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{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
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{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
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{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-180\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2
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{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
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{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12937066\charrsid10570462 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12937066\charrsid10570462 APPELLATE JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066\charrsid10570462 
\par 
\par CRIMINAL PETITION NO. CAV 0024 of 2022
\par Court of Appeal No. AAU  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3762418\charrsid10570462 142}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066\charrsid10570462  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3762418\charrsid10570462 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066\charrsid10570462 
\par 
\par 
\par BETWEEN:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6689409\charrsid10570462 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12937066\charrsid10570462 INOKE RATU
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12937066\charrsid10570462 Petitioner
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\f0\fs24\insrsid6689409\charrsid10570462 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6689409\charrsid10570462 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12937066\charrsid10570462 THE STATE
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12937066\charrsid10570462 Respondent
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570462 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12937066\charrsid10570462 
\par 
\par Coram\tab :\tab \tab The Hon. Justice Brian Keith 
\par Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par The Hon. Justice William Calanchini
\par Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par The Hon. Justice Terence Arnold
\par Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par Counsel:\tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3762418\charrsid10570462 The petitioner in person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12937066\charrsid10570462 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3762418\charrsid10570462 \tab \tab \tab Mr M. Vosawale for the Respondent
\par \tab \tab \tab Ms L. Manulevu of the Legal Aid Commission appearing
\par \tab \tab \tab as a friend of the Court
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\par \tab \tab \tab 
\par Dates of Hearing:\tab 9 and 19 April 2024\tab 
\par Date of Judgment:\tab 25 April 2024         }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 
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\b\f0\fs28\insrsid12937066 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4021001\charrsid10486008 Keith J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10486008\charrsid10486008 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4021001\charrsid10486008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11172857\charrsid12937066 Introduction
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\f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6446098\charrsid12937066 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11172857\charrsid12937066 
petitioner, Inoke Ratu, was charged with unlawfully cultivating illicit drugs.  The drugs consisted of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140543\charrsid12937066 228 cannabis plants.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7945940\charrsid12937066 In accordance with the usual practice in Fiji, I shall refer to him by his first name, Inoke.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11172857\charrsid12937066 His case was transferred to the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140543\charrsid12937066 High Court where he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11172857\charrsid12937066 pleaded not guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15140543\charrsid12937066   Following a trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4810638\charrsid12937066 , two of the three assessors expressed the opinion that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3762418 Inoke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4810638\charrsid12937066  was not guilty.  However, one of them thought that he was guilty, and so did the judge.  He was sentenced to 13 years\rquote 
 imprisonment with a non-parole period of 12 years.  He appealed to the Court of Appeal against both his conviction and sentence.  His appeal against conviction was dismissed, but his appeal against sentence was allowed.  His sentence was reduced t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10253479\charrsid12937066 o 12 years\rquote  imprisonment with a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4810638\charrsid12937066 
 non-parole period of 11 years.  He now applies to the Supreme Court for leave to appeal against both his conviction and sentence.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6446098\charrsid12937066 2.     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6446098\charrsid12937066 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4810638\charrsid12937066 have had an opportunity to read a draft of the judgment of Arnold J.  For the reasons which he gives, I agree that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3762418 Inoke\rquote s}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4810638\charrsid12937066  application for leave to appeal against his conviction should be refused.  This judgment deals only with his application for leave to appeal against his sentence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140543\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11172857\charrsid12937066   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6446098\charrsid12937066 3.     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6446098\charrsid12937066 There }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1779021\charrsid12937066 have been conflicting vie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066 ws about the correctness of the application of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1779021\charrsid12937066 guidelines in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9056574\charrsid12937066  the consolidated appeals of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1779021\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9056574\charrsid12937066 Kini }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1779021\charrsid12937066 Sulua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9056574\charrsid12937066 
 and Michael Ashley Chandra }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1779021\charrsid12937066 v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1779021\charrsid12937066  [2012]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066  FJCA 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9056574\charrsid12937066  (\'93the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9056574\charrsid12937066 Sulua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9056574\charrsid12937066  guidelines\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066  to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1779021\charrsid12937066 
 the offence of cultivating cannabis plants.  Indeed, the Court of Appeal in the present case noted that this division of judicial opinion should be resolved in a guideline judgment.  We agreed with that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10515531\charrsid12937066 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1779021\charrsid12937066 Accordingly, when the case was first listed before us}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14375709\charrsid12937066 
 on 9 April 2024}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1779021\charrsid12937066 , we asked Mr Vosawale who w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14771723\charrsid12937066 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6255947\charrsid12937066  appearing for the State whether any thought had been given to using this case as the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1779021\charrsid12937066  vehicle for a guideline j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14771723\charrsid12937066 udgment on the topic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1779021\charrsid12937066 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14375709\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6255947\charrsid12937066 He told us that it had.  Indeed, it had been raised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6255947\charrsid12937066 at a mention hearing only last month before the President of the Supreme Court.  It was thought then that there might not be sufficient time in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 the current session of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6255947\charrsid12937066  for a guideline judgment on the topic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14375709\charrsid12937066 , an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6255947\charrsid12937066 if this case was to be a vehicle for }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14771723\charrsid12937066 such }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6255947\charrsid12937066 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14771723\charrsid12937066  guideline judgment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6255947\charrsid12937066 , it would have to be heard at a later session of the Supreme Court.  The President was understandably reluctant for the case to be taken out of the list for}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1138264\charrsid12937066  the current session of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6255947\charrsid12937066 e Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14375709\charrsid12937066 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6255947\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1779021\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6446098\charrsid12937066 4.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6255947\charrsid12937066 
We were troubled by this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7945940\charrsid12937066 .  Our sense was that, following mature consideration of the issues whic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6255947\charrsid12937066 h the case raised, this may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7945940\charrsid12937066  be a case in which the sentence would have to be reduced \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10253479\charrsid12937066 perhaps }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066 reduced to a length which c}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7945940\charrsid12937066 ould have resulted in Inoke\rquote 
s release from prison immediately.  In case that was what we were eventually to decide, we were very anxious to dispose of the appeal as soon as possible.  We did not want Inoke to have to remain in custody }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7945940\charrsid12937066 longer than his offence merited.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1138264\charrsid12937066 
  In any event, we were confident \endash  in the light of the other cases we had to consider in the current session of the Supreme Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 (two of which had already been taken o}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6255947\charrsid12937066 ut of the list}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1138264\charrsid12937066 
\endash  that there would be sufficient time for us to produce a judgment by the end of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1138264\charrsid12937066 
current session which adequately reflected the importance of the issues which Inoke\rquote s case raises.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6230328\charrsid12937066 
\par 5.     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1138264\charrsid12937066 We were also confident that there would be sufficient time for written submissions to be pr
epared which addressed the correctness of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066 the application of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1138264\charrsid12937066 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15431007\charrsid12937066 Sulua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066  guidelines to the offence of cultivating cannabis plants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1138264\charrsid12937066  Section 6 of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515531\charrsid12937066 he Sentencing and Penalties Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 2009 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515531\charrsid12937066 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15600395\charrsid12937066 the 2009 Act\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10515531\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6446098\charrsid12937066 permits us on our own initiative to consider giving a guid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 eline judgment, and we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6446098\charrsid12937066  decided to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515531\charrsid12937066 
consider doing that.  Section 8 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15600395\charrsid12937066 2009 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515531\charrsid12937066 Act r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14771723\charrsid12937066 equired}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515531\charrsid12937066 
 us to notify the Director of Public Prosecutions and the Director of the Legal Aid Commission of our intention to consider making a guideline judgment.  We gave them 7 days to provide us with written}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10253479\charrsid12937066  submissions on the topic.  Moreover, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515531\charrsid12937066 
o enable us to make such a judgment if we decided to do so, we required their written submissions to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15431007\charrsid12937066  address the correctness of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10515531\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066 application of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066 Sulua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515531\charrsid12937066 guidelines }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066 to the offence 
of cultivating cannabis plants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515531\charrsid12937066 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8405277\charrsid12937066 It was in these ci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14771723\charrsid12937066 rcumstances that on 9 April 2024}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8405277\charrsid12937066 
 we heard the application for leave to appeal against conviction, but adjourned the application for leave to appeal against sentence to 19 April 2024.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6230328\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8405277\charrsid12937066 6.     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8405277\charrsid12937066 
It was on 17 April 2024 that we found something out which completely undermined what we had had in mind.  We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3352851\charrsid12937066  discovered that there h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8405277\charrsid12937066 ad indeed been a guideline judgment on the very issue which the Court of Appeal in the present case had called for.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3352851\charrsid12937066   That ju
dgment was the Court of Appeal\rquote s judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3352851\charrsid12937066 Jone Seru v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3352851\charrsid12937066 
 [2023] FJCA 67 dated 25 May 2023.  We had not been told about that judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8405277\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3352851\charrsid12937066 
 It had not been referred to in any of the written submissions which had been filed previously.  Had we been told about that case, we would not, of course, have considered giving a guideline judgment on the topic ourselves.  In these c}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066 ircumstances, we informed Mr Vosawale}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3352851\charrsid12937066 
 and the Legal Aid Commission on 17 April 2024 that we would no longer be considering giving a guideline judgment, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3352851\charrsid12937066 the submissions should focus on the new guidance given in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3352851\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3352851\charrsid12937066 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8405277\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 The relevant statutory provision
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 
The offence which Inoke was convicted of was expressed to be contrary to section 5(a) of the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15600395\charrsid12937066  (\'93the Act\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 .  Section 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4218930\charrsid12937066 is headed \'93Unlawful possession, manufacture, cultivation and supply\'94, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 in its entirety }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4218930\charrsid12937066 it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 reads:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1286\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1286\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 \'93Any person who, without lawful authority
\endash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15600395\charrsid12937066 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-360\li1929\ri850\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin850\lin1929\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15600395\charrsid12937066  acquires, supplies, p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14771723\charrsid12937066 
ossesses, produces, manufacture}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15600395\charrsid12937066 s, cultivates, uses or administers an illicit drug; or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1656335\charrsid12937066 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15600395\charrsid12937066 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15600395\charrsid12937066 
 engages in any dealings with any other person for the transfer, transport, su}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14771723\charrsid12937066 pply, use, manufacture, offer, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15600395\charrsid12937066 ale, import or export of an illicit drug,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li1286\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1286\itap0\pararsid6689409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15600395\charrsid12937066 commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1 million or imprisonment for life or both.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15600395\charrsid12937066 The term \'93illicit drug\'94
 is defined in section 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4290110\charrsid12937066  of the Act as meaning any drug listed in Schedule 1 to the Act.  That Schedule includes cannabis and cannabis resin in Part 1 of the Schedule,
 but it also includes in Part 8 a number of other drugs associated with cannabis.  They are cannabis fruit, cannabis seed, cannabis oil, and of particular relevance to Inoke\rquote s case, cannabis plant (whether fresh, dried or otherwise).  The term \'93
cannabis plant\'94 is itself defined in Part 8 as \'93any part of any plant of the genus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4290110\charrsid12937066 cannabis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4290110\charrsid12937066 
 except a part from which all the resin has been extracted\'94. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15600395\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4218930\charrsid12937066 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4218930\charrsid12937066 
The illicit drug which was referred to in the charge which Inoke faced was \'93approximately 228 plants of cannabis sativa \'85 weighing approximately 26.4 kilograms\'94.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11159652\charrsid12937066 
Cannabis sativa is the most common form of cannabis plant.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4218930\charrsid12937066 The word sativa means \'93cultivated\'94, and indeed the charge alleged that th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11159652\charrsid12937066 e activity in which Inoke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4218930\charrsid12937066  was enga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11159652\charrsid12937066 ged was }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11159652\charrsid12937066 cultivating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4218930\charrsid12937066  cannabis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11159652\charrsid12937066 sativa }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4218930\charrsid12937066 plants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11159652\charrsid12937066   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4218930\charrsid12937066  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15431007\charrsid12937066 The sentencing guidelines in Sulua}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12613349\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15431007\charrsid12937066 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15431007\charrsid12937066 The Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15431007\charrsid12937066 Sulua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10097638\charrsid12937066  was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15431007\charrsid12937066 
asked to give guidance to judges about the s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066 entencing of offenders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15431007\charrsid12937066 
 who were convicted of cultivating cannabis sativa plants.  The Court was divided about what the proper approach should be.  The judgment of the majority was given by Temo JA (as he then was), with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066 Priyantha }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15431007\charrsid12937066 Fernando J agreeing with him.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066 The majority }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2037304\charrsid12937066 considered a large number of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066  cases }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2037304\charrsid12937066 under the Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1247517\charrsid12937066 in which the courts had had to sentence offender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2037304\charrsid12937066 s for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2037304\charrsid12937066 possession}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2037304\charrsid12937066 
 of cannabis.  Their purpose in doing so was to see wheth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066 er any sentencing trends could be identified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2037304\charrsid12937066 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid332880\charrsid12937066 Many of the cases were for possession of ca
nnabis plants or the leaves of cannabis plants, but others related to other forms of cannabis.  This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2037304\charrsid12937066 
 analysis identified four categories of cases, each category reflecting the weight of the cannabis in each ca}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid332880\charrsid12937066 se:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2037304\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li698\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin698\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid332880\charrsid12937066 Category 1:  0-100 gms
\par Category 2: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid727663\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid332880\charrsid12937066 100-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid727663\charrsid12937066 
1000 gms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid332880\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid727663\charrsid12937066 Category 3:  1000-4000 gms
\par Category 4:  4000 gms and more
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9139221\charrsid12937066 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171537\charrsid12937066 The majority decided to adopt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066 as t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10097638\charrsid12937066 he appropriate sentencing range}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066 s the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid727663\charrsid12937066 trends which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10097638\charrsid12937066 were revealed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid727663\charrsid12937066 the cases }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171537\charrsid12937066 they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid727663\charrsid12937066 exam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10097638\charrsid12937066 ined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171537\charrsid12937066 .  The result was that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid727663\charrsid12937066 
the majority identified the following sentencing ranges for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171537\charrsid12937066 offence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid727663\charrsid12937066 pos}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3171537\charrsid12937066 sessing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid727663\charrsid12937066  cannabis sativa:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1418\ri571\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin571\lin1418\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid727663\charrsid12937066 
Category 1:  A non-custodial sentence should be the norm.  Examples of such sentences were \'93fines, community service, counselling, discharge with a string warning etc\'94.  Only in the worst
 cases should a suspended sentence of imprisonment or a short sharp prison sentence of immediate effect be considered.  The majority did not identify}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171537\charrsid12937066  the factors which would }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10097638\charrsid12937066 exceptionally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171537\charrsid12937066 have r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid727663\charrsid12937066 
endered the case suitable for the imposition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171537\charrsid12937066  of a term of imprisonment, whether suspended or otherwi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid727663\charrsid12937066 
se.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171537\charrsid12937066 Category 2:  Sentences of imprisonment were called for in such cases.  The sentencing range for cases where the weight was between 100-500 gms was one to two years\rquote 
 imprisonment, and the sentencing range for cases where the weight was between 500-1000 gms was two to three years\rquote  imprisonment.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1418\ri571\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin571\lin1418\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171537\charrsid12937066 Category 3:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9139221\charrsid12937066   The sentencing range for cases where the weight was between 1000-2500 gms was three to four years\rquote  imprisonment
, and the sentencing range for cases where the weight was between 2500-4000 gms was four to seven years\rquote  imprisonment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171537\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9139221\charrsid12937066 Category 4:  The sentencing range for cases in this category was between seven and 14 years\rquote  imprisonment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9139221 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437939\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9139221\charrsid12937066 .   As I have said, these were the sentencing ranges for offenders convict}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9056574\charrsid12937066 ed of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9056574\charrsid12937066 possessing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066  cannabis plants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9139221\charrsid12937066 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9056574\charrsid12937066 Only one of the two offenders, Kini Sulua, had been convicted of such an offence.  Michael Chandra had been convicted of an offence under section 5(b) of the Act, namely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9056574\charrsid12937066 engaging in dealing with another for the sale of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 cannabis plants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10047476\charrsid12937066   The question therefore arose whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 the sentencing ranges which the majority thought appropriate for the offence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 possessing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066  cannabis plants should apply to the different offence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 engaging in dealing with another for the sale of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 
cannabis plants.  And that itself raised the question whether the sentencing ranges which the majority had in mind should apply to the many other activities which constituted offences rela
ting to cannabis plants, ie all the other activities criminalized by section 5 of the Act in respect of cannabis plants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066  including }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066 cultivating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066  cannabis plants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 .
\par 12.     The majority concluded that the new sentencing ranges for possessing cannabis plants should apply to all those activities.  They did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066 so on the basis that the l}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066 egislature had not differentiated between the different activities criminalized by section 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7085382\charrsid12937066 
 when it came}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066  to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7085382\charrsid12937066  the maximum sentence. Whatever offence falling within section 5 the offender 
had committed, the maximum sentence was the same: a fine of $1 million or i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10097638\charrsid12937066 mprisonment for life or both.  The majority reasoned that if the l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7085382\charrsid12937066 egislature treated all the offences}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10097638\charrsid12937066  as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6443844\charrsid12937066 being 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10097638\charrsid12937066 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6443844\charrsid12937066 equal culpability, then the sentencing ranges for the offence of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6443844\charrsid12937066  possessing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6443844\charrsid12937066  cannabis plants should apply to other offences criminalized by section 5 \endash 
 including for present purposes the offence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6443844\charrsid12937066 cultivating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6443844\charrsid12937066  cannabis plants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11344394\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11344394\charrsid12937066 The reasoning of the sentencing judge}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6443844\charrsid12937066   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11344394\charrsid12937066 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11344394\charrsid12937066 The sentencing judge treated the case as a cate
gory 4 case for the purposes of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11344394\charrsid12937066 Sulua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11344394\charrsid12937066  guidelines.  He took 12 years\rquote 
 imprisonment as his starting point.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4802774\charrsid12937066 He described the amount of illicit drugs in this case as huge.  He regarded that as an aggravating factor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14643714\charrsid12937066 of such significance that it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4802774\charrsid12937066  warranted increasing the starting point to 16 years\rquote 
 imprisonment.  He then deducted 20 months }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14643714\charrsid12937066 to reflect the time during whic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4802774\charrsid12937066 h I}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14643714\charrsid12937066 noke had been in custody on rema}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4802774\charrsid12937066 nd awai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14643714\charrsid12937066 ting t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4802774\charrsid12937066 rial and sentence.  That brought the term down to 14 years and 4 months\rquote  imprisonment.  He re
garded the fact Inoke was a first offender as a mitigating factor, and he reduced the term by a further 16 months.  That resulted in a sentence of 13 years\rquote  imprisonment.  He fixed the non-parole period at 12 years.  The Court o}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14643714\charrsid12937066 f Appeal took the view that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4802774\charrsid12937066 re had been an element of double-counting in the judge\rquote 
s approach, and they reduced Inoke\rquote s head sentence to 12 years\rquote  imprisonment with a non-parole period of 11 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 The judgment in Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4802774\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11344394\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6443844\charrsid12937066 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12937066 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6443844\charrsid12937066 A number of c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 ommentators have questioned the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 Sulua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 
 guidelines.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6443844\charrsid12937066 Most people think that possessing illicit drugs for your own use is less serious than supplying them for profit.  And yet on the majority\rquote s reasoning}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12075910\charrsid12937066  they are of equal culpability, with any difference in sentence being attributable to the amo
unt of the drugs involved and any aggravating or mitigating factors.  But the particular problem of applying the sentencing tariffs in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12075910\charrsid12937066 Sulua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12075910\charrsid12937066  for the offence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12075910\charrsid12937066 possessing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12075910\charrsid12937066 
 cannabis plants to the offence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12075910\charrsid12937066 cultivating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12075910\charrsid12937066  cannabis plants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066 was said to relate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12075910\charrsid12937066  to how you calculate the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066 
ir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12075910\charrsid12937066  weight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066 .  That was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12596878\charrsid12937066 of critical importance because the particular category in which a case fell was entirely dependent on the weight of the plants.  That was one of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066 the issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12596878\charrsid12937066 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066  which the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4019637\charrsid12937066 
(in an exceptionally comprehensive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13442395\charrsid12937066 and lucid judgment by Prematila}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4019637\charrsid12937066 
ka RJA, with which the other members of the Court agreed) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066 had to address.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12075910\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6443844\charrsid12937066     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5463528\charrsid12937066    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5779159\charrsid12937066 S}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13313230\charrsid12937066 ome}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066  of the cases concerning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13313230\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066 cannabis plants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13313230\charrsid12937066 
are cases which relate to the leaves of the cannabis plant \endash  the dried form of the plant.   Other cases concerning cannabis plants are cases which relate to plants still in the ground or fresh from the ground.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14304074\charrsid12937066 , the State produced evidence to show}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5783381\charrsid12937066  that cannabis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13313230\charrsid12937066  plants weigh much less when they have dried
 out and are in the form of leaves than when they are still in the ground or fresh from the ground.  The evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4019637\charrsid12937066 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4785203\charrsid12937066 said to show}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13313230\charrsid12937066  that the dried form of the plant weighs between 20% and 40% of the same plant fresh from the ground.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5849639\charrsid12937066   Having said that, the substance in cannabis which produces the effect which users seek is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC for short).  However, the research placed before the Court of Appeal in }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5849639\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5849639\charrsid12937066  showed that the amount of THC remains more or less constant i
n both the dried form of the plant and where plants are still in the ground or fresh from the ground.         }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5849639\charrsid12937066     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1052049\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5779159\charrsid12937066 .     Previous cases had identified another problem when it came to determining weight.  M}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1052049\charrsid12937066 uch of the cannabis plant consist of fabric which is not narcotic \endash  for example, their stems and roots.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5849639\charrsid12937066 Its narcotic element is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5779159\charrsid12937066  more in its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1052049\charrsid12937066 
 leaves.  Many jurisdictions whose sentencing regime attaches importance to the weight of illicit drugs which have been seized distinguish between their weight on seizure and the weight of their narcotic content.  That may be very different, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16401210\charrsid12937066 and the approach of many of those jurisdictions is to take the weight of their narcotic content as the determining factor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5779159\charrsid12937066   The difficulty of applying that approach to cannabis plant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14643714\charrsid12937066 s has made some jurisdictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5779159\charrsid12937066  abandon weight as the criterion altogether, and focus on the number of plants instead.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4785203\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15091534\charrsid12937066  Of course, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4785203\charrsid12937066  the more mature a plant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15091534\charrsid12937066 
is, the greater the yield, and where the number of plants is the criterion rather than their weight, the plant\rquote s assumed yield will have to be modified in the case of less mature plants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4019637\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4785203\charrsid12937066   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16401210\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5849639\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5849639\charrsid12937066 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5779159\charrsid12937066  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15091534\charrsid12937066 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15091534\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15091534\charrsid12937066 
, the State was anxious to keep weight as the criterion for sentence.  Its suggestion was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5779159\charrsid12937066  to base the weight of freshly seized plants on the weight they we}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4785203\charrsid12937066 re likely to have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5779159\charrsid12937066 once they had dried out.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4785203\charrsid12937066   The Court of Appeal was reluctant to adopt that approach because in its view the literature on the degree by which freshly seized plants lost their weight as they dried out was far from clear.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15091534\charrsid12937066   Indeed, an appropriate formula would have to take into account the humidity and environmental conditions prevalent in Fiji.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5779159\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15091534\charrsid12937066  Given this uncertainty, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15423007\charrsid12937066 
and having considered the approach in other common law jurisdictions (in particular the UK and New Zealand), the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15423007\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15423007\charrsid12937066  decided }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16342919\charrsid12937066 
to move away from treating weight as the determining factor, and instead to use a combination of other factors, those being the nature of the operation (which drew on the number of plants among other things) and the offender\rquote 
s role in it.  The Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15423007\charrsid12937066  adopt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14643714\charrsid12937066 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15423007\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16342919\charrsid12937066 the methodology of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15423007\charrsid12937066  two grid matrix}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15091534\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15423007\charrsid12937066 which the Supreme Court had used in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15423007\charrsid12937066 The State v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14643714\charrsid12937066 Eparama }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15423007\charrsid12937066 Tawake}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15423007\charrsid12937066  [2022] FJSC 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4785203\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15423007\charrsid12937066 
when giving sentencing guidelines for \'93street muggings\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1577573\charrsid12937066 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4604258\charrsid12937066 
The matrix followed the approach adopted by the Sentencing Council in England, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1577573\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4604258\charrsid12937066 would }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1577573\charrsid12937066 involve classifying cases of cultivating cannabis plants by reference to two important factors: the degree of the offender\rquote s culpability and the level
 of harm likely to be caused.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5849639\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1577573\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1577573\charrsid12937066 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4604258\charrsid12937066 
The degree of the offender\rquote s culpability would depend on how the role which the offender played should be characte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13442395\charrsid12937066 riz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4604258\charrsid12937066 ed.  Did he play a leading role or a significant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13442395\charrsid12937066  role or a lesser ro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4604258\charrsid12937066 le? The Court of Appeal identified the various factors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13442395\charrsid12937066 
which the sentencing judge should take into account to determine which of these three roles the offender played.  The level of harm likely to be caused would depe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16342919\charrsid12937066 
nd on the nature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13442395\charrsid12937066  of the operation.  The
re were four categories, and the Court of Appeal identified the various factors which would indicate into which category the operation in a particular case came.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9139221\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2713783\charrsid12937066 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10881223 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2713783\charrsid12937066 Once the sentencing judge has identified the degree of the offender\rquote s culpability and the l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9439024\charrsid12937066 
evel of harm likely to be caused,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2713783\charrsid12937066  t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2636889\charrsid12937066 he grid to which the Court of Appeal referred }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2713783\charrsid12937066 ena}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2636889\charrsid12937066 bles the sentencing judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2713783\charrsid12937066 
 to identify the relevant starting point.  The sentencing judge is then required to increase or reduce the starting point by reference to what
ever aggravating and mitigating factors may be present.  The Court of Appeal then listed those factors which might aggravate or mitigate the offence, making it clear that the list was not an exhaustive one.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13326030\charrsid12937066 The range within which the starting point could 
be reduced to reflect aggravating and mitigating factors was also identified in the grid.  Although the Court of Appeal did not say so in so many words, the term of imprisonment (if imprisonment is called for) has then to be reduced for a plea of guilty, 
and then further reduced to reflect the time the offender has been in custody on remand awaiting trial and sentence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2636889\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13047180\charrsid12937066 20.     It has to be said that the starting po}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2106217\charrsid12937066 ints and the sentencing ranges }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13047180\charrsid12937066 which the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13047180\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13047180\charrsid12937066  set out in the grid are very considerably higher than their equivalents in England and New Zealand.  To take the most serious case as an example, that of an offender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14953354\charrsid12937066  playing a leading}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2106217\charrsid12937066  role in a large-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14953354\charrsid12937066 
scale operation capable of producing industrial quantities of cannabis for commercial use, the starting point in England is 8 years\rquote  imprisonment with a sentencing range of 7 to 10 years\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15695250\charrsid12937066  imprisonment: see the guideline issued by the Sentencing Council on \'93Production of Cannabis Plant\'94 effective from 1 April 2021.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14953354\charrsid12937066 
  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15695250\charrsid12937066 
Similarly in New Zealand.  The starting point for the large-scale commercial cultivation of cannabis plants, usually with a considerable degree of sophistication and organization, will generally be four years\rquote  imprisonment or more: see }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15695250\charrsid12937066 R v Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15695250\charrsid12937066  [1999] NZCA 92 at para 4.  That compares }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2106217\charrsid12937066 with the starting point of 18 years\rquote  imprisonment and the sentencing range of 16 to 20 years\rquote  imprisonment set out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2106217\charrsid12937066 
Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2106217\charrsid12937066  for an offender playing a leading role in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8999099\charrsid12937066 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2106217\charrsid12937066 large-scale operation capable of producing industrial quantities of cannabis for commercial use.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13047180\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10828584\charrsid12937066 21.    The Court of Appeal did not explain why it set the starting points and sentencing ranges so much higher than in England and New Zealand, but I assume }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2106217\charrsid12937066 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10828584\charrsid12937066 it had in mind the difference in the maximum sen
tence.  The maximum sentence for cultivating cannabis plants in England is 14 years\rquote  imprisonment: see section 6(2) of the Misuse of D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8999099\charrsid12937066 rugs Act 1971}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2106217\charrsid12937066 .  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10828584\charrsid12937066 he maximum sentence for the similar offence in New Zealand is 7 years\rquote 
 imprisonment: see section 9(2) of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2106217\charrsid12937066   On the other hand, as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10828584\charrsid12937066 
 we have seen, the maximum sentence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2106217\charrsid12937066 in Fiji }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10828584\charrsid12937066 for cultivating cannabis plants is imprisonment }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1144228\charrsid12937066 for life.  Having said that, this is the maximum sentence for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1144228\charrsid12937066 all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1144228\charrsid12937066  the offences created by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1144228\charrsid12937066 both}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1144228\charrsid12937066 
 parts of section 5 of the Act, even when the offences themselves are very different in terms of their gravity.  By differentiating between different types o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15073704\charrsid12937066 f offences relating
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1144228\charrsid12937066  to illicit drugs, it might be said that the approach in England and New Ze}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12848426\charrsid12937066 aland
 is a more nuanced one than}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1144228\charrsid12937066  that adopted in Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15073704\charrsid12937066 
, and is less likely to result in sentences which may be too long in particular cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1144228\charrsid12937066 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15073704\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4811903\charrsid12937066 The four categories of harm in Seru
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4811903\charrsid12937066 22.     The four categories of harm set out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4811903\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4811903\charrsid12937066  are as follows:     
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri571\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4811903\charrsid12937066 \'93Category 1 \endash 
 Large scale cultivation capable of producing industrial quantities for commercial use with a considerable degree of sophistication and organization.  Large commercial quantities.  Elaborate projects designed to last over an extensive period of time.  H
igh degree of sophistication and organization.  100 plants or more.
\par Category 2 \endash  Medium scale cultivation capable of producing significant quantities for commercial use i.e. with the object of deriving profits.  Commercial quantities.  Over 50 but less than 100 plants.
\par Category 3 \endash  Small scale cultivation capable of producing quantities for commercial use.  10 to 50 plants (with an assumed yield of 55g per plant).
\par Category 4 \endash  Cultivation of small number of plants for personal use without sale to another party occurring or being intended.  Less than 10 plants (with an assumed yield of 55g per plant).\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12200237\charrsid12937066 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4811903\charrsid12937066 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10881223 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4811903\charrsid12937066 Leaving aside the number of plants iden
tified by each category, these descriptions of the nature and size of the operation to which each category relates were lifted, pretty much word for word, from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4811903\charrsid12937066 Terewi}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4811903\charrsid12937066  (though the references to yield were taken from the English guideline).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4811903\charrsid12937066 Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4811903\charrsid12937066  did not r
efer to the number of plants at all, and that raises a question about how judges in Fiji should apply these four categories.  To take an example, suppose the offender has been cultivating 150 plants.  The number of plants would suggest that his case falls
 into category 1.  But suppose also that his operation is a small one \endash  lacking what category 1 describes as \'93a considerable degree of sophistication and organization\'94 or an \'93
elaborate project designed to last over an extensive period of time\'94.  The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8999099\charrsid12937066 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4811903\charrsid12937066  facto
rs would suggest a category other than category 1.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 24.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10881223 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 
The problem, in my opinion, is more apparent than real.  Experience has shown that the overwhelming majority of cases in Fiji involving the cultivation of cannabis plants relate to extremely unsophisticated operations.  Ventures involving \'93
a considerable degree of sophistication or organization\'94 or amounting to an \'93elaborate project designed to last over an extensive period of time\'94 are fortunately extremely rare in Fiji.  So if the absence of sop
histication was such as to take what would otherwise be a case falling in category 1 because of the number of plants seized out of category 1, there would hardly ever be any cases falling within category 1.  That could not have been what the Court of Appe
al intended.  
\par 25.    In my opinion, the various categories have to be approached with a degree of flexibility, without at the same time undermining one of the reasons why guideline judgments are given \endash  namely to ensure that cases are dealt with consistent
ly and that similar cases are treated, broadly speaking, in the same way.  I think that the Court of Appeal must have included the number of plants for each category to make the selection of the appropriate category a really straightforward exercise for s
entencing judges.  In other words, I proceed on the assumption that the Court of Appeal thought that the number of plants should be the sole criterion for determining the appropriate category, and that they added the descriptions in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066  to explain what the nature and size of the operation was likely to be with that number of plants 
\endash  perhaps without giving as much thought as was necessary to the rarity of sophisticated enterprises in Fiji involving the cultivation of cannabis plants.  To give effect to th
at, I would refine the approach adopted by the Court of Appeal as follows.  If the nature and size of the operation in a particular case does not match the description of the operation in the category indicated by the number of plants, the actual size and
 
nature of the operation should be reflected at the stage at which the judge looks at those factors which either aggravate or mitigate the offence so as to increase or reduce the relevant starting point within the relevant sentencing range.  Having said th
a
t, if the only way in which the nature and size of the operation in a particular case does not match the description of the operation in the category indicated by the number of plants is because the operation was not as sophisticated as the category sugge
sts, any reduction to the starting point on that account alone should be very modest.  
\par 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15073704\charrsid12937066 .     It would not be right, of course, for us to revisit the starting points and sentencing ranges set out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15073704\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15073704\charrsid12937066  on this appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12200237\charrsid12937066  \endash 
 or indeed whether the number of plants should have been regarded as the sole criterion for determining the category of harm into which a particular case falls, or indeed whether there is too little difference between the number of plants in each category
.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15073704\charrsid12937066   By the time we became aware of the Court of Appeal\rquote s judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15073704\charrsid12937066 Seru}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15073704\charrsid12937066 , it was far too late for us to invite submissions on the topic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12200237\charrsid12937066 .  If the guidelines in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12200237\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9390441\charrsid12937066  are to be revisited, it will have to be on another occasion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1144228\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10828584\charrsid12937066   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13326030\charrsid12937066 The retrospectivity of the guidelines in Seru

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13326030\charrsid12937066 .     At the time Inoke was sentenced, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13326030\charrsid12937066 Sulua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10828584\charrsid12937066 
 gui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14689768\charrsid12937066 delines were the relevant guideline.  Can the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14689768\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14689768\charrsid12937066  guidelines be made to apply to his case retrospectively?  We were not addressed on that issue at all, and it would therefore be wrong 
to express a definitive view about whether guidelines issued by the courts can apply to cases where the offender was sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8999099\charrsid12937066 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14689768\charrsid12937066  at a time wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8999099\charrsid12937066 en a previous guideline applied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14689768\charrsid12937066 
  The Supreme Court has itself said that this is an issue which will have to be determined definitively in due course.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066   However, for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10773019\charrsid12937066 time being, I think that we should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 follow the approach in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066  itself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14689768\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 which drew on the practice in New Zealand as formulated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10773019\charrsid12937066 by the New Zealand Court of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10503267\charrsid12937066 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10773019\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10773019\charrsid12937066 Zhang v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10773019\charrsid12937066  [2019] NZCA 507, in which a new guideline judgment for sentencing in methamphetamine-related offending was issued:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri571\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10773019\charrsid12937066 \'93[187]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437939 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10773019\charrsid12937066 This judgment is to be issued on 21 October 2019.  It applies to all sentencing that takes place after that date r
egardless of when the offending took place.  The more difficult issue is whether it should also apply to those who have already been sentenced and if so in what circumstances.
\par [188]  The approach that has consistently been taken by this Court in previous g
uideline judgments is that the judgment only applies to sentences that have already been imposed, if and only if two conditions are satisfied: (a) that an appeal against the sentence has been filed before the date the judgment is delivered}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1065192\charrsid12937066 ; and (b) the application of the judgment would result in a more favourable outcome to the appellant.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10773019\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1065192\charrsid12937066 
The first condition is satisfied in this case.  I turn to whether the second condition has been.  That depends on what the s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12200237\charrsid12937066 entencing judge\rquote s sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1065192\charrsid12937066  would have been if the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1065192\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1065192\charrsid12937066 
 guideline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10116403\charrsid12937066 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1065192\charrsid12937066  had been in place then.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid414996\charrsid12937066 The application of the Seru guidelines to Inoke
\rquote s case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12848426\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid414996\charrsid12937066 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13005902 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8999099\charrsid12937066 On the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9390441\charrsid12937066  footing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid414996\charrsid12937066  that the Court of Appeal thought that the number of plants was the sole criterion for determining the le
vel of harm which the offence could be expected to cause, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9390441\charrsid12937066 the number}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9439024\charrsid12937066 
 of plants which Inoke was cultivating placed his case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9390441\charrsid12937066 firmly with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9439024\charrsid12937066 in catego}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9390441\charrsid12937066 ry 1.  However, having seen the photo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid414996\charrsid12937066 graph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9390441\charrsid12937066 s taken of his farm, at which he was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10056491\charrsid12937066 growing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13315094\charrsid12937066 
dalo, cassava, yaqona and other vegetables in addition to the cannabis plants, the operation does not l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8999099\charrsid12937066 ook particularly sophisticated.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14225404\charrsid12937066 It bore little resemblance to the more advanced operations in countries with a different climate from Fiji \endash  whether in greenhouses or otherwise w
ith modern hydroponic methods using water-based nutrient solutions rather than soil.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13315094\charrsid12937066 
Moreover, the plants were analysed by the Fiji Police Forensic Chemistry Laboratory.  The certificate of that analysis shows that the plants differed greatly in height, and maybe in weight as well.  The upshot is that we cannot tell what proportion of t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8999099\charrsid12937066 he plants were mature, and what proportion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13315094\charrsid12937066 
 were young, and therefore we cannot tell what their yield would have been.  The potential yield of the crops is a relevant factor 
when assessing the harm they are likely to cause.  In the absence of any evidence about that, we must proceed on the basis which is the most favourable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14225404\charrsid12937066 to Inoke.  T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13315094\charrsid12937066 his w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14818477\charrsid12937066 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14225404\charrsid12937066 
still a category 1 case because of the number of plants involved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13005902\charrsid12937066 , but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14818477\charrsid12937066 
 the apparent lack of sophistication in the operation, and the absence of any evidence about the likely yield}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14225404\charrsid12937066 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14818477\charrsid12937066  will be ref}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066 lected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 , albeit to a modest extent, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066 when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14818477\charrsid12937066 the mitigating factors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066  come to be considered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14818477\charrsid12937066 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14818477\charrsid12937066 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7826997\charrsid12937066 I}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14818477\charrsid12937066  turn to Inoke\rquote s culpability, ie the nature of his role in the operation.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14819640\charrsid12937066 Seru}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14819640\charrsid12937066  sets out a number of factors which indicate whether the role played by an offender should be regarded as a leading, significant or lesser one.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11303571\charrsid12937066 Inoke was not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14818477\charrsid12937066 the owner of the land on which the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14819640\charrsid12937066 lants were being cultivated,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11303571\charrsid12937066  but he acknowledged when interviewed by the police that he had planted them and cultivated them.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14819640\charrsid12937066 As it is, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3953233\charrsid12937066 he State accepts that the ro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14819640\charrsid12937066 le Inoke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3953233\charrsid12937066  played }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14819640\charrsid12937066 
in the operation should be classified as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3953233\charrsid12937066 a lesser one.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14819640\charrsid12937066   Mr Vosawale told us that that was b}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11303571\charrsid12937066 ecause the State regarded Inoke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14819640\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11303571\charrsid12937066 s simply tending the plants.  His }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14819640\charrsid12937066 role }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11303571\charrsid12937066 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14819640\charrsid12937066 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11303571\charrsid12937066 therefore ak}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066 in to that of a \'93gardener\'94, one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11303571\charrsid12937066  of the indicia in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11303571\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11303571\charrsid12937066  for treating an offender\rquote s role as a lesser one.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14819640\charrsid12937066   He was lo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11303571\charrsid12937066 oking after}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14819640\charrsid12937066  crops}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9139208\charrsid12937066  on the instructions of people who were above him in the hierarchy of the operation.  In these c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11303571\charrsid12937066 ircumstances, I}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9139208\charrsid12937066  go along with the State\rquote s classification of Inoke\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11303571\charrsid12937066  role in this operation}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12476183\charrsid12937066 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12476183\charrsid12937066 .     Using the matrix in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12476183\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12476183\charrsid12937066 , the degree of Inoke\rquote s culpability and the level of the
 harm which the operation he was working in was likely to cause results in a starting point of 9 years\rquote  imprisonment.  It i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066 s significantly less than the 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12476183\charrsid12937066  years\rquote  imprisonment which the trial judge took.  That is, of course, not a criticism of the trial judge.  He was going on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12476183\charrsid12937066 Sulua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12476183\charrsid12937066  guidelines, not the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12476183\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12476183\charrsid12937066  guidelines.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12476183\charrsid12937066 .   I turn to such aggravating and mitigating factors as there were in the case.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066 The only aggravating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10116403\charrsid12937066 
 factor which Mr Vosawale advanced was that the number of plants exceeded the threshold for a category 1 case by a significant margin.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10116403\charrsid12937066 I agree with Mr Vosawale that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10116403\charrsid12937066 number by }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066 which the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10116403\charrsid12937066  threshold }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066 
of 100 plants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10116403\charrsid12937066 is exceeded in a particular case is a relevant factor.  It would be absurd to say that a huge number of plants would not be c
apable of amounting to an aggravating factor.  But I do not regard the actual number of plants in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066  (228)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10116403\charrsid12937066  as being sufficiently large }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066 to justify treating it as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066 significant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10253479\charrsid12937066  aggravating factor \endash 
 certainly not justifying the enhancement of four years which the trial judge thought was appropriate.   In any event,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066 
 it would, in my opinion, be offset by the unsophisticated nature of the operat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15486716\charrsid12937066 ion.  In addition, Inoke was a married man aged 24 with a child at the time of the offence}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10253479\charrsid12937066 , and significantly h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15486716\charrsid12937066 e had no previous convictions.  Like the trial judge, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066 I would treat }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15486716\charrsid12937066 the absence of previous convictions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066 as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15486716\charrsid12937066 further }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066 mitigatin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15486716\charrsid12937066 g factor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10253479\charrsid12937066  \endash  which is also what }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10253479\charrsid12937066 
Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11487731\charrsid12937066  sugge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10253479\charrsid12937066 sted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11487731\charrsid12937066    
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14575872\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14575872\charrsid12937066 .    In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066 
Vishwa }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14575872\charrsid12937066 Nadan v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14575872\charrsid12937066  [2019] FJSC 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8860318\charrsid12937066 9 at par}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14575872\charrsid12937066 a 39, I referred to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8860318\charrsid12937066 \'93the pitfalls inherent in 
\'85 assigning a particular additional term for any aggravating features and a particular lesser term for any mitigating features.  In many jurisdictions, the court identifies its starti
ng point, states the aggravating and mitigating factors and then announces the ultimate sentence without saying how much was added for the aggravating factors and how much was then taken off for the mitigating factors.\'94
  I propose to follow that approach.  I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066 would reduce the starting point of 9 years\rquote  imprisonment to 8 years\rquote 
 imprisonment to reflect these aggravating and mitigating factors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14575872\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066 The non-parole period}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6251175 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15486716\charrsid12937066     The judge fixed the non-parole period at one year less than the head sentence.  So did the Court of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038090\charrsid12937066 Appeal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11487731\charrsid12937066 The fixing of a non-parole is an innovative feature of Fiji\rquote s criminal justice system.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066 Its purpose is well-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11487731\charrsid12937066 established.  It is intended to be the min}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11487731\charrsid12937066 mum period which an offe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066 nder has t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11487731\charrsid12937066 o serve so that the off}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066 ender will not be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11487731\charrsid12937066 released earlier than the court thinks appropriate by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066 the grant of parole or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11487731\charrsid12937066 the practice of remitting one-third of the sentence for \'93good behavio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11487731\charrsid12937066 r\'94 in prison}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066 .  However, si
nce a Parole Board has never been established in Fiji, the only route by which an offender can be released earlier than the expiration of his head sentence, but for a non-parole period being fixed in his case, is by the operation of the practice relating 
to remission of sentence: see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066 Ilaisa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066 Bogidrau v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066  [2016] FJSC 5 at para 4.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10253479\charrsid12937066 
One of the issues on this appeal is whether there was an insufficient gap between the non-parole period and the head sentence.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038090\charrsid12937066 
The fixing of a non-parole period has been a source of much litigation and legislative intervention in recent years.  Many different issues needed to be resolved.   In the recent case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7038090\charrsid12937066 Akuila Navuda v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038090\charrsid12937066  [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066 
023] FJSC 45, I said at para 47}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038090\charrsid12937066 : 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1134\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038090\charrsid12937066 \'93The re
solution of these issues resulted in some of the court\rquote 
s original pronouncements about the non-parole period being lost sight of.  One was important for this case.  It was that the non-parole period should not be too close to the head sentence.  As Calanchini P (as he then was) said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7038090\charrsid12937066 Tora v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038090\charrsid12937066  [2015] FJCA 20 at para 2:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10376900\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri1134\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1134\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10376900\charrsid12937066 \lquote 
The non-parole term should not be so close to the head sentence as to deny or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066 discourage the possibility of r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10376900\charrsid12937066 ehabilitation.  Nor should the gap between the non-parole term and the head sentence be such as t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12787328\charrsid12937066 o be ineffective as a deterrent.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10376900\charrsid12937066 \rquote 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1134\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10253479\charrsid12937066 N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10376900\charrsid12937066 either the le}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066 gislature nor the courts have s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10376900\charrsid12937066 
aid otherwise since then despite the scrutiny to which the non-parole period }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066 has been subjecte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10376900\charrsid12937066 
d.  The principle that the gap between the non-parole period and the head sentence must be a meaningful one is obviously right.  Otherwise there will}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6251175\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10253479\charrsid12937066 be little incentive for prisoners to behave}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066  themselves in prison, and the advantages of incentivizing good behavio}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3211270\charrsid12937066 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3747095\charrsid12937066 r in prison }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12787328\charrsid12937066 
by the granting of remission will be lost.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12787328\charrsid12937066 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3151326 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12787328\charrsid12937066 These observations apply with equal force to Inoke\rquote 
s case.  Mr Vosawale agreed.  He accepted that the difference between the non-parole period and the head sentence was too short.  It should have been longer.  If the head sentence had been what the Court of Appeal reduced it to \endash  12 years\rquote 
 imprisonment \endash  the non-parole period should have been fixed at, say, 10 years.  However, now that the head sentence should be 8 years\rquote  imprisonment, I think that the non-parole period should be 6 years and 6 months}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066 , subject, of course, to the need to reflect the length of time Inoke was in custody on remand awaiting trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3752292\charrsid12937066 
.  A non-parole period of 6 years and 6 months is itself }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12787328\charrsid12937066 14 months longer that Inoke would have had to serve if he had been entitled to one-third remission. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15298454\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15298454\charrsid12937066 Time spent in custody on remand}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10253479\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10116403\charrsid12937066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2382430\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2382430\charrsid12937066 .     Inoke spent 1 year 7 months and 14 days in custody on remand awaiting trial and sentence.  The trial judge rounde
d that up to 1 year and 8 months.  He deducted that period from what would otherwise have been the head sentence, before reducing it by a further 1 year and four months because Inoke had no previous convictions.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1977821\charrsid12937066 Calculating the head sentence i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2382430\charrsid12937066 n that order makes it look as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1977821\charrsid12937066 if the time spent in custody on remand is a fac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3752292\charrsid12937066 tor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3752292\charrsid12937066 
which mitigates the offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1977821\charrsid12937066 .  That would now be regarded as an error, though it would not have been thought of as an error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2693501\charrsid12937066 in 2016 when Inoke was sentenced.  That is because i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1977821\charrsid12937066 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3752292\charrsid12937066 Apolosi }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1977821\charrsid12937066 Domona v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1977821\charrsid12937066  [2017]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2693501\charrsid12937066  FJSC 15, the Supreme Court endorsed what had been said by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3752292\charrsid12937066 Naivalurua }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2693501\charrsid12937066 Koroitavalena v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2693501\charrsid12937066  [2014] FJCA 185 at para 24:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15073704\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2693501\charrsid12937066 \'93
The period spent in remand before trial should be dealt with separately from the mitigating factors when imposing a sentence and cannot be subsumed in the mitigating factors.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2693501\charrsid12937066 
That makes sense.  Being in custody awaiting trial does not male an offender\rquote s offence any the less serious.  It simply means that the time he has spent in custody
 should count towards his sentence.  The difficulty is in identifying a methodology which properly reflects that.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 37}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12672255\charrsid12937066 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5707850\charrsid12937066 The governing statutory provision is section 24 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14771723\charrsid12937066 
of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5707850\charrsid12937066 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14771723\charrsid12937066  Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5707850\charrsid12937066 
, which provides:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5707850\charrsid12937066 \'93
If an offender is sentenced to a term of imprisonmen
t, any period of time during which the offender was held in custody prior to the trial of the matter or matters shall, unless a court otherwise orders, be regarded by the court as a period of imprisonment already served by the offender.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5707850\charrsid12937066 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12672255\charrsid12937066 he methodology by which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5707850\charrsid12937066 courts should reflect time spent in custody }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12672255\charrsid12937066 in the sentence to be imposed was laid down by the Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3752292\charrsid12937066 Apakuki }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12672255\charrsid12937066 Sowane v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672255\charrsid12937066  [2016] FJSC 8.   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5707850\charrsid12937066 
The Court held that the time spent in custody should be deducted from what would otherwise have been the appropriate head sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5707850\charrsid12937066  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5707850\charrsid12937066  what would otherwise have been the appropriate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16255641\charrsid12937066 
non-parole period.  That was precisely the approach which appealed to Arnold J in his dissenting judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3752292\charrsid12937066 Peni }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16255641\charrsid12937066 Tuilaselase v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16255641\charrsid12937066  [2023] FJSC 36 at para 10, even though }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16255641\charrsid12937066 Sowane}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16255641\charrsid12937066  had not been cited to the Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672255\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 38}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3306072\charrsid12937066 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3151326 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3306072\charrsid12937066 Thi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16255641\charrsid12937066 s was, in effect, what the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3306072\charrsid12937066 
trial judge did in the present case.  The aggravating factors which he identified took the sentence up to 16 years.  Inoke\rquote s lack of previous convictions took the sentence down to 14 years an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5190208\charrsid12937066 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3306072\charrsid12937066 
 8 months.  Had Inoke been on bail throughout, that would have been the head sentence with a non-parole period of 13 years and 8 months.  But the time Inoke had spent in custody brought the head sentence
 down to 13 years and the non-parole period to 12 years.  By that route both}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5190208\charrsid12937066  the head sentence and the non-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3306072\charrsid12937066 parole period had been reduced by the length of time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066  Inoke had been i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5190208\charrsid12937066 n custody}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3306072\charrsid12937066 .  The methodology }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066 laid down in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066 Sowane}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066  was therefore applied to Inoke\rquote s case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16255641\charrsid12937066 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066 
.     What remains, then, is for the methodology in Sowane to be applied to the new head sentence and non-parole period which this judgment proposes.   The head sentence will have to be reduced from the proposed 8 years\rquote  imprisonment to 6 years an
d 4 months\rquote  imprisonment, and the non-parole period will have to be reduced to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5190208\charrsid12937066 4 years and 10 months.  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066  appreciate that these a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5190208\charrsid12937066 re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066 
 very significant reductions from the periods identified by the experienced judge at first instance, but the difference is primarily attributable to the change in the governing guidelines in the meantime from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066 Sulua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066  guidelines which applied when the judge had to sentence Inoke }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 (and when the Court of Appeal considered his appeal) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066 to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066 Seru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066  guidelines which have now to be applied retrospectively to Inoke\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10834964\charrsid12937066 s case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10834964\charrsid12937066 
  Since Inoke has now been in custody for almost eight years, this judgment would result in his immediate release.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8471100\charrsid12937066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10834964\charrsid12937066 Conclusion
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12258900\charrsid12937066 40.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10834964\charrsid12937066     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3151326 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10834964\charrsid12937066 For these reasons, I would refuse Inoke leave to 
appeal against his conviction, but I would give him leave to appeal against sentence on the basis that a substantial and grave injustice would have occurred if leave had not been given.  In accordance with the Supreme Court\rquote s usual practice,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066  I would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10834964\charrsid12937066 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 reat}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10834964\charrsid12937066  the hearing of the application for leave to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066  appe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10834964\charrsid12937066 al against sentence as the hearing of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 
e appeal, I would allow the appeal, I would set aside the order of the Court of Appeal, and I would reduce Inoke\rquote s sentence for cultivating cannabis plants to 6 years and 4 months imprisonment with a non-parole period of 4 years and 10 months.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3102296\charrsid10486008 Calanchini J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3102296\charrsid10486008 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3102296\charrsid12937066 41.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3151326 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3102296\charrsid12937066 
I have had the advantage of reading in draft form the judgments of Keith and Arnold JJ, and I agree with their reasoning and conclusions.  I agree with the proposed orders.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3102296\charrsid10486008 Arnold J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3102296\charrsid10486008 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2437939 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437939 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 42.\tab 
The Petitioner, Inoke Ratu, seeks leave to appeal against a decision of the Court of Appeal affirming his conviction on one count of unlawful cultivation of i
llicit drugs contrary to s 5(a) of the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 and reducing his sentence from 13 years\rquote  imprisonment with a non-parole period of 12 years to 12 years\rquote 
 imprisonment with a non-parole period of 11 years (he submits that this sentence reduction is insufficient).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid2437939 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 43.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 Under s 7(2) of the Supreme Court Act 1998, the Court must not grant leave in a criminal matter unless:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-414\li1134\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
a question of general legal importance is involved;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b.\tab}a substantial question of principle affecting the administration of criminal justice is involved; or
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c.\tab}substantial and grave injustice may occur.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 44.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 In this judgment, I address Inoke
\rquote s petition for leave in relation to his criminal conviction.  In respect of his sentence appeal, I have read the judgment of Keith J in draft and agree with it and with the orders he proposes.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6689409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 Background}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 45.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 The charge against Inoke was that, between 1 December 2014 and 7 January 2015 at Kadavu in the Eastern District, he cultivated 26.4 kilograms of cannabis sativa plants without l
awful authority.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 46.\tab}
At the time, Inoke was living in Naini settlement in Tavuki in Kadavu.  His partner came from Tavuki.  They had a young child.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 47.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
Inoke appears to have been a subsistence farmer planting a variety of crops.  T
he police received information that he was cultivating cannabis.  Accordingly, in the early morning of 7 January 2015, two police officers in plain clothes were sent to search for the location of the alleged cultivation.  At least one had a cane knife.  A
round 10 am, the officers discovered a cannabis cultivation at Nabununikoula.  They were instructed to stay at the location to see whether anyone came to tend the crop.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 48.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
The two officers said that they saw Inoke arrive at the location around 4 pm.  They
 said he looked about and then began to weed the cannabis cultivation with a cane knife.  After he had been doing this for around 30 minutes, the police officers confronted him and placed him under arrest for cultivating cannabis.  The officers said that 
Inoke told them they were trespassing; one gave evidence that Inoke admitted that the cultivation was his.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13177066 The police also arrested a cousin of Inoke\rquote 
s who was in the area, but ultimately he was not charged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 49.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
The police said they uprooted 228 marijuana plants at the cultivation, some of which were about a metre high and others smaller.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11353166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\f0\super\insrsid11353166 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11353166  Subsequent forensic analysis gave a height range for the plants of between 11 cm and 2.96 m.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166   At 8.18pm, Inoke was interviewed under caution at the Kadavu Police Station, but the interview }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2759547\charrsid11353166 focus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2759547 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2759547\charrsid11353166 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166  on preliminary matters and ended at 8.58pm.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13177066 The Station diary indicates that Inoke was visited twice by his wife after his arrest, the second time to bring him fresh clothing, and that relatives brought food for him and his cousin.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
The following day, he was taken to Suva by boat, arriving late in the evening.  His interview resumed around midday on 9 January 2015 at the Nasinu Police Station and ended at 2.15pm, and there was a further brief interview on 10 January 2015.  In
oke asked to see a doctor on 9 January and an officer took him to the Makoi Heath Centre that afternoon.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 50.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
According to the police, in his interview on 9 January, Inoke admitted that he had looked after the cannabis cultivation.  He said he had been ask
ed by his uncle to look after the farm and that he was doing so because he needed money for his upcoming wedding.  In his short interview on 10 January, Inoke repeated that the cannabis plants were his.  He also said he had been taken to the Makoi Health 
Centre the previous afternoon, where he had seen a doctor and been given medication. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 51.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
At the voir dire, four police officers gave evidence, to the effect that Inoke had been given his rights, had not been assaulted or otherwise pressured but was cooper
ative and had acknowledged his guilt.  Although defence counsel cross-examined the officers, the defence called no evidence.  At the conclusion of the voir dire, the trial Judge found that that Inoke gave his caution statements voluntarily.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 52.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 At trial
, Inoke gave evidence in his defence.  He said that on 7 January 2015, he had gone to a local picnic spot with his wife and members of her family.  He said that while relieving himself by the river, he was accosted by two men, one of whom had a cane knife
.
  They tackled him to the ground, handcuffed him and hit him with the blunt side of the cane knife.  They told him to follow their orders.  They walked for about 30 minutes to a farm.  Inoke recognised that marijuana plants were growing there.  He said th
a
t some additional men turned up and they assaulted him and forced him to confess that the marijuana farm was his.  He went on to describe further violence inflicted on him by police during his subsequent interviews, including a sustained assault with a st
ick (a table leg).  He asked to be taken to hospital.  Under cross-examination, he said he had raised the matter of the police assault when he came before the High Court on 27 February 2015.  However, the Court records do not reflect that.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 53.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 At the concl
usion of the trial, two assessors gave opinions of \'93Not Guilty\'94, while one gave an opinion of \'93Guilty\'94. The Judge accepted that the \'93not guilty\'94
 opinions were not perverse, but did not agree with them.  Rather, he agreed with the assessor who considered Inoke was guilty of the offence charged.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 54.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
Inoke filed an application for leave to appeal against both conviction and sentence.  A single Judge of the Court of Appeal refused him leave to appeal against conviction but granted him leave to appeal against sentence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11353166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\f0\super\insrsid11353166 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11353166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid11353166 Ratu v State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11353166  [2020] FJCA 60.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
  Inoke then filed a renewal application in the Court of Appeal in respect of his conviction appeal.  In the event, he argued his conviction appeal personally, while the Legal Aid Commission argued his sentence appeal.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 55.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
In a judgment dated 29 September 2022, the Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal against conviction but allowed the appeal against sentence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11353166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\f0\super\insrsid11353166 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11353166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid11353166 Ratu v State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11353166  [2022] FJCA 103.
}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166   As I have said, in this judgment I address only Inoke\rquote s application for leave to appeal to this Court against conviction.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 Basis for proposed appeal against conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 56.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 During the course of these proceedings, Inoke has filed numerous submissions in support of his application for leave to appeal against c
onviction, raising a variety of grounds.  Quite apart from the submissions contained in the case bundles, the Court received submissions from Inoke on 12, 25 and 27 March 2024 (2 different sets on the latter date).  These various submissions addressed dif
ferent aspects of his conviction appeal.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 57.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 While I appreciate Inoke\rquote 
s concern to ensure that that his position is put before the Court in as comprehensive a way as possible, multiple submissions of this sort are unhelpful.  What is required is a single w
ritten submission addressing the issues which the petitioner asks this Court to consider.   Furthermore, the issues must be ones appropriate for consideration by this Court.  Given that this Court is a final appellate court, something more than a re-run o
f all the arguments previously considered and dealt with by the Court of Appeal is required.  The criteria in s 7(2) of the Supreme Court Act must be met.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 58.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 The State\rquote 
s submissions before this Court addressed the two grounds raised in one of the 27 March
 submissions.  I will briefly address these.  I will also address the further ground raised in the other submission received on 27 March 2024. The three grounds concern (i) the prosecution\rquote 
s failure to disclose certain material, (ii) the trial Judge\rquote s conclusion following the voir dire, and (iii) the Judge\rquote s rejection of the majority view of the Assessors.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 Alleged failure to disclose 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 59.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
Inoke submitted that the prosecution failed in its duty to disclose the Nasinu Police Station diary and the reason
s they took him to the Makoi Medical Centre for treatment.  These were relevant, he said, to his allegation that he had been assaulted by the police.  A similar argument was made before the Court of Appeal.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 60.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
The police did disclose the relevant cell bo
ok and the meal book, but said they were unable to locate the station diary.  However, the essential point is that the evidence indicates that Inoke asked police to take him to see a doctor and the police did take him to the Makoi Medical Centre on the af
t
ernoon of 9 January.  Inoke said that he was seen by a doctor and a nurse and received some medication at the centre.  He said in his evidence that this was related to the assaults he had received.  But when police asked him during his caution interview o
n 10 January whether he had seen a doctor, he confirmed that he had, but there is no record in the interview notes that he then asked to be taken to CWM Hospital.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 61.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
More significantly, there is no record of him having 
raised the alleged assaults before a judicial officer at the time of his arrest.  As the trial Judge noted, Inoke appeared before a Magistrate on 12 January, 26 January and 9 February 2015 and before the trial Judge on 27 February 2015.  If he had suffere
d serious assaults of the type he alleges, it is to be expected that (i) he would have suffered significant bruising and other injuries, which would be visible for some time; and (ii) he would have raised the matter at an early opportunity.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 62.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 Inoke did w
rite to the High Court in early December 2015 alleging that his caution statement was not voluntary, that he was assaulted by the police and seeking access to police notebooks, station diaries and the like.  Subsequently, he gave a full account of what he
 claimed had happened to him in his evidence at trial (mid-August 2024).  There is at least one significant inconsistency between the account given in Inoke\rquote 
s December 2015 letter and his evidence at trial.  In the letter, he said that police had rubbed chillies all over his body; he did not mention this in his evidence. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 63.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
In my view, had the type of beating that Inoke described been inflicted on him by police, it is implausible that he would not have raised it with a judicial officer at an early stage, whether or not he had received medical attention.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 64.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
Consequently, I see no merit in this point.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid11353166 
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li1080\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
The trial Judge misdirected himself as to the voluntariness and truthfulness of the confession
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 65.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
Inoke complains that part of his caution intervi
ew (the 7 January portion) was not signed by the witnessing officer.  This was explored in the voir dire, where the interviewing officer explained that the witnessing officer was present (as is recorded in the interview notes), but he forgot to ask him to
 sign the notes when the interview ended.  Both the interviewing officer and Inoke did sign the notes, however.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 66.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
Moreover, Inoke did not give evidence at the voir dire.  Although Inoke\rquote s counsel cross-examined the police witnesses, they maintained their version of events.  As propositions put by counsel in cross-examination are not \'93evidence\'94
, the police account before the Judge was effectively uncontested.  In those circumstances the Judge\rquote s conclusion that Inoke\rquote s statement was given voluntarily was to be expected.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 67.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
I see no merit in this point of appeal.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li1080\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
Whether the trial Judge erred in rejecting the \'93Not Guilty\'94 opinions of the two Assessors
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1080\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 68.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
Inoke submits that two of the three Assessors rejected his caution interview and found his evidence at trial more credible than the police witnesses.  He complains that because the trial Judge rejected the \'93Not Guilty\'94
 opinions of the two Assessors in favour of the \'93Guilty\'94 opinion of the remaining Assessor immediately after they were given, he could not have made an independent assessment of the evidence before convicting him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 69.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
Before the abolition of Assessor system, a trial Judge was, of course, enti
tled to reject the opinion of the Assessors, even their unanimous opinion, because it was the Judge who was the ultimate decision-maker, not the Assessors.  But where a judge did disagree with the majority view of the Assessors, he or she was required und
er s 237 of the Criminal Procedure Decree of 2009 to give reasons for differing with the majority opinion.  Those reasons had to be in writing and given in open court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 70.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
The reasons given by the trial Judge in his judgment after the voir dire were as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6689409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 8.\tab Six witnesses gave evidence for the prosecution.  They were:
\par \tab [names listed]
\par 9.\tab One witness gave evidence for the defence, that is the accused himself.
\par 10.\tab I had carefully considered all the evidence and had carefully compared them.  I had carefully assessed the demeanour of all the witnesses.  The prosecution\rquote 
s case was that the accused verbally confessed to PW2 and PW3 that the marijuana farm at Nabununikoula was his.  This was when PW2 confronted him at the crime scene, and later arrested him o
n 7 January 2015.  PW2 said he gave the accused his legal rights during the arrest.
\par 11.\tab Furthermore, when he was caution interviewed by PW4 on 7, 9 and 10 January 2015, the accused fully confessed to the crime.  I accept PW2, PW3 and PW4\rquote s evidence that wh
en the accused confessed to the police, he did so voluntarily and out of his own free will.
\par 12.\tab On my assessment of the credibility of the witnesses, I find all the prosecution\rquote s witnesses to be credible.  They were forthright and not evasive.  I accept th
at the accused verbally confessed to PW2 and PW3 that the marijuana farm was his on 7 January 2015.  I also accept that he confessed to the crime when caution interviewed by PW4 on 7, 9 and 10 January 2015.  I accept that his confessions were true.
\par 13.\tab As to the accused\rquote 
s allegations of alleged police brutality, I totally reject the same.  He did not ask the Magistrate on his first appearance on 12 January 2015 for a medical examination at CWM Hospital.  Neither did he ask the Magistrate for the same on 26 
January 2015 and 9 February 2015.  He did not ask the High Court on 27 February for the same.  To me that showed he had no injuries to complain about.  Furthermore, he was very evasive when cross-examined.  To me, he was not a credible witness, and thus I
 reject his denial of the crime.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 71.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 The Judge\rquote 
s assessment of the credibility of the witnesses lay at the heart of his rejection of the majority opinion of the assessors.  The Judge was entitled to reach a different view about credibility and has explaine
d what led him to do that.  The Judge said all that needed to be said to explain and justify his view.  There is no merit in this point of appeal.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
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\s15\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6689409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11353166\charrsid11353166 
In the result, I do not consider that the points Inoke raises fall within the s 7(2) criteria and would dismiss his petition for leave to appeal against conviction.
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\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 :
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 Application for leave to appeal against conviction refused.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}Application for leave to appeal against sentence granted.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}Appe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5190208\charrsid12937066 al allowed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (4)\tab}Order of the Court of Appeal dated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10834964\charrsid12937066  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 29 September 2022 set aside.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10834964\charrsid12937066 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (5)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10029984\charrsid12937066 The petitioner\rquote 
s head sentence is hereby reduced to 6 years and 4 months\rquote  imprisonment with a non-parole period of 4 years and 10 months.
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570462 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1510012\charrsid16518061 The Hon. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid16541112 Brian Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1510012\charrsid16518061 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16541112 Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1510012\charrsid16518061  of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1510012\charrsid16518061 
\par The Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16541112 Justice William Calanchini}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1510012\charrsid16518061 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1510012\charrsid16518061 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1510012\charrsid16518061 The Hon. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16541112 Terence Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1510012\charrsid16518061 

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