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\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid939289480}{\list\listtemplateid57830072\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
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\fi-360\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel
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\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li7200\lin7200 }{\listname ;}\listid2140341094}}{\*\listoverridetable{\listoverride\listid2140341094\listoverridecount0\ls1}
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14893309 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1114280 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14893309 \chftnsepc 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14893309 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1114280 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14893309 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2962824\sftnbj {\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2962824\charrsid2962824  PAGE   \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2185310 2}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962824 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962824 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4197938\charrsid1788947 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid15935223 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4197938\charrsid15935223 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION]
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid15935223 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4197938\charrsid15935223 CRIMINAL PETITION No: CAV 00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9533341 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4197938\charrsid15935223 .2018
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4197938\charrsid15935223 
(On Appeal from Court of Appeal No: AAU 00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9533341 45}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4197938\charrsid15935223 .201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4197938 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4197938\charrsid15935223 )
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4197938\charrsid15935223 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 BETWEEN:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11341083\charrsid11341083 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11341083 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11341083\charrsid11341083 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4024679\charrsid11341083 DEVENDRA NAICKER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 Petitioner
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11341083 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 AND:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11341083 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11341083\charrsid11341083 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 THE STATE
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 Respondent
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid1788947 Coram:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1788947  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 Hon. Mr. Justice Saleem Mars}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1788947 oof, Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 
\par Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9533341\charrsid11341083 Madam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083  Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9533341\charrsid11341083 Chandra Ekanayake}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 , Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8141740\charrsid11341083 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6961110\charrsid11341083 on. Mr. Justice Brian Keith, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1788947 Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid1788947 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1788947  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2232839\charrsid11341083 A. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 K. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2232839\charrsid11341083 Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083  for the Petitioner
\par M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9464393\charrsid11341083 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9464393\charrsid11341083 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9464393\charrsid11341083 Jack for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083  the Respondent
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid1788947 Date of Hearing:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2232839\charrsid11341083 
19 October}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083  2018
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid1788947 Date of Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13855563\charrsid1788947 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13855563\charrsid11341083 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1788947 1 November 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4197938\charrsid11341083 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11341083 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs32\ul\insrsid4197938\charrsid15935223 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11341083 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15737886\charrsid9779327 Marsoof J:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15737886 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11341083\charrsid9779327 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 1.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3410058 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9464393 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9464393\charrsid4197938 have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15737886\charrsid4197938 
 had the opportunity of perusing in draft the Judgment of Keith J, and I agree }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3410058 with his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15737886\charrsid4197938 reasoning and conc}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 lusions.  I also agree with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15737886\charrsid4197938 order proposed by him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9464393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5591233\charrsid9779327 Ekanayake J:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5591233 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11341083\charrsid9779327 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9263151\charrsid4197938      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3410058  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9263151\charrsid4197938 
I have read the judgment of Keith J in draft, and I agree with his reasoning and conclusions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938      
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11341083 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15737886\charrsid9779327 Keith J:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15737886 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9779327\charrsid9779327 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6688863\charrsid9779327 Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6688863 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9779327\charrsid9779327 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1114280\charrsid4197938 is
 sometimes said that circumstantial evidence is less compelling than direct evidence.  What better evidence can there be than that someone saw the defendant commit the crime he is accused of?  But eye witnesses can sometimes be mistaken, and they have als
o been known to lie.  That is why it is also said that circumstantial evidence can be just as compelling, if not more so.  If I go to bed at night and the ground outside is dry, and I wake up in the morning to find that it is wet \endash 
 true, I have not actually
 seen it rain, but the inference that it rained during the night is irresistible.  As long ago as 1866, 8 years before Fiji became a Crown Colony, a distinguished judge likened circumstantial evidence to a rope comprised of several chords.  He said that 
\'93[o]ne strand of the chord might be insufficient to sustain the weight, but three stranded together may be quite of sufficient strength.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\super\insrsid1114280\charrsid4197938 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1114280 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\super\insrsid1114280 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1114280  Pollock CB in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid1114280\charrsid1114280 Exall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1114280 
 (1866) 4 F & F 922 at p 929.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1114280\charrsid4197938   One of the issues in this case is whether the circumstantial evidence was sufficient to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 justify the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1114280\charrsid4197938 convict}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 ion of the petitioner for}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1114280\charrsid4197938  murder.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6688863 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1114280\charrsid4197938  petitioner is Devendra Naicker.  I tr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 u}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1114280\charrsid4197938 st that I shall be forgiven for referring to him }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 (as well as t
o other persons referred to in this judgment) by their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1114280\charrsid4197938  family name}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 
s from now on for convenience.  He was charged with murder.  All three assessors expressed the opinion that he was guilty.  The trial judge (Kumararatnam J) agreed and accordingly convicted him of murder.  He was sentenced to life imprisonment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 , and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938 
directed that Naicker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938  would have to serve 20 years in prison before he would be eligible to request the Mercy Commission to recommend a pardon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 Naicker applied to the Court of Appeal for leave to appeal against both his conviction and sentence.  The single }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938 
judge granted Naicker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 leave to appeal against both his conviction and that 
part of his sentence which related to the length of time he had to spend in prison before a pardon could be considered.  In due course, the Court of Appeal (Calanchini P, Chandra JA and Bandara JA) dismissed the appeal against conviction, but allowed the 
a
ppeal against sentence.  It directed that Naicker would have to serve 13 years in prison before he would be eligible to request the Mercy Commission to recommend a pardon.  Naicker now applies to the Supreme Court for special leave to appeal against his c
onviction.  This is the Supreme Court\rquote s judgment following the hearing of that petition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938   All dates in this judgment are in 2011 unless otherwise stated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1114280 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 The facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9529660 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 
The deceased was Bishal Anand Mishra.  He was a taxi driver, and there was uncontested evidence that on the day of the murder \endash  20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 December}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938  \endash  Naicker was looking for him.  According to Mishra\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 s brother,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938  Mishra had said that Naicker had asked Mishra to drop him off at Korociriciri.  Other witnesses put Naicker at a taxi base in Nausori la
te that afternoon, and saw Naicker and Mishra leave the taxi base together in Mishra\rquote s taxi.  One witness put that at about 6.20 pm, another put it at about 6.45 pm, but nothing turns on that.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938 None of that was disputed.  It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938  was the last time when Mishra was seen alive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938  in Nausori}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9529660 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4011653\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4011653\charrsid4197938 The scene shifts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938 
 to Korociriciri, a hamlet not far from Nausori.  The evidence of a local farmer whose farm was in Korociriciri but whose 
home was nearby in Waituri said that as he was cycling home on the day in question he saw a taxi near the Waituri roundabout.  There were two men inside.  One was the driver and the other was in the back on the nearside.  The driver was looking at the oth
er man who was facing down.  The farmer put the time at about 6.00 pm, but it was not something he was sure about.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696650 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938 The really important evidence came from the next two witnesses: Tevita Naqaruqaru and Ratu Meli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938  Draunimasi}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938 .  Naqaruqara lived in Waituri.  His evidence was that at about 6.30 pm on the day in question he was at his home with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938  Draunimasi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938 
 when he heard a car being driven fast along the road outside.  It was unusual for cars to be driven at speed on that road as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938 it was dilapidated.  He and Draunimasi}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938  went ouside.  They saw that the car had stopped.  An Indian man \endash  Naicker is of Indian ethnicity \endash 
 got out and ran off.  They chased him, and the man threw something into a bush.  Naqaruqara stopped to see what it was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938  w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938 hile }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938 Draunimasi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938 
 continued to chase the man.  He could not find whatever the man}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938  had thrown, so he followed Draunimasi.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 He saw the man throw away the trousers he was wearing.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938 By the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938  time Naqaruqara}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938  reached Draunimasi, Draunimasi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938 
 had caught the man who was crying an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938 d kneeling in front of Draunimasi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938 
.  He stayed like that for about 20 minutes.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938 Draunimasi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938  confirmed Naqaruqara\rquote s evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7355861\charrsid4197938  broadly speaking}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696650\charrsid4197938 .  After Naqar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12596525\charrsid4197938 
uqara had stopped to look for what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 ever the man had thrown away, Draunamisi had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12596525\charrsid4197938  cont
inued to chase the man.  He eventually caught the man up, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7355861\charrsid4197938  they were talking, he thought, for about 15 minutes before they let the man go.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938   He had blood on both his hands, with some money in one of them, and he claimed that he had agreed to buy a goat from two men of Fijian ethnicity, and they were now looking for him.  Draunimasi\rquote 
s evidence was that he felt sorry for the man, so after counting the money the man had (which came to $30) he let the man go.  The man retrieved his trousers which were also stained with blood and headed off towards the old bridge at Korociriciri.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938 Later that day}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7355861\charrsid4197938 , Mishra\rquote s body was found near Waituri Irrigation.  He had been stabbed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 The evidence of the pathologist who carried out the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 post mortem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938  was tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 t there were 5 wounds on Mishra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 \rquote 
s face and chin, and another 10 wounds on his body, 9 of which were wounds which connected to organs which \'93communicate[d] with the thoracic cavity\'94.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5639773\charrsid4197938 As I read the judge
\rquote s note of his evidence, h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 e thought that Mishra had been attacked from behind.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938 
The body was about 200 metr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 es from where his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938  abandoned taxi had been.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7355861\charrsid4197938 There were bloodstains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  found in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7355861\charrsid4197938 
 taxi, but there was no forensic evidence \endash  whether of blood type or DNA \endash  linking those stains either to Mishra or Naicker.  No fingerprints were found}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
 in the taxi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 , let alone ones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938 were capable of placing Naick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938 er in it.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938 
Naicker was arrested}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938  on the following day}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938 21 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 ecember.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938 I shall come}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11107878\charrsid4197938  in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938  due course to what Naic}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 ker was alleged to have told a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938  doctor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  who examined him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938 , and what he was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
alleged to have told the police}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938  when they interviewed him under caution.  But Naicker elected to give evidence at his trial.  T
he account he gave was that on the day in question he had got into the back of Mishra\rquote s taxi, and they had driven from Nausori to Korociriciri.  Mishra had dropped him off there.  Naicker claimed that he had then gone home}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 , changed and then gone to a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938  creek
.  One of his friends was fishing there.  Naicker then tried his luck at catching something and then he went back home.  While there, a friend of his, Rakesh Chandra, had called him, and Naiker said that he went to Chandra\rquote 
s home to get a box of matches.  He then returned to his own home, had a shower, had dinner, and then went }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 out again.  He claimed that it had been while he was out that he }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938 heard that someone had been murdered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 The latter part of this account was corroborated by Chandra who the p
rosecution called as a witness.  At about 7.30 pm on the evening in question, he saw Naicker walking past his home.  Naicker came in and asked Chandra for a box of matches.  Chandra asked him where he had been, and Naicker said that he had been by the riv
er fishing, although Naicker did not have any fishing tackle with him.  When Chandra asked him whether he had caught anything, Naicker said that he had not.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 
The identification of Naicker by Naqaruqara and Draunimasi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16389440\charrsid4197938  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15365445 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 Naqaruqara\rquote 
s evidence was that he had never seen the man before the evening in question.  Nor does it look as if before the trial he had been asked to take part in an identification parade or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 other form of pre-trial identification procedure.  If he had been, that w
ould inevitably have emerged in the course of the trial, and it did not.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938 We must therefore assume that no such parade or procedure had ever taken place.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 Despite tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938 t, he was asked if the man he had seen was in the courtroom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 .  He said \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 es\'94 and pointed to Naicker.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938 He explained that it had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938  still}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938  been light, and that they had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938  face to face for 20 minutes.  But this was still a dock identification, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938 I shall come later to the dangers of a dock identification of this kind.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16667412 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9779327\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 The position was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 slightly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15365445\charrsid4197938 
different with Draunimasi.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938 
He was never asked whether he had seen the man before the evening in question, but no doubt if he had that would have emerged in his evidence.  We must assume therefore that like Naqaruqara he had never seen the man befo
re that evening.  He was also asked if the man he had seen was in the courtroom, and he too said \'93yes\'94
 and pointed to Naicker.  Having been speaking to him face to face for 15 minutes, he said that he would be able to recognise the man again if he saw him.  The difference in his case, though, was that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938 did}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938 
 attend an identification parade (at which Naicker was, I assume, one of the persons on the line-up), at which he identified someone else altogether as the man he claimed to have encountered on the eveni
ng in question.  This was only three days later on 23 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 ecember}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938 
.  He claimed in his evidence that he had done that deliberately.  The man who he had encountered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938  was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938 
 on the parade, but he did not pick that man out because he was scared.  He had never attended an identification parade before, and he had confirmed all that in a further witness statement he had made to the police the same day}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  after the police had told him }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 that he had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
picked the \'93wrong\'94 man.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938   So Draunimasi\rquote 
s identification of Naicker in court was also a dock identification, rendered even less reliable by the fact that he had failed to identify Naicker (albeit deliberately, he claimed) at an identification parade soon after the evening in question. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9665513 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938 Naicker\rquote s confessions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15357393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10496836\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9665513\charrsid4197938 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 Naicker was twice examined by doctors before his first appearance in court.  He was first examined by Dr Ilisapeci Lasaro in the morning of 23 December, three days after the eveni
ng in question.  He was found to have abrasions on one of his hands and on some of his fingers which had healed, but which the doctor said were less than 5 days old.  But importantly the doctor said that those abrasions were not consistent with what Naick
er }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 had said to her had happened.  That was that h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
e and Mishra had been arguing over rumours that Naicker had been having an affair with Mishra\rquote s wife.  Things had turned nasty, and Naicker had had to defend himself.  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 n}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  doing so, he had \'93unintentionally\'94 st
abbed Mishra several times in the neck.  In the course of doing that, the fingertips on his left hand had got cut.  As I understand the doctor\rquote s evidence, she was saying that the only injuries she saw \endash  the abrasions which had healed 
\endash  were different from the cuts on the fingertips which you would expect to have seen if Naicker\rquote s account had been true.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 Naicker was interviewed by police officers while he was in custody.  Eventually on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 evening of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  23 December, he made a statement in writing about what had happened.   He said that while in the taxi with Mishra, Mishra had asked him if he was having an affair with his (Mishra\rquote 
s) wife.  Naicker asked him where he had got his information from.  Mishra did not tell him that, but pressed Naicker how long the affair had been going on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  for}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 .  Since the conversation was getting a bit heavy, they drove to a quieter location.  Naicker told Mishra that his wife used to complain to him (Naicker) about how Mishra t
reated her, and as a result they used to speak on the phone and talk about the things which were troubling them in their lives.  Mishra then asked Naicker how many times Naicker had had sex with his (Mishra\rquote 
s) wife.  Naicker admitted that he had kissed and
 touched her, but that he had not had sex with her, presumably meaning full penetrative sex.  The argument between them then got heated.  Mishra got out of the taxi, and Naicker saw that he had a kitchen knife with him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938   Mishra grabbed Naicker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  by the collar and threatene}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 d to stab him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  with it.  In trying to defend himself, Naicker managed to twist Mishra\rquote 
s hand (presumably the one with the knife), and it landed in Mishra\rquote s chest.  He then proceeded to stab him several times in the chest.  He then got into th
e taxi and drove off towards Korociriciri, throwing the knife away, but the taxi broke down after a short distance, and so Naicker got out of the taxi and ran off.  He then found himself being chased by two men of Fijian ethnicity, who got hold of him and
 asked him why he was running away.  He told them that \'93someone\'94 had stabbed a taxi driver and that \'93they\'94 had tried to rob him (Naicker) by taking some money from his wallet.  They then left, and Naicker eventually made his way home.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 Naicker\rquote s ca
se at trial was that he had never confessed anything to the police.  They had beaten him up, and forced him to sign the statement which they had written out.  They were not his words at all.  The police officers denied that.  They said that Naicker willin
gly gave this statement, and that the account set in the statement was the account he gave.  The admissibility of this statement, therefore, depended on facts which were in dispute, and the trial judge held a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 voir dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  to resolve it.  He found that Naicker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 had}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  made the statement voluntarily, and accordingly he ruled that the statement was admissible in evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5921534\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 In the interests of completeness, I should add that Naicker was examined by a second doctor, Dr Uphendra
 Singh, on the following day, 24 December.  That was the routine examination of a defendant who had been charged with murder.  Naicker had tenderness over his ribcage and muscle pain in his left thigh.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 The grounds of appeal        }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15357393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10496836\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 The grounds o
f appeal have been very much a moving target. Naicker\rquote s notice of appeal to the Court of Appeal contained 10 grounds of appeal against conviction.  Many of them overlapped, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 ignoring one about the judge\rquote s notes (which I have not understood and has never been developed) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
they can be distilled into 5 separate grounds:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5921534\charrsid4197938 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
judge had refused to permit the police officers to be questioned in the trial proper about previous inconsistent statements made in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 voir dire.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9529660\charrsid4197938 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 When ruling that Naicker\rquote s written stat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 ement was admissible, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
judge had (i) failed to give sufficient weight to the evidence of Dr Singh (as well as another witness, Pastor Robert Ram, who had received a call from someone at the police station where Naicker was being questioned saying tha
t Naicker had been assaulted), and (ii) had not handed down the written reasons for his ruling until after Naicker had been sentenced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  (\'93the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 voir dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  ruling point\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 judge had failed to give the assessors any direction at all on the dangers of a dock identification and had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 given an adequate direction to the assessors about their approach to disputed identification evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  (\'93the dock identification point\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 judge had failed to give the assessors any direction on \'93
the absence of fingerprints and blood samples evidence, even though there was evidence led that the fingerprints and blood samples [at] the crime scene [were] taken\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  (\'93
the forensic samples point\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 judge wrongly ruled that a proposed witness for the defence, Nilesh Kumar, could not give evidence on the basis that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 was an alibi witness (for whom }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
an alibi notice had not been given), when he was in truth not an alibi witness but one who merely corroborated the evidence of Rakesh Chandra.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15357393\charrsid5921534 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5921534\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5921534\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 The written s
ubmissions filed in support of the appeal to the Court of Appeal were different.  Although they set out the 10 grounds of appeal referred to in the notice of appeal, only the grounds set out in the second and third of these bullet points were developed.  
None of the other ones were mentioned again.  Nor were any of them addressed in the Court of Appeal\rquote s judgment.  We take it that they must have been abandoned at some point.  With one exception (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 being the forensic samples point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 ), it was never submitted to t
he Supreme Court that the Court of Appeal had erred in failing to address these grounds of appeal.  That left the grounds in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  second and third bullet points, namely the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 voir dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  ruling point and the dock identification point.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 voir dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  ruling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  point was not addressed in the judgment of the Court 
of Appeal either.  We were not told why that might have been.  Presumably it was abandoned at the hearing itself.  Again, there is no ground of appeal in the petition to the Supreme Court or in the written submissions for the Supreme Court that the Court 
of Appeal had erred in fail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 ing to address the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 voir dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  ruling point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
.  We can guess why that was.  When granting leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal, the single judge said that the appeal was arguable \'93in general\'94, but that the prosecution conceded that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 the dock identification }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
point was arguable, while contending that the other grounds were devoid of merit.  It looks, therefore, as if Naicker\rquote s legal team took the sensible tactical decision of concentrating their fire with their best point.  Indeed, the C
ourt of Appeal proceeded to address that point, ie t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 he dock identification }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 point.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
That brings us to an oddity in the case.  The main judgment in the Court of Appeal was given by Bandara JA, the other two members of the court agreeing with it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 .  The}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 mainly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 address
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 ed two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 s:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 (i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
whether the trial judge\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 s summing-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 up to the assessors on ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 w they should approach the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 circumstantial evidence was adequate, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 and (ii) whether the circumstantial evidence was sufficiently probative to justify the trial judge\rquote s finding of guilt.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
We can only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  assume that these were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  new ground}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 s of appeal which were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  raised in oral submissions to the Court, and that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  was why the Court considered them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 .  In the event, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 C}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 ourt thought that the direction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  which the trial judge gave to the assesso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 rs on the topic were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  adequate, and that Naicker\rquote s guilt had been \'93proved beyond reasonable doubt on the circumstantial evidence\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 I come, then, to t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 he petition to the Supreme Court for special leave to appeal against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  It takes up the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 dock identification}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
.  It also takes up the ball which the Court of Appeal ran with about the appropriate directions to the assessors on circumstantial evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
 and its weight in this particular case (\'93the circumstantial evidence point\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 .  It also seeks to resurrect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  the forensic samples point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
 which it rightly contends the Court of Appeal did not address.  And it seeks to raise a new point for the first time, namely that the trial judge should have ruled the evidence of Dr 
Singh inadmissible because his examination of Naicker occurred while Naicker was in police custody.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 I can dispose of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 that last point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938  quickly.  I do not understand why the fact that Naicker was in police custody at the time of Dr Singh\rquote 
s examination of him should not be admissible.  And when I looked at the written submissions in support of the petition, I could find nothing in them about that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
  Nor was the matter developed i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 n oral argument on the hearing of the petition.  In the circums
tances, I shall respectfully put the point to one side.  It may be that the wrong doctor was identified and that Naicker\rquote s legal team had Dr Lasaro in mind.  But even if they had, I still do not understand how her evidence could have been }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 admissible simply because her examination of Naicker took place while he was in custody.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515535\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515535\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515535\charrsid4197938 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  In the course of his supplemental}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515535\charrsid4197938  submissions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 filed }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515535\charrsid4197938 on behalf of Naicker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938  a couple of days before the hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5921534\charrsid4197938 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5921534 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515535\charrsid4197938  A K Singh took yet another point.  The trial judge, he said
, should have left the defence of self-defence to the assessors to consider and he should have considered that defence himself.  So to summarise things, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 
I propose to address the dock identification point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515535\charrsid4197938 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 circumstantial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 evidence point }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 which is where th
e forensic samples point comes in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515535\charrsid4197938 , and the contention that the trial judge wrongly failed to consider the alternative defence of self-defence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14892231\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 The dock identification point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10515535\charrsid4197938  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15357393\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4329543\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid10496836 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4329543\charrsid10496836 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16667412\charrsid10496836      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16667412\charrsid10496836 The dangers of a dock identification }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid10496836 
(by which is meant offering a witness the opportunity to identify the suspect for the first time in court without any previous identification parade or other pre-trial identification procedure) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16667412\charrsid10496836 have been pointed out many times.  The defendant is sitting in
 the dock, and there will be a tendency for the witness to point to him, not because the witness recognises him, but because the witness knows from where the defendant is in court who the defendant is, and can guess who the prosecutor wants him to point o
ut.  Unless there is no dispute over identity, and the defence does not object to a dock identification, it shou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid10496836 ld rarely, if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16667412\charrsid10496836 ever}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid10496836 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16667412\charrsid10496836 
 take place.  If it takes place inadvertently, a strong direction is needed to the assessors to ensure that they do not take it into account.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid10496836 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid4197938 A local authority for these propositions is}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  the decision of the Court of Appeal in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid4197938  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11028683\charrsid4197938 Lotawa v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  [2014] FJCA 186.  At para 7 of his judgment, Madigan JA said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li1440\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 \'93
Dock identification is completely unreliable in the absence of a prior foundation of identity parade or photograph identification because it then becomes the ultimate leading question.  The answer is obvious to any witness \endash 
 the person to be identified is sitting in the dock \'85 It has been decided now in a line of Engli
sh cases that it should be refused by a trial judge except in situations where the accused has refused to participate on a formal identification parade or where he has otherwise avoided attempts at identification.  Even then very strong directions must be
 given as to how little weight is to be placed on such identification.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid4197938 
A rare example of a dock identification being allowed was in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11028683\charrsid4197938 Vulaca v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid4197938 
 [2011] FJCA 39.  The Court of Appeal did not disapprove of it in that case because (i) the witness had seen the suspect twice before, on both occasions under good lighting, and (ii) there had been 8 defendants in the dock.  But it is very different where
 the witness had only seen the suspect once before (albeit for much longer than a fleeting glimpse) and there was only one person in the dock.  That was this case \endash  provided}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  that you ignore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11028683\charrsid4197938 the identification parade at which Draunimasi purported not to recognise Naicker, as you must.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
The inescapable fact is that the prosecutor should not have asked Naqaruqara or Draunimasi whether the man they had seen was in the cou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 rtroom, but once the question}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  had been asked, the judge should have intervened to tell the witness not to answ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 er it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
 and to explain to the assessors why he had intervened.  But since that did not happen, it was incumbent on the judge to direct the assessors in the summing-up that they should ignore the identification in court of Naicker b
y Naqaruqara and Draunimasi and to explain why.  All he did was to tell the assessors to \'93[c]onsider their evidence with great caution\'94
.  He did not say why, and since he told the assessors that immediately after he had reminded them of what had happened a
t the identification parade which Draunimasi had attended, the assessors may well have thought that the judge was only talking about that.  Bandara JA acknowledged at para 34 of his judgment that there had been a failure on the part of the judge in respec
t of the dock identification, but went on to hold that no prejudice had been caused to Naicker as a result of it.   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
A related criticism is that the judge did not give the jury what has come to be known as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 Turnbull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  direction \endash  so named after the judgment of the English Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 R v Turnbull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  [1977] QB 224.  Where the case depends wholly or substantially on the correctness of someone\rquote s identification of the defendant, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 Turnbull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  requires the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  judge (i) warn the assessors o
f the special need for caution before convicting on the basis of that evidence, (ii) to tell the assessors what the reason for that need is, (iii) to inform the assessors that a mistaken witness can be a convincing witness and that a number of witnesses c
an be mistaken, (iv) to direct the assessors to examine closely the circumstances in which each identification was made, (v) to remind the assessors of any specific weakness in the identification evidence, (vi) to remind the assessors }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 in a case where such 
a reminder is appropriate) that even in the case of the purported recognition by a witness of a close friend or relative, mistakes can occur, (vii) to specify for the assessors the evidence capable of supporting the identification evidence, and (viii) to 
identify the evidence which might appear to support the identification but does not in fact do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5921534\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
judge did not give the assessors a direction along these lines, and the Court of Appeal did not consider whether he should have done.  Of course, there should not have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
been a need for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
judge to do so as the evidence of Naqaruqara and Draunimasi purporting to identify Naicker should never have been given, and once given the assessors should have been told to ignore it.  But since the assessors were having to consider it, an appropriate }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 Turnbull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  direction was ess}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 ential.  Part of what the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 judge would have had to say would have been damaging to the defence \endash 
 namely the length of time the two witnesses were with the man they encountered, the fact that one of them had said that it was still light at the time, and the other had said that it was not yet dark.  But the fact remains that no }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 Turnbull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  direction was given.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
 These were serious irregularities in the trial.  Whether Naicker\rquote s conviction can nevertheless be upheld in spite of them is something to which I shall return.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 The circumstantial evidence point
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
Having explained to the assessors what direct evidence was, the dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 ction which the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
 judge proceeded to give to the assessors about circumstantial evidence was as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li1440\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 \'93
The other kind of evidence is circumstantial evidence that if, on consideration [of] a series of pieces of evidence, you are satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the only reasonable inference to be
 drawn is the guilt of the accused, and there is no other reasonable explanation for the circumstances which is consistent with the accused\rquote 
s innocence, then you may convict the accused for the offence charged.  Circumstantial evidence may be more powerful
 than direct evidence.  Let me give an example:- If you one day find that your wallet is missing and the only person who could have entered your house is your neighbo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 u}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 r, and you find your credit card is hidden in his desk in his home, then you are entitled to accept that it was your neighbo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
r who stole your wallet.  That is because the circumstances lead you to the only reasonable inference.  However if other people have access to your house and the credit card is not found in his house, then there are othe
r possible explanations which are also consistent with his innocence.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14892231 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938 
There is no prescribed form of direction when the prosecution\rquote s case against the defendant is based on circumstantial evide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 nce alone.  So long as the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1186731\charrsid4197938  judge gets the essence of it, that is sufficient.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 
  The essence of it is that the prosecution is relying on different pieces of evidence, none of which on their point directly to the defendant\rquote s guilt, but when taken together leave no doubt about the defendant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 guilt because there is no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 reasonable explanation for them }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 than the defendant\rquote s guilt.  Although I may have use}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 d slightly different language from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 
 that which the judge used in this case, it sufficiently captured the essence of what the assessors had to be sure of before they were able to express the opinion that Naicker was guilty.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 Mr Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938  broad contention was that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8877308\charrsid4197938  Court of Appeal, which had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 use}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8877308\charrsid4197938 d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938  the analogy of strands of a rope}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8877308\charrsid4197938 , had been wrong to do so.  Instead, it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938  should have talked of links in a chain.  That led Mr Singh to submit that there were a number of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 missing }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 links in the chain in this particular case which had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 caused the chain to break}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938  which (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 
judge should have reminded the assessors about but which he did not, and (b) should have caused both the judge and the assessors to have a reasonable doubt about Naicker\rquote s guilt.  The argument falls }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 at the first hurdle.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 judge did not talk about the rope analogy at all!  Bandara JA in the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  did, but not the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8877308\charrsid4197938 judge, and the true focus should be on what the judge said in his summing-up.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938  Leaving that aside, though, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 nd concentrating on what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 missing }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6971912\charrsid4197938 links in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 the chain w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8877308\charrsid4197938 
ere said to be, there were three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938  of them according to Mr Singh: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8877308\charrsid4197938 (i) the dock iden
tifications which should never have been made, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 (i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8877308\charrsid4197938 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 ) an important difference between what Naqaruqara had said in evidence and what he had said in his witness statement to the police before the trial, and (ii}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8877308\charrsid4197938 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 ) the absence of fingerprints in the taxi, the ab
sence of any evidence about any forensic examination of the blood samples taken from the taxi, and the absence of evidence about the knife or  Naicker\rquote s trousers being found.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5921534\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 .     \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 As for (i}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8877308\charrsid4197938 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 ), Naqaruqara had said in his witness statement that what he 
had seen the man he was chasing throw away was a long kitchen knife.  In his oral evidence in court, on the other hand, all he said was that he had seen the man throw something away.  He did not say what it was, and does not appear to have been asked anyt
h
ing more about it.  When he was cross-examined, one passage in his witness statement was put to him, but not this passage.  So the assessors never knew that about what his statement had said on the topic.  So if this was a missing link in the chain, it wa
s
 not one which came out in the evidence, and it was therefore one which the trial judge could not tell the assessors about.  But the important point is that this is not a missing link in the chain which somehow does not fit into the theory that it was Nai
cker who killed Mishra.  It just means that the prosecution was not able to rely on a strand of the evidence which it would otherwise have relied on.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8877308\charrsid4197938 
  That also explains why the reliance on (i) in this context is just as misconceived.  The dock identifications were not a missing link in the chain.  They were just features of the evidence which the prosecution should not have been allowed to rely on.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938     
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 37}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 As for (ii}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8877308\charrsid4197938 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 ), the point about the trousers not being found was a bad one.  Draunimasi\rquote 
s evidence was that the man had put them on before he left.  As for the fingerprints, the trial judge reminded the assessors in his summing-up that none had been found in the taxi.  He also reminded them that samples of the blood found in the taxi were ob
t
ained for forensic examination.  He did not remind the assessors that no evidence had been given whether those samples had been analysed, and if so, what the results of that analysis had been.  Nor did he remind them that there had been no evidence about 
w
hether any knife had been searched for, and if so, found.  But the assessors would have seen for themselves that no evidence had been called on those topics.  They did not need the judge to remind them of that.  In any event, absence of evidence is not ev
idence of absence.  In other words, the absence of evidence of any forensic examination of the blood samples did not mean that they were not taken or that they were not analysed \endash 
 in the same way that the absence of any evidence about a search for the knife
 did not mean that it was not looked for.  It just means that for one reason or another, the court was not told whether they blood sample had been analysed or the knife looked for.  Again, these are not missing links in the chain.  It just means that the 
prosecution had fewer strands of evidence to rely on.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5921534\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 38}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 The critical question, therefore, is whether, ignoring the dock identifications of Naicker by Naqaruqara and Draunimasi which should not have been allowed, there was sufficient evidence \endash  albei
t of a circumstantial nature \endash  on which the assessors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 
 express the opinion that Naicker was guilty, and on which the judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 
 find Naicker guilty.  In my opinion, there was.  The unchallenged evidence was that he had been driven from the taxi base by Mishra in Mishra\rquote s taxi.  If Naicker\rquote 
s account in his evidence was true, it meant that once Mishra had dropped him off, some unknown man had then killed Mishra and driven off in his taxi, and that it had been this unknown man with blood on his hands who
 had then been chased by Naqaruqara and Draunimasi \endash 
 despite the evidence of Dr Lasaro and the police officers that Naicker had confessed to killing Naicker, albeit in self-defence.  In these circumstances, it was open to the assessors and the judge to conclude that that this unknown man did not exist, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 
that the man who Naqaruqara and Draumimasi chased and caught was Naicker.  In the absence of any explanation from Naicker about how Mishra came to die, and in view of (i) the pathologist\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 s opinion that Mi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 
shra had been stabbed from behind, which could be said to be inconsistent with his attacker attacking him in self-defence, and (ii) the numerous stab wounds which could be said to be inconsistent with the notion that Naicker used no more force to defend h
imself than was reasonably necessary in the circumstances, it was open to the assessors and the judge to conclude that Naicker had killed Mishra in circumstances amounting to murder.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5921534\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 The defence of self-defence
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 
The issue here is whether the issue of self-defence should have been left to the assessors and whether the judge should have considered it himself.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 
Mr Singh did not develop the argument at all.  He simply asserted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 that was what }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 
the judge should have done.  That has made our task less easy than it might otherwise have been, but we must do our best.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 It needs to be noted that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 he defenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 e did not ask the judge to leave the issue of self-defence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 .  That was not necessarily negligence on the part of trial counsel.  S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 uch a defence wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 s completely inconsistent, of course, with Naicker\rquote s defence at trial, which was that the death of Naicker had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 nothing to do with him, and trial counsel may well have thought that tactically it would be better if the alternative of self-defence was not considered.  But the mere fact that the defence}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938  in a particular case does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 want an alternative defence to be raised does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938  not mean that it should not be: see Marsoof JA\rquote s compelling judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 Praveen Ram v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938  [2012] FJSC 12 in which the relevant authorities on the topic were reviewed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6557346\charrsid4197938 
  It all depends on whether such a defence arises on the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938  \endash  or to be more precise, whether there is \'93a credible narrative of events suggesting the presence of
\'94 such a defence: see the decision of the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 Lee Chun Chuen v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 
 [1963] AC 220.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 41}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 
The physical evidence does not suggest such a credible narrative of events for self-defence.  The pathologist\rquote s opinion that Mi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5639773\charrsid4197938 shra was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 stabbed from behind, as well as t
he number of wounds he sustained, do not sit well with any notion that his attacker was acting in self-defence.  The only suggestion that Naicker acted in self-defence was in his confessions to Dr Lasaro and the police.  We do not know for sure whether th
e assessors found that Naicker had indeed said what Dr Lasaro and the police said he had, but the judge must have done so because he ruled in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 voir dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938  that what Naicker had said to the police had not been beaten out of him and
 had been a voluntary confession on his part.  And when convicting Naicker he referred in his judgment to the confessions in language which showed that he believed the confessions to have been made.  So the question is whether Naicker\rquote 
s claim to Dr Lasaro and the police that he had acted in self-defence when Mishra had attacked him with a knife \endash  a claim which he disavowed at trial by saying that there had been no violent encounter between him and Mishra at all \endash 
 amounted to a credible narrative of events suggesting that he could have been acting in self-defence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 42}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 hat context, it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938  is important to reme}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 mber that what Naicker told}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938 
 Dr Lasaro and the police was both inculpatory and exculpatory.  It was inculpatory in the sense that he admitted that Mishra had died in a violent encounter with him.  It was exculpatory in the sense that Mishra\rquote 
s death had occurred while he, Naicker, was defending himself from attack.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938   What is the evidential status of each?  There is no problem with the inculpatory parts}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12606115\charrsid4197938  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 of
 what he said.  They were a declaration against interest, and therefore constituted an exception to the rule against hearsay.  The problem comes with the exculpatory, ie self-serving, parts of what has been called a \'93mixed\'94
 statement of the kind we have here, namely a statement which contains material which amounts to an admission of one of the things which the prosecution seeks to prove \endash  in this case, that Naicker had a violent encounter with Mishra of some kind 
\endash  and a statement which purports to exonerate the defendant from guilt \endash  in this case, Naicker\rquote s claim that at all times he was acting in self-defence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15737886\charrsid4197938 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  There have been two schools of thought about the evidential status of the exculpatory parts of a mixed statement.  One is that they are n
ot evidence of the truth of the facts to which the exculpatory parts relate: they are merely material which may be of use to the fact-finder when the defendant\rquote 
s inculpatory statements are being evaluated.  The other school of thought is that the whole of 
the statement is admissible as an exception to the rule against hearsay, and so the whole of the statement, including the self-serving parts of it are admissible as evidence of all the facts stated in it.  The issue was settled by the decision of the Hous
e of Lords in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 R v Sharp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
 [1988] 1 WLR 7.  It decided that the latter approach was the correct one.  Its decision applied to those cases in which the defendant, unlike Naicker, elected not to give evidence.  But as Blackstone\rquote s Criminal Practice 2016 stated a
t para F17.94, \'93there is no logical reason why the status of the statement should be any different if the accused testifies\'94.  I agree with that.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 44}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
The effect of that is that the evidential status of Naicker\rquote s statement that he had been acting in self-defence is that it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  evidence that he had indeed been acting in self-defence.  But could it really be described as \'93a credible narrative of events suggesting\'94
 that he had really been acting in self-defence?  I think not.  It was a mere assertion (albe
it one with the quality of evidence) which was not supported by other evidence.  It was disavowed by Naicker in his evidence because of his denial that there had been a violent encounter with Mishra at all.  It was inconsistent with the physical ev}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5639773\charrsid4197938 idence that Mishra had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
been attacked from behind, as well as the number of stab wounds he received.  And it would hardly have been a sure foundation for the assessors and then the judge to consider whether the force which Naicker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9069212\charrsid4197938 on this hypothesis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 must have used 
to repel his attacker was no more than was reasonable in the circumstances which confronted him at the time, an issue which would have had to be addressed if self-defence had been left to the assessors and had had to be considered by the judge.  In the ci
rcumstances, I have concluded that the judge did not err in not leaving the issue of self-defence to the assessors or in not considering it himself.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 The application of the proviso
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 45}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
I return to the irregularities in the trial as a result of the dock identifications and the absence of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 Turnbull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  direction.  To use the language of the proviso to section 23(1) of the Court of Appeal Act 1949, has a \'93substantial miscarriage of justice\'94
 occurred?  The Court of Appeal took the view that no prejudice had bee
n caused to Naicker because the identification of him by Naqaruqara and Draunimasi were not as a result of a fleeting glimpse of him, but lasted in one case for about 15 minutes and in the other for about 20 minutes.  The question, in my opinion, is wheth
er the judge would have convicted Naicker of murder if there had been no dock identification of him at all by the two witnesses who chased a man with blood on his hands.  That is a different question to the one posed in para 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  above, which was whether the judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  could}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  have convicted Naicker without the dock identifications.  The question now is whether he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 would}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  have done so.  I have concluded that, for the same reasons as I think that the judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 could}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  have convicted Naicker without the dock identifications, the judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  have convicted him of murder in their absence.  It follows that I would apply the proviso, holding that no substantial miscarriage of justice has occurred despite the irregularities in the trial.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 Correcting the judge\rquote s summing-up
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 46}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 .   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 
There is one final observation I should make.  There has bee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 n much criticism of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938  judge\rquote 
s summing-up in this case.  Counsel for the State, Mr Andrew Jack, reminded us that trial counsel did not ask the judge at the end of the summing-up to correct anything he had said.  The importance of counsel pointing out }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 any errors which the judge may have made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 \endash  respectfully but nevertheless firmly \endash  was stressed by Gates P in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 Raj v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938  [2014] FJSC 12 at para 35:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6095968 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5921534\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li1440\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 \'93
The raising of direction matters \'85 is a useful trial function and in following it, counsel assist in achieving a fair trial.  In doing so they act in their client\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 
s interest.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 
The appellate courts will not look favourably on cases where counsel have held their seats, hoping for an appeal point, when issues in directions should have been raised with the judge.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 47}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 But what should}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9069212\charrsid4197938  the consequences be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938  in a case such as the present one where counsel does not draw the judge\rquote 
s attention to errors in the summing-up which could be exploited on appeal?  The answer was given by Gates P in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 Raj}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938  at para 30 when he said that the \'93omission is in itself }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 usually}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938  sufficient to disregard\'94
 the ground of appeal (emphasis supplied).  So usually, not always, and that really only applied to those cases in which the omission had been deliberate with counsel sitting on their hands in order to preserve a point for the Court of Appeal. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 48}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 
The fact that the ground of appeal will usually be disregarded if the omission to draw the judge\rquote s attention to it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 deliberate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938  was reiterated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 Tuwai v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 
 [2016] FJSC 35.  In her comprehensive judgment, Wati J considered the position when the omission had been deliberate.  Having said that in such a case, the court\rquote s approach has to be \'93stringent\'94, she added at para 101:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li1260\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1260\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 \'93
Litigants must not wait for trial 
judges to make mistakes to find a point of appeal.  The transparent nature of litigation requires that the trial judge be given an opportunity to correct any errors made.  If the trial judge has asked parties to seek re-directions and they do no}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4534174\charrsid4197938 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938  and subsequently raise the issue in the appellate Court then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 in the absence of any cogent reason}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 
, it should be held against that party as having employed a deliberate tactic to find an appeal point.\'94  (Emphasis supplied)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6095968\charrsid4197938 
Since no such reason had been advanced in that case, the court held that the appellant\rquote s complaint that he had suffered a miscarriage of justice was \'93unacceptable\'94.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 49}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 
Some people think that the Supreme Court has recently gone further than that.  At para 31 of his judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 Alfaaz v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938  [2018] FJSC 17, Hettige J said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li1440\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 \'93
In the present case the petitioner was asked by the trial judge whether he sought any redirection \'85 at the end of the summing-up it appears from the record that there was no reply given by the petitioner.  This omissio
n is in itself sufficient to disregard this ground of appeal in this court.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 
As a result of that passage, it has been submitted, both in this appeal and in others in this session of the Supreme Court, that an omission to draw the judge\rquote s attention at the 
end of the summing-up to errors later relied on in the appellate court will result in the ground of appeal being disregarded, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 whether the omission was deliberate or not}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4534174\charrsid4197938   I do n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 ot agree.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 Alfaaz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938  was a case in which the omission w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4534174\charrsid4197938 as found to be deliberate: a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 s Hettige J said at para 27, it appeared that \'93
the petitioner has done this deliberately to find an appeal point\'94.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid4197938 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 .    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10496836 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 
So what should the position be where the omission was not deliberate but an oversight on the part of counsel?  The answer suggested in Archbold\rquote s Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2018 at para 4-434 is as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li1440\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5921534\charrsid4197938 \'93\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938  a failure to [draw the judge\rquote s a
ttention to an error in the summing-up] cannot of itself justify the dismissal of an appeal if there was an error or omission such as to render the conviction unsafe; but the failure of the defence advocate to draw the attention of the judge to the error 
may give rise to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4534174\charrsid4197938 sc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 epticism as to whether a correct direction would have made any difference.\'94

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3490763\charrsid4197938 
I agree with that observation.  In the present case, we did not ask what the reason for the omission was, and in those circumstances it would not be right for us
 to assume that it was deliberate.  It could just as well have been an oversight.  On that footing, I have considered the grounds of appeal despite that omission.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14892231 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 Conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5591233\charrsid9464393 51}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid9464393 .     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9464393\charrsid9464393 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid9464393 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4534174\charrsid9464393 or the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid9464393  reasons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4534174\charrsid9464393  I have endeavoured to give}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid9464393 , I do not think that Naicker\rquote 
s appeal has any real chance of success.  It follows that no grave or substantial miscarriage might occur if leave to appeal was refused, and the case has not involved a question of general legal importance.  It has merely inv
olved the application of established legal principles to the facts of the case.  Accordingly, I would refuse Naicker\rquote s application for special leave to appeal against his conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2121373\charrsid14892231 Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14892231\charrsid14892231  of the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2121373\charrsid14892231 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14892231\charrsid14892231 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14892231 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1788947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid4197938  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2121373\charrsid9464393 Application for special leave to appeal against conviction refused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9464393 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14892231 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1788947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1788947\charrsid1788947 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1788947 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1788947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14892231\charrsid5921534 Hon. Mr. Justice Saleem Marsoof
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1788947 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14892231\charrsid15935223 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1339806 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5921534 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14892231\charrsid5921534 Hon. M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6626781\charrsid5921534 adam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14892231\charrsid5921534 . Justice }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6626781\charrsid5921534 Chandra Ekanayake}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14892231\charrsid5921534 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14892231\charrsid5921534 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1788947 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1339806\charrsid5921534 Hon. Mr. Justice Brian Keith
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1339806\charrsid5921534 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1339806\charrsid1788947 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11341083\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1788947 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1788947\charrsid1788947 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14892231\charrsid15274447 Solicitors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14892231 :
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri-43\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-43\lin0\itap0\pararsid1788947 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14892231 Singh and Singh Lawyers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14892231\charrsid15274447  for the Petitioner
\par Office of the Director of Public }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1788947 Prosecutions for the Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15357393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid1788947\charrsid1788947 
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