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\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION]
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\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 CRIMINAL PETITION No: CAV 002}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Respondent
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Coram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \tab \tab \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Hon. Mr. Ju\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 stice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Brian Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , Judge of the Supreme Court
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Hon. Mr. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Priyasath Dep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , Judge of the Supreme Court
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Hon. Mr. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Frank Stock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10500497 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \tab \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Ms. S. Nasedra for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Pe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 titioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Babitu }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 for the Respondent
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Date of Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :\tab 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  April 2019
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Date of Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :\tab 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7020673 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  April 2019
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9468096\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Introduction}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15693358 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14031542\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 common feature of cases of sexual misconduct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 with girls }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14031542\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rela}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 tes to the behaviour of the girl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14031542\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  shortly after the incident in questio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n.  She}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3499129\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  may well tell\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  someone what ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10159883\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ppened to he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3499129\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
.  It will often be a family member or a friend.  The family member or the friend will then give evidence of what the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 girl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3499129\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  told them.  The status of that evidence is well established.  It cannot be treated as evidence of the fa\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
cts complained of.  In other words, it cannot be treated as corroboration of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the girl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ccount of what was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  done to her.  It can only show}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that the girl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s account}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8731984\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 court is consistent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1662471\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  or inconsistent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with what she was sayin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16284008\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 g shortly after the incident.  
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Putting it another way}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8731984\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1662471\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 if it is consistent with her account, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8731984\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t negatives any suggestion that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  girl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  has only recently made up the account she has given in court.  In this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8731984\charrsid3604686 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  it is accepted that the trial judge wrongly directed the assessors about th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e stat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8731984\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 us of this kind of evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, and one of the issues which this appeal raises is whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8731984\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the convictions of the applicant can nevertheless be upheld on the basis that}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , to use the words of the proviso to section 23(2) of the Court of Appeal Act 1949, \'93\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
o substantial miscarriage of justice has occurred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14816232\charrsid3604686 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the proviso\'94\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470604 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7080941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9468096\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 applicant is Rohit Prasad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9468096\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I intend no discourtesy to him if from now on I refer to him by his family name for convenience.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9468096\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was charged with two offences of rape.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 girl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9468096\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was h\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
is stepdaughter.  She was 13 years old at the time.  He pleaded not guilty to both counts.  The assessors unanimously expressed the opinion that Prasad was guilty on both counts.  The judge agreed, and accordingly convicted Prasad on both counts.  He sent
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nced Prasad to 12 years and 9 months imprisonment on each count to be served concurrently with each other, making 12 years a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16284008\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nd 9 months imprisonment in all, with a non-parole period of 12 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9468096\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Prasad
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s appeal to the Court of Appeal against both convicti\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 on and sentence were dismissed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1984515\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, and he now applies for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9468096\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  leave to appeal again}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496324\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 st conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9468096\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to the Supreme Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9468096 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7080941\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7080941 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1662471\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9468096\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16470604\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3499129\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9468096 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7080941\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The girl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8731984\charrsid3604686 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s account was that in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 April }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8731984\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2011 she was living with her mother and Prasad in Sigatoka.  One afternoon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16342314\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
at about 2.\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 30 pm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8731984\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8810127\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 she was looking after her baby brother and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8731984\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 her mother was out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8810127\charrsid3604686 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8731984\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Prasad came up to her, pushed her onto the bed, took her clothes off and some of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 his own, and forced her to have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8731984\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sexual intercourse with him.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   He put his hand over her mouth so that\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  she could not call for help.  It lasted for 10-15 minutes, and afterwards he told }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7020673 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
that that if she told anyone what had happened he would kill her.  That threat caused her not to tell her mother when her mother came home later that afternoon.  Indeed,\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s evidence was that she was too frightened to tell any family member about it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8810127\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Count 1 related to that incident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2237202 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid7080941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7080941\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7080941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 By July 2011 the family had moved to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10159883\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a farm in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2237202\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Rakiraki.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8810127\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   One afternoon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16342314\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  at about 2.00 pm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8810127\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , while the girl was looking after her baby\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  brother and her mother and Prasad\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s parents were in the garden, Prasad asked her to get him a cup of tea.  When she brought it to him in his room, he pushed her onto the bed, took her clothes off and some of his own, and forced her to have sexual interco\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 u
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rse with him.  Once again, he put his hand over her mouth so that she could not call for help.  It lasted for 15-20 minutes.  He then went into the garden.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8069661\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 girl did not tell her mother or Prasad\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s parents what had happened.  Her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13729046\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 evidence was that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8069661\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he h\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ad said that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8069661\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
he would kill her if she did, though it is unclear whether she was saying that Prasad was repeating the threat he had made previously, or whether she was explaining that her reason for not telling anyone about it was because of the previous th
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 reat he had made.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13729046\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Count 2 related to that incident. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13729046 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7080941\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7080941 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13729046\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7080941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13729046\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The following day she decided }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16342314\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to report what had happened}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13729046\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to the police.  She was on her way to the police station when an employee of the Fiji Sugar Corporation, Vicky Rafiq, saw her.  His evidence wa
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s that she looked distressed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , so he decided to talk to her, even though they did not know each other.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13729046\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0   She told him that she had been raped by her stepfather and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 wanted to get her medical done\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   So he took her to Nawala Police Station.  Her evidence was \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that she was then taken to Rakiraki Police Station and then taken to Rakiraki }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5314095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ospital where she was examined by a doctor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8069661 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7080941\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7080941 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid8069661\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7080941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8069661\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Prasa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1662471\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8069661\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was that none of this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8069661\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ever happened and that the girl was lying.  She had been put up by her grandparents to \'93\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 frame\'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6049840\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16342314\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
.  He accepted that he had been at home on the first occasion when the girl claimed that she had been raped and that his wife had been out, but he denied that sexual intercourse (and presumably any other sexual activity, though he did not say tha
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t in so many words) had taken place.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4476152 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7080941\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7080941 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16342314\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7080941 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16342314\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 As for the second occasion, he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8798007\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  said that he had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13729046\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  out of the hou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 se at 2.00 pm checking his truck}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13729046\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  as it was harvest time, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 but he had }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8798007\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had a slight headache and had gone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 to his room at about 3.00 pm to sleep for a wh\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ile.  He accepted that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 asked his stepdaughter for a cup of tea, but denied that anything untoward }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 happened between them.  It is a little difficult to tell from the judge\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s notes what Prasad was saying}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4476152\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  abou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t whether anyone else had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in the ho\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 use at the relevant time, tho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4476152\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 gh his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4476152\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
mother gave evidence that Prasad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  had gone somewhere at about 1.30 pm, that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 returned at about 2.00 pm and had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 lunch somewhere, that \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 we\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4476152\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had gone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13568810\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  out to the farm at about 3.00 pm, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4476152\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 and that \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 we all
\'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4476152\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 me ba
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ck from the farm at 5.30 pm.  The evidence of Prasad\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s father was that Prasad had not been at home between 1.30 and 3.00 pm, and that when Prasad }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4476152\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 returned at 3.00 pm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , all the family had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4476152\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  at home, and he (Prasad\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s father) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12335318\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4476152\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 then left for the farm.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13837217 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7080941\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7080941 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5249993\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The allegation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13837217\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to Vicky Rafiq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5249993 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7080941\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16527290\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7080941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16527290\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The requirement for corroboration in cases of a sexual nature was abolished by section 129 of the Crim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8798007\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 inal Procedure Decree 2009.  However, since }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16527290\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the trial was taking place in 2014, it was sensible for the trial judge to te\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ll the assessors that.  They may have thought otherwise.  He did so in para 53 of his summing-up, which reads:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid358216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid7080941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7080941\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7080941 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5249993\charrsid7080941 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93
\loch\f0 Please remember, there is no rule for you to look for corroboration of the victim\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s story to bring home an opinion of guilty in a rape case.  T\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
he case can stand or fall on the testimony of the victim depending on how you are going to look at her evidence.  You may, however, consider whether there are items of evidence to support the victim\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s evidence if you think that it is safe to look for such\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 supporting evidence.  Corroboration is, therefore, to have come from some independent evidence to support the victim\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
\hich\f0 s story of rape.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7080941\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16527290\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 9.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16527290\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The effect of this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid405244\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  passage was that the assessors were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16527290\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 being }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid405244\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 told tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t they could conclude}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid405244\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that Prasad was guilty even i\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 f there was no corroboration of the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s account.  But they could also take }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496324\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 into }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid405244\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 account}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  such corroboration of her account as there was in deciding whether her account was true.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8798007\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 That meant that the judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16527290\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  had to explain to the assessors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 what evidence was\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  capable of amounting to corroboration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16527290\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  The help he gave them was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8934343\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 that it was \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 independent evidence\'94\loch\f0 
 which supported her account.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7092777\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
That was entirely correct, but some explanation of what \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 independent\'94\loch\f0  meant in this context was required.  It did not mean t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
hat the evidence had to come from someone who was independent in the sense that they did not know the girl and therefore had no axe to grind.  It meant that the evidence had to be independent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7092777\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of the girl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7092777\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  In other words, she could not be the ultimate sour
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ce of the evidence if the evidence was to amount to corroboration of her account.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7092777 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid15935218 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15935218\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid15935218 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16004248\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 10}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7092777\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
.   It is here that the judge went astray in his summing-up.  His summing-up included a reminder to the jury of the evidence of each of the witnesses.  After giving an acc\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
urate summary of the evidence of Mr Rafiq, the judge said at para 38:  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15935218 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5266374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid15935218 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93
\loch\f0 [Mr Rafiq] is an independent witness.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6846990\charrsid5266374 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 He corroborates the version of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid15935218 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6846990\charrsid5266374 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5266374 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6846990\charrsid5266374 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 complainant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid15935218 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  If you believe this witness\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s evidence beyond reasonable doubt there is evidence of recent com\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 plaint in respect of the last incident on 27.7.2011.\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8798007\charrsid15935218 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8798007\charrsid15935218 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (Emphasis supplied)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid15935218 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15935218\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid15935218 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The last sentence on its own is unobjectionable. If the assessors accepted Mr Rafiq\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s evidence, it meant that the girl was alleging on the following day that she had been raped by \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
her stepfather.  The question was what the assessors could use that evidence for.  The judge answered that in the previous sentence: it corroborated the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s account}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8798007\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  But }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6108074\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s account }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8798007\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of what?  Of what she had told Mr Rafiq?  Or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6108074\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of what her stepfa
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ther had done to her?  The judge did not say.  The fact that he referred to \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 recent complaint\'94\loch\f0 
 in the next sentence could just mean, I suppose, that the judge had the former in mind, in which case what he told the assessors would have been unobjectionable.\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  But the assessors could not have known what the judge had in mind, and we must therefore proceed on the assumption that they would have thought that the the judge was saying that what the girl had told Mr Rafiq corroborated her account of what her stepf
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ther had done to her.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6108074 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12018167\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6108074\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 11.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6108074\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 And then there was the judge\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s reference in the first sentence to Mr Rafiq having been an independent witness.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Rafiq was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6108074\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , of course,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  an independent witness in the sense that he had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
never known the girl and therefore had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 no axe \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to grind.  But }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 his evidence was not independent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of the girl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  On the contrary: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he was merely relaying what the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  girl h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6108074\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ad told him.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10101879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 All of this means that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  it would be very surprising indeed if the law reg}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10101879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 arded what the girl told Mr Rafiq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 as amounting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10101879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to cor\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 roboration of her account of what her stepfather had done to her.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1530801 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid12018167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12018167\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 12.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 As one would expect, the law does }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1530801\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  regard this as corroboration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11212200\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11500983\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Anand Abh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11212200\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ay Raj v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11212200\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  [2014]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5840731\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  FJSC 12, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11212200\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Gates P said at para 33:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11212200 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10500463 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6686096\charrsid6686096 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93...}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11212200\charrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 evidence of recent complaint was never capa\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ble of corroborating the complainant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s account: }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11212200\charrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 R v Whitehead}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5840731\charrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 [1929] 1 KB 99.  At most it was relevant to the question of consistency, or inconsistency, in the complainant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s conduct, and as such was a matter going to her credibility and reliability as a wi\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 tness: 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5840731\charrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Basant Singh & Others v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5840731\charrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 Crim App 12 of 1989; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5840731\charrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Jones v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5840731\charrsid6686096 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  [1997] HCA 12;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1509650\charrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1509650\charrsid6686096 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Vasu v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1509650\charrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  Crim App AAU0011/2006S.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11212200\charrsid6686096 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1509650\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 13.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1509650\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In other word}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1662471\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1509650\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , Mr Rafiq\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s evidence that the girl had told him that she had been raped by her stepfather was not evide\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
nce which supported the truth of what the girl was saying.  Its only relevance was that it showed that the account which the girl gave in court was not one which she had only given recently.  Her account in court was consistent with what she had said shor
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ly after the second incident which had given rise to the charges.  That meant, of course, that the judge\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s comment to the assessors that Mr Rafiq \'93\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 corroborates the version of the complainant\'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14816232\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was a serious misdirection, as the Court of Appeal rightly ackno
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 wledged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1509650\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  The assessors would have been under the impression that they could treat what the girl had told Mr Rafiq as corroborating her allegation that Prasad had raped her.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1509650 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11500983\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 14.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11500983\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
In defence of the judge, it should be said that he cannot be criticised for not f\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ollowing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11500983\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Anand Abhay Raj}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11500983\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  The judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11500983\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Anand Abhay Raj}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11500983\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was handed down on 20 August 2014, some months after the judge summed the case up to the assessors.  But }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11500983\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Anand Abhay Raj}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11500983\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was merely restating \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0 
 albeit from the most authoritative source in Fiji \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he established position of the common law, including the authorities cited by Gates P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11500983 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6686096\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14816232\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 15.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14816232\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Of course, it was not the assessors who convicted Prasad.  It was the judge.  The assessors merely expressed the opinion that Prasad was guilty on both counts.  One the
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 refore has to look at the judge\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s judgment to see whether, in considering the evidence, he repeated his mistake or whether he corrected his error.  As it is, he did not correct his error.  In para 3 of his judgment, he said: \hich\f0 \lquote \rquote \loch\f0 I direct myself in accordanc
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  with the law and the evidence which I discussed in my summing up to the assessors.\'94\loch\f0 
  He was therefore treating what the girl had said to Mr Rafiq as corroboration that Prasad had r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15996400\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 aped her.  As I have said, that was wrong.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11500983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15996400\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 16.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15996400\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Whilst ackno}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10421189\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 wledging that this \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was a seriou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15996400\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
s misdirection, the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10421189\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 took the view that no substantial miscarriage of justice had occurred.  Its reasoning is contained in para 23 of the judgment of Prematilaka JA, which reads:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10421189 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4535558 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10421189\charrsid4535558 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93
\loch\f0 In terms of section 129 of the Crimes Decree 200\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 9 (now Crimes Act 2009) no corroboration of the complainant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s evidence, irrespective of the age, is necessary for the ac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7931693\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 cused to be convicted and no wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10421189\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
rning to the assessors is also required to be given rel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7931693\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ating to the absence of corrobo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10421189\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ration.  A large bo\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
dy of judicial decisions of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court has unequivocally affirmed this position.  Therefore, the direction to the assessors that Vicky\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s evidence corroborates the complainant\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s version should have had little negative impact \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n the Appellant as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7931693\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10421189\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he Trial Judge has also directed that corroboration }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7931693\charrsid4535558 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 is to have some independen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10421189\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ce evidence to support the victim\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7931693\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s story and th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10421189\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ere is no rule for the assessors to look for corroboration of the victim\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s story to bring home a verdict of gu\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ilty in a rape case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7931693\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10421189\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
nd the case stands or falls on her testimony.  Thus, the assessors may not have treated Vicky\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s evide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7931693\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
nce as corroborative of the com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10421189\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 plainant\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7931693\charrsid4535558 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s version as the source}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10421189\charrsid4535558 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of that evidence as to who raped came from the complainant herself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7931693\charrsid4535558 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6686096\charrsid4535558 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 17.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri113\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin113\lin567\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I regret that I cannot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  go along with this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1662471\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 reasoning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  The assessors were told}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that corroboration of the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s account was not a requisite for a finding of guilt in a case of rape.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 They could find her guilty on her evidence alone.  That was in para 53 of \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the summing-up. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 So far, so good. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  But the assessors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  were also told that there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  corroboration of the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s account }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
which they could take into account.  That corroboration consisted of what the girl had told Mr Rafiq.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 That was in para 38 of the summing-
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 up.  You cannot get away from the error in para 38}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  by saying that the assess}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ors would have realised that wha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the judge said was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 corroboration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was in truth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  not corroboration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  at all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  just because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the judge also told the assessors in para 53 of the summing-u\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  that corroboration was \'93\loch\f0 some independent evidence to support the victim\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s story\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , thereby leaving it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1639479 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the assessors to figure out that this was not cor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 roboration because }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the girl was the source of that evidence.  Not only did the judge tell the assesso\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rs that this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  corrobor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, but if the jury was to work out for themselves that it was not corroboration, the judge had to tell the assessors that co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
rroboration did not only mean ev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 idence which came from a witness who was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 independent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in the sense that \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he did}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  not know the girl, but that hi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s evidence was }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3566157\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 independent of the girl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 in the sense that she was not the source of it.  As I have said, the judge did not do that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6686096 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri113\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin113\lin720\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15996400\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri113\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin113\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11500983\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The medical report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11500983 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9578235\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 18.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9578235\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The doctor who examined the girl at Rakiraki Hospital was D\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 r Haimono.  She prepared a written report of that examination.  However, she was not calle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1662471\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d to give evidence at the trial because she was overseas.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9578235\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Inste}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10101879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ad, another doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9578235\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 produce}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10101879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9578235\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the report.  That was Dr Alunita.  Since Dr Alunita had not examined the g
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 irl herself, she could not say what the physical examination of the girl by Dr Haimono had revealed without infringing the rule against hearsay: see, for example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9578235\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Tuilagi v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9578235\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 [2018] FJSC 3 at para 55.  This is a not uncommon problem in Fiji: the do\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ctor who examines the patient and prepares a report is unavailable to attend court when the trial takes place}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14122224\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  The solution which F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10101879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 iji has devised to overcome}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14122224\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  this problem was discussed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14122224\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Naulumosi v The State}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14122224\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  [2018] FJSC 27 at paras}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9578235\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7231855\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2 and 28-30.  In eff\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ect, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6846990\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
section 133 of the Criminal Procedure Decree permits the report to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7231855\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  be produced provided that two conditions are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1662471\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  satisfied: the report has been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7231855\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 served on the defence not less than 21 clear days before the trial, and the defence have not required the or\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 iginal doctor to attend the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7231855 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 19.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7231855\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he report wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s in the disclosures filed in the Registry }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7231855\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 12 October 2011.  But }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7231855\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Prasad was unrepresented at all times.  His application for legal aid had been refused, and an appeal against that refusal had been dismiss\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ed.  So the disclosure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s had to have been served on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  His trial began on 18 March 2014, so the disclosures had to have been served on him at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14968639\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 least }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 21 clear days before then.  When all this was poin}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2044786\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ted out to Ms Nasedra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  for Prasad}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2044786\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 took Prasad\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s inst
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ructions.  He accepted that the disclosures had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  been served on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2044786\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 him some time before the trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2044786\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  And he accepted that he had not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 notified either the court or the prosecution that Dr Haimono}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was required to attend court, adding that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2044786\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he did not know he could \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 have done that.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14968639\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
In the circumstances, Dr Haimono\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  report w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14968639\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 as admissible even though she}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14968639\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 being }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 called as a witness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6686096\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14968639\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 20.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16153732 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14968639\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Before I turn to t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he criticism of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14968639\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 how the judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12742686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 summed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14968639\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  up the report to the assessors, it is necessary to say what the effect of t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
he report was.  No injuries of any kind were observed on physical examination: there was no bruising on the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s body; no lacerations were seen in the vaginal wall; and no bleeding was observed in the vagina.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 But as Dr Alunita said, that did not mean th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
at sexual intercourse had not occurred.  Sexual intercourse can take place without causing any injury.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14968639\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The only other finding of relevance was that the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s hymen was not intact.  That could, of course, have been the consequence of vaginal sexual interc\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ourse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the judge\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s note of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14968639\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Dr Alunita\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  on this point was:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid273236 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8396030 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid8396030 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Hymen not being intact could have been caused by penetration of any object or vigorous physical activity such as athletics could also have caused this.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid201179\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 21.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid201179\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 One other feat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ure of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid201179\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the rep\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ort should be mentioned.  When Dr Haimono referred to the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s hymen not being intact, she added the words \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 indicating loss of virginity\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 .  In the box marked \'93\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 Professional Opinion\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , she wrote: \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Not the first sexual contact\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 .  And in the box marked \'93\loch\f0 Summ\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
ry and conclusions\'94\loch\f0 , she wrote that the fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that the hym}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid201179\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 en was not intact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid201179\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ndicat[ed] sexual penetration.  But this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid201179\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not the first incident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  things }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11676385\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
need to be said about these statements.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 First, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11676385\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3085244\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 er statement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
that the rupturing of the hymen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4793486\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  indi\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 cated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 sexual penetration\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3085244\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  is ambiguous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 It is not clear whether she meant that sexual penetration was}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  likely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 to have been the cause of the hymen rupturing, or whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 she was saying that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the rupturing of the hymen was simply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 consistent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with sexual penetr\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ation, so that it could have occurred in some other way.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4793486\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 The fact that she also referred to the rupturing of the hymen as indicating \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 loss of virginity\'94\loch\f0 
 suggests that she might have had the former in mind, but it is impossible to tell.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The difficulty is \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
that her non-attendance at court meant that she could not be asked to resolve that ambiguity in her report.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407685\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Indeed, in view of Dr Alunita\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4793486\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  evidence, it may well be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407685\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 that she would have agreed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4793486\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407685\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 what }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had caused the h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407685\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ymen to be ruptured}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4793486\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407685\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  have been o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ne of the many}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  physical things like sports which girls natural}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ly get up to when they are grow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407685\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ing up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12508\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  It was left to Dr Alunita to enlighten the court that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 the rupturing of the hymen does not necessarily mean that the girl was either the victim of, or a pa\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rticipant in, penetrative sexual activity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3085244 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6686096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3085244\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 22.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3085244\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Secondly, there is Dr Haimono\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 s statement that \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 this is not the first incident\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11676385\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
.  That is also ambiguous.  Dr Haimono might have been saying that, if the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s hymen had been ruptured in the course of vaginal se\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
xual intercourse, the incident the previous day was unlikely to have been the occasion when it was ruptured.  Alternatively, she could have been saying that the nature of the rupture to the hymen meant that it had been penetrated more than once.  Again, w
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  do not know which of these two possibilities Dr Haimono had in mind.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3101075 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6686096\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6686096 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 23.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16153732 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 upshot of all that is this.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 most that can be said is that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 account }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
of how her stepfather behaved towards her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not inconsistent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with the findings of the physical\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  examination of her.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407685\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   But i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not capable of supporting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
her account, of course, because the findings were just as consistent with her hymen having been ruptured otherwise than in the course of sexual interco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3101075\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 urse.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407685 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16153732\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3540063\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 24.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16153732 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The judge dealt with all this in his s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
mming-up as follows (I leave out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  those passages which are not material for present purposes):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3540063 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li928\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin928\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8396030 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid8396030 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93
\loch\f0 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16153732\charrsid8396030 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . Prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid8396030 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 called Doctor Alunita as the first witness ... She is not the person who examined the victim ... She ... tendered [Dr Haimono\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s] report ... [The\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  complainant] had given a history of being raped by}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid8396030 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the step father on 27.7.2011.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid8396030 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
It was not the first incident of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5668481\charrsid8396030 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Rape.  She was raped earlier by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid8396030 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the same person in April 2011.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7164498\charrsid8396030 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 She said that second sexual intercourse could take place without leaving any
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  injuries.  Her hymen was not intact.  The professional opinion is that the vaginal examination indicated that hymen is not intact indicating sexual penetration.  But this was not the first incident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3540063\charrsid8396030 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7164498\charrsid8396030 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 30.  Under cross examination, she was asked whether she \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 could tell when the complainant was raped first.  She answered }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16153732\charrsid8396030 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 no\hich\f0 \rquote ...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7164498\charrsid8396030 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1134\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16455492\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 25.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455492\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The difficulty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with this sum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455492\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 mary of the medical evidence is that i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t could have left the assessors with the impression that the evidence was that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  way in which the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s hymen \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
could have been ruptured was through penetrative sex.  Look what the judge said: the fact that the hymen was not intact \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 indicat[ed] sexual penetration\'94\loch\f0 .  It is true that that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was what the report said, but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  I have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  already referred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the ambiguity in th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e language which D}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 r Haimono used and (b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
) the inability to resolve that ambiguity by the unavailability of Dr Haimono to give evidence at the trial.  But leaving all that aside, the real vice is that the judge did not remind the assessors of the critical ev\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
idence of Dr Alunita about a girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s hymen being capable of being ruptured otherwise than through penetrative sex.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16520621 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li928\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin928\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16153732 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 26.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid8126762 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he problem does not end there.  Having summarised the medical evidence in the way he did, the judge then w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nt on to tell the assessors the f\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ollowing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in para 31 of his summing-up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16520621 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8126762\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8126762 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid8396030 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid8396030 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The doctor is an independent witness.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16520621\charrsid8396030 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
If you believe her evidence there is corroboration on sexual intercourse.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid8396030 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  However, there are no injuries.  The doctor is not the person who examined the victim.  She was givin\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
g evidence on a report prepared by another doctor.  Before attaching any weight to this evidence you have to keep these factors in mind.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid8396030 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid158260 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (Emphasis supplied)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16520621\charrsid8396030 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid8126762 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid8126762 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The doctor who the judge was referring to was Dr Alunita.  That is plain from the third sentence\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in that passage.  The one thing which emerged from Dr Aluni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ta\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s evidence was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that the medical evidence did }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 amount to corroboration that the girl had had sexual intercourse.  Her evidence, as I have said, was that the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s hymen could have been ruptu\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
red otherwise than through penetrative sex.  The bottom line here is that the fact that the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s hymen had been ruptured was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  consistent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 stepfather }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 having had sexual intercourse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , but it could no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t amount to corroboration that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he had had s\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
exual intercourse with her, because as Dr Alunita accepted (but which the judge om}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12392522\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 itted to remind the assessors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16455492\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ) the rupturing of the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s hymen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16727209\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 have been caused in some other way}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12392522\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  It follows that the direction which the judge gave the assessors t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 hat the medical evidence amounted to corrob}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455492\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 oration that someone }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12392522\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had had sexual intercourse }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455492\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 with the girl }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12392522\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was wro}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455492\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ng.  It was consistent with someone }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12392522\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
having had sexual intercourse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455492\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12392522\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, but no more.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12392522 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12392522\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 27.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid8126762 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12392522\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The Court of Appeal took the view that there was nothi
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ng wrong with this direction.  It said that the lack of injuries really proved nothing.  Maybe the girl chose not to resist, preferring to submit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455492\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to what her stepfather was doin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1662471\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12392522\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , than struggle and thereby risk something worse.  I agree with that.  But the\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Court of Appeal thought that the fact that the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s hymen was not intact }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14429596\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 amounted to corroboration that she had had sexual intercourse because she \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
had been identified as having had sexual intercourse before, for she had already lost [her] virginity\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455492\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
That is a circular argument, and i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6231014\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455492\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 in any event }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6231014\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 undermined by Dr Alunita\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s evidence about the ways a girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s hymen can be ruptured otherwise than by penetrative sex.  The Court of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sought to answer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6231014\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that by saying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in para 28 of its judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11680858\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 that \'93\loch\f0 ther\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e was no evidence at all that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11680858\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
he complainant had indulged in any vigorous activity such as athletics that could have accounted for the loss of virginity and therefore, the Trial Judge was not required to direct the assessors on such a hypothetical possibi\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
lity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid273236 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid8126762 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9656873\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 28.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid8126762 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9656873\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I cannot go along with this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7344796\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 You ca}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12544251\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7344796\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not ignore the possibility that the girl\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544251\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s hymen had been rupt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7344796\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ured in the course of some strenuous physical activity simply because she did not give evidence about that.  There was still the possibility that tha\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t might have happened.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544251\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n any event, I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  do not t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409417\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 hink that one can read the judge\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s note of Dr Alunita\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s evidence on the topic as amounting to a statement that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 vigorous physical activity was the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  circumstance which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409417\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid273236\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ight cause the hymen to rupture other\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
wise than by penetrative sex.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409417\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0   At least another was \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 penetration by any object\'94\loch\f0 
, and you cannot discount the possibility that Dr Alunita was only giving a non-exhaustive list of examples of how the hymen might be ruptured otherwise than by penetrative sex.\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  In the circumstances, I do not agree with the Court of Appeal\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s rejection of the complaint that the judge wron}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9656873\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
gly directed the a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409417\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ssessors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9656873\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 that the medical evidence affor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4225953\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ded corroboration that someone }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9656873\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had had sexual intercourse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4225953\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with the girl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9656873\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  The evidence\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9656873\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 consistent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4225953\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with someone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9656873\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  having had sexual intercourse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4225953\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9656873\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , but the evidence did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9656873\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not support }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9656873\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9656873 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid8126762 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li928\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin928\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9656873\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The lack of legal representation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9656873 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16153732\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid10101879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 29.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10101879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 As I have said, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1054879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Prasad was not represente}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464173\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d at his trial as he did not get legal aid.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1054879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Things have changed since th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 en.  Anyone charged with a serious offence is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4225953\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 now }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1054879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 granted legal aid if they apply for it, but at the time of Prasad\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 s trial limited resources meant that not everyone who applied for legal aid would be granted it.  The lack of legal representation is said t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
o have disadvantaged Prasad in two particular ways.  A lawyer would have been able to cross-examine the girl to greater effect, and could have pointed out to the judge the errors in his proposed directions to the assessors on corroboration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1054879 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li928\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin928\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16153732 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 30.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid16153732 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153732 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10706628\charrsid16153732 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he Court of A\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ppeal did not discuss the first of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13324814\charrsid16153732 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
these two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10706628\charrsid16153732 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  possible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13324814\charrsid16153732 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  dis}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10706628\charrsid16153732 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 advantages.  It rejected the second on the basis that a proper direction on corroboration would have made no difference to the outcome of the case.  It added }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13324814\charrsid16153732 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10706628\charrsid16153732 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Prasad\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s account carried very little\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 credibility, and that the process was entirely fair.  At all times his rights had been explained to him by the judge; he always confirmed that he understood what was happening when the judge asked him that; and he had whatever time he needed to prepare f
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 r the trial and during it.   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13324814 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13900961\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13900961 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1054879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 31.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid13900961 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1054879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 This is not the time to rehearse the many}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13324814\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 cases which say that legal rep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1054879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13324814\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1054879\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ntation is not an absolute right in Fiji.  For my part, I approach cases of this kind by a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13324814\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sking whether the defendant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s right to a fair trial has bee\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
n infringed.  That turns on whether, to use the language of the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13324814\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Drotini}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16409417\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13324814\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13324814\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (Criminal Appeal No: AAU 0001/2005) at para 11, and cited with approval in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13324814\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ramalasou v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13324814\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (Criminal Appeal No: AAU 0085/2007) at para 9, \'93\loch\f0 there is
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  a possibility that [the defendant] was adversely prejudiced by his lack of representation\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13324814 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13900961\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13900961 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid10706628\charrsid13900961 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 32.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid13900961 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10706628\charrsid13900961 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In my view, a relatively persuasive argument could be mounted that Prasad was adversely affected by the fact that he did not have a lawyer to cross-examine the gi
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rl.  This was classically a case of his word against hers.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2718444\charrsid13900961 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The difference between their two accounts was so big that it could not be attributable to a mistake on the part of one of them.  One of them was lying.  And in cases of this kind \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  an allegation o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
f sexual misconduct where there is no supporting evidence of any kind \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  the first question which the fact-finders are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6049840\charrsid13900961 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 very }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2718444\charrsid13900961 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 likely to ask themselves is: why would the complainant lie?  To be fair, Prasad was alive to that.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12544251\charrsid13900961 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Although the burden of proof was \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not on him, he knew that realistically he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2718444\charrsid13900961 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 would have to come up with a reason for the girl telling what he claimed were lies about him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6049840\charrsid13900961 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  That was why he said that that the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s grandparents had wanted to \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 frame\'94\loch\f0  him and had presumably persuaded the girl \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to say that he had raped her.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6049840 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13900961\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13900961 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6049840\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 33.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid13900961 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6049840\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 But this was never }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13387944\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 really }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6049840\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 explored in the evidence.  All he had said about this in his own evidence was that the girl had told him that she had been \'93\loch\f0 sent\hich\f0 \rquote \rquote \loch\f0 
\hich\f0  by her grandparents to \'93\loch\f0 fra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13387944\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 me\'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6049840\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 him.  He did not say }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13387944\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in his evidenc\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6049840\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 why }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13387944\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
they might have wanted to frame him, but when questioning the girl \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  you could hardly call the few questions he asked of her cross-examination \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0 
 he had suggested that it was because they wanted his wife and him to separate.  But that was all.  Nothin\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
g else was said about that in the course of the trial.  What might have been expected to have been at the heart of the trial \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  why was the girl lying? \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  was hardly mentioned.  It gave the trial \hich\f0 
\endash \loch\f0  to my thinking at least \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  a real sense of unreality.  One m\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ght}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9178746\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  have expected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13387944\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  all this to have been much }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9178746\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 more to the fore of the trial if Prasad had be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13387944\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 en legally represented.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9178746\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13387944\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Having said all that,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9178746\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  though,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13387944\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9178746\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 this is not a topic on which I need}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4225953\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to reach a concluded view}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9178746\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in the light of my opinion about the other groun\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ds of appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9178746 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13900961\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13900961 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9178746\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The application of the proviso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9178746 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13900961\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13900961 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 34.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6575300 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13900961 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9178746\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 he final question is whether, despite the errors which the judge made about corroboration, the proviso should be applied on the basis that \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
no substantial miscarriage of justice has occurred\'94\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14824948\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The err}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7344796\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ors whi\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14824948\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 the judge made were fundamental, but that does not necessarily mean that the proviso should not be applied.  The question is whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9178746\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the judge }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14824948\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 might have acquitted Prasad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9178746\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 if he had appreciated that there was no corroboration of the girl\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s account? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9113150\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  He o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
bviously regarded the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9178746\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9113150\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 girl\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s encounter with Mr Rafiq as important because he referred to that specifically in his judgment, and when he said the he was rejecting Prasad\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s evidence, he said that he was doing so in the light of all the evidence, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9113150\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 including th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e medical evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9113150\charrsid3604686 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14824948\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  So he clearly regarded the facts that (a) she had told Mr Rafiq that she had been raped by her stepfather and (b) her hymen had been ruptured as significantly supporting her account \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0 
 when in truth they were no more than simply consist\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ent with her account.  I cannot say what the judge would have concluded if he had given these facts the much more limited evidential weight they deserved, and in the circumstances I cannot say that no substantial miscarriage of justice has occurred.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14824948 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li928\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin928\itap0\pararsid13900961 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13900961\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14824948\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Concl
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 usion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14824948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13900961\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6575300 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4225953\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 3}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14824948\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .    For these reaso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1984515\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ns, I would give Prasad }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14824948\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 leave to appeal against his conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3961389\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3961389\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 asis that a substantial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7627976\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and grave injustice may otherwise occur}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14824948\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  In accordance with the Supreme Court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s usual practice, I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12021198\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  would treat the hearing of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14824948\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  ap\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 plication }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12021198\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 for leave to appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14824948\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
as the hearing of the appeal.  I would allow the appeal, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7627976\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14824948\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 quash the convictions on the two counts which Prasad faced.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5374632\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5374632 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300\charrsid3604686 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid5374632\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 36.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid12071467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5374632\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The question then arises as to whe}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1598995\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ther we should order a retrial.  When we asked Mr Babitu for \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the State whether the State would be asking for a retrial if the appeal succeeded, he understandably said that the matter would have to be referred to the Director of Public Prosecutions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3161128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1598995\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  entirely understand why that should be.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5374632\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1598995\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he normal course of \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 events, a retrial}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5374632\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  would f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7627976\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ollow where a conviction was quashed because of flaws in the summing-up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5374632\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
.  But all this happened eight years ago.  The girl and her family will have moved on.  She will obviously not want to return to court to give her evidence all \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
over again, and given the choice of doing that or letting matters lie where they now are, she may choose to leave things be.  In any event, Pra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1598995\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
sad has been in prison for a number of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5374632\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3161128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  In the circumstances, I would order the retri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1598995\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 al of Prasad on the t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3161128\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 wo charges he faces}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12539849 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3161128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  I would
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1598995\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  leave it to the Director of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7344796\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Public }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1598995\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3161128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1598995\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3161128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 cutions to decide whether to pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1598995\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 oceed with the trial or offer no evidence once }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3161128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the girl and her family have been consulted over what their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1598995\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 preference may be.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3161128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1598995\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he meantime, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3161128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I would \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 order that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1598995\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Prasad must remain in custody.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3161128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  Having said that, matters should not be allowed to drift.  The momentum should be maintained.  I would order the Director of Public Prosecutions to notify the High Court Registry within 28 days of today whether th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
e State will be proceeding with the trial.  If it decides not to, the case should then be listed in the High Court as soon as possible for the State to offer no evidence and for Prasad to be released.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5374632\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13387944\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6049840\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12071467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid12071467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6049840\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2718444\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10706628\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx6186\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6575300 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Postscript}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12672784 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12071467\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6575300 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4225953\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 3}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .    Prasa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1984515\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d was also applying\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
leave to appeal against his sentence.  When Miss Nasedra stood up to open the appeal, she told us th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5536999\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t Prasad had decided to abandon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 his appeal against sentence.  That was not the first time that this has happened during the current session of the Sup\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 reme Court, and a sudden outbreak of appeals }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5536999\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 against sentence being abandoned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  suggests that something is in play here.  The an
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
wer, I suspect, is the recent exercise by the Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Aitcheson v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  [2018] FJSC 29 of its power}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\super\insrsid2058560\charrsid3604686 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9533111 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\super\insrsid2058560 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2058560 \hich\af37\dbch\af37\loch\f37  The Supreme Court\hich\f37 \rquote \loch\f37 s power to increase an offender\hich\f37 \rquote \loch\f37 
s sentence is derived from section 14 of the Supreme Court Act 1998 and section 23(3) o\hich\af37\dbch\af37\loch\f37 f the Court of Appeal Act 1949.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to increase sen\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 tence on the hearing an applicat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1984515\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ion for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  leave to appeal against sentence, and its refusal to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5536999\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
permit the applicant to abandon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  his application }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920178\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in order }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to avoid that con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5536999\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sequence.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1984515\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Indeed, Miss Nasedra told us that the fear of his sentence being increased was\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 one of the reasons why Prasad wished to abandon his application for leave to appeal against sentence.  In the circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5536999\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, we were prepared to permit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1984515\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the application for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  leave to appeal a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5536999\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 gainst sentence to be abandoned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7344796\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ut I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  wish to add a few w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5536999\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7344796\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rds of \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 my}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9533111\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  own about three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5536999\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  aspects}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2058560\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of the practice which the Supreme Court adopted in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2058560\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Aitcheson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2058560\charrsid3604686 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5536999\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6575300 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4225953\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 3}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5536999\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5536999\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 First, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13768264\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
appeals against sentence which the Court thinks might have merit may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13768264\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 evertheless be abandoned because the strength of the appeal might not be apparent \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
to the appellant and his advisers, and they fear that pursuing the appeal might result in the exercise by the Court of its power to increase sentence.  It would be a failure of the criminal justice system if that turned out to be the case.  The present ca
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e is an example of just that.  For the reasons given in another judgment of the Supreme Court being handed down today, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3680635 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Timo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13768264\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9533111\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (Criminal Petition no: CAV 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3680635 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9533111\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 of 2008)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13768264\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , Prasad may well have been able to argue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9533111\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13768264\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the proximity of the non-parole per\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
iod to his head sentence was such as to warrant interference by the Supreme Court.  Now that his convictions have been quashed, that is not a problem which arises in his case, but the danger of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259990\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13768264\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 eritorious appeals being abandoned i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259990\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s nevertheless something \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 which needs to be addressed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12259990 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300\charrsid3604686 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4225953\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2058560\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .   Secondly, it sometimes happens in the Court of Appeal that the court is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 minded to increase the sentence passed by the trial judge.  A practice has grown up in the Court of Appeal to warn an appellant that that is what th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e court is considering, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and to allow the appellant to abandon his appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
.  So far as I know, no such practice exists in the Supreme Court when the Supreme Court is minded to increase the sentence.  That can only be because it is a power which is rarely, if\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 ever, exercised, and there has been no opportunity for such a practice to develop.  The Supreme Court must have taken the view in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Aitcheson}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that such a practice should not apply to the Supreme Court, but it did not say why.  Some people might say that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1522620\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , in\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the interests of fairness to applicants,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 the practice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1522620\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 adopted by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the Court of Appeal 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1522620\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 is preferable.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 It may be that the Supreme }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1522620\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Court will want to consider this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 again in an appropriate case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5796360 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300\charrsid3604686 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .   Thirdly, there is another reason why the applicant in}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ait\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 cheson}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  might have felt hard done by.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1522620\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  There was a particular}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  reason why the Legal Aid Commission which was providing representation for the applicant in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Aitcheson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1522620\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 would not have contemplated the possibility that his sentence would have been increased.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1522620\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ait\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 cheson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1522620\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was a rape case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11690099\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  involving young children}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1522620\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 There was in the same session of the Supreme Court another appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in a rape case}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11690099\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 involving a young child }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Kumar v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  [2018] FJSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12021198\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in which the Director of Public Prosecutions had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 specifically}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  aske\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
d the court, pursuant to section 6(1) of the Sentencing and Penalties Decree 2009, to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5791663\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sentences for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11690099\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rape}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11690099\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of children and juveniles}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5791663\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and to give a guideline judgment on the topic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
.  No such request under section 6 was made in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Aitcheson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  Accordingl\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 y, the Legal Aid Commission could confidently expect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
that if the tariff for sentencing in rape cases }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5791663\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 involving children and juveniles }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5791663\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to be increased as a result of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  any guideline judgment which the court chose to give in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Kumar}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5791663\charrsid3604686 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  it would not apply to th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e applicant in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Aitcheson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0 
 not least because counsel for the State in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Kumar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (who also represented the State in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Aitcheson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ) expressly conceded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5791663\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 that if the court gave a guideline judgment increasing the tariff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11690099\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5791663\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sentencing in rape cases involving children a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nd juveniles, the new tariff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11690099\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  should only}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5791663\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  apply to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11690099\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
offenders whose offences took place a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5791663\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 fter the promulgation of the court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11690099\charrsid3604686 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5791663\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Otherwise, the new tariff would be applied retrospectively, and some people might say that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1984515\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that would not only be unfair \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
to accused persons, but might also be a breach of the principle of non-retrospectivity which lies behind Art 14(2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14363254\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1984515\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n) of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16004248 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12071467\charrsid3604686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16004248\charrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Dep J}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16004248\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16004248\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16004248\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .     I have read in draft the judgment of Keith J and I agree that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11823443\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14363254 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11823443\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  should}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16004248\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  be set aside an\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d a re-trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11823443\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 should }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16004248\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 be ordered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16004248 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300\charrsid3604686 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15693358\charrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Stock J:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16004248\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15693358\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .     I have had the advantage of re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16004248\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ading in draft the judgment of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15693358\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Keith J, and I agree with it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4266847\charrsid3604686 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4266847\charrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Orders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4266847\charrsid6575300 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4266847\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (1)  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4266847\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Application for leave to appeal against conviction granted.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6575300 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4266847\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (2)  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4266847\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appeal against conviction allowed \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
and convictions quashed.  Appellant to be retried unless the State decides to offer no evidence on the appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s retrial.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3604686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4266847\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5791663\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4604289\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid417994\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1522620\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5796360\charrsid3604686 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0       }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2058560\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13768264\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672784 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3604686\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9404128\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6575300 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4001414 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4001414 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4001414\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6575300 \tab \tab \tab 
\tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6575300\charrsid15754867 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li5040\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid4001414 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Hon. Mr. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6575300\charrsid15754867 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Brian Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4001414 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4001414\charrsid3604686 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6575300\charrsid15754867 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16345049 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Hon. Mr. Justice\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Priyasath Dep
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15754867\charrsid3604686 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4001414 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4001414\charrsid3604686 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6575300\charrsid15754867 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16345049 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6575300\charrsid15754867 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'85\'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Hon. Mr. Justice Frank Stock
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604686\charrsid3604686 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14031542\charrsid3604686 
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