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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid3604686 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI
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\par 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166 Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1003897\charrsid2767166 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid3604686 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166 Coram\tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166 Hon. Mr. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1003897\charrsid2767166 Saleem Marsoof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166 , Judge of the Supreme Court
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Hon. Mr. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1003897\charrsid2767166 Suresh Chandra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166 
, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Hon. Mr. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1003897\charrsid2767166 Brian Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166 
, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166 
\par Counsel:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9251010\charrsid2767166 Mr. A. Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166  for the Pe
titioner
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2767166 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9251010\charrsid2767166 Mr. A. Sen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166 for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9251010\charrsid2767166 First }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166 Respondent
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9251010\charrsid2767166 
The Second Respondent was not represented and did not appear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5778730\charrsid2767166 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9251010\charrsid2767166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166 
\par 
\par Date of Hearing:\tab 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7961788\charrsid2767166 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166  April 2019

\par 
\par Date of Judgment:\tab 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7961788\charrsid2767166 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166  April 2019

\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid2767166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid3604686 JUDGMENT
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7360703\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15497221\charrsid7961788 Marsoof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6629792 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15497221\charrsid7961788  J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15497221\charrsid7961788 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15497221 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7961788\charrsid7961788 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 
I have read in draft the judgment of Keith J and I would respectfully agree with his reasoning and conclusions.  I also agree with the orders proposed by him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li992\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin992\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15497221\charrsid7961788 Chandra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6629792 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15497221\charrsid7961788  J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15497221\charrsid7961788 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15497221 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7961788\charrsid7961788 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 2.     I agree with the reasoning and conclusion of Keith J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15497221\charrsid9703086 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15497221\charrsid7961788 Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6629792 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15497221\charrsid7961788  J}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15497221\charrsid7961788 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15497221 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7961788\charrsid7961788 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16151139\charrsid9703086 Introductio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6958671\charrsid9703086 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6958671 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7961788\charrsid9703086 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10297834\charrsid9703086 appeal concerns a small}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6958671\charrsid9703086 
 plot of land in Qila on the island of Taveuni.  The dispute over the land has been going on for years, and has pitted one side of a family against the other.  It generated a long judgment in the High Court, and even longer judgments in the Court of Appea
l.  The apparent complexity of the c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7630413\charrsid9703086 ase was highlighted by the fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6958671\charrsid9703086  that it took the Court of Appeal}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7630413\charrsid9703086  over 16 months to produce its judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8867188\charrsid9703086 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4993083\charrsid9703086 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8867188\charrsid9703086 ncluding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6958671\charrsid9703086  a dissenting judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4993083\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4993083 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li990\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin990\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788\charrsid9703086 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7630413\charrsid9703086 Plaintiff was Bhan Wati (\'93Bhan\'94).  The First Defendant was Vijay Kumar (\'93Vijay\'94), her brother-in-law.  She sought a declaration against Vijay that she was the rightf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid948311\charrsid9703086 ul beneficial owner of the land, and Vijay counterclaimed for vacant possession of the land.  Vijay had obtained a loan from the Fiji Development Bank (\'93the Bank\'94) which was secured by a charge over the la}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid602163\charrsid9703086 nd, and the Bank was joined as the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid948311\charrsid9703086 
 Second Defendant to the claim to prevent the Bank from selling the land or evicting Bhan.  In the High Court, Balapatabendi J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4993083\charrsid9703086  gave judgment for Bhan on her claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086  and dismissed Vijay\rquote s counterclaim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4993083\charrsid9703086 , but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086 he dismissed Bhan\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4993083\charrsid9703086  claim again}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086 st the Bank}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4993083\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4993083 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li990\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin990\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788\charrsid9703086 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 Vijay }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4993083\charrsid9703086 appealed to the Court of Appeal.  A majority of the Court of Appeal (Calanchini P and Amaratunga JA, with Prematilaka JA dissenting)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086 
 reversed the decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4993083\charrsid9703086 of the trial judge.  It allowed Vijay\rquote s appeal, with the effect that Bhan\rquote s claim was dismissed and Vijay\rquote 
s counterclaim was allowed.  It ordered Bhan to vacate the land, but it stayed that order for 30 days.  Bhan now applies for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court.  She seeks the restoration of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086 the order of the High Court.  I assume that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4993083\charrsid9703086 
he stay on the order for possession has been continued pending the outcome of her application for leave to appeal.   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7630413\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6958671\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6958671 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li990\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin990\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16151139\charrsid9703086 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16521475\charrsid9703086 undisputed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16151139\charrsid9703086 facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16151139 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7961788\charrsid9703086 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6958671\charrsid9703086 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6958671\charrsid9703086 The land to which the dispute relates }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14624153\charrsid9703086 is part }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid622457\charrsid9703086 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14624153\charrsid9703086 
an estate of 68 acres which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid622457\charrsid9703086 is registered under Certificate of Title 6864}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7568037\charrsid9703086  (\'93CT 6864\'94)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14624153\charrsid9703086 .  The land comprised in CT 6864}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid622457\charrsid9703086  was owned by Bhagirathi, son of Panna}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4660936\charrsid9703086  (\'93Bhagirathi\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086 .  He had six}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086 
 sons and five daughters.  Three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7372225\charrsid9703086  of the sons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid622457\charrsid9703086  feature in the story.  They are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086  Vijay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086 , Shiu Prasad (\'93Shiu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4660936\charrsid9703086 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086 ) and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4660936\charrsid9703086  Hari Prasad (\'93Hari\'94).  Bhagirathi and his family all lived}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14624153\charrsid9703086  together in a house on the estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4660936\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4660936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li990\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin990\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086 Shiu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7568037\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 was married to Bhan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4660936\charrsid9703086 .  Eventually ther}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 e came a time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086  when Shiu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086  and Bhan}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4660936\charrsid9703086  wanted to live in their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086  own home, so Shiu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12518307\charrsid9703086  asked his fa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4660936\charrsid9703086 ther for permission to build a house for himself and his family away }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086 from the family home but still o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4660936\charrsid9703086 n his father\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14624153\charrsid9703086 
s estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12518307\charrsid9703086 .  Bhagira}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4660936\charrsid9703086 thi agreed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12518307\charrsid9703086 , and permission was sought from the local authority for the construction of a s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14624153\charrsid9703086 mall house on a part of the estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12518307\charrsid9703086  which had not previously been surveyed.  Permission was granted in 1970, but neither the precise dimensions of the construction nor i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10305389\charrsid9703086 ts precise position were defined in the application form.  There was only a rough sketch which showed that the new building was not to be that far from the family home}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12518307\charrsid9703086 .  The house was nevertheles}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086 s built}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8001459\charrsid9703086 
, at least at some expense to Shiu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid8001459\charrsid9703086 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8001459 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid5914078 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914078   It is unclear to what extent Shiu paid for the building of the house.  There were references to him just paying for materials, and other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6893720 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914078  not confining his expenditure to that.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086 , and that was where Shiu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12518307\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 and Bhan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7372225\charrsid9703086 lived with their children}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12518307\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10305389\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1277856\charrsid9703086 No rent was ever paid by Shiu for it.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10305389\charrsid9703086 
In 1980, permission was sought from the local authority for the construction of an extension to the house.  That was granted.  A rough sketch attached to the application form showed that the extension would almost double the size of the house.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8001459\charrsid9703086   It was not disputed that this extension was built, and it looks as if Shiu paid for it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1277856\charrsid9703086 
  We do not know whether there were other extensions to the house over the years, but the house now is a substantial one with 7 bedrooms. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10305389\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12518307\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7568037\charrsid9703086 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12518307\charrsid9703086 Bhagirat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7372225\charrsid9703086 hi died on 6 August}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7568037\charrsid9703086  1977.  By}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12518307\charrsid9703086  his will, which had be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297834\charrsid9703086 
en made in 1975, he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7568037\charrsid9703086  appointed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297834\charrsid9703086 Vijay as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7568037\charrsid9703086 the sole executor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14183958\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297834\charrsid9703086 of his will, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14183958\charrsid9703086 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297834\charrsid9703086 bequeathed the whole of his estate on trust for Vijay \'93for his own use and benefit absolutely\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7568037\charrsid9703086 .  The will }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 contained instructions for Vijay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7568037\charrsid9703086  to maintain and support Bhagirathi\rquote s widow and daughter, allowing them }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15865613\charrsid9703086 to live in the family home \endash  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7568037\charrsid9703086 the case of his widow until she died, and in the case of his daughter until sh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 e married.  In due course, Vijay}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7568037\charrsid9703086  was granted probate, and he became the registered proprietor of CT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12388924\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7568037\charrsid9703086 6864. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid85328 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788\charrsid9703086 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 .     On 3 June 1985 Vijay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid85328\charrsid9703086  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 Shiu signed a deed whereby Vijay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid85328\charrsid9703086 
 agreed to transfer to Shiu seven acres of land out of the land included in CT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12388924\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid85328\charrsid9703086 
6864.  The land to be transferred was to be ide
ntified and described in a plan annexed to the deed.  However, the actual plan which was annexed to the deed was no more than a sketch.  It was not drawn to scale, and it did not show whether the land which was being transferred included that part of CT 6
864 on which the house in which Shiu lived with his family was.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16521475\charrsid9703086 In fact, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid85328\charrsid9703086 
the house in which Shiu lived with his family was in another part of CT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12388924\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid85328\charrsid9703086 6864. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid85328\charrsid9703086 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid85328\charrsid9703086 The consideration for this transfer was $1.00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310913\charrsid9703086  and the natural l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid815750\charrsid9703086 ove}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086  and affection }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10379208\charrsid9703086 of Vijay for Shiu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11213018\charrsid9703086 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11213018 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid5914078 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914078 
  In para 30 of his judgment, Prematilaka JA said that it had been common ground at the trial that despite what the deed had said Vijay had been paid $3,000 for the transfer of this land.  I have not seen anything in the evidence about that \endash 
 or anywhere else for that matter.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086   Indeed, Vijay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310913\charrsid9703086 
 entered similar arrangements by deed with his other brothers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid3564694\charrsid9703086 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564694 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid5914078 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914078   That is said by Bhan to have been in accordance with Bhagirathi\rquote 
s wishes that the estate be divided up between his six sons.  Vijay claims that it was simply a gesture of goodwill on his part on condition that the costs of dividing up the land would be borne by his brothers.  His defence also said that it was on condi
tion that they would make no further demands on him, but he did not actually say that in his evidence.  I mention this only as part of the narrative but nothing turns on it. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3564694\charrsid9703086   
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409453\charrsid9703086 His intention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12388924\charrsid9703086 was to divide CT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16409453\charrsid9703086 6864 into 10 separate lots, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3564694\charrsid9703086  to transfer to ea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12388924\charrsid9703086 ch of t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086 he bro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10882176\charrsid9703086 thers one of the lots}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12388924\charrsid9703086 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409453\charrsid9703086 A plan setting out his scheme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 
 was prepared and shown by Vijay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid163541\charrsid9703086  to his brothers including Shiu, though it was never produced at the trial.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5310913\charrsid9703086 The agreement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12388924\charrsid9703086 with Shiu }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310913\charrsid9703086 
provided that the costs of preparing the de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409453\charrsid9703086 ed, of surveying CT 6864 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid163541\charrsid9703086 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409453\charrsid9703086 producing a plan for the subdivision of CT 8684 into 10 lots, and any other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310913\charrsid9703086 legal costs and disbursements}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid163541\charrsid9703086 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310913\charrsid9703086  were to be paid by Shiu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409453\charrsid9703086 
 (though presumably the surveying costs would be shared with Shiu\rquote s other brothers who were g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 etting their own lots from Vijay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16409453\charrsid9703086 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310913\charrsid9703086 .  The transfer was to be effected, and the title to the land registered in Shiu\rquote s name, as soon as the land had b}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5118405\charrsid9703086 een surveyed at Shiu\rquote s cost.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9989743\charrsid9703086 The plan was for Shiu }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5310913\charrsid9703086 to move to the new plot once he had acquired title to it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14624153\charrsid9703086   This plot was to be lot 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7477604\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12388924\charrsid9703086 
.   Following the execution of this deed, the firm of Deepak and Govind, consultant surveyors, were engaged to survey }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906901\charrsid9703086 the land comprised in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12388924\charrsid9703086 CT 6864}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906901\charrsid9703086  with a view to divid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409453\charrsid9703086 
ing it up into the 10 lots in accordance with the scheme plan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8853953\charrsid9703086   One of the exhibits before the trial judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3741064\charrsid9703086  (exhibit P4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8853953\charrsid9703086  was Shiu\rquote s instructions dated 21 September 1985 to carr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10235461\charrsid9703086 y out the survey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 .  Presumably Vijay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8853953\charrsid9703086 \rquote 
s other brothers who were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14183958\charrsid9703086 to be given their own lots gave similar instructions to the surveyors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8853953\charrsid9703086 .

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8853953\charrsid9703086 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11155475\charrsid9703086 Shiu died intestate in December 1986}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12797323\charrsid9703086  but }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7295133\charrsid9703086 Bhan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11155475\charrsid9703086  did not move out of the house she had shared with Shiu.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1277856\charrsid9703086 She continued to live there until this day.  She has never paid any rent for living there.  She now lives there with many members of her extended family.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12797323\charrsid9703086 As I have said, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3741064\charrsid9703086 t was not on the plot which was to be lot 4.  Part of it was on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086 what was to be lot 10, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14695970\charrsid9703086 the other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086 part of it was on }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1314902\charrsid9703086 the plot which was to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3741064\charrsid9703086 transf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1314902\charrsid9703086 erred to Hari}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086  as lot 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3741064\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12797323\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3741064\charrsid9703086 Something was agreed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1182549\charrsid9703086  between Bhan and Hari }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14183958\charrsid9703086 about that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1314902\charrsid9703086 in 1987}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3741064\charrsid9703086 
.  What was actually agreed is in dispute.  The document recording the agreement was exhibit P4 \endash  the instructions to the surveyors.  Someone wrote under those instructions:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3741064 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12911849\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3741064\charrsid7961788 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3741064\charrsid7961788 Special notes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3741064\charrsid7961788 
\par 23/4/87
\par The second payment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9904739\charrsid7961788  of $375 plus all other expenses incurred for Mr Hari Prasad s/n Bhagirathi\rquote 
s title to be completely processed shall be borne by the power of attorney (executor of will) of Shiu Prasad s/n Bhagirathi \endash  Mrs Bhan Wati Shiu Prasad \endash  for the exchange of the land on which Mrs Bhan Wati\rquote 
s existing occupation is erected.  This land is 40.63 metres wide onto the road frontage and is 100.10 metres deep.
\par This usage of the land }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1526653\charrsid7961788 shall be in force up till the time that the present occupation is removed, also until this piece of land is sold to any other party.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7961788\charrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1526653\charrsid6629792 Following these words were the signature}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1182549\charrsid6629792  of Bhan and the thumbprint of Hari together with the signature of Vijay as a witness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12457914\charrsid6629792   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7887569\charrsid6629792 The background to this agreement was that Bhan had sought to demarcate the boundary to the land 
she was occupying by pegging the land in a way which showed that it encroached on part of the plot which was to be transferred to Hari.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12457914\charrsid6629792 
I shall come later to what each of the parties say was the effect of that agreement, but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1182549\charrsid6629792  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12457914\charrsid6629792 
whatever its effect was, shortly after it Bhan paid $760 to the surveyors.  A receipt dated 25 April 1987 confirmed that.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12797323\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9831730\charrsid9703086    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9831730\charrsid9703086 Sometime after that, new surveyors were engaged in place of Deepak}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10235461\charrsid9703086  and Govi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9831730\charrsid9703086 nd.  They were Inoke Consu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10235461\charrsid9703086 ltants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10882176\charrsid9703086 
  It took some time for the survey to be completed, and a plan dated 14 August 1996 shows the configuration of each of the 10 lots into which CT 6864 was divided.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1314902\charrsid9703086   The lots we}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12212020\charrsid9703086 re of different sizes, and leaving aside lots 4 and 10, and any lots which Vijay may have retained for himself, the remaining lots were transferred to Vijay\rquote s brothers.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12212020\charrsid9703086 .    The critical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1708004\charrsid9703086  lot for present purpose }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1314902\charrsid9703086 was lot 10}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1708004\charrsid9703086  \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086 which by then included that part of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1708004\charrsid9703086  lot }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086 9 to which the agreement of 23 April }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15669398\charrsid9703086 1987 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086 related}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1708004\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10882176\charrsid9703086 
  The longer side of lot 10 was 100.10 metres long, and the common border}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086  between lot }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10882176\charrsid9703086 10 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086 and what had by then become }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086 a slightly smaller }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086 lot 9 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10882176\charrsid9703086 was 40.63 metres long.  These measurements matched }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12063288\charrsid9703086 
those in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1314902\charrsid9703086  the agreement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086 of 23 April 1987 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1708004\charrsid9703086 and represented abo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7477604\charrsid9703086 ut half of lot 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1314902\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7477604\charrsid9703086   It is lot 10 whose ownership is disputed in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1708004\charrsid9703086   As for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7477604\charrsid9703086 lot 4 \endash  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1708004\charrsid9703086 lot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7477604\charrsid9703086 
 which was to be transferred to Shiu, but which following his death was to be transferred to his estate for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1708004\charrsid9703086 the benefit of his beneficiaries \endash  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7477604\charrsid9703086  survey shows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1708004\charrsid9703086  that lot }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7477604\charrsid9703086 
on the other side of CT6864 from lot 10.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1708004\charrsid9703086 hat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7477604\charrsid9703086  lot was subseq
uently transferred to Bhan, and no issue arises about that.  Shortly after the completion of the survey, Bhan paid Inoke Consultants $300.  A receipt dated 13 September 1996 confirmed that.  The receipt recorded that the payment was in respect of that par
t of the survey which resulted in the delineation of lots 4 and 10.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2621645\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2621645\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7477604\charrsid9703086    At the trial,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139350\charrsid9703086  Bhan produced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4351692\charrsid9703086  copies of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139350\charrsid9703086  two undated documents which purported to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139350\charrsid9703086 ransfers of these two lots by Vijay to her.  They are on the printed form approved by the Regis
trar of Titles, and the details of the lots, together with the names of the transferor and transferee (Vijay and Bhan respectively), have all been typed on the documents.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16521475\charrsid9703086 
The part of the document where the consideration for the transfers was to be inserted was left blank.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139350\charrsid9703086 Each document purpor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4612112\charrsid9703086 ted to be signed by each of them, and a registered surveyor purported to witness their signatures.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139350\charrsid9703086 
  They were exhibits P9 and P10.  Exhibit P9 related to lot 4.  Exhibit P10 related to lot 10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2756478\charrsid9703086   The transfer relating t
o lot 4 was subsequently lodged with the Registrar of Titles, and in due course Bhan was named as the registered proprietor of lot 4.  However, the transfer relating to lot 10 was never lodged with the Registrar of Titles, and so when on 20 November 2002 
the Registrar of Titles issued the certificate of title to lot 10, Vijay was named as the registered proprietor of the lot.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3678544\charrsid9703086 
  The part of the survey plan showing lot 10 was annexed to Vijay\rquote s certificate of title to lot 10, and that showed the house in which Bhan was living hatched within lot 10. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16521475\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10833892\charrsid9703086 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10833892\charrsid9703086 
.     It was in July 2005 that matters came to a head.  Vijay required Bhan to leave the lot, and when she did not do so, he issued proceedings seeking an order for possession of lot 10.  She resisted Vijay\rquote s c
laim on the basis that he had agreed to transfer the lot to her.  On 29 Marc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid90091\charrsid9703086 h 2006, the claim was withdrawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10833892\charrsid9703086 , but a few months later, as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16521475\charrsid9703086  the registered proprietor of lot 10, Vijay charged lot 10 to the Bank as security for a loan of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297834\charrsid9703086 $15,000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16521475\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10833892\charrsid9703086 
  That was on 23 July 2006.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15669398\charrsid9703086   The current proceedings were commenced by writ on 3 October 2009.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16521475 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16521475\charrsid9703086 The parties\rquote  respective cases }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10297834\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5118405 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7961788\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5118405\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086     Bhan\rquote s case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086 on the facts }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086 at the trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086 had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15669398\charrsid9703086 
 two important components}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10705485\charrsid9703086 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10705485\charrsid9703086 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086 irst}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10705485\charrsid9703086 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1706557\charrsid9703086 it was said on her behalf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10705485\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086 that by the agreement of 23 April 1987 Hari }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15669398\charrsid9703086 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086 agreed to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086  transfer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10291458\charrsid9703086 
 to Bhan the part of what was to be his lot, ie lot 9, in return for her paying the balance of the sum due by Hari for his share of the survey.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid611394\charrsid9703086 That was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15669398\charrsid9703086 said to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid611394\charrsid9703086 
consistent with the first sentence of the agreement which talked of the \'93exchange\'94 of the land.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086 It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5857671\charrsid9703086 was argued that this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086 was not merely an agreement which permitted her to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086  use}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086  that part of the lot.  Since the house in which she wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5857671\charrsid9703086 s living was in what beca}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086 me lot 10, the agreement when implemented would have entitle
d her to land adjacent to the land on which she was living. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1706557\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1706557\charrsid9703086 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16582111\charrsid9703086 Secondly,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10705485\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16670728\charrsid9703086 and much more importantly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7083926\charrsid9703086 Bhan\rquote s evidence was}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1706557\charrsid9703086  that it had always been understood while Bhagirathi was still alive that Shiu would get the land on which the house he had built was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3279087\charrsid9703086  when the estate was eventually divided up into separate lots}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1706557\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid7626106\charrsid9703086 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669819 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid5914078 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914078   The trial judge\rquote s note of her evidence on this topic was: \'93
Since 1970-1971 Understanding was that Shiu Prasad should get the land\'94.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1706557\charrsid9703086   Accordingly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5857671\charrsid9703086 
it was said that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1706557\charrsid9703086 there came a time when Vijay was prepared to put that understanding into effect, and to transfer to her the whole of what had become lot 10.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10705485\charrsid9703086 hat was why (a) the plan prepared by Inoke Consultants following th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1706557\charrsid9703086 e survey included in lot 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10705485\charrsid9703086  that part of lot 9 which Hari had agreed to transfer to Bhan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5857671\charrsid9703086 \endash  or at least to let Bhan use \endash  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10705485\charrsid9703086 by the agreement of 23 April 1987, and (b) exhibit P10 came into existence, by which the whole of lot 10 was to be transferred to Bhan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4612112\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4091734\charrsid9703086 Her evidence was that Vijay brought exhibit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5857671\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4091734\charrsid9703086 P10 (as well as exhibit P9) for her to sign.  She did that, Vijay took them away and she was eventually provided with copies of them.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4612112\charrsid9703086 Sh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4351692\charrsid9703086 e left it to Vijay to lodge the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4612112\charrsid9703086  transfer }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4351692\charrsid9703086 in exhibit P10 relating to lot 10 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4612112\charrsid9703086 with the Registrar of Titles together with th
e transfer in exhibit P9 relating to lot 4, but he only lodged the transfer relating to lot 4, and never told Bhan that he had not lodged the transfer relating to lot 10.  That was why she became the registered proprietor of lot 4 but not lot 10.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10833892\charrsid9703086   She only discovered that she was not the registered proprietor of lot 10 when Vijay sought to evict her from the lot in 2005.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14695970\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4612112\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13198397\charrsid9703086     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13198397\charrsid9703086 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3564694\charrsid9703086 case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13198397\charrsid9703086 asserted on Vijay\rquote s behalf }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3564694\charrsid9703086 at the trial was that by the agreement of 23 April 1987 Hari was simply agreeing to let Bhan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3564694\charrsid9703086 use}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3564694\charrsid9703086  the part of what was to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid790131\charrsid9703086 his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3564694\charrsid9703086 lot}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid790131\charrsid9703086 , ie lot 9,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3564694\charrsid9703086  u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid790131\charrsid9703086 
ntil either she moved out of her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3564694\charrsid9703086  house or Hari sold }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid790131\charrsid9703086 the part of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3564694\charrsid9703086 what was to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid790131\charrsid9703086 lot 9 which Bhan was being allowed to use.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12457914\charrsid9703086   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid611394\charrsid9703086 That was consistent with the last sentence of the agreement which talked about Bhan\rquote s \'93usage\'94 of the land.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12457914\charrsid9703086 Hari was not agreeing to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12457914\charrsid9703086 transfer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12457914\charrsid9703086 
 that part of what was to be lot 9 to her.  And Vijay }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2302060\charrsid9703086 denied that he was ever prepared }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12457914\charrsid9703086 
to add this part of lot 9 to lot 10, and to transfer the whole of lot 10 to her.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14695970\charrsid9703086 There was no need for him to
 transfer lot 10 to her since Shiu, her late husband, and then her following his death we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2645162\charrsid9703086 re always going to have lot 4.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13198397\charrsid9703086 Vijay claimed that i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12457914\charrsid9703086 t was not his signature on exhibit P10 \endash 
 the document by which he purportedly transferred lot 10 to her.  Indeed, it was not his signature on exhibit P9 either \endash  the doc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2962144\charrsid9703086 ument by which he purportedly t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12457914\charrsid9703086 ransferred lot 4 to her \endash  even though he accepted that he had agreed to transfer lot 4 to her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2962144\charrsid9703086 
 and had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13335363\charrsid9703086 later }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2962144\charrsid9703086 
arranged for exhibit P9 to be lodged with the Registrar of Titles so that Bhan could be named as the registered proprietor of lot 4.  It was because she was the registered proprietor of lot 4 that he wanted her to move there from the house on lot 10 in w}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9008334\charrsid9703086 hich she had been living.  It was only when she refused to do that that he reluctantly issued proceedings for her eviction from lot 10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid90091\charrsid9703086   Although he acknowledged in his evidence that the claim had been withdrawn, he said that he had never given his lawyers instructions to withdraw it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9008334\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9337762\charrsid9703086 .    Both Bhan and Vijay gave evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12482471\charrsid9703086  in accordance with their respective factual cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9337762\charrsid9703086 .  The only other witnesses were called on behalf of Bhan.  Most of those witnesses did n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086 ot add anything to the judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9337762\charrsid9703086 \rquote s under
standing of the case.  They either gave evidence about what Bhan had told them which was not capable of supporting her case because it offended the rule against self-corroboration, or about what Shiu and Hari had told them which should have been ruled as 
inadmissible hearsay, or about things which were not in dispute.  But one witness was important.  That was Inoke Bulivou.  He was the surveyor trading as Inoke Consultants. His evidence supported Bhan\rquote 
s case in three important respects.  First, he said that Vijay had intended to transfer to Bhan, not just lot 4, but lot 10 as well.  Secondly,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13335363\charrsid9703086  he said that}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9337762\charrsid9703086  it had been Bhan who had paid for the surveys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10379208\charrsid9703086 , not just}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9337762\charrsid9703086  of lot 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10379208\charrsid9703086 , but also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9337762\charrsid9703086 
lot 10 (as the receipt of 13 September 1996 had said).  Thirdly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13335363\charrsid9703086 he said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9337762\charrsid9703086 that it was he who h}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10379208\charrsid9703086 ad witnessed the signatures of Bhan and Vijay on exhibits P9 and P10.  Indeed, it was he who had prepared the documents for their signature.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9337762\charrsid9703086  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7961788 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14967732 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9008334\charrsid9703086 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5509066\charrsid9703086 judgment of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9008334\charrsid9703086 trial judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9008334 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7961788\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9008334\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10778194\charrsid9703086     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10778194\charrsid9703086 The trial judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086  made two important}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4000091\charrsid9703086  findings of fact in his}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10778194\charrsid9703086  judgment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 One of them went to the heart of the case.  That}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10778194\charrsid9703086  was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086  the finding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10778194\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4000091\charrsid9703086 in para 54 of his judgment where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124813\charrsid9703086 he found }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10778194\charrsid9703086 that Vijay had }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124813\charrsid9703086 indeed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10778194\charrsid9703086 signed exhibits P9 and P10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3218137\charrsid9703086 , despite his denial that he had done}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10778194\charrsid9703086  so.  That finding was not surprising in view of Mr Bulivou\rquote 
s evidence.  It had not been suggested in the trial that he would have had a motive to lie, and it is difficu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13335363\charrsid9703086 lt to see how his evidence might}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086  have been mistaken.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8998017\charrsid9703086 Again, although the judge did not deal with how Bhan cam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 e to know about exhibit P10, his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8998017\charrsid9703086  rejection of what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13335363\charrsid9703086 
 Vijay had had to say about it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8998017\charrsid9703086 
meant that the only credible account of how Bhan came to know about it came from Bhan.  In those circumstances, the judge must be treated as having accep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13335363\charrsid9703086 ted Bhan\rquote 
s evidence that Vijay had brought exhibit P10 for her to sign, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10123119\charrsid9703086 after she had done so Vijay had taken it away, and that she had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13335363\charrsid9703086  subsequently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10123119\charrsid9703086 been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13335363\charrsid9703086 provided with a copy of it}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8998017\charrsid9703086 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2302060\charrsid9703086 Although the judge did not say so in so many words, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10778194\charrsid9703086 Vijay\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14695970\charrsid9703086 s signing of exhibit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10778194\charrsid9703086  P10, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14695970\charrsid9703086 purporting as it did to transfer lot 10 to Bhan, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8998017\charrsid9703086 and subsequently providing Bhan with a copy of exhibit P10, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14695970\charrsid9703086 is the clearest }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13198397\charrsid9703086 indication of his willingness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8998017\charrsid9703086  to transfer lot 10 to Bhan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1659497\charrsid9703086 , leaving aside the question whether there had been an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3807960\charrsid9703086  obligation on him to do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124813\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 Tha
t is what the judge must have found.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4091734\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid853893\charrsid9703086 It is entirely consistent with the other aspects of Mr Bulivou
\rquote s evidence \endash  namely that Vijay had intended to transfer lot 10 to Bhan and that she had paid for the survey of it.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124813\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16124813\charrsid9703086 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124813\charrsid9703086 hat finding led the judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086  to a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086 far }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 less important }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124813\charrsid9703086 finding of fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086 but it fitted into Bhan
\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124813\charrsid9703086  narrative as a whole.  That was the f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 inding in paras 64 and 65 of his}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124813\charrsid9703086  judgment about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid611394\charrsid9703086 exhibit P4 \endash  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 least that pa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid611394\charrsid9703086 rt of exhibit P4 which contained the agreement of 23 April 1987.  The judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 said that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 he was rejecting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid611394\charrsid9703086  Vijay\rquote 
s case on the effect of that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 agreement i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid611394\charrsid9703086 n the light of Mr Bulivou\rquote s evidence,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086  as well as Vijay\rquote s intention as evidenced by exhibits P9 and P10 to transfer lots 4 and 10 to Bhan.  The effect of that can only have been that the
 judge was finding that the effect of the agreement was as had been contended on Bhan\rquote s behalf \endash 
 namely that Hari had agreed to transfer to Bhan the part of what was to be his lot, ie lot 9, in return for her paying the balance of the sum due by Hari for h
is share of the survey.  That finding ceased to have the importance it would otherwise have had if the judge had not made the more important finding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086  in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086  para 54 of his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086  judgment.  I say that because once the judge had found that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 Vijay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086  had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7554968\charrsid9703086  been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7554968\charrsid9703086 prepared}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086  to transfer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5509066\charrsid9703086 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5509066\charrsid9703086 whole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5509066\charrsid9703086  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 what became lot 10 to Bhan, it hardly mattered whether previously }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 Hari}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086 (as opposed to Vijay) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 agreed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7554968\charrsid9703086 (as opposed to being prepared) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 to transfer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16474130\charrsid9703086 
 of what becam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086 e lot 10 (as opposed to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086 whole }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086 of it) to Bhan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5509066\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5509066\charrsid9703086 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886066\charrsid9703086 On these facts, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 he judge found in para 51 of his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886066\charrsid9703086  judgment that an equitable trust in respect of lot 10 had bee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 n created in favour of Bhan.  H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886066\charrsid9703086 e did not explain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 
 the route by which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886066\charrsid9703086 he came to that conclusion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15886066\charrsid9703086 e merely cited passages from a number of authorities but did not explain how those }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 passages led to the conclusion }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886066\charrsid9703086 he reached.  It will be necess}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 ary to return to that later.  H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15886066\charrsid9703086 e also dealt with and rejected two defences raised by Vijay\rquote s lawyers \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid796611\charrsid9703086  namely that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886066\charrsid9703086  action was barred by section 59 of the Indemnity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid999251\charrsid9703086 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886066\charrsid9703086  Guarantee and Bailment Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid999251\charrsid9703086 (Cap 232) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid796611\charrsid9703086 as well as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886066\charrsid9703086  by the Limitation Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15020404\charrsid9703086  (Cap 35)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886066\charrsid9703086 .  Since there has been no challenge so far as I can tell to that part o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 f the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886066\charrsid9703086  judgment, I say no more about these defences.  Finally, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6192171\charrsid9703086 the judge dealt with another defence raised on behalf of Vijay 
\endash  namely that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 (a) since }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4805701\charrsid9703086 exhibit P10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6192171\charrsid9703086  had never been lodged wi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086 th the Registrar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6192171\charrsid9703086 
 of Titles for regist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4805701\charrsid9703086 ration, the effect of section 37}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6192171\charrsid9703086  of the Land Transfer Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038237\charrsid9703086  (Cap 131)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086  was that it was ineffective to create}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6192171\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086 any interest in the lan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038237\charrsid9703086 d in fav}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4805701\charrsid9703086 our of Bhan, and (b) since Vijay\rquote 
s title to lot 10 had been registered by the Registrar of Titles, the effect of section 39 was that in the absence of fraud that registration could not be impeached.  There is no doubt that section 37 prevented exhibit P10 from c
reating any interest in lot 10 in favour of Bhan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038237\charrsid9703086 , but the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4805701\charrsid9703086 judge rejected the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086  content}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038237\charrsid9703086 ion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4805701\charrsid9703086 that section 39 defeated Bhan\rquote 
s claim to have acquired }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid796611\charrsid9703086 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4805701\charrsid9703086 interest in lot 10 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038237\charrsid9703086 on the basis that section 39}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086  did not defeat the creation of a beneficial interest in equity.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7961788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086  In giving judgment for Bhan o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086 
n her claim against Vijay, and in dismissing Vijay\rquote s counterclaim, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086 
judge declared Bhan to be the rightful beneficial owner of lot 10.  Vijay was ordered to repay to the Bank the loan which it had made to him, so that the lot could be transferred to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 Bhan free from encumbrances.  H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086 e ordered Vijay to transfer the lot to Bhan \endash 
 presumably by lodging exhibit P10 with the Registrar of Titles \endash  and in the event of Vijay failing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086  to do that within two months, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086 he ordered the Registrar of Titles to do whatever was necessary to register Bhan\rquote s title to the lot.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7679538\charrsid9703086 
  These were the remedies, aside from injunctions and damages, which Bhan had sought.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9332589\charrsid9703086   Although the order w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 hich the judge made shows that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9332589\charrsid9703086 he reje}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 cted Bhan\rquote 
s claim for damages, he did not deal in his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9332589\charrsid9703086  judgment with the allegations of fraud which Bhan made against Vijay. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7961788 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14967732 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086 The judgments in the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4003805 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7961788\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4003805\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16670728\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16670728\charrsid9703086 Calanchini P\rquote s succinct judgment contained a basic and accurate summary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086 of the undisputed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3828287\charrsid9703086  facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108123 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid5914078\charrsid2108123 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914078\charrsid2108123 
  There was a minor issue of fact on which Calanchini P disagreed with the trial judge.  In para 14 of his judgment he said that in his evidence Mr Bulivou had admitted that he had never received any instructions from Vijay to survey that part of the land
 which became lot 10.  I have not been able to see anything of that kind in the judge\rquote s note of Mr Bulivou\rquote s evidence.  Mr Bulivou is recorded as having said that he did not get any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5914078\charrsid15020404 written}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914078\charrsid2108123  instructions from Vijay \endash  presumably to carry out the survey \endash 
 but that does not mean that Vijay did not give him such instructions.  And if those instructions were to survey the whole of the land, that would have included that part of the land which became lot 10.                               }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid5914078\charrsid2108123               }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3828287\charrsid9703086 , but he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086 
took a different view about the two important findings of fact which the trial judge made.  First, he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3828287\charrsid9703086 said in para 13 of his judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16670728\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15020404\charrsid9703086 that even if Hari had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1245212\charrsid9703086 
acquired an equitable interest to the plot to which the agreement of 23 April 1987 related, there 
was no question of him having obtained a legal title to the land, and there was therefore no interest in the land which he was capable of transferring to Bhan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11696347\charrsid9703086 Amaratunga JA said much the same thing in paras 181 and 189 of his judgment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1245212\charrsid9703086 For that reason, 
the agreement was no more than an arrangement under which, in return for Bhan paying Hari\rquote s share of the costs of the survey, he would let her continue to occupy that part of the land on which her house was.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7473198\charrsid9703086  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7473198\charrsid9703086 .    Prematilaka JA took a different view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086  in para}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7473198\charrsid9703086 
 36 of his dissenting judgment.  He agreed with Calanchini P and Amaratunga JA that Vijay was the legal owner of that part of the land to which the agr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10764919\charrsid9703086 
eement of 23 April 1987 related: only Vijay could transfer that land.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7473198\charrsid9703086 he consequence of that, he thought, was that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10764919\charrsid9703086 although }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7473198\charrsid9703086 Vijay }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10764919\charrsid9703086 had purported to sign the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7473198\charrsid9703086  agreement as a witness, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11024663\charrsid9703086 he had to be regarded as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10764919\charrsid9703086 a party to it.  As I understand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11024663\charrsid9703086 it, Prematilaka JA was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10764919\charrsid9703086 
 saying that it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11024663\charrsid9703086 therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10764919\charrsid9703086 Vijay wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7083926\charrsid9703086 o had been the principal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10764919\charrsid9703086 
 contracting party with Bhan, and by that agreement, Vijay had agreed to transfer that land to Bhan.  On this issue, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1245212\charrsid9703086 I agree with Calanchini P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10764919\charrsid9703086 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11696347\charrsid9703086  and Amaratunga JA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10764919\charrsid9703086 \rquote 
s analysis of the agreement.  There was no need for Vijay to be treated as a contracting party (despite being called a witness in the agreement) if Hari w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7083926\charrsid9703086 
as merely letting Bhan occupy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10764919\charrsid9703086  the land.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1245212\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086 Not that this really matters, since}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10764919\charrsid9703086  I regard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086 
 the agreement of 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12939637\charrsid9703086  April 1987 as little more than part of the narrative.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3828287\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3828287\charrsid9703086 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2108123\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12939637\charrsid9703086 The much more important aspect of Calanchini P\rquote 
s judgment was that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 regarded as decisive the fact that Vijay had not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 agreed}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086  to transfer lot 10 to Bhan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12939637\charrsid9703086 .  His reasoning was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4334487\charrsid9703086 that when Shiu left the family home to live in a house elsewhere on the estate, he did not acquire any equitabl
e interest in that part of the estate.  Indeed, Vijay could have required Shiu to leave that part of the estate \endash  which was in what event}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15024233\charrsid9703086 ually became lot 10 \endash 
 and move to what became lot 4.  That was because the whole of the estate, under his father\rquote s will, was for Vijay\rquote s \'93use and benefit absolutely\'94
.  Vijay was entitled to be registered as the sole proprietor of each of the 10 lots before transferring such of them as he chose to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid796611\charrsid9703086 his brothers by a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15024233\charrsid9703086  deed of the kind between him and Shiu. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3962682\charrsid9703086  The only agreement between Vijay and Shiu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15022244\charrsid9703086  had been abou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid935444\charrsid9703086 
t the transfer of lot 4 to Shiu, and so the only rights which Shiu had in respect of lot 10 was to remain in occupation of the house on that lot as a licensee until such time as Vijay terminated his licence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15022244\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15024233\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid935444\charrsid9703086 That applied to Bhan after Shiu\rquote 
s death because she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15024233\charrsid9703086 could acquire no greater title to the land than her late husband.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2621645\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3962682\charrsid9703086 Calanchini P went on to say that there had never been any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3962682\charrsid9703086 agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3962682\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid935444\charrsid9703086 
for the transfer of the land to Shiu or any similar }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid935444\charrsid9703086 agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid935444\charrsid9703086  with Bhan after Shiu\rquote 
s death. That is correct, but it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11024663\charrsid9703086  could not have been successfully}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086 
 suggested on behalf of Bhan that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8346720\charrsid9703086 re had been an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086 agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086  ab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2302060\charrsid9703086 out lot 10 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid935444\charrsid9703086 either }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid935444\charrsid9703086  Shiu or her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14448300\charrsid9703086 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11696347\charrsid9703086 as both Calanchini P and Amaratunga JA po}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3807960\charrsid9703086 i}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11696347\charrsid9703086 nted out, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14448300\charrsid9703086 
what was recorded in P10 could not have amounted to an enforceable agreement under which Vijay was obliged to transfer lot 10 to Bhan because there was no consideration recorded for the transfer, and there was no evidence of any.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086  Bhan\rquote s case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11024663\charrsid9703086 has to have been only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2302060\charrsid9703086  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086  Vijay was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086 prepared}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086  to transfer lot 10 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086  her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid935444\charrsid9703086  \endash 
 on her case to honour the understanding that there had been while Bhagirathi was still alive that Shiu should get the land on which his house had been built.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11024663\charrsid9703086 
  Why else did Vijay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086  sign }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5340607\charrsid9703086 exhibit P10 \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8334598\charrsid9703086 the transfer of lot 10 to her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5340607\charrsid9703086 ? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11696347\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4134034\charrsid9703086 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5340607\charrsid9703086 Calanchini}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4134034\charrsid9703086  P did not think}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11696347\charrsid9703086  that it was necessary to address}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4134034\charrsid9703086  that.  He}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3807960\charrsid9703086  said in para 25 of his judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5340607\charrsid9703086 : \'93
For whatever reason [Vijay] might have signed the ... transfer for lot 10, it was not pursuant to any agreement between [Vijay] and Shiu or between [Vijay] and [Bhan].\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2302060\charrsid9703086 
  It may not have been pursuant to any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2302060\charrsid9703086 agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2302060\charrsid9703086  with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13576519\charrsid9703086 Bhan, but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2302060\charrsid9703086 Vijay would only have signed exhibit P10 if he had been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2302060\charrsid9703086 prepared}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2302060\charrsid9703086  to transfer lot 10 to her.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13576519\charrsid9703086 
  At the very least, that was what the judge was entitled to find. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4145502\charrsid9703086   Having said that, the fact that Vijay had never }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4145502\charrsid9703086 agreed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4145502\charrsid9703086  to transfer lot 10 to Bhan meant, in Calanchini P\rquote s vie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086 w, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4145502\charrsid9703086 hat Bhan\rquote s claim had to fail.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1659497\charrsid9703086 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3807960\charrsid9703086 .     Amaratunga JA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4134034\charrsid9703086 
also did not address why Vijay had signed exhibit P10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3807960\charrsid9703086 
.  He said in para 202 of his judgment said that since exhibit P10 was no more than an agreement without any consideration, Vijay\rquote s signing of it was a \'93voluntary act\'94
 on the part of Vijay.  That is the same thing as saying that for one reason or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1659497\charrsid9703086  other Vijay was prepared to transfer lot 10 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4145502\charrsid9703086 Bhan, even though he was under no contractual obligation to do so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1659497\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4145502\charrsid9703086   Amaratunga JA equated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9458058\charrsid9703086 the proposed trans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4145502\charrsid9703086 fer of 
lot 10 to Bhan to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9458058\charrsid9703086 
 a gift.  He concluded that no equitable interest could in law have been created by such a proposed gift unless Bhan had changed her position to her detriment in the expectation that the proposal to transfer lot 10 to her would be honoured
, presumably by Vijay lodging the transfer with the Registrar of Titles for registration.  Amaratunga JA said that there was no evidence of Bhan having changed her position \endash  let alone changed it to her detriment \endash 
 as a result of being given exhibit P10 by Vijay.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1659497\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3807960\charrsid9703086    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14448300\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13576519\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 So why was Vijay prepared to transfer lot 10 to Bhan}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4134034\charrsid9703086 , which he must have been prepared to do in the light of exhibit P10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 ?  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13528203\charrsid9703086 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 judge made no express finding about that, but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15033948\charrsid9703086 
neither }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4134034\charrsid9703086 he nor either }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2645162\charrsid9703086 of the judges in the majority in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4134034\charrsid9703086  the Court of Appeal referred to Bhan\rquote s evidence about the understanding during Bhagirathi\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13528203\charrsid9703086 s lifetime that S}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4134034\charrsid9703086 hiu would get the land on which his house was.  Looking at the evidence as a whole, and such findings of fact which the trial judge did make, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 there can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4134034\charrsid9703086 only have been one reason why Vijay was prepared }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5841055\charrsid9703086 
to transfer lot 10 to Bhan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 , and that was bec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8346720\charrsid9703086 ause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086  Vijay }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086  wanted to honour the understanding}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8346720\charrsid9703086  (an understanding which Vijay never in terms denied)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086  which Bhan said there had been while Bhagirathi was stil
l alive that Shiu should get the land on whic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5841055\charrsid9703086 h his house}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086  was.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9585166\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5841055\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5841055\charrsid9703086 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5841055\charrsid9703086 It might be asked: w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 hy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9585166\charrsid9703086 did Bhagirathi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086  not ment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9585166\charrsid9703086 ion that in his will?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5841055\charrsid9703086   The answer to that might be that he did not think it necessary to do that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9585166\charrsid9703086  because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 he th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9585166\charrsid9703086 
ought that Vijay would honour the understanding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3806687\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13580482\charrsid9703086 
  That, though, is speculation, and as Calanchini P rightly said, there was no evidence to support the existence of a secret trust.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9585166\charrsid9703086 What is not speculation \endash 
 because there is no other reason for him to have done so \endash  is that Vijay was prepared to transfer lot 10 to Bhan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13580482\charrsid9703086 because once the survey had been completed Vijay}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9585166\charrsid9703086  either wanted, or thought }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8346720\charrsid9703086 that he ought}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9585166\charrsid9703086 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8346720\charrsid9703086 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13580482\charrsid9703086 honour the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9585166\charrsid9703086  understanding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13580482\charrsid9703086  that Shiu should have the land on which his house was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9585166\charrsid9703086 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3279087\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5841055\charrsid9703086 .   
 Prematilaka JA did not doubt that an understanding of the kind referred to by Bhan in her evidence had been reached.  In para 73 of his judgment, he thought that it was clear that Shiu had incurred the expense of building the house and then extending it 
because of \'93some kind of understanding, if not an informal agreement or meeting of minds\'94 that the land on which the house was built would one day be his.  Prematilaka JA thought it \'93highly unlikely\'94
 that Shiu would have spent the amount of money he did without \'93some form of assurance\'94 from Bhagirathi.  Shiu would have been reassured that the understanding would be honoured by his continued occupation of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2645162\charrsid9703086 land even after what beca}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5841055\charrsid9703086 me lot 4 had been tran}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086 
sferred to him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5841055\charrsid9703086 , and both Bhagirathi before his death a
nd Vijay after it had stood by and not protested when Shiu incurred the expenditure which he did.  And in para 74 of his judgment, Prematilaka JA said that the agreement of 23 April 1987 would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2645162\charrsid9703086 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5841055\charrsid9703086 have reassured Bhan that lot 10 would one day be hers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid2645162\charrsid9703086 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2645162 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid5914078 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914078   
 That would be so even if Vijay had signed the agreement of 23 April 1987 as a witness only.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5841055\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14563564 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8998017\charrsid9703086 The correct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4091734\charrsid9703086 factual scenario}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4091734\charrsid9703086 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4091734\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8998017\charrsid9703086     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8998017\charrsid9703086 In the light of all this, the correct factual scenario was that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16339795\charrsid9703086 which Prematilaka JA had in mind.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8998017\charrsid9703086 here was indeed an understanding while Bhagirathi was alive that Shiu would get the land on which his house was.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid8998017\charrsid9703086 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1277856 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid5914078 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914078   Prematilaka JA thought that Bhan\rquote 
s evidence had been that it was a representation from Bhagirathi which had given rise to this understanding: see para 85 of his judgment.  I have not found that in the judge\rquote s note of Bhan\rquote 
s evidence.  Indeed, I do not think that she ever said what it was that had given rise to that understanding.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1277856\charrsid9703086   He paid at least for the materials when it was originally cons
tructed in 1970, and it looks as if he paid the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2645162\charrsid9703086 construction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1277856\charrsid9703086 
 costs when it was extended in 1980.  He never paid any rent for it either to Bhagirathi or to V}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7887569\charrsid9703086 ijay after Bhagirathi died.  Fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1277856\charrsid9703086 llowing his own death, Bhan remaine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7887569\charrsid9703086 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1277856\charrsid9703086  living in the house}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7887569\charrsid9703086  rent free.  There was a dispute in 1987 when it was realised that the land o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2645162\charrsid9703086 
n which the house was encroaching}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7887569\charrsid9703086  on the lot which was going to be transferred to Ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2645162\charrsid9703086 
ri, but that was resolved by Bhan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7887569\charrsid9703086  being allowed to continue to occupy that part of the lot in return for her paying the survey fees for that lot.  All this time, Bhan\rquote 
s occupation of the house, though perhaps not positively encouraged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16339795\charrsid9703086  by Vijay as the new legal owner of the land}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7887569\charrsid9703086 , was at least tolerated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid484132\charrsid9703086 : he made no demands for rent from her and did not ask her to leave.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11742925\charrsid9703086   It must have been the case that all this gave her a good measure of reassurance that following the survey the land on which the house was would be transferred to her.   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11742925\charrsid9703086 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11742925\charrsid9703086 Neither B
han nor Shiu ever had legal title to the land on which the house was, nor was there ever an enforceable agreement for the land to be transferred to her.  But exhibit P10 was a document which, when lodged with the Registrar of Titles, would have given Bhan
 the legal title to lot 10.  So by signing exhibit P10 and giving her a copy of it, Vijay made it clear to her that he was prepared to transfer the legal title to lot 10 to her.  It was only in July 2005 \endash  35 years after moving into the house 
\endash  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086 Bhan was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6752554\charrsid9703086 
informed that her occupation of the land was no longer tolerated.  The question is whether, on that factual scenario,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16339795\charrsid9703086  Bhan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6752554\charrsid9703086  acquired an equitable interest in lot 10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7669819\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14563564 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7669819\charrsid9703086 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12586218\charrsid9703086 legal principles to be applied to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7669819\charrsid9703086 the correct factual scenario}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7669819 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14563564\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7669819\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16339795\charrsid9703086     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16339795\charrsid9703086 The law in this area was expla}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10363205\charrsid9703086 
ined by Prematilaka JA.  Calanchini P understandably did not need to address the law in any detail because for him the absence of any enforceable agreement between Vijay and Bhan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6038805\charrsid9703086 
 disposed of the case.  Similar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10363205\charrsid9703086 ly, Amaratunga JA\rquote s discussion of the law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6038805\charrsid9703086 
 proceeded on a factual scenario which did not take into account the understanding that Shiu was to have the land on which on which his house was.  Although I have considered the cases cited by Premalitaka JA, I prefer to discuss the law in my own words.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 37}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6038805\charrsid9703086 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6038805\charrsid9703086 A constructive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3107956\charrsid9703086 trust will}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6038805\charrsid9703086  arise where it would be unjust to a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6965642\charrsid9703086 
llow the legal owner of an estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8281362\charrsid9703086  to deny that a particular member of his family}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6038805\charrsid9703086  has a claim to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6965642\charrsid9703086 part of the land on the estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6038805\charrsid9703086 .  One of the circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6965642\charrsid9703086  in which it might}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6038805\charrsid9703086  be unjust to do that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6965642\charrsid9703086  is when there was}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3372884\charrsid9703086 , to use the words of Lord Bridge in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3372884\charrsid9703086 Lloyds Bank PLC v Rosset}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3372884\charrsid9703086  [1991] 1 AC 107 at p 132E,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6965642\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3372884\charrsid9703086 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6965642\charrsid9703086 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3372884\charrsid9703086 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6965642\charrsid9703086  agreement, arrangement or understanding}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3372884\charrsid9703086 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6965642\charrsid9703086  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8281362\charrsid9703086 
the land would be owned one day by the family member in question.  Such an understanding does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16203978\charrsid9703086  not have to be based on actual }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8281362\charrsid9703086 discussions between them.  It may be inferred from what they actually did.  Both the owner of the estate and the family member has to have had this understanding.  In other 
words, the understanding needs to have reflected their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8281362\charrsid9703086  common}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8281362\charrsid9703086  intention.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-570\li570\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin570\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 38}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8281362\charrsid9703086 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8281362\charrsid9703086 
Even if such an understanding is established, a constructive trust will not necessarily have arisen.  It will only have arisen if the family member has either acted to his detriment or changed his position significantly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12586218\charrsid9703086 in reliance on that understanding.  If the understanding was inferred from what the parties actually did r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16203978\charrsid9703086 
ather than from any actual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12586218\charrsid9703086  discussions between them, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13859179\charrsid9703086  parties\rquote 
 conduct which gave rise to that inference may well be th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3107956\charrsid9703086 e same conduct which constituted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13859179\charrsid9703086 
 the detriment which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3107956\charrsid9703086 the family member suffered or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13859179\charrsid9703086  his change of position.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13859179\charrsid9703086 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13859179\charrsid9703086 
If a constructive trust is to arise in connection with the ownership of land, the understanding in question }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14375303\charrsid9703086 will usually have to have been reached}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13859179\charrsid9703086  at the time when the property was acquired.  But that is just a reflection of wha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11153501\charrsid9703086 t usually happens.  That is not a }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13859179\charrsid9703086 requirement f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11153501\charrsid9703086 or a constructive trust to be established}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13859179\charrsid9703086 .  Thus, in cases where the land in question is part of an e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14375303\charrsid9703086 state, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11153501\charrsid9703086 trust may arise as a result of the conduct over a sustained period of time of the legal owner towards the family member who is being permitted to occupy the land.  Moreover, if the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14375303\charrsid9703086 re has been a change in the legal owner of the land }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086 at some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14563564\charrsid9703086 stage that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14375303\charrsid9703086 
 will not necessarily bring the understanding in question to an end.  Thus, in such cases it is possible for the trust to have arisen as a result of the conduct of both the old owner and the new one, as well as the conduct of the family member both bef
ore and after the transfer of the legal title.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11153501\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13859179\charrsid9703086    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12586218\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14563564 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12586218\charrsid9703086 The application of these legal principles to the correct factual scenario }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6060307\charrsid9703086     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6060307\charrsid9703086 here was an understanding while Bhagirathi was alive that Shiu would get the land on which his house was.  That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid484132\charrsid9703086 is the 
only proper inference to be drawn from Bhan\rquote s unchallenged evidence on the topic and the primary facts which the trial judge found.  That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6060307\charrsid9703086 
understanding would have been between both Bhagirathi and Shiu \endash  Bhagirathi because only he could bring it about and Shiu because it was in his favour.  Other members of the family would have been aware about it \endash 
 certainly Bhan because it was she who gave evidence about it, and Vijay because he was prepared to put the understanding into effect when he signed exhibit P10 and ensured that Bhan got a copy of it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid484132\charrsid9703086   Indeed, Vijay\rquote s signing of exhibit P10 and ensuring that Bhan had a copy of it are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9989743\charrsid9703086 \endash  in addition to Bhan\rquote 
s own evidence about the understanding \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid484132\charrsid9703086 the most significant pieces of evidence from which such an understand
ing can properly be inferred.  As I said earlier, why else would Vijay have been prepared to transfer lot 10 to Bhan?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9989743\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 41}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9989743\charrsid9703086 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9989743\charrsid9703086 
This was an understanding which Vijay was prepared to go along with after Bhagirathi\rquote s death.  As the new legal owner of the land, he could have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9989743\charrsid9703086 required}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9989743\charrsid9703086  Bhan to leave the house and move to what was to become lot 4 which had already been transferred to Shiu.  But he did not.  Instead she remained }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13913543\charrsid9703086 in the house on what beca}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9989743\charrsid9703086 me lot 10.  Vijay must have tolerated her continued occupation 
of the house because he did nothing to remove her from it until very many years later.  Indeed, far from seeking her removal from the house he was prepared to transfer the whole of lot 10 to her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11291215\charrsid9703086  without seeking anything in return from her when he signed ex
hibit P10 and gave her a copy of it.  In these circumstances, he was adopting the understanding which Bhagirathi had reached with Shiu and seeking to honour it by transferring lot 10 to Shiu\rquote s widow.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13129140\charrsid9703086   For the reasons which Prematilaka JA gave and wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11100072\charrsid9703086 ich I have summarised in para 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13129140\charrsid9703086  above, it was an understanding which Bhan thought would be honoured.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 42}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11291215\charrsid9703086 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13913543\charrsid9703086 
he next question is whether Shiu and subsequently Bhan acted to their detriment or changed their position significantly in reliance on that understanding.  I think that they did.  The undisputed evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16203978\charrsid9703086 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13913543\charrsid9703086 as that Shiu had paid at least the material}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129140\charrsid9703086 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13913543\charrsid9703086  for the construction of the house in 1970, and it looks as if he paid the cost of extending it in 1980.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16203978\charrsid9703086   Moreover,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129140\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13913543\charrsid9703086 after Shiu\rquote 
s death, Bhan (who presumably 
inherited what became lot 4) did not move her family to what became lot 4 either.  Bhan wanted to keep the house on what became lot 10 as her home.  That was capable of amounting to a significant change of position on her part.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129140\charrsid9703086   But for the understanding that the land on which the house was would be transferred to her as Shiu\rquote s widow and the mother of his children, she may have moved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5652995\charrsid9703086  elsewhere, whether to what became lot 4 or off the estate.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 43}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5652995\charrsid9703086 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5652995\charrsid9703086 The final question, then, is whether in these circumstances it would be unjust t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10044487\charrsid9703086 o allow Vijay to deny that Bhan}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5652995\charrsid9703086 
 has a claim to lot 10.  I have no doubt that it would.  By the time Vijay first required Bhan to leave her home, she had been living in it for 35 years, and she had had the use of that part of lot 10 w
hich was originally to be in lot 9 for almost 20 years.  It had become her home and that of her children and her extended family.  Her eviction from her home is not what Bhagirathi would have wanted in the light of the understanding he had reached with Sh
iu.  In these circumstances, a constructive trust arose in which Bhan had an equitable interest lot 10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4984287\charrsid9703086 
  And since the trust arose as a result of an understanding between Bhagirathi and Shiu that Shiu would \'93get the land\'94, that was tantamount to an understanding that the legal title to the land would be transferred to him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10044487\charrsid9703086  (or to his widow if he predeceased her)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4984287\charrsid9703086 .  It means that Bhan\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086 s remedy was for the legal title to lot 10 to be transferred to her.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9849992 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9849992\charrsid9703086 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14032246\charrsid9703086 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1785424\charrsid9703086 indefeasibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14032246\charrsid9703086  of Vijay\rquote s title}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14032246 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14563564\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 44}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14032246\charrsid9703086 .     But that is not the end of the story.  Fiji has adopted the Torrens system of regis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14032890\charrsid9703086 tration of title.  Save where}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14032246\charrsid9703086  certain limited exceptions apply, registered title to land is indefeasible.  Thus, the registration of Vijay\rquote s title to lot 10 cannot be defeated by the co
nstructive trust in favour of Bhan unless any of those exceptions apply.  That is the effect of section 39(1) of the Land Transfer Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1520369\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14032890\charrsid9703086 which provides, so far as is material:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14032890 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14032890\charrsid14563564 \'93
Notwithstanding the existence in any other person of any estate or interest ... which but for this Act might be held to be paramount or to have priority, the registered proprietor of any land ... shall, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14032890\charrsid12911849 except in the case of fraud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14032890\charrsid14563564 
, hold the same subject to such encumbrances as may be notified on the folium of the register, constituted by the instrument of title thereto, but absolutely free from all other encumbrances whatsoever ...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14563564\charrsid14563564 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564\charrsid9703086  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10622547\charrsid9703086 Emphasis supplied)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14032890 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11821783\charrsid9703086 There then follows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14032890\charrsid9703086  three exceptions, none of which are relevant to the present case.  In these circumstances, Vijay\rquote s registered title
 to lot 10 will have been defeated by the constructive trust in favour of Bhan if Vijay obtained it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10622547\charrsid9703086 s registration by fraud.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 45}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10622547\charrsid9703086 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10622547\charrsid9703086 Having said that, there is another route by which Vijay\rquote 
s registered title to lot 10 will have been defeated by the constructive trust in favour of Bhan, and that is by the \'93rights in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10622547\charrsid9703086 personam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10622547\charrsid9703086 \'94 exception to indefeasibilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid10622547\charrsid9703086 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7038237 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid5914078 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914078   See the discussion on the topic in, for example, Peter Butt, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5914078\charrsid7038237 Land Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5914078 , 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid5914078\charrsid10622547 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914078  ed (2010), paras 20 102-20 107.  There may be a later edition of this wor
k, but this is the latest edition in the Supreme Court library.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038237\charrsid9703086   Since }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1520369\charrsid9703086 
the trial judge made no finding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038237\charrsid9703086 s about the allegations of fraud on the part of Vijay,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1520369\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13186647\charrsid9703086 this has to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5861112\charrsid9703086 what }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038237\charrsid9703086 
he had in mind when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1520369\charrsid9703086 he held that section 39 did not defeat the creation of a beneficial interest in equity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13186647\charrsid9703086   In brief, the rights in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13186647\charrsid9703086 personam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13186647\charrsid9703086  exception}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7038237\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13186647\charrsid9703086 arises where (a) the registered proprietor knew of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14884645\charrsid9703086 the facts which gave rise to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13186647\charrsid9703086 someone else}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14884645\charrsid9703086  having an}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13186647\charrsid9703086  equitable interest in the land, and (b) he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10622547\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13186647\charrsid9703086 proceeded to register his title to the land despite that in circumstances in which it would be unconscionab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14884645\charrsid9703086 le for him}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13186647\charrsid9703086  to retain his registered interest in the land.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 46}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14884645\charrsid9703086 .    When o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11821783\charrsid9703086 ne looks at (a) the undisputed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14884645\charrsid9703086 
 facts, (b) such findings of fact as the trial judge made, and (c) such inferences as can properly be drawn from (a) and (b), it is, in my view, plain that Vijay knew of the facts which gave rise to Bhan\rquote 
s equitable interest in lot 10.  He knew of the understanding which Bhagirathi had reached with Shiu, he had been prepared to put that understanding into effect, he had been aware of the \'93contributions\'94 made by Shiu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11821783\charrsid9703086  and Bhan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14884645\charrsid9703086  over the years }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11821783\charrsid9703086 
(the cost of materials for the construction of the house, the co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14884645\charrsid9703086 st of the extension to it, and the survey fees for lot 10 paid by Bhan), he had stood by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11821783\charrsid9703086  and tolerated B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14884645\charrsid9703086 han\rquote s occupation of the house with her children and her extended family, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11821783\charrsid9703086 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14884645\charrsid9703086 he had never required he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11821783\charrsid9703086 
r to leave the house until 2005.  It was in the light of all that that the tri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5861112\charrsid9703086 al judge found in para 63 of his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11821783\charrsid9703086  judgment that \'93[i]n equity it is now unconscionable for [Vijay] to retain the legal title to [lot 10]\'94.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119998\charrsid9703086 
There is no basis for challenging that conclusion: it was plainly one which was reasonably open to the trial judge to reach on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11821783\charrsid9703086 the undisputed facts along with the judge\rquote 
s findings of fact and the inferences which could properly be drawn from them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119998\charrsid9703086 .  That}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11821783\charrsid9703086 
 meant that both of the elements necessary for the creation of the rights in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11821783\charrsid9703086 personam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11821783\charrsid9703086 
 exception were present here.  In those circumstances, Vijay\rquote s registered title was not indefeasible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14884645\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13186647\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10622547\charrsid9703086    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14032890\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14032246\charrsid9703086   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14563564 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086 Conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5652995\charrsid9703086      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13129140\charrsid9703086   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13913543\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9989743\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 47}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086 For th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12668549\charrsid9703086 ese reasons, I would grant the P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086 etitioner (Bhan) leave to appeal to the Supreme Court.  I would do so on the basis that the case ra}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119998\charrsid9703086 ises}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086  far-reaching question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1119998\charrsid9703086 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086  of law \endash  namely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119998\charrsid9703086 identifying}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119998\charrsid9703086 relevant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086 legal princip}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119998\charrsid9703086 les }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086 which should govern the determination of the question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1119998\charrsid9703086 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086  whether a constructive trust arose in favour o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12668549\charrsid9703086 f the P}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086 etitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119998\charrsid9703086  and wheth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12668549\charrsid9703086 
er the registered title of the First R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1119998\charrsid9703086 espondent (Vijay) was indefeasible. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086   In acco
rdance with the Supreme Court\rquote 
s usual practice, I would treat the application for leave to appeal as the hearing of the appeal.  I would allow the appeal, I would set aside the order of the Court of Appeal, and I would restore the order of the trial judge.  I would}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12668549\charrsid9703086  also order the First R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086 espondent to pay }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12668549\charrsid9703086 to the P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10044487\charrsid9703086 etitioner her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086 
costs of the appeals both to the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court, which I would summarily assess overall at $10,000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14967732 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi360\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9388789 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14563564\charrsid14563564 The Orders of the Court are:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5914078\charrsid14563564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14563564\charrsid9703086 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11100072\charrsid9703086 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2767166\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11100072\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 Application for leave to appeal granted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11100072\charrsid9703086 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11100072\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 Appeal allowed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11100072\charrsid9703086 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11100072\charrsid9703086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 Order of the Court of Appeal set aside.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 
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\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 Order of Balapatabendi J restored.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5914078\charrsid9703086 
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\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4869695\charrsid9703086 First Respondent to pay to the Petitioner her costs of the appeals to the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court summarily assessed at $10,000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15339912\charrsid9703086      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6060307\charrsid9703086    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13907584\charrsid9703086    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li5040\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid328125\charrsid2767166 Hon. Mr. Justice }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7873665\charrsid2767166 Saleem Marsoof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid328125\charrsid2767166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid328125\charrsid2767166 Judge of the Supreme Court
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7873665\charrsid328125 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid328125\charrsid2767166 Hon. Mr. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7873665\charrsid2767166 Suresh Chandra}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid328125\charrsid2767166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid328125\charrsid2767166 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid328125\charrsid2767166 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7873665\charrsid9703086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li5040\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid2767166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7873665\charrsid2767166 
Hon. Mr. Justice Brian Keith
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