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\f0\fs28\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 AT SUVA
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8680146\charrsid9270635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 CRIMINAL PETITION NO: CAV0005 OF 2022
\par Court of Appeal No. AAU 25 of 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8680146\charrsid9270635 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9270635\charrsid9270635 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9270635\charrsid9270635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9270635\charrsid9270635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 GOVIND SAMI
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 Petitioner
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\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9270635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9270635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 THE STATE
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8680146\charrsid9270635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 Coram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 \tab \tab \tab :\tab The Hon. Mr. Justice Anthony Gates
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 Judge of the Supreme Court 
\par 
\par The Hon. Mr. Justice Brian Keith
\par Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par The Hon. Mr. Justice Alipate Qetaki
\par Judge of the Supreme Court 
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\par Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 \tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8680146\charrsid9270635 Mr. D. Sharma and Ms. G. Fatima for the Petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 
\par \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8680146\charrsid9270635 Dr. A. Jack for the Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 
\par 
\par Date of Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 \tab :\tab 9 October 2023\tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 Date of Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 \tab :\tab 26 October 2023         
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs32\ul\insrsid4327207 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs32\ul\insrsid9054075\charrsid9270635 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\ul\insrsid8680146 Gates J
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-851\li851\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 1.\tab 
I have read in draft the judgment of Keith J.  I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 am }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 
in full agreement with its conclusions, reasons, and orders.  I add a few observations of my own.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \fi-851\li851\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid9270635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs36\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs36\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 2.\tab The petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 s new solicitors followed the correct procedure set out in the C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049 ourt of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951  decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 Nilesh }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 Chand v State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\cf1\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 
 [2019] FJCA 254; AAU0078.2013 (28 November 2019)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 , affirmed in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049 Supreme C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 ourt [2022] CAV 1 of 2020; 27 October 2022.  They referred the complaint }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 
 the petitioner about his trial counsel to that counsel.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049 Trial counsel\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 comments were presented in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951  before us through an affidavit.  Some specific questions in the exchange between counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049 , if posed,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951  might have clarified the advi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 e given by trial counsel to his client as to whether the petitioner would be wise to give sworn evidence, and whether counsel had explained the pros and cons of giving or not giving evidence. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s29 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s29\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 As Keith J has indicated it is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 not a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 ways an easy matter for counsel to tender advi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 c}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 e on this issue.  It is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 delicate matter}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049  for instance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid11229951 , for counsel to have to suggest that his client might not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid926049 
 make a credible witness, or that he might conduct himself unfavourably in cross examination.  Trial counsel said he considered the defence had made good progress cross examining the complainant and her husband.  That opinion is difficult to assess. As th
ings turned out, the defence that was mounted, was unsuccessful.  But counsel is not so likely to be blamed for his advice to the petitioner just because the conduct of the case may have proved unsuitable.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-851\li851\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid9270635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s29 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s29\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 Courts will be slow to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 say}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 
 that a trial has miscarried because of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 flawed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607  tactical decision by counsel.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 Vereivalu v State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 
 CAV 5 of 2019; 27 October 2022 the trial was found to have miscarried because of the egregious conflict of interest of defence counsel in defending }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 nine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607  accused.  In that case, defence counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049  in effect defended only one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 
 group within the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 nine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 , ignoring the interest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607  of the other group.  They had quite different defences to raise.  Counsel should never have represented all of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 nine}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 .  That he did so, and never put the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607  group, or advi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607  that group to give evidence, meant that they had not been defended.  The trial suffered a serious miscarriage, and their convictions had to be quashed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s29 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 
This was not the case here.  In the instan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607  case, though criticism could be and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid926049 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607  levelled against trial counsel, it remains that counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607  efforts simply fail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049\charrsid2569607 
 to achieve the result anticipated.  But this set of circumstances does not call for the intervention of this court.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-851\li851\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid9270635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\ul\insrsid9054075 Keith J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9054075 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2239793\charrsid9054075 Introduction
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1463688\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1463688\charrsid9054075 One }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2239793\charrsid9054075 of the most important decisions which a defendant has to make in a criminal trial is whether to give evidence.  It is a topic on which he will need advice about the advantages and disadvantages of 
the various options open to him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6504248\charrsid9054075   In this case, the defendan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2239793\charrsid9054075 
t, Govind Sami, decided not to give evidence.  He claims that he did not get proper advice about it from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6504248\charrsid9054075  his lawyer.  That is one of his grounds of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2239793\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075   There are a number of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987315\charrsid9054075  others.  T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075 hey were exceptionally well argued by M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987315\charrsid9054075 r D Sharma, who did not appear for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075  Govind at his trial.  He has given us much to think about.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2239793\charrsid9054075 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1463688\charrsid9054075 .     Govind }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2239793\charrsid9054075 
was charged with two offences of rape and one of indecently annoying a person.  He was tried in the High Court where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11604076\charrsid9054075 
he pleaded not guilty to all charges.  He was convicted on all of them, and sentenced to terms of imprisonment totalling nine years in all, with a non-parole period of eight years.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6504248\charrsid9054075 He appealed against his conviction and sentence.  A single judge of the Court of Appeal granted him leave to appeal against his conviction 
on limited grounds, but refused him leave to appeal against sentence.  Govind did not pursue his appeal against sentence further.  In due course, the Court of Appeal heard his appeal against conviction, but dismissed the appeal.  Govind now seeks leave to
 appeal against his conviction to the Supreme Court.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s27\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\cf1\insrsid1967296\charrsid9054075 A preliminary point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid1967296\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s27\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid926049 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid1967296\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid1967296\charrsid9054075 Govind\rquote 
s grounds of appeal focus on where it is alleged the Court of Appeal went wrong. However, in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7300869  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\cf1\insrsid1967296\charrsid9054075 Lesi v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7300869  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid5987315\charrsid9054075 [2018] FJSC 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid1967296\charrsid9054075 , the Supreme Court said at para 74 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\insrsid1967296\charrsid9054075 per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid1967296\charrsid9054075  Keith J):
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s27\qj \li1440\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid1967296\charrsid12085408 \'93
 ... much of the petitioners\rquote  focus was on the judgment of the 
Court of Appeal. Their grounds for the most part set out the ways in which they say the Court of Appeal fell into error. That is entirely understandable. After all, they are seeking leave to appeal from the decision of the Court of Appeal. But it should n
ot be forgotten that, although the Supreme Court is a second-tier court, its focus is still on what happened in the trial court \endash 
 just like the Court of Appeal. It has the advantage, of course, of the views of the Court of Appeal on whether things went wron
g in the trial court, but what it ultimately is reviewing is the course which the trial took rather than whether the Court of Appeal\rquote s analysis of the grounds of appeal was correct.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid1967296\charrsid12085408 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s27\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12277278\charrsid9054075 
The Supreme Court said much the same thing in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\cf1\insrsid12277278\charrsid9054075 Abourizk v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12277278\charrsid9054075  FJSC 9 at para 8 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid12277278\charrsid9054075 per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12277278\charrsid9054075  Keith J).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid1967296\charrsid9054075 
That explains why this judgment will not be addressing every way in which it is said that the Court of Appeal fell into error or every aspect of its process of reasoning.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid5987315\charrsid9054075 
  The focus will be on what happened in Govind\rquote s trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid1967296\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6504248\charrsid9054075 The facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11604076\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2239793\charrsid9054075  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6504248\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1463688\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2360998\charrsid9054075 The charges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2360998\charrsid9054075 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1463688\charrsid9054075 Govind }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9049530\charrsid9054075 owned a large farm in Raiwaqa near Navua.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987315\charrsid9054075 He was 60 years old at the time.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9049530\charrsid9054075 
The woman who he was found to have raped lived in a small house on the farm with her husband, who was employed by Govind to look after the farm.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9049530\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9049530 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4739595 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4739595 
     The High Court took great care not to name the woman.  When referring to the charges in his summing-up to the assessors, the judge referred to the woman by her initials only, and referred to her throughout as either the complainant or PW1.  It is reg
rettable that the Court of Appeal did not take a similar course.  In para 4 of his judgment, Gamalath JA referred to the woman by name.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5987315\charrsid9054075 She was 27 years old.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554367\charrsid9054075 Govind would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12085483\charrsid9054075 
visit the farm often and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554367\charrsid9054075 stay at the house sometimes.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075 
She claimed that on three occasions Govind had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554367\charrsid9054075 either }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075 come to her house}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554367\charrsid9054075  or was in the house}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075 
.  The first occasion was on a date in July 2014, and the second was on 25 October 2016.  Her evidence was that Govind had forced her to have sexual intercourse with him on each of those two occasions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1463688\charrsid9054075  when she had been alone in the house}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1463688\charrsid9054075 
She claimed that it was his imposing physique and the fact that he was her husband\rquote s employer that resulted in her feeling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5598008\charrsid9054075 
 unable to resist him: in effect, she had to submit to his advances.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075 The two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1463688\charrsid9054075 
 charges of rape related to those two occasions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554367\charrsid9054075 On the first occasion he had come to th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6372916\charrsid9054075 e house.  On }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554367\charrsid9054075 
the second occasion he had spent most of the day in the house before he had forced himself on her.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075 The third }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6372916\charrsid9054075 occasion, she said, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075 was four days after the second occasion, ie on 29 October 2016.  Her evidence was that on that oc}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075 casion he was already in the house when she returned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075  to the house after vi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075 siting her aunt.  He had told}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075  her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075 to come }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075 inside, unzipped his trousers,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1463688\charrsid9054075  taken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075 
 out his penis and asked her to perform oral sex on him.  When she began to cry, he walked off.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1463688\charrsid9054075   The charge of indecently annoying a person related to that occasion.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8223894\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1463688\charrsid9054075 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1463688\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008768\charrsid9054075      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1008768\charrsid9054075 The woman\rquote s evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2360998\charrsid9054075 .  The woman\rquote 
s evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid484977\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid484977 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484977  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid484977      The judge\rquote s note of her evidence is at pages 335 -344 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008768\charrsid9054075 
 was that following the first occasion on which Govind had allegedly raped her she had told her husband about it when he had come home.  He had not believed her, she said,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075 
 and accused her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008768\charrsid9054075  making it up bec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075 ause she did not like living on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1008768\charrsid9054075  the farm.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12085483\charrsid9054075   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075 
She added that she had not reported what had happened to the police as she was scared of them.  She claimed that she had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008768\charrsid9054075 told her husband}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7155493\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008768\charrsid9054075 about the second occasion on which Govind had allegedly raped her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075 , though }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554367\charrsid9054075 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075 
she did not in her evidence say what his reaction had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554367\charrsid9054075 , (b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7155493\charrsid9054075 
it was different from what she was to tell the police which was that she had not told her husband about it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554367\charrsid9054075 
, and (c) she was to change her evidence later on when she said that she had not told her husband about this incident because she thought that he would not believe her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7155493\charrsid9054075 .  T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008768\charrsid9054075 hings came to a head after the occasion on which Govind had allegedly exposed himself to her.  Her e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075 
vidence was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554367\charrsid9054075 that she had returned to her aunt\rquote s home and had not told anyone there what had happened, but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075 that she had to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554367\charrsid9054075 ld her husband about it.  She}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554367\charrsid9054075 went on to say that she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075 had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008768\charrsid9054075 
 threatened to leave him if he did not help her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2323366\charrsid9054075  to report the matter to the police.  She later told her sister what had happened \endash  she did not say when \endash 
 and it was only then that the police were informed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6372916\charrsid9054075 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6372916\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6372916\charrsid9054075 The case put to her in cross-examination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid484977\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid484977 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484977  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid484977      Page 337 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6372916\charrsid9054075 
 was that she and Govind had had sex with each other about ten times.  Their intimacy had always been consensual.  The woman denied that, and despite a lengthy cross-examination she maintained her account of non-consensual sex on the three occasions to wh
ich the charges related.  However}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075 , three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6372916\charrsid9054075 
 particular topics on which she was cross-examined need to be mentioned.  F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6295436\charrsid9054075 irst, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075 
it was put to her that not only had she regularly had consensual sex with Govind, but that they had also gone to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12277278\charrsid9054075 gether to a particular road in Suva}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16083134\charrsid9054075 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075 whe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12277278\charrsid9054075 re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16083134\charrsid9054075 it is well known that rooms can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12277278\charrsid9054075  be rented by the hour}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16083134\charrsid9054075 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid484977\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid484977 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484977  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid484977      Page 337 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075 .  She denied that.  Secondly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6295436\charrsid9054075 she was cross-examined about why she had no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6372916\charrsid9054075 t reported Govind\rquote s behav}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6295436\charrsid9054075 iour to the police sooner.  She repeated that she had been scared of them and added that she was a s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16405209\charrsid9054075 hy person, but she acknowledged that that had not prevented her from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6295436\charrsid9054075  report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16405209\charrsid9054075 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6295436\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16405209\charrsid9054075 
someone else to the police in the past who she claimed had se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075 xually abused her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid484977\charrsid9054075 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid484977 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484977  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid484977      Page 341 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075 .  Thirdly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16405209\charrsid9054075 , it was put to her that her husband had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16059456\charrsid9054075 
demanded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16405209\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16059456\charrsid9054075 $30,000 from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16405209\charrsid9054075 Govi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16059456\charrsid9054075 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid484977\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid484977 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484977       }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid484977 Page 341 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16059456\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16405209\charrsid9054075   The suggestion \endash  certainly implied if not spelled out in so many words \endash 
 was that she was making up these allegations in order to exto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16059456\charrsid9054075 
rt money from Govind.  She denied that.  Indeed, she claimed that she had not even known that her husband had made any such demand of him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12085483\charrsid9054075 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12085483\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2360998\charrsid9054075 The husband\rquote s evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\i\f0\fs24\ul\super\insrsid484977\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid484977 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484977  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid484977      Pages 344-347 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2360998\charrsid9054075 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12085483\charrsid9054075 The woman\rquote 
s husband was the only other witness for the prosecution.  The material part of his evidence related to what his wife had told him.  He confirmed her evidence about what she had told him following the first occasion on which she claimed Govind h
ad raped her.  His evidenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9142128\charrsid9054075 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12085483\charrsid9054075 
 was that he had not believed her, not just because he thought that she was using it as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9142128\charrsid9054075 an excuse to leave the farm, but also because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12085483\charrsid9054075  Govind had treated him like a son.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9142128\charrsid9054075   However, he did no confirm the rest of her evidence about
 what she had told him.  As for the second occasion on which she claimed that Govind had raped her, he did not say anything about her having told him about that.  And as for the occasion on which she claimed that Govind had exposed himself to her, his evi
dence was that she had told him that he had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9142128\charrsid9054075 raped}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9142128\charrsid9054075 
 her, not that he had simply exposed himself to her.  Nor did he acknowledge that she had threatened to leave him if he did not help her to report the matter to the police.  His evidence was that he had been 
shocked by what his wife had told him as he had never thought that Govind would behave in that way towards her.  He said that he asked her to tell him the truth about what had happened}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14501394\charrsid9054075  so that he could report the matter to the police, who he confirmed his wife was scared of.  And when the allegation that he had tried to extort $30,000 from Govind was put to him, he denied that.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14501394\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2360998\charrsid9054075 The defence case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2360998\charrsid9054075 .  Govind
 did not give evidence, but a number of witnesses were called on his behalf.  There were two topics on which they gave relevant evidence.  One of the witnesses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid16676245\charrsid9054075 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14880142 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid16676245 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16676245  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16676245 
     Viliame Gauna, whose evidence is at page 348 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2360998\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8593175\charrsid9054075 
said that in December 2016, ie a few weeks after Govind had been charged, the woman\rquote s husband asked him to tell Govind that if Govind paid $40,000 they would drop the case, and that the witness would be paid $10,000 \endash 
 presumably for acting as the go-between.  The witness went on to say that he told Govind what the woman\rquote s husband had said, and that Govind\rquote s response was that he would not pay any money.  Other witnesses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid16676245\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid926049 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid16676245 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16676245  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid948429    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16676245 Kawal Chand, whose evide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid948429 nce is at page 349 of the 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16676245 Record}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid948429  of the High Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16676245 , and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid948429  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16676245 Ashnil Prasad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid948429 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16676245  whose }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid926049  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16676245 evidence is at pages 351-352 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8593175\charrsid9054075  spoke of having seen the woman }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10304732\charrsid9054075 often fighting with her husband, and two of them spoke about her having on one occasion stabbe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2043285\charrsid9054075 d him with a pair of scissors}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid14880142\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14880142 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid14880142 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14880142  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14880142     Chanderesh Goundar, whose evidence is at pages 350-351 of the Record of the High Court, and Ashnil Prasad.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10304732\charrsid9054075 
.  Indeed, another witness \endash  Govind\rquote s son \endash  referred to the fact that the woman\rquote s husband had obtained a domestic violence restraining order against her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid948429\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid948429 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid948429  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid948429 
     Page 351 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10304732\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid541308\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid541308\charrsid9054075 The judge\rquote s judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\i\f0\fs24\ul\super\insrsid948429\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid948429 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid948429  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid948429 
     Pages 307-308 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid541308\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 
4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid541308\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid541308\charrsid9054075 
The assessors expressed the unanimous opinion that Govind was guilty on all charges.  The judge took the same view.  He was alive to the fact that the case turned on the woman\rquote 
s credibility, and he regarded her as credible even though her evidence had been inconsistent on what he called \'93some peripheral matters\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12674702\charrsid9054075 
.  And when it came to consent, he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid541308\charrsid9054075 was also alive to the fact that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12674702\charrsid9054075 
freedom of choice is crucial to the issue of consent.  He found that the woman had had no choice but to submit to Govind\rquote s sexual demands.  Once he had found her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid948429\charrsid9054075 
evidence to be broadly true, Govind\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12674702\charrsid9054075  conviction was going to be inevitable.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075 The grounds of appeal
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12277278\charrsid9054075 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid926049 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12674702\charrsid9054075 
The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075 attack on the conviction has three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12674702\charrsid9054075  planks.  The first relates to the judge\rquote s s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10034386\charrsid9054075 umming up to the assessors.  It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12674702\charrsid9054075 is s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 aid to have been incomplete}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075 .  The second relates to the judge\rquote s judgment.  It is said that the inconsistencies in the woman
\rquote 
s evidence were not peripheral.  Thirdly, it is said that Govind was denied a fair trial because such advice as he had received from his lawyer about whether he should give evidence was wholly inadequate.  I deal with each of these grounds in turn.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9127390 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075 Ground (1): The summing-up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\i\f0\fs24\ul\super\insrsid948429\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid948429 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid948429  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid948429 
     Pages 296-306 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12674702\charrsid9054075    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8593175\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9142128\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12085483\charrsid9054075    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16405209\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12277278\charrsid9054075 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid926049 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 judge\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075 
summing-up }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 has been subjected to much criticism}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075  by Mr Sharma.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075   The criticism }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075 is that it was incomplete in the sense that the judg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8018689\charrsid9054075 e did not remind the assessors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1181403\charrsid9054075  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075 
the inconsistencies in the woman\rquote s evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12655930\charrsid9054075 , of the implausibilities in her account,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075 
 and of other things which could be said to have cast doubt on her credibility.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1181403\charrsid9054075   Again, it is necessary to deal wi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid948429\charrsid9054075 th each in turn.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1181403 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1181403\charrsid9054075 (i)  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1181403\charrsid9054075 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3763594\charrsid9054075  delay in reporting the incidents to the police.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3763594\charrsid9054075 
  The defence case was that the woman did not report the two earlier incidents to the police}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12277278\charrsid9054075 , and did not report the third incident to them immediately,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3763594\charrsid9054075 because they never happened.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3763594\charrsid9054075  Her explanation for not reporting them to the police was that she was a shy woman who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4994979\charrsid9054075 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3763594\charrsid9054075 scared of the police}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid948429\charrsid9054075 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3763594\charrsid9054075 
Indeed, she could have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3763594\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3763594\charrsid9054075 said, but did not, that if her husband had not believed her \endash 
 at any rate about the first occasion when she alleged that Govind had raped her \endash  why would the police?  The defence said that that the fact that she had previously reported someone else to the
 police for sexually abusing her was inconsistent with her claim to be shy and scared of the police.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4994979\charrsid9054075 
  The criticism of the judge is that he did not remind the assessors in his summing-up of her admission that her shyness and her fear of the police had not prevented her from reporting someone else\rquote s unwanted sexual overtures to the police.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16068167\charrsid9054075   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4994979 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13393317\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid926049 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid681441\charrsid9054075 
It is important not to attach too much weight to this criticism of the judge\rquote 
s summing-up.  Had the judge reminded the jury of the previous report the woman had made to the police, he would have had to tell the assessors that there had been no evidence ab
out what that man was supposed to have done to her.  It may have been something far less serious than rape.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid1654971\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1654971 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid4739595 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4739595 
    We now know that the offence was indeed a minor one.  The man had admitted exposing himself to her, and had been given a short suspended sentence of imprisonment.  Attached to Mr Sharma\rquote s written submissions were the magistrate\rquote 
s sentencing remarks.  But none of this was before the court at Govind\rquote s trial, and therefore has to be put to one side.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid681441\charrsid9054075 
  In those circumstances, an appropriate direction might have been that whereas a woman may be willing to report a relatively minor unwanted sexual encounter, she may well be too ashamed and embarrassed to report rape.  That is a direction which judges in
 other jurisdictions are required to give.  It was a matter of judgment for the judge to dec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid948429\charrsid9054075 ide whether to take this course}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid681441\charrsid9054075  or not to remind the assessors at all about the previous report the woman had made.  The judge decided not to remind the assessors of that, and I do not think that he can really be criticised for that. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16068167 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13393317\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid926049 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3015153\charrsid9054075 
Mr Sharma made two other points in this context.  By not reporting the first two incidents to the police, the woman denied them the opportunity of requesting her to be medically examined.  And the only logical reason for her to have been scared of the pol
ice as she claimed was because she knew that any claim she made to the police that she had been raped would have been false.  However, these were not points made by the defence at trial, and the judg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3015153\charrsid9054075 
 therefore cannot be criticised for failing to mention them to the assessors.  In any event, the points are hardly persuasive.  Because the woman claimed to have submitted to Govind\rquote 
s demands, it is unlikely that there would have been any signs on her that force had been used.  And since Govind\rquote s case was that they had had consensual sex on a number of occasions, the presence of his se
men on any swabs taken from her would on his case only have proved intercourse, not rape.  And as for whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 
her claim to be scared of the police was attributable to the fact that she knew she would be lying to them, it could have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3015153\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 been just as attributable to the natural reluctance of many women to reveal having been raped \endash  something which they might be too ashamed or embarrassed to talk about. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3015153\charrsid9054075   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid681441\charrsid9054075       }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid681441 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075 (ii)  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075 The defence case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075 
.  Although Govind did not give evidence, this was not a case in which the defence were simply arg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3885745\charrsid9054075 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075 
ing that the prosecution had not proved its case.  A positive case had been put to the woman \endash  that she and Govid had regularly had consensual sex, and had ev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16083134\charrsid9054075 
en gone to an area where rooms can be rented by the hour}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075 .  The criticism of the judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15667114\charrsid9054075 \endash 
 not advanced in the grounds of appal but advanced orally in response to questions from the court \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16023156\charrsid9054075 is that he did not remind the assessors of that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15667114\charrsid9054075   Again, I do not think that criticism of the judge should be taken too far.  Had the judge reminded the assessors that that had been Govind\rquote 
s case as put in cross-examination, he would have had to tell the assessors as well that Govind\rquote s counsel would only have made that suggestion on the basis of his client\rquote s express instructions.  Since Govi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1795584\charrsid9054075 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15667114\charrsid9054075 
d did not give evidence, the judge would have had to tell the assessors that what Govind had told his lawyers was not made on oath, or made in circumstances in which
 he could have been cross-examined about it.  In my opinion, the judge was right not to remind the assessors of the case advanced on Govind\rquote s behalf in cross-examination withou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid948429\charrsid9054075 t having first warned Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid948429\charrsid9054075 Reddy, Govind\rquote 
s lawyer at trial,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15667114\charrsid9054075 
 of the additional direction he would have to give the assessors if he reminded them of that.  In any event, it is inconceivable that the assessors needed reminding of that.  They would have remembered from the cross-examination of the woman that that was
 what Govin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14880142\charrsid9054075 d was saying through Mr Reddy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15667114\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4994979 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 1.     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3885745\charrsid9054075 (iii)  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3885745\charrsid9054075 The woman\rquote s behaviour towards her husband}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3885745\charrsid9054075 
.  Although the judge reminded the assessors of the evidence that the woman and her husband used to fight with each other, one of the criticisms of the judge is that he did not remind them that on one occasion she was supposed to have stabbed him with a p
air of scissors, and that he had obtained a domestic violence restraining order against her.  Nor did the judge explain to the assessors what the relevance of that evidence was \endash  n
amely that it showed her to be far from the timid person she claimed to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1795584\charrsid9054075  \endash  though I am uncertain about whether that was an actual criticism of the judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3885745\charrsid9054075 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1795584\charrsid9054075 Again, it is important not to attach to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14880142\charrsid9054075 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1795584\charrsid9054075 
 much significance to these omissions.  The witnesses who gave evidence about the woman stabbing her husband with a pair of scissors may well have been hearsay: a careful reading of the judge\rquote 
s note of their evidence suggests that they were going on what other people had told them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2043285\charrsid9054075 .  If }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1795584\charrsid9054075 
that is correct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14880142\charrsid9054075 , the evidence would have been inadmissible, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262\charrsid9054075 it would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1795584\charrsid9054075  not have been right for the judge to remin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14880142\charrsid9054075 d the assessors of it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1795584\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2043285\charrsid9054075 
  I think that the judge should have reminded the assessors of the evidence about the domestic violence restraining order, but (a) the assessors would have remembered it anyway (it was given the day before the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14880142\charrsid9054075 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2043285\charrsid9054075  retired to consider their verdicts), and (b) the relevance of the evidence was obvious and the asse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14880142\charrsid9054075 ssors did not need to be told what it was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2043285\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1795584\charrsid9054075    

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11891262 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3684779\charrsid9054075 (iv)  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3684779\charrsid9054075 The extortion allegation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3684779\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3885745\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3684779\charrsid9054075  The judge correctly reminded the assessors about the alleged attempt by the woman\rquote 
s husband to extort money from Govind in return for his wife dropping the case.  He quite correctly told the assessors that they could take that evidence into account.  The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2043285\charrsid9054075 
re are, as I understood it, two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3684779\charrsid9054075 criticism}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2043285\charrsid9054075 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3684779\charrsid9054075  of the judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2043285\charrsid9054075 in this context.  The first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3684779\charrsid9054075 
is that he did not go on to explain to the assessors what the relevance of tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16083134\charrsid9054075 t evidence was.  The relevance o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3684779\charrsid9054075 f it was that if that had indeed happened, it painted her in a bad light and undermined her credibility }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5974090\charrsid9054075 as a witness.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2043285\charrsid9054075 In my opinion, the relevance of the evidence would have been obvious to the assessors: they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14880142\charrsid9054075 
did not need the judge to tell them what it was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2043285\charrsid9054075 .  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5576514 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5576514 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5974090\charrsid9054075 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2043285\charrsid9054075 second criticism of the judge arises from the fact that the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5974090\charrsid9054075 only comment which the judge in fact made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7017882\charrsid9054075 about the attempted extortion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2043285\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5974090\charrsid9054075 was that only the Director of Public Prosecutions could drop the charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2447801\charrsid9054075 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5974090\charrsid9054075 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2447801\charrsid9054075 In defence of the judge, it has t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7017882\charrsid9054075 o be said that his comment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2447801\charrsid9054075 
 reflected the points made in cross-examination and re-examination of the witness who had given evidence about the attempted extortion.  The judge was doing no more than reminding the assessors of the point which \endash  correctly or otherwise \endash 
 the prosecution had made.  In my respectful opinion, it would have been better if the judge had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7017882\charrsid9054075 added}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2447801\charrsid9054075  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7017882\charrsid9054075 
 it did not really matter whether the alleged attempt to extort money could possibly have worked.  What was relevant was whether the woman and her husband had thought that it might work.  But it is very unlikely that the assessors would not have appreciat
ed that: I do not think they need}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7232395\charrsid9054075 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7017882\charrsid9054075  the judge to tell them that for them to have realised that.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075 
\par 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5576514 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075 (v)  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075 The undermining of the defence witnesses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075 
.  The judge commented that none of the witnesses called on Govind\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14880142\charrsid9054075 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075 behalf }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14880142\charrsid9054075 \'93were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075  present at the crime scene at the material time to assist us confirm or otherwise the complainant\rquote 
s version of events\'94.  The criticism of the judge is that this comment undermined the relevant evidence which they did give.  I do not agree.  The judge was simply saying that their evidence was not that of eye-witnesses to the events }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075 
hich gave rise to the charges.  That cannot be interpreted as implying that their evidence was of no value.  Their evidence related to other things which were said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14880142\charrsid9054075 t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075 o undermine the woman\rquote s account.   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5576514 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7017882\charrsid9054075 (v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7017882\charrsid9054075 )  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7017882\charrsid9054075 The inconsistencies in the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075  and implausibilities in the woman\rquote s account}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7017882\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16127472\charrsid9054075   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15732906\charrsid9054075 There were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1315482\charrsid9054075 said by Mr Sharma to have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15732906\charrsid9054075 a number of inconsistencies in the woman\rquote s evidence which the judge did no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2238086\charrsid9054075 t re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1315482\charrsid9054075 mind the assessors about.  For example}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2238086\charrsid9054075 , throughout}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15732906\charrsid9054075  her evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2238086\charrsid9054075  the woman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15732906\charrsid9054075 
 said (as did her husband) that Govind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2238086\charrsid9054075  regularly came to their house.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2238086\charrsid9054075  However, at one stage in her evidence, she said that Govind had not come to the farm between the first and second occasions on which she had allegedly been raped.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid9135161 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9135161  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9135161 
     Page 339 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2238086\charrsid9054075 
  We need a little realism here.  That part of her evidence was so obviously incorrect that either she did not say what the judge recorded her as having said, or that what she said was not what she had intended to say.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1713738\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid730802 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 Other supposed inconsistencies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1315482\charrsid9054075 
 relied upon by Mr Sharma were that the woman gave different versions in the course of her evidence of what had actually happened during the second occasion on which she had allegedly been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4734933\charrsid9054075 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1315482\charrsid9054075 aped}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 , and conflicting evidence about whether Govind }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 employed her as well as her husb}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 nd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4734933\charrsid9054075 
  And there was the inconsistency about when she told her husband about that incident \endash  which is more particularly spelled out in para 5 above.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2238086\charrsid9054075    }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15732906\charrsid9054075    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7017882\charrsid9054075 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid730802 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 In addition, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4734933\charrsid9054075 here were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1315482\charrsid9054075  what Mr Sharma argued were a number of implausibilities in the woman\rquote s account which the judge did not remind the assessors about.  For example, althoug}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 h the first occasion on which Govind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1315482\charrsid9054075  allegedly raped }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 her }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1315482\charrsid9054075 was the first occasion on which, according to her, she had ever met him, the conversation she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 
claimed to have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1315482\charrsid9054075 had with him that day is said not to have sounded like a conversation between two people who had never met}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075  or the sort of conversation which would t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7475157\charrsid9054075 
ke place between a woman and her would-be rapist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1315482\charrsid9054075 .  Agai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 
n, her description of both occasions on which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 he claimed to have been raped}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1315482\charrsid9054075 
 is said to have made it sound as if her real concern was not that she was having sexual intercourse against her will, but that her husband might come home while they were having sexual intercourse.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4734933\charrsid9054075   A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 nd a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4734933\charrsid9054075 
gain, if Govind had spent much of the day at her house before he raped her on the second occasion on which s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 he had allegedly been raped, why}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4734933\charrsid9054075  had she not left the house before it happened, in the light of what he had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 allegedly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4734933\charrsid9054075 done to her two years earlier?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1315482\charrsid9054075   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10034386\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid730802 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10034386\charrsid9054075 The difficul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 ty with Mr Sharma\rquote s reli}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10034386\charrsid9054075 ance on the supposed inconsis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10034386\charrsid9054075 enc}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 ies in the evidence and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10034386\charrsid9054075 the supposed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 imp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 aus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075 bilities in the woman\rquote s account is that it does not look as if any of them w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 ere relied on by Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10034386\charrsid9054075 Reddy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10034386\charrsid9054075 the trial.  If}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13006103\charrsid9054075  the judge\rquote s note of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10034386\charrsid9054075 
 Mr Reddy\rquote s closing speech is anything to go by, the only one of these imp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10034386\charrsid9054075 
ausibilities upon which he relied was the woman\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 s concern that her husban}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10034386\charrsid9054075 d might w}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 alk in on what was happe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075 ning.  Mr Reddy made the understandable tactical decision to rely}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10034386\charrsid9054075  more}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1315482\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 the failure to report the two alleged rapes to the police, the alleged attempt to extort money from Govind and the woman\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075 behaviour towards her husband.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 The judge can hardly be criticised for not reminding the assessors of inconsi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075 stencies and implausibilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075  which the defenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075 
e were not apparently stressing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 .  Having said all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4350640\charrsid9054075 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 hat, many of the supposed inconsistencies and implausibilities were not, in my opinion, as stark or as persuasive as Mr Sharma said they were. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4350640\charrsid9054075 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4350640\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12741832\charrsid9054075      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid730802 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12741832\charrsid9054075 Finally, it should be noted that Mr Sharma\rquote 
s real criticism of the judge in connection with these inconsistencies and implausibilities is not so much that he failed to remind the assessors of them, but that he failed to direct them on \'93the test for considering\'94
 inconsistencies and implausibilities.  Mr Sharma\rquote s written submissions described the test as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin2160\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12789619\charrsid7553279 \'93i.   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7553279 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12789619\charrsid7553279 Whether the inconsistency is significant, i.e. whether that inconsistency is fundamental to the issue that is being considered.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12789619\charrsid7553279 ii.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7553279 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12789619\charrsid7553279 If it isn\rquote t then the inconsistency can be disregarded.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin2160\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12789619\charrsid7553279 iii.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12741832\charrsid7553279  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7553279 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12789619\charrsid7553279 
If it is, then the Court must consider whether there is any acceptable explanation for the inconsistency.  If there is an acceptable explanation then the underlying reliability of the account is unaffected.
\par iv.   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7553279 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12789619\charrsid7553279 However, if there is no acceptable explanation for the inconsistency which is significant, then it 
may lead to the conclusion that the evidence is unreliable.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16608686\charrsid7553279 v.     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7553279 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16608686\charrsid7553279 If the in}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12789619\charrsid7553279 consistency is significant the Court could conclude that the witness is generally not to be relied upon.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4350640\charrsid7553279  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12789619\charrsid7553279 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755612\charrsid9054075 The judge did not give}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12789619\charrsid9054075  the assessors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755612\charrsid9054075 a direction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12789619\charrsid9054075 on those }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755612\charrsid9054075 precise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12789619\charrsid9054075 lines.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16608686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16608686\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid730802 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16608686\charrsid9054075 
A direction of this kind may be important in some cases, and it will generally be required \endash  albeit in an attenuated form \endash  in cases which turn, as here, on a witness\rquote 
s credibility.  But I would not regard it as essential.  It is, for the most part, a statement of the obvious.  An inconsistency in a witness\rquote s evidence which is not satisfactorily explained can undermine that witness\rquote 
s credibility or reliability, not just in r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755612\charrsid9054075 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16608686\charrsid9054075 lation to that part of the witness\rquote 
s evidence, but to the witness\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16608686\charrsid9054075 generally.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6755612\charrsid9054075   But in this case the judge said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755612\charrsid7553279 \'93
If you find a witness credible, you are entitled to accept the whole or some of his or her evidence, in your deliberation.  If you find a witness not credible, you are entitled to reject the whole or some of his or her evidence, in your deliberation.\'94

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li709\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755612\charrsid9054075 
Very broadly speaking, that encapsulated much of the direction which Mr Sharma said should be given.  It was, I think, just sufficient in a case such as this.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16254987\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16254987\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16254987\charrsid9054075 
In the final analysis, I think that what Mr Sharma was really doing was beguilingly trying to re-argue the case, though since that is not permissible in an appellate court, Mr Sharma realistically put his case on the basis of deficiencies in the summing-u
p. For the reasons I have given, I do not think that the criticisms of the judge\rquote s summing-up are such as to cause the judge\rquote s verdict to be set aside.    
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 Ground (2): The judge\rquote s judgment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9127390\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid730802 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16725165\charrsid9054075 
The judge is criticised for describing such inconsistencies as they were in the evidence as \'93peripheral\'94.  It is claimed that they were not peripheral: they went to the heart of the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid991316\charrsid9054075 
  I do not agree.  They were peripheral in the limited sense in which the judge, I think, used the term, ie they did not directly relate to what had actually happened on the three relevant occasions.  That is not to say that they were unimportant.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16254987\charrsid9054075   They went to the woman\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid991316\charrsid9054075 credibili
ty as a witness, and that is, of course, crucial in a case which turns almost wholly on one person\rquote s credibility.  But the judge was alive to that.  His comment that she had been inconsistent in some peripheral matters came }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16254987\charrsid9054075 immediately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid991316\charrsid9054075 
after he had concluded that she had been a credible witness.  Indeed, he said in terms that he found her to be credible \'93despite\'94 the inconsistencies in her evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4350640\charrsid9054075 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4350640\charrsid9054075 Ground (3): The criticisms of Mr Reddy}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid991316\charrsid9054075   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3302905\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid730802 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 4}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3302905\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid730802 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075 It sometimes happen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075  \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 much }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075 more often than is justified \endash 
 that defendants complain about how their lawyers represented them at their trial.  Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6698408\charrsid9054075 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2310429\charrsid9054075 
y argue that their lawyer\rquote s incompetence was such that it undermined the fairness of the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10636340\charrsid9054075   In this case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10628084\charrsid9054075 Govind makes four}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10636340\charrsid9054075  criticisms of Mr Reddy. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10628084\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid730802 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 (i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10628084\charrsid9054075 )  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10636340\charrsid9054075 The woman\rquote s failure to attend court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10636340\charrsid9054075 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3302905\charrsid9054075  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10636340\charrsid9054075 On the day the trial was due to start, the woman failed to come to court.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid602364\charrsid9054075 
The judge was told by the prosecution that the woman had travelled to Suva from Wailoku that morning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid602364\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4739595 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4739595      Page 334 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid602364\charrsid9054075 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10636340\charrsid9054075 A bench warrant for her arrest was issued, and the trial was adj}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid602364\charrsid9054075 ourned to the follow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 ing day.  The woman came to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid602364\charrsid9054075 
court the next day, but if the judge was told why she had not been in court the previous day when the case was ready to begin, that does not appear in the judge\rquote s notes.  The case then proceeded in the normal way.  The criticism of Mr Reddy is th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 at he did not cross-examine the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid602364\charrsid9054075 
 woman about this.  Mr Sharma wrote in his written submissions that there was \'93a very high probability that the Complain
ant did not turn up to Court to give evidence on the first day because she knew she had lied about the allegations and did not want to give evidence\'94.  This is, of course, a matter of speculation.  It might just have been that she }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9135161\charrsid9054075 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid602364\charrsid9054075 got cold feet, not because she knew she was going to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13067578\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid602364\charrsid9054075 have to lie, but because like many people she was just nervous about having to give evidence in a court of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13067578\charrsid9054075   None of this, though, was tested by Mr Reddy in cross-examination.  Mr Sharma argues that it should have been.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13067578\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16451312 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13067578\charrsid9054075 The difficulty with this line of argument is that Mr Reddy\rquote 
s reasons for not cross-examining the woman on the topic have not been explored.  He was not asked to explain why he did not take that course.  As we shall see, he was asked to comment on another criticism of him \endash 
 following the procedure laid down in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13067578\charrsid9054075 Nilesh Chand v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13067578\charrsid9054075  [2019] FJCA 254 \endash 
 but not on this topic.  For all we know, he may have made the decision not to cross-examine her on this to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1124663\charrsid9054075 pic because he feared that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13067578\charrsid9054075 the assessors and the judge mi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1124663\charrsid9054075 ght sympathize with any misplaced sense of shame she might have felt about submitting to Govind\rquote 
s demands and any embarrassment on her part to talk in public about really intimate things.  In any event, the lawyer having the conduct of the case has to mak
e tactical decisions throughout the trial.  So long as his decision is within the range of reasonable decisions which could be made in the circumstances, his trial will not be rende}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3895837\charrsid9054075 red unfair sim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1124663\charrsid9054075 ply because other lawyers might have come to a different tactic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11762138\charrsid9054075 al decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1124663\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3026341\charrsid9054075   Without Mr Reddy\rquote 
s comments on this complaint, it is impossible for me to say that no lawyer could reasonably have taken the course he chose to take.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1124663\charrsid9054075 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16451312 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 (ii}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11874806\charrsid9054075 )  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11874806\charrsid9054075 The cross-examination of the woman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11874806\charrsid9054075 
.  It will be recalled that Mr Reddy put Govind\rquote s case to the woman \endash  that they had had consensual sex about ten times and had gone to a particular area in Suva (where it is known that rooms can be rented by the hour).  The criticism of
 Mr Reddy is that, when the woman denied that, he did not go on to ask her further questions on the topic, such as the dates and times when that had happened.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16451312 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11874806\charrsid9054075 
This line of argument has the same problems as the previous one.  Mr Reddy was not asked why he did not do that.  For all we know, Govind might not have giv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11762138\charrsid9054075 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11874806\charrsid9054075 n him instructions about when and at what time it had happened.  Moreover, without }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11874806\charrsid9054075 ny evidence supporting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11762138\charrsid9054075 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 hose allegations, the view could legitimately be taken that putting further details to her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11762138\charrsid9054075 
 would have been pointless.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 
Indeed, if Govind ultimately chose not to give evidence, cross-examination along the lines suggested might only have highlighted the fact that Govind had chosen not to support the allegations with his own evidence.  Again, without Mr Reddy\rquote 
s comments on this complaint, it cannot be argued that no lawyer could reasonably have taken the course which Mr Reddy took.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11874806\charrsid9054075      
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1124663\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16451312 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 (iii)  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1124663\charrsid9054075 The domestic violence restraining order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1124663\charrsid9054075 .  The woman was being re-examined }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3895837\charrsid9054075 
when the court adjourned for the day.  The next morning, Mr Reddy told the judge that the defence had found out about the domestic violence restraining order.  The prosecution said that they would object to evidence about that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid3895837\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4739595 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4739595 
     Page 343 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3895837\charrsid9054075 
  The criticism of Mr Reddy is that he did not apply to the judge for permission to re-open his cross-examination of the woman to ask her why she was still living with her husband, nor did he cross-examine her husband about it when he came to give evidenc
e.  Instead, Mr Reddy elicited the evidence about it from one of the defence witnesses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid3026341\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4739595 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4739595      Page 351 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3895837\charrsid9054075 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3895837\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16451312 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3895837\charrsid9054075 This line of argument is subject to the same flaws as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11874806\charrsid9054075 two previous ones.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3895837\charrsid9054075 
  Mr Reddy has not been asked to explain why he chose to take the course he did.  It might have been quite a canny tactic on his part.  Having been told that the prosecution would object to the admissibility of the domestic violence restraining order, he 
had an excuse for not putting it to the woman and her husban}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3026341\charrsid9054075 d and thereby running the risk of getting an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11762138\charrsid9054075 swers which could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3895837\charrsid9054075  downplay the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3026341\charrsid9054075 
 significance of the potential point.  Rather, bring out the existence of the order through one of the defence witnesses, and argue the issue of admissibility then if necessary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 
  Once a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3026341\charrsid9054075 gain, without Mr Reddy\rquote s comments, I cannot say that no lawyer could reasonably have taken the course he did.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 41}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3026341\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16451312 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 (iv)  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3026341\charrsid9054075 The advice about whether to give evidence}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3026341\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3895837\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3026341\charrsid9054075 
 The advice which Mr Reddy gave Govind about whether or not he should give evidence is by far the most powerful ground of appeal when it comes to the criticisms of Mr Reddy.  It is a ground of appeal which I have had to think long and hard about.  It is f
irst necessary to identify what Govind himself and Mr Reddy say was said.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7232395\charrsid9054075   Govind\rquote 
s account is set out in para 16 of an affidavit he swore in support of his application for bail pending his appeal to the Court of Appeal.  He said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid4739595 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739595       }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4739595 Page 59 of the Record of the Supreme Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7232395\charrsid9054075 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3026341\charrsid9054075   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3895837\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7232395\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7232395\charrsid7553279 \'93
As I recall, once the Court ruled that there was a case to answer my Counsel just told me that everything was under control}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid7553279 , t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7232395\charrsid7553279 hat he had the case in the bag and there was no need for me to give oral evidence.  He assured me that he had already won 18 rape cases previously.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7232395 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 42}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7232395\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16451312 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7232395\charrsid9054075 In order to obtain Mr Reddy\rquote 
s account of what had been said, Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid484326\charrsid9054075 Sharma\rquote s firm wrote to Mr Reddy\rquote s firm.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075 
Copies of the three letters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11762138\charrsid9054075  \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075  from which extracts are set out in this paragraph and the next 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11762138\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075 were exhibited to that affidavit. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid484326\charrsid9054075 The material parts of the letter read as follows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4739595 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4739595      Page 103 of the Record of the Supreme Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid484326\charrsid9054075 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid484326\charrsid7553279 \'93
When we asked [Mr Sami] why he chose to remain silent we were informed that he was just told by you to remain silent as you had matters under control.
\par Could you please provide to us any written legal advice that you provided to Mr Sami about his options and any written instructions from Mr Sami that he had considered such legal advice and was agreeing to the option to remain silent.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid484326 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2775419\charrsid7553279 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid484326\charrsid9054075 
The letter did not state that Govind had waived legal privilege \endash  something which he would have to have done if Mr Reddy could lawfully give the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364759\charrsid9054075 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid484326\charrsid9054075 nformation sought in this letter.  I assume, therefore, that that was conveyed to Mr Reddy in some other way.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1124663\charrsid9054075   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid484326 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16451312\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 43}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14364759\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16451312 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11762138\charrsid9054075 The material part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14364759\charrsid9054075  of Mr Reddy\rquote s firm\rquote s reply was as follows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4739595 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4739595      Page 105 of the Record of the Supreme Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14364759\charrsid9054075 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid484326\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364759\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364759\charrsid7553279 \'93
Kindly note that once the prosecution closed its case, our Mr Reddy was asked by the judge to proceed with the Defence case.
\par Our Mr Reddy requested that the matter be stood }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11762138\charrsid7553279 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364759\charrsid7553279 
own so that he could receive instructions from Mr Sami in relation to whether he should give evidence.  The Judge also e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid469171\charrsid7553279 xplained to Mr Sami his options}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364759\charrsid7553279 .  This would be reflected in the court record.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid484326\charrsid7553279  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid469171\charrsid7553279 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2775419 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid469171\charrsid7553279 Our Mr Reddy then took Mr Sami outside the court house while the court was still sitting.  Mr Reddy advised Mr Sami of his options.  
During the trial which was over a week, Mr Reddy had talked to Mr Sami several times about whether he would or would not give evidence.  He again explained to Mr Sami about his option of giving or not giving evidence.
\par Mr Sami outside the court house then asked our Mr Reddy of his opinion on whether Mr Sami should give evidence or not.  Mr Reddy was of the opinion that enough damage was done to the prosecution case and it would be risky to put Mr Sami on the stand.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2775419 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid469171\charrsid7553279 
Mr Sami the[n] agreed that he should not give evidence and Mr Sami was also of the opinion that enough damage was done to the credibility of all the witnesses.  At the end after receiving Mr Reddy\rquote 
s opinion Mr Sami chose not to give evidence.  As you }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8996180\charrsid7553279 wo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid469171\charrsid7553279 
uld be aware it is impossible to give a written advice to a client about his options to give evidence during the trial.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8996180\charrsid7553279 
The option to take can only be exercised at the close of prosecution case.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11762138\charrsid7553279 judge would proceed with the case and it is impossible to give written instructions.  The }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8996180\charrsid7553279 next best thing is to stand the matter down and take instruction from client which our Mr Reddy did.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid469171\charrsid7553279 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8996180\charrsid7553279 The judge was informed of Mr Govind Sami decision not to give evidence.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8996180 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2775419\charrsid7553279 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8996180\charrsid9054075 In due course, Mr Sharma\rquote 
s firm sent Mr Reddy a copy of the written submissions to be used on the appeal to the Court of Appeal, and advised him of his right to make such representations to the Court of Appeal as he chose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4739595 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4739595 
Page 114 of the Record of the Supreme Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8996180\charrsid9054075 .  So far as I can tell, Mr Reddy did not make any such representations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8996180 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9449442 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 4
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10628084\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9449442 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075 This is a top}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9506987\charrsid9054075 
ic on which I would have been greatly helped by the views of the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1339154\charrsid9054075 
It was one of the grounds of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11762138\charrsid9054075  to the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1339154\charrsid9054075 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075 Unfortunately, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1339154\charrsid9054075 both what Govind had said in his affidavit and the letters were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075 overlooked by the Court of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1339154\charrsid9054075 
Appeal.  Because they thought that there had been no evidence at all in support of this ground of appeal, the Court of Appeal dismissed it out of hand.  That is very surprising.  The evidence had been referred to by Mr Sharma in paras 8.9-8.15 of his writ
ten submissions to the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid1339154\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4739595 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4739595 Pages 97-198 of the Record of the Supreme Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1339154\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3096026\charrsid9054075 
Indeed, para 8.10 of the written submissions said that the affidavit (to which copies of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075 the letters were exhibited) was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3096026\charrsid9054075  annexed to the submissions.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1339154\charrsid9054075 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3096026\charrsid9054075 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1339154\charrsid9054075  looks as if the members of the Court of Appeal had not read those submissions with sufficient care.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3096026\charrsid9054075   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075 Not that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075 this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075 
matters now.  The relevant letters are before the Supreme Court and we can consider th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075 is ground of appeal in the light}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid478748\charrsid9054075  of them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3096026 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3096026\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9449442 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3096026\charrsid9054075 Defendants need advice about whether or not to give evidence.  It is not enough simply to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075 inform a defendant what his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3096026\charrsid9054075 options are.  A defendant needs advice about the advantages an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075 d disadvantages of each of his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3096026\charrsid9054075  options.  Only then can he make an informed decision about which option to choose.  I say \'93choose\'94
 because at the end of the day it is his decision whether to give evidence, not that of his lawyer. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7231644\charrsid9054075  The letter from Mr Reddy\rquote s firm included this sentence: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7231644\charrsid9054075 \'93At the end after receiving Mr Reddy\rquote 
s opinion, Mr Sami }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7231644\charrsid9054075 chose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7231644\charrsid9054075  not to give evidence.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7231644\charrsid9054075   (Emphasis supplied) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7231644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2775419\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7231644\charrsid9054075 
Govind does not dispute that.  He did not actually say in his affidavit that it was his choice not to give evidence, but Mr Sharma accepts that it was because in his firm\rquote s letter to Mr Reddy\rquote s firm Mr Sharma wrote:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7231644\charrsid9054075 \'93When we asked [Mr Sami] why he }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7231644\charrsid9054075 chose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7231644\charrsid9054075  to remain silent \'85\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7231644\charrsid9054075 
 (Emphasis supplied)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7231644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2775419 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid926049 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119305 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14968309\charrsid9054075 It}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7231644\charrsid9054075  follow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14968309\charrsid9054075 s that the only issue relates to the sufficiency of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7231644\charrsid9054075  the advice which Mr Reddy gave Govind about the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14968309\charrsid9054075 
pitfalls of exercising each option.  And since Govind chose not to give evidence, the real question is whether he was sufficiently advised about the advantages and disadvantages of not giving evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075   The evidence is that the only advice he gave related to how the case had gone so far.  There are differences of emphasis between Govind\rquote 
s account of what was said and that of Mr Reddy, but the effect of the advice was that things had gone really well, that there was every chance that even without Govind\rquote s evidence he was very likely to be acquitted,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075  and that giving evidence could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9201807\charrsid9054075  be risky}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1072514 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1072514\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119305 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1072514\charrsid9054075 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9201807\charrsid9054075 roadly speaking, there are three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1072514\charrsid9054075  disadvantages about not giving evidence.  The first is that the assessors might think you have something to hide.  If you are innocent, why not give your account?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075   That is a stro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1072514\charrsid9054075 ng argument in tho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1072514\charrsid9054075  j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1072514\charrsid9054075 
risdictions where the jury can draw inferences adverse to the defendant from his failure to give evidence.  But that does not apply to Fiji.  Here judges warn the assessors that no i
nference adverse to the defendant can be drawn from exercising his right of sil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1072514\charrsid9054075 
nce.  Indeed in this case, the judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1072514\charrsid9054075 gave the assessors that warning twice \endash  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075 paras 23 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1072514\charrsid9054075 38 of his summing-up.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid1072514\charrsid9054075 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid4739595 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4739595 
     Pages 301 and 305 of the Record of the High Court.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5516707\charrsid9054075 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075 e have to assume that the assessors followed the judge\rquote s direc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5516707\charrsid9054075 
tions, as did the judge himself, so that this possible disadvantage about not giving evidence falls away. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3096026\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid601461\charrsid9054075 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119305 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075 The second disadvantage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075  about not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5516707\charrsid9054075  giving evidence related to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075 
 the comment which the judge would be entitled to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5516707\charrsid9054075 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075 
ake about the fact that a positive case had been put on Govind\rquote s behalf.  It would have been perfectly permissible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5516707\charrsid9054075  for the judge to have given}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075  th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5516707\charrsid9054075 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075  assessors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5516707\charrsid9054075  a direction on the lines set out in para 15 above \endash  namely that t
he case Govind had instructed his lawyer to put had not been made on oath and had not been tested by the cross-examination of Govind.  However, the judge did not in the event give such a direction to the assessors, and so this possible disadvantage about 
not giving evidence did not materialise.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1580906\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9201807 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9201807\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119305\charrsid13393317 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9201807\charrsid13393317 I turn to the one important disadvantage of giving evidence, and that is that you run the risk of undoing s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid13393317 uch good work as your lawyer may have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9201807\charrsid13393317  achieved during the prosecution\rquote 
s case.  A basic rule is not to call evidence unless you need to.  In many cases the need to do so is obvious.  But there also many cases in which the issue is less clear-cut.  In such cases, how the defendant is likely to give evidence becomes important.
  Any success in casting doubt on the prosecution\rquote s case can sometimes be demolished by the defendant\rquote s own evidence.  This is a tricky topic for any defenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4739595\charrsid13393317 
e lawyer.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9201807\charrsid13393317 It is difficult f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4739595\charrsid13393317 or him to tell his client that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9201807\charrsid13393317 he will }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4739595\charrsid13393317 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9201807\charrsid13393317 ake}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4739595\charrsid13393317  a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9201807\charrsid13393317 bad witness.  It could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9201807\charrsid9054075 resu
lt in the client losing confidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4739595\charrsid9054075 in him.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9201807\charrsid9054075 It is frequently better }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4739595\charrsid9054075 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9201807\charrsid9054075 
o dress that up by simply saying that it is risky for the defendant to give evidence.  Of course, by not giving evidence, a defendant does not give the assessors or the judge an opportunity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4739595\charrsid9054075 to hear his side of the events which gave rise to the charge, and it is a matter of fine judgment what advice should be given.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4739595 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid926049 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4739595\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119305 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4739595\charrsid9054075 Looking at the case as a whole, I have concluded, not without hesitation, that the advice which Mr Reddy gave Govind was advice which he could reasonably have give}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075 n in the circumstances.  I have particularly borne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4739595\charrsid9054075  in mind (a) the evidence which had emerged during the prosecution\rquote 
s case about the woman\rquote s failure to report what had happened to her to the police until much later, and (b) the evidence which would come out during the defence case about the attempted extortion and the domes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075 tic violence restraining order.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2170935\charrsid9054075 
Moreover, he would have formed his own view about how well the woman had given her evidence, and what Govind would have been like as a witness.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075 
All in all, I do not think that what Mr Reddy told Govind was so beyond what might be regarded as appropriate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075 that it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075 undermined the fairness of Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075 nd\rquote s trial.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075 Conclusion
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13393317 51}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119305 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075 I would give Govind leave to appeal aga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 inst his conv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075 iction on the basis that, since th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 
e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075  Court of Appeal did not address properly Govind\rquote s com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075 laint about his legal representation, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 
a grave and substantial injustice may have occurred if the Supreme Court had not addressed the issue.  In accordance with the Supreme Court\rquote 
s usual practice, I would treat the hearing of the application for leave to appeal as the hearing of the appeal, but for the reasons I have endeavoured to give }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5196622\charrsid9054075 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 would dismiss the appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1119305\charrsid1119305 Qetaki J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1119305 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13393317 52}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1119305 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4681763 \tab I have read the judgment of His Lordship Brian Keith.  I agree entirely with the judgment and proposed orders.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1119305\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 Orders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s29 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s29\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075   Leave to appeal against conviction granted.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s29 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11419269\charrsid9054075 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}  Appeal dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7275514\charrsid9054075   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10628084\charrsid9054075 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri567\sa160\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid9270635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid469171\charrsid9054075            
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid9270635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1381900\charrsid1381900 The Hon. Mr. Justice Anthony Gates
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1381900 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1381900\charrsid1381900 The Hon. Mr. Justice Brian Keith
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1381900 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1381900\charrsid1381900 The Hon. Mr. Justice Alipate Qetaki
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1381900 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1381900\charrsid9054075 
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