrsid16196186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15163669\charrsid16196186 Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15163669\charrsid16196186 :
\par (1)  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9795966 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15163669\charrsid16196186 Application for special leave to appeal refused,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15163669\charrsid16196186 (2)  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9795966 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15163669\charrsid16196186 The petitioners must pay to the respondents the sum of $6,000 towards their costs of the petition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2647602\charrsid16196186   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3160216 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3160216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li3600\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3160216\charrsid15744706 The Hon. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3160216 Anthony Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3160216\charrsid15744706 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3160216\charrsid3160216 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10952924 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li3600\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3160216\charrsid15744706 The Hon. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3160216 Brian Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3160216\charrsid15744706 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3160216\charrsid10952924 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10952924 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li3600\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid16066264 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3160216\charrsid15744706 The Hon. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3160216 Lowell Goddard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3160216\charrsid15744706 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3160216\charrsid10952924 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2190104\charrsid16196186 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16066264\charrsid16196186 
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