{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff31507\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi31506\deflang5129\deflangfe5129\themelang5129\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}
{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f38\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;}{\f39\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502050508020304}CG Omega;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f41\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f60\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}
{\f61\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f63\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f64\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f65\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f68\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f380\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f381\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f384\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f410\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f411\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f413\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f414\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f420\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f421\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f423\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}
{\f424\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f425\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f426\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f427\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}
{\f428\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f429\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\f430\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 CG Omega CE;}{\f434\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 CG Omega Tur;}
{\f437\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 CG Omega Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;
\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;
\red192\green192\blue192;\ctextone\ctint127\cshade255\red128\green128\blue128;}{\*\defchp \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid14557723 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\trcbpat1\trcfpat1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31506\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat Normal Table;}{
\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext15 \slink16 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid3223200 header;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \slink15 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid3223200 Header Char;}{\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext17 \slink18 \sunhideused \styrsid3223200 footer;}{\*\cs18 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \slink17 \slocked \styrsid3223200 Footer Char;}{\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext19 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid12147764 List Paragraph;}{\s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \snext20 \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid9044416 No Spacing;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17 \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority19 \styrsid6126202 Subtle Emphasis;}{
\s22\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs16\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f38\fs16\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext22 \slink23 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid158531 Balloon Text;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \f38\fs16 \sbasedon10 \slink22 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid158531 Balloon Text Char;}}{\*\listtable
{\list\listtemplateid1235514886\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat8\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-614667192\'01-;}{\levelnumbers;}
\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2487\lin2487 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134147\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3207\lin3207 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134149\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3927\lin3927 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134145\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4647\lin4647 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134147\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li5367\lin5367 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134149\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li6087\lin6087 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134145\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li6807\lin6807 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134147\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li7527\lin7527 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134149\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li8247\lin8247 }{\listname 
;}\listid141431686}{\list\listtemplateid1306133052\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-2085975748\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li2847\lin2847 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3207\lin3207 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li3927\lin3927 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4647\lin4647 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5367\lin5367 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6087\lin6087 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6807\lin6807 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li7527\lin7527 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li8247\lin8247 }{\listname ;}\listid223567988}{\list\listtemplateid1887459334\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid1723872764\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid232399520}{\list\listtemplateid1777530248\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat9\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid808216838\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2
\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2
\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li7200\lin7200 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li7920\lin7920 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2
\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li8640\lin8640 }{\listname ;}\listid1062295110}
{\list\listtemplateid1420605676\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li835\lin835 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1555\lin1555 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2275\lin2275 }{\listlevel
\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2995\lin2995 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23
\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3715\lin3715 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4435\lin4435 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5155\lin5155 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5875\lin5875 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6595\lin6595 }{\listname ;}\listid1237781451}{\list\listtemplateid-1442426886\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2
\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2
\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2
\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1296763714}
{\list\listtemplateid39872890\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-70249624\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-375\li1815\lin1815 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6840\lin6840 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li7560\lin7560 }{\listname ;}\listid1386103482}{\list\listtemplateid-1523532678\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693
\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers
;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li7200\lin7200 }{\listname ;}\listid1649439410}{\list\listtemplateid-1882544322\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1433500684
\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1683968137}{\list\listtemplateid1687186942\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat8\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1211331398\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6840\lin6840 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li7560\lin7560 }{\listname ;}\listid1851985713}
{\list\listtemplateid-603938074\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat2\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1899939530\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li7200\lin7200 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li7920\lin7920 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li8640\lin8640 }{\listname ;}\listid1913811126}}{\*\listoverridetable{\listoverride\listid232399520\listoverridecount0\ls1}{\listoverride\listid1683968137\listoverridecount0\ls2}{\listoverride\listid1062295110\listoverridecount0\ls3
}{\listoverride\listid1913811126\listoverridecount0\ls4}{\listoverride\listid1851985713\listoverridecount0\ls5}{\listoverride\listid141431686\listoverridecount0\ls6}{\listoverride\listid223567988\listoverridecount0\ls7}{\listoverride\listid1386103482
\listoverridecount0\ls8}{\listoverride\listid1649439410\listoverridecount0\ls9}{\listoverride\listid1237781451\listoverridecount0\ls10}{\listoverride\listid1296763714\listoverridecount0\ls11}}{\*\revtbl {Unknown;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid25431\rsid82602\rsid92662\rsid158531
\rsid266580\rsid288724\rsid342358\rsid349043\rsid393561\rsid487175\rsid527000\rsid540640\rsid655544\rsid674087\rsid800226\rsid883169\rsid1008315\rsid1067613\rsid1118122\rsid1137280\rsid1188585\rsid1202565\rsid1252475\rsid1310942\rsid1385045\rsid1388411
\rsid1462487\rsid1508703\rsid1511542\rsid1775995\rsid1835049\rsid1852084\rsid1854582\rsid1865766\rsid1922286\rsid1983690\rsid1988100\rsid2059300\rsid2187139\rsid2193273\rsid2231631\rsid2259835\rsid2389917\rsid2427677\rsid2455432\rsid2699063\rsid2760436
\rsid2769007\rsid2769962\rsid2830671\rsid2886395\rsid2958512\rsid2967945\rsid3017090\rsid3021741\rsid3038583\rsid3109173\rsid3147464\rsid3216636\rsid3223200\rsid3348444\rsid3359655\rsid3409013\rsid3559702\rsid3676056\rsid3880024\rsid3883123\rsid4067492
\rsid4152117\rsid4261324\rsid4348606\rsid4398233\rsid4459157\rsid4538126\rsid4719023\rsid4799912\rsid4810049\rsid4813496\rsid4857676\rsid4861558\rsid4875475\rsid4876334\rsid5065451\rsid5116003\rsid5131997\rsid5192944\rsid5326506\rsid5376061\rsid5510909
\rsid5514268\rsid5596724\rsid5861291\rsid5863268\rsid5904234\rsid5922333\rsid5929360\rsid5971268\rsid5988950\rsid6126202\rsid6126792\rsid6358225\rsid6374480\rsid6380092\rsid6444191\rsid6504862\rsid6633588\rsid6891262\rsid6963746\rsid7015687\rsid7039543
\rsid7086638\rsid7168689\rsid7232698\rsid7234717\rsid7302542\rsid7353470\rsid7485273\rsid7549641\rsid7604694\rsid7694137\rsid7698762\rsid7738006\rsid7751088\rsid7888412\rsid7892285\rsid8004796\rsid8337657\rsid8339877\rsid8469020\rsid8483486\rsid8666972
\rsid8862972\rsid8876540\rsid8994764\rsid8999933\rsid9044416\rsid9060615\rsid9076381\rsid9122226\rsid9197703\rsid9200831\rsid9207767\rsid9337543\rsid9372413\rsid9387508\rsid9508308\rsid9513939\rsid9519295\rsid9526995\rsid9534906\rsid9651042\rsid9727007
\rsid9793926\rsid9837635\rsid9978509\rsid9978662\rsid10094959\rsid10106264\rsid10171455\rsid10295443\rsid10320405\rsid10367381\rsid10379363\rsid10421880\rsid10489146\rsid10633436\rsid10643753\rsid10778177\rsid10780290\rsid10824701\rsid10944551
\rsid11038336\rsid11081452\rsid11097645\rsid11478410\rsid11479925\rsid11486518\rsid11486679\rsid11490391\rsid11562679\rsid11611917\rsid11627312\rsid11683994\rsid11819108\rsid11828797\rsid11931966\rsid12137643\rsid12147764\rsid12276971\rsid12391505
\rsid12395288\rsid12410866\rsid12458056\rsid12543868\rsid12549825\rsid12609853\rsid12847086\rsid12928559\rsid12931734\rsid12985597\rsid13050418\rsid13183682\rsid13240079\rsid13260712\rsid13316973\rsid13325299\rsid13523001\rsid13568219\rsid13587325
\rsid13698451\rsid13721681\rsid13778990\rsid13853384\rsid13855311\rsid13906620\rsid13971255\rsid13975994\rsid14045288\rsid14094011\rsid14160823\rsid14236154\rsid14356562\rsid14360193\rsid14361369\rsid14423585\rsid14557723\rsid14569149\rsid14696222
\rsid14704643\rsid14904793\rsid14962686\rsid14973126\rsid15016660\rsid15140701\rsid15222602\rsid15288899\rsid15295813\rsid15499151\rsid15677224\rsid15739866\rsid15876074\rsid15879705\rsid15955523\rsid16059751\rsid16125430\rsid16153371\rsid16267563
\rsid16402358\rsid16460156\rsid16467334\rsid16479852\rsid16516159\rsid16538727\rsid16595596\rsid16609068}{\mmathPr\mmathFont34\mbrkBin0\mbrkBinSub0\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0\mnaryLim1}{\info{\author user}
{\operator ana.cobona}{\creatim\yr2017\mo7\dy5\hr14\min39}{\revtim\yr2017\mo7\dy5\hr14\min39}{\printim\yr2017\mo4\dy18\hr15\min43}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages37}{\nofwords17224}{\nofchars82623}{\nofcharsws99648}{\vern32859}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 http:/
/schemas.microsoft.com/office/word/2003/wordml}}\paperw12240\paperh15840\margl1440\margr1440\margt1440\margb1440\gutter0\ltrsect 
\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\trackmoves1\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont1\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata0\grfdocevents0\validatexml1\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors1\noxlattoyen
\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1
\jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct
\asianbrkrule\rsidroot349043\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit\usenormstyforlist\noindnmbrts\felnbrelev\nocxsptable\indrlsweleven\noafcnsttbl\afelev\utinl\hwelev\spltpgpar\notcvasp\notbrkcnstfrctbl\notvatxbx\krnprsnet\cachedcolbal \nouicompat \fet0
{\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}\nofeaturethrottle1\ilfomacatclnup0{\*\ftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3223200 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7694137 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3223200 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7694137 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3223200 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7694137 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3223200 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7694137 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14557723\sftnbj {\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10320405  PAGE   \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1865766 37}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2769962 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2769962 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2967945 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\uldb\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 AT SUVA
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 
\par CIVIL  PETITION NO: CBV 0005 of 2015
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 [Court of Appeal No: ABU }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3223200\charrsid2967945 0011 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 of 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3223200\charrsid2967945 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 ]
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid674087 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid674087\charrsid10778177 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2967945 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2967945 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2967945\charrsid2967945 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2967945 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3223200 FIJI TIMES LIMITED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid674087 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3223200 BRIAN O\rquote FLAHERTY
\par FRED WESLEY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3223200\charrsid10778177 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2967945 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 Petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3223200\charrsid2967945 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid674087 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid674087\charrsid10778177 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1462487 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2967945 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2967945 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2967945\charrsid2967945 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid674087 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2967945 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2967945 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2967945 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid3223200 THE AT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3223200 TORNEY GENERAL OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid3223200 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 Respondent
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid674087 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid10778177 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid10778177 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid10778177 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid674087 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid674087\charrsid14094011 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2967945 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 Coram\tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2967945 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14094011\charrsid2967945 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3223200\charrsid2967945 handra }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2967945\charrsid2967945 J }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14094011\charrsid2967945 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2967945 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11562679\charrsid2967945 Keith }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2967945\charrsid2967945 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11562679\charrsid2967945 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2967945 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11562679\charrsid2967945 Kankani }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2967945\charrsid2967945 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14094011\charrsid2967945 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2967945 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid674087\charrsid10778177 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 Counsel\tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11562679\charrsid2967945 Mr. J. L. Apted for the Petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11562679\charrsid2967945 \tab \tab \tab Ms. R. Mani and Mr. A. Prakash for the Respondent
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2967945 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 Date of Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2967945  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11562679\charrsid2967945 13 October 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 \tab 
\par Date of Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2967945  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10171455\charrsid2967945 21 April 2017}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087\charrsid2967945        
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2967945 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14094011 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4810049\charrsid4810049 J U D G M E N T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid674087\charrsid4810049 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid883169\charrsid883169 Chandra J
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid349043\charrsid674087 [1] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid674087 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid349043\charrsid674087 Th
is is an application for Leave to appeal from the judgment of the Court of Appeal which dismissed the appeal of the Petitioner against the decision of the High Court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid349043\charrsid674087 [2] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid674087 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid349043\charrsid674087 The Petitioners in their petition for leave to appeal have set out the following grounds of appeal:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12931734\charrsid12931734 \tab \'93
The principle grounds on which this Petition is based are:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3223200 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12931734\charrsid8483486 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12931734\charrsid8483486 The Learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law in upholding the \lquote 
nature of jurisdiction which the learned High Court Judge below had taken into consideration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8483486\charrsid8483486 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12931734 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li2160\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8483486\charrsid8483486 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8483486 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8483486 The Learned Justice of the Court }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3147464 
of Appeal erred in law in holding that the defence of truth is not part of the law relating to criminal contempt in Fiji, when the Court of Appeal had in an earlier case already decided to the effect that it was part of the law in Fiji.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8483486 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3147464\charrsid3147464 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3147464 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3147464 
The Learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law and in fact in holding that the reference to the Independent Legal Services Commission as \lquote the Australian Judge\rquote   which was \lquote not a court per se\rquote  was \lquote 
scornful, spiteful and derogatory if not insulting\rquote  and was therefore contempt of scandalizing the court punishable by the High Court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10944551\charrsid10944551 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10944551 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10944551 
The Learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law and in fact in respect of the test for contempt of scandalizing the court which they applied, and in holding that the published article in question constituted the contempt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid82602  of scandalizing the court because it carried a real risk to the administration of justice since it would leave a reasonable man reading the article in doubt about the admin
istration of justice and the existence of a judiciary in Fiji.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8483486 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8999933\charrsid8999933 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li2160\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8999933 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8999933 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8999933 
The Learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law in not accepting the Petitioners\rquote  submissions that the ba
sis on which the Learned Judge in the High Court had found the Article to be contemptuous had never been advanced by the Respondent for the Petitioners to answer in the High Court, so that it was unjust to convict them on that basis.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8483486 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li2160\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8999933 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16479852 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16479852 The Learned Justi
ces of the Court of Appeal erred in law in not finding that mens rea is now an essential element of the offence of contempt of court and in holding that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid288724 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8999933 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid288724\charrsid288724 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid288724 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-599\li3119\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin1138\lin3119\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid288724 Liability does not require proof of intent;

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid288724 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-599\li3119\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin1138\lin3119\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid288724 
From the nature of an impugned publication, intent may be presumed but a contemnor could plead good faith (perhaps even fair comment) to show absence of mens rea to undermine public confidence in the administration of justice;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid288724 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab}If an impugned publicat
ion on the face of it carries a real risk in the minds of an ordinary and reasonable reader of having the effect of undermining the administration of the justice system, given the added factor of the nature of the jurisdiction in which it is published bei
ng small in nature, then, there is no need to establish an additional requirement of mens rea.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid288724 (g)\tab 
The Learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law in holding that it was the Second Petitioner as the publisher, as a natural person who was vested}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7751088  wit
h the liability for publishing the impugned Article, when the true publisher was the First Petitioner, which was the proprietor of the newspaper and the Second Respondent merely held the internal position called \lquote Publisher\rquote .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid288724 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3109173\charrsid3109173 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (h)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-687\li2127\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin1138\lin2127\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3109173\charrsid3109173 The Learned Justices of the
 Court of Appeal erred in law in holding that the Third Petitioner was liable for publication of the impugned Article on the basis of vicarious (or strict) liability.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3109173 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li2127\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2127\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9727007 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9727007 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-687\li2127\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin1138\lin2127\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9727007 
The Learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law in holding that \endash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9727007\charrsid9727007 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li2127\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2127\itap0\pararsid5861291 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9727007 (i) whether mens rea should be regarded as an essential requirement of a criminal contempt of court; and
\par (ii) whether a strict liability should apply to a newspaper publication}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14704643  and upon its publisher and editor;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9727007 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14704643 were matters for the legislature, when the offence of contempt of court in Fiji is governed by the common law.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9727007\charrsid9727007 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14704643 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (j)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-687\li2127\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin1138\lin2127\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14704643 
The Learned Justices of the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14360193  erred in law in upholding the convictions of the Petitioners.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9727007 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li2127\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2127\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14360193 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14360193 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (k)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-687\li2127\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin1138\lin2127\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14360193 
The Learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law and in fact by declining to consider the Third Petitioner\rquote s appeal against his suspended custodial sentence because the period of the suspension}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15879705  had in fact expired and there appeared no move by him to seek a declaration before the Court of Appeal retrospectively }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4348606  to vind
icate his cause in principle, when the third petitioner had appealed against his sentence and it was the second petitioner who had not appealed against his sentence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14360193 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4348606\charrsid4348606 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4348606 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (l)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-687\li2127\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin1138\lin2127\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4348606 
The Learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law and in fact in not finding that the sentences imposed on the First and Third Petitioner were manifestly excessive in general and because inter alia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5971268  \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4348606 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5971268\charrsid5971268 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5971268 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-425\li2552\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin1138\lin2552\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5971268 
the learned High Court Judge did not give adequate weight to his finding that the publication of the offending words was unintentional;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-425\li2552\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2552\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5971268\charrsid5971268 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8469020 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-425\li2552\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin1138\lin2552\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8469020 
the learned High Court Judge erred in law by giving undue weight }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4067492 to material published on page 71 of the Fiji Times of 30 June 2012 as if it had been the subjec
t of a separate charge and conviction;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5971268 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4067492\charrsid4067492 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4067492 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-425\li2552\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin1138\lin2552\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4067492 
the learned High Court Judge erred in law in requiring a fail-safe system to prevent contemptuous publications and in finding that because the system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4152117 
 proved  in the circumstances to be inadequate and has subsequently been improved, it did not relieve the First and Third Petitioners of responsibility and culpability;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4067492 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12276971\charrsid12276971 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12276971 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iv)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-425\li2552\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin1138\lin2552\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12276971 
the learned High Court Judge erred in law in sentencing the Third Petitioner to a custodial sentence, when he had no personal knowledge of and involvement with the relevant article and so }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2958512 
had no personal intention to publish the article;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2958512\charrsid2958512 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2958512 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (v)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-425\li2552\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin1138\lin2552\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2958512 
the learned High Court Judge erred in law in holding that because the Third Petitioner  had pleaded not guilty inter alia because he was not culpable at law, a claim of genuine remorse must necessarily be regarded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9978662  as less worthy of credit and his apology might be viewed as qualified;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2958512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9978662\charrsid9978662 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9978662 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (vi)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-425\li2552\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin1138\lin2552\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9978662 
the learned High Court Judge erred in law in relation to the Third Petitioner in giving weight to a previous conviction of his predecessor as Editor of the Fiji Times.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10171455\charrsid10171455 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li2552\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2552\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10171455\charrsid2958512 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid349043\charrsid674087 [3] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid674087 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid349043\charrsid674087 
The Petitioners have urged that the above grounds raise the following matters of law:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid349043\charrsid3223200 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12147764\charrsid12147764 \'93The matters of law raised by the foregoing grounds raised \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid349043\charrsid12147764 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12147764\charrsid12147764 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li1800\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin1138\lin1800\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12147764\charrsid12147764 far-reaching questions of law;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12147764\charrsid12147764 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}matters of great general or public importance;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12147764\charrsid12147764 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}
matters that are otherwise of substantial general interest to the administration of criminal and/or civil justice; and or
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12147764\charrsid12147764 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}a substantial and grave injustice may otherwise occur.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid674087 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid674087\charrsid13906620 The Factual Matrix
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid349043\charrsid674087 [4] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid674087 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 The factual matrix in brief relating to this appeal is set out as follows: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid349043\charrsid674087 On Monday 7 November 2011, an article entitled \'93
FIFA Probes Doc\'94 was published on page 30 of the Fiji Times. The impugned article contained the words and statement:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid349043\charrsid674087 \'93
You should be aware that with no judiciary there, his case has been reviewed by one Australian Judge. It is not a court per se.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10171455 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4261324\charrsid674087 These words were part of a statement made by one Tai Nicholas who was described as the General Secretary of the Oceania Football Confederation. The reference to \'93his case\'94
 in the article was to a lawyer\rquote s (Dr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3223200  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4261324\charrsid674087 Muhammed S.D.Sahu Khan) case heard and determi
ned by a Commissioner appointed under Section 85 of the Legal Practitioners Decree (LPD) No.16 of 2009. The lawyer had been found guilty of professional misconduct and struck off from the Roll of Barristers and Solic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5326506\charrsid674087 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4261324\charrsid674087 ors in Fiji. The la}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7549641 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4261324\charrsid674087 yer was holding the post of President of the Fiji Football Association at the time. He also held an official position with the Oceani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5326506\charrsid674087 a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4261324\charrsid674087  Football Confederation (OFC)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5326506\charrsid674087 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4261324\charrsid674087    
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid349043\charrsid674087 On 10 November 2011 the Respondent sought leave ex parte to apply for an order of committal against the Fiji Times Ltd, Brian O\rquote 
Flaherty and Fred Wesley (the Appellants) in terms of Order 52 Rule 2 of the High Court Rules.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4261324\charrsid674087 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11038336\charrsid674087 The Respondent alleged that the words and the statement published in the Fiji Times scandalised the Court and the Judiciary in that they we
re a scurrilous attack on the judiciary and the members of the judiciary, thereby lowering the authority of the judiciary and the Court.
\par The Appellants pleaded not guilty and the learned High Court Judge after hearing found the Appellants guilty of contempt scandalizing the Court and made the following orders:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid349043\charrsid674087 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid393561 \'931.\tab 
The First Respondent (Fiji Times Limited) is convicted and fined FJD$300,000.00 to be paid within 28 days from the date of this Judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3223200 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid393561 2.\tab The First Respondent is ordered to pay costs to the Applicant in the sum of FJD$2,000.00 within 28 days from the date of this Judgment.
\par 3.\tab The Second Respondent (Brain O\rquote Flaherty) is convicted and ordered to pay a fine of FJD$10,000.00 within 28 days from the date of this Judgment.
\par 4.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1388411 The Second Respondent is ordered to pay costs in the sum of FJD$2,000.00 to the Applicant within 28 days from the date of this Judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid393561 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1388411 5.\tab The Third Respondent (Fred Wesley) is convicted and is sentenced to a term of six months imprisonment to be wholly suspended for a period of two years.
\par 6.\tab The Third Respondent is ordered to pay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6126792  costs to the Applicant in the sum of FJD$2,000.00 within 28 days from the date of this judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1388411 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6126792 7.\tab The First and Third Respondents are ordered to arrange for an apology directed to the judiciary of Fiji
 to be first drafted and submitted to the Court for approval prior to being published in the Fiji Times within 28 days from the date of this judgment.
\par 8.\tab The fines are to be paid to the High Court (Civil) Registry in Suva.
\par 9.\tab The costs are to be paid to the Office of the Attorney General in Suva.\'94
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11038336\charrsid674087 
The Appellants appealed against the judgment and orders of the High Court to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal by judgment dated 2 October 2015 dismissed the appeal subject to the variation of the fine imposed on the 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid11038336\charrsid674087 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11038336\charrsid674087  Appellant by reducing the fine of $10,000 to $7,500.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11038336 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9060615 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 [5] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1462487 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 I have had the benefit of reading the draft judgment of Justice Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505  with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 whose }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2699063 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 am not in agreement. I propose to deal with the appeal filed by the Petitioners separately. Since Justice Keith has set out the facts in detail }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 
which led to the publication of the impugned article, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 I shall not repeat same but would use same for the purposes of my judgment. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9044416 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2699063 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13240079\charrsid1462487 Applicable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4398233\charrsid1462487 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13240079\charrsid1462487 aw in Fiji

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 [6] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1462487 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 
There is no Statute Law in Fiji dealing with contempt and it is the Common Law principles that have been applied in the cases that have dealt with the subject of contempt. There have been three instances }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 in Fiji, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 where contempt was considered, namely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13240079\charrsid1462487 Vijaya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13240079  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13240079\charrsid1462487 Paramanand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16153371\charrsid1462487 am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13240079\charrsid1462487  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16153371\charrsid1462487 v Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153371  (1972) 18 FLR 90 (23 June 1972), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13240079\charrsid1462487 Chaudhry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16153371\charrsid1462487   v Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153371 
 [1999] FJHC 28; [1999] 45 FLR 87 (4 May 1999) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153371 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16153371\charrsid1462487 
Re Application by the Attorney General of Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153371  [2009] Civil Action No.124 of 2008 (22 January 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 [7] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1462487 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13240079\charrsid1462487 Paramananda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16153371\charrsid1462487 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16153371 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7698762 
the material relied upon as constituting contempt was contained in a speech made at a political meeting and in a pamphlet distributed which were derogatory. The then Supreme Cour
t convicted the contemnor and on appeal the Court of Appeal upheld the conviction. The Court of Appeal at p.96 stated:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1462487 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1422\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1422\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7698762\charrsid1462487 \'93
The test is what any fair minded and reasonable man would understand from the speech and pamphlet, and we are satisfied that a construc
tion so arrived at fully supports the finding of the Supreme Court that this went beyond fair criticism and amounted to a gross contempt.\'94\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13240079\charrsid1462487 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 [8] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1462487 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13240079\charrsid1462487 Chaudhry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9122226 
, the contemnor published a pamphlet which repeated suggestions that some judges and magistrates were corrupt. Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1462487  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9122226 
Chaudhry was subsequently convicted of contempt of Court. On appeal, the Court of Appeal was of the view that Chaudhury\rquote s statement went far beyond the voicing of mere suspicions and was satisfied that his statement was serious enough to co
nstitute a real risk to the authority and independence of the Courts. As such, the Court of Appeal upheld the decision of the High Court. The Court of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid487175 dealt with the position of contempt at }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid487175 ommon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid487175 
aw and considered the body of law which had developed in other jurisdictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7698762  in great detail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid487175 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9122226  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid487175 At page 92 the Court of Appeal went on to state :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid487175 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1422\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1422\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid487175\charrsid1462487 \'93This summary indicates that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5596724\charrsid1462487 the common-law offence of contempt scandalising the Court involves attacks upon the integrity or impartiality of judges or Courts, th
e mischief aimed at being a real risk of undermining public confidence in the administration of justice which must be established beyond reasonable doubt.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid487175\charrsid1462487 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7698762 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1462487 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5596724 [9] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1462487 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5596724 In arriving at this conclusion the Court of Appeal adopted the \'93real risk\'94 test }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12458056 applied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5596724 in the New Zealand case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5596724\charrsid1462487 Solicitor-General v Radio Avon Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5596724 
 [1978] 1NZLR 225, which accorded with the general common law view reflected in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5596724\charrsid6444191 Attorney General v Times Newspapers Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5596724 
 [1974] AC 273 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5596724 minority view in the Canadian case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5596724\charrsid1462487 
R v Kopyto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5596724  (1988) 47 DLR (4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid5596724\charrsid5596724 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5596724 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4810049 213. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 10}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1462487 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153371 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16153371\charrsid8994764 
Re Application by the Attorney Genral of Fiji (hereinafter referred to as \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13240079\charrsid8994764 The Fiji Times case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13325299\charrsid8994764 
(2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16153371 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 
involved an instance where Fiji Times had published in their newspaper a letter sent to the editor by a person purporting to be from Queensland, Australia. Contempt proceedings had been taken against Fiji Times, the Publisher and the Editor and on their p
leading guilty they were convicted and sentenced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10367381  on 22 January 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13240079 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10367381 
 Ironically, two years later Fiji Times had to face contempt charges }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 again, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10367381 which is the present case regarding a news item }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10367381 a New Zealand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 news}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10367381 paper }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 which was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10367381 published }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917 in the Fiji Times.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1462487 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1462487 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917 
The difference between the approach of Fiji Times in the present case and the earlier case is that in the present case they pleaded not guilty on the basis that the derogatory statements were not contemptuous while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 in the earlier case they pleaded guilty as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6380092 y considered the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917 
derogatory statements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6380092 to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917  contemptuous.
\par [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1462487 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917 Hickie J in the 2009 }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11611917\charrsid13906620 Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917  Case set out the law relating to contempt fairly exhaustively citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1988100 judgments from Australia, England, Malaysia, India, Hong Kong }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917 and the earlier cases in Fiji (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11611917\charrsid1852084 
Paramanandan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11611917\charrsid1852084 Chaudhury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11611917 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1852084  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 
Hickie J commenced his analysis of the developments in other jurisdictions by setting out the classic description of contempt by Lord Russel of Killowen CJ in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13325299\charrsid1462487 Reg. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1462487 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13325299\charrsid1462487  Gray}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299  [1900] 2 Q.B. 36,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7039543  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 40 where he said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13325299\charrsid5904234 \'93
Any act done or writing published calculated to bring a court of a judge of the court into contempt, or to lower his authority, is a contempt of court. That is one class of contempt. Further, any act done or writing published calculated to obstruct or in
terfere with the due course of justice or the lawful process of the courts is a contempt of court\'94. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13325299 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16538727 Hickie J having set out the position regarding the law relating to contempt 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1988100 concluded thus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7698762 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1988100 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7698762 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1140\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1140\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1988100\charrsid5904234 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5904234\charrsid5904234 ... ... }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1988100\charrsid5904234 I hope that the above provided a useful summary to a
ssist all citizens of the Fiji Islands, including members of the legal profession, the media, politicians, academic and other commentators who may have been in doubt as to what is the law in this country on contempt by way of \'93
scandalising a Court or a judge\'94
 so that it cannot be said for any offences which may arise in the immediate future that there was some ambiguity or misunderstanding as to the legal position. If in doubt, perhaps a useful guide has been provided by the High Court of Hong Kong, Court o
f First }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1988100\charrsid5904234 nstance, in its headnote to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1988100\charrsid13906620 The Secretary for Justice v The Oriental Press Group Limited and Ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1988100\charrsid5904234  (High }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7698762\charrsid5904234 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1988100\charrsid5904234 ourt of Hong Kong, Court of First Instance, Miscellaneous Proceedings No.407
 of 1998, Chan CJHC and Keith J) which was the first recorded case in Hong Kong of proceedings for contempt by way of scandalising a court or judge it summarised the law as follows (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 and which is an equally applicable summary as to the general current state of the law in the Fiji Islands):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11611917\charrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7698762 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-545\li1985\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 \'93(1) A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11611917\charrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 
person, firm or company cannot be convicted of the criminal offences of scandalising the court or interfering with the administration of justice unless }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 
the facts establish beyond a reasonable doubt that there was a real risk, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 as opposed to a remote possibility, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 that the acts complained of would undermine public confidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 
in the due administration of justice in the minds of at least some of the persons who were likely to become aware of the acts complained of.
\par  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11611917\charrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10367381\charrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 
The offences of scandalising the court and interfering with the administration of justice do not require proof that the alleged contemnor intended to undermine public confidence in the due administration of justice. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 It is sufficient if he(or she) intended to do the acts which are said to constitute the contempt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10367381\charrsid5904234 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 
Upon the assumption that making the scandalising of the court a criminal offence amounts to a restriction on the right of freedom of expression, that restriction was
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7698762\charrsid5904234 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-545\li2530\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin1138\lin2530\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 for the protection of \'93public order (orde}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13523001 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234  public)\'94
 within the meaning of Art.16(3)(b) of the Bill of Rights because it was for the protection of the rule of law to the extent that the rule of law is eroded if public confidence in the due administration of justice is undermined, and
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-545\li2530\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2530\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7698762\charrsid5904234 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-375\li2360\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin1138\lin2360\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234  necessary for the achievement of that objective.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-28\li2388\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2388\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16267563\charrsid5904234 
Accordingly, the criminal offence of scandalising the court has not been abolished or modified by the Bill of Rights.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16267563  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-170\li2530\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2530\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16267563 (Emphasis added)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4398233 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4398233 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 3}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4398233 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4398233 From the above decisions in Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16595596 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4398233  the law as it stood after the decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4398233\charrsid8004796 Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4398233  (2009) was quite clear regarding contempt as being derived from the Common Law and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6380092 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4398233 the test t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6380092 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4398233  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6380092 be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4398233 adopted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6380092 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4398233  that of the \'93real risk\'94 test}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6380092 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8004796  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6380092 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4398233 hat was necessary was to show that there was a real ris
k that the statements made would undermine the public confidence in the administration of justice and it was sufficient to show that the contemnor had intended to do the acts which are said to constitute the contempt.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4398233 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1511542 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4459157\charrsid5904234 The Present Appeal
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236154 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 4}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236154 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2259835 In the High Court, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236154 
Calanchini J }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2259835 
dealt with the impugned statements on the basis of the identity of the publication, the readership of the publication and the nature of jurisdiction in which the words were published. He concluded that there was no issue as to the ide
ntity of the publication as it appeared in the Fiji Times newspaper which has a nationwide circulation. As regards the readership of the publication, he stated that the subject matter of the story would h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9534906 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2259835 ve attracted the attention and interest of most mem
bers of the community who follow or support soccer and those whilst browsing the sports section would have caught the reference to \'93DOC\'94 in the heading. 
\par [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2259835 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2259835 
In considering the issue of the nature of the jurisdiction, which is one of the main grounds that has been relied on by the Petitioners in the present appeal, Calanchini J }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15288899 (at p.00302 of HCR) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2259835 stated thus:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15288899\charrsid5904234 \'93In considering the issue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234 of the nature of the jurisdiction, reference should be made to the decision of the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234 
Ahnee and Others v Director of Public Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234  [1999] 2 WLR 1305 at page 1313\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10780290 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li2160\ri1138\widctlpar\tx9214\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234 \'93Their Lordship }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5904234\charrsid5904234 has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234  already concluded the offence of scandalising the court exists in principle to protect the ad
ministration of justice. --- But it is permissible to take into account that on a small island such as Mauritius the administration of justice is more vulnerable than in the United Kingdom. The need for the offence of scandalising the court on a small isl
a
nd is greater ----- Moreover it must be borne in mind that the offence is narrowly defined. It does not extend to comment on the conduct of a judge unrelated to his performance on the bench. It exists solely to protect the administration of justice rather
 than the feelings of judges. There must be a real risk of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10780290  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234 undermining public confidence in the administration of justice.
\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10780290   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15288899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236154 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236154 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10780290 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 6}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10780290 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10780290 In relation to the reference by Lord Steyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12391505  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12391505\charrsid9534906 Ahnee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10780290  of \'93
the  need for the offence of scandali}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13260712 z}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10780290 ing the court on a small island is greater\'94 Calanchini J stated:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10780290 \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 ... ... }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234 
It can be inferred that the recent constitutional history of the Island state was a matter that may have lead their Lordships to such a conclusion. It would, of course, be no less true that not only the recent consti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234 utio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234 
al history of Fiji but also its constitutional history since independence in 1970 would at times have meant that the administration of justice has been more vulnerable than in the United Kingdom. It would follow also th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234 t the need for the offence of scandalizing the court in Fiji as an Island state (albeit of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234 more than 300 islands) is greater than in a developed State.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 
\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13260712 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13260712 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 7}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13260712 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9534906 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13260712 
Having dealt with the question of jurisdiction the learned Judge of the High Court proceeded to apply the \'93real risk\'94 test and stated  (at p.303 of HCR):
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13260712 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 \'93
With the real risk test it is not necessary for the Applicant to establish that the Respondents intended to commit the offence of contempt scandalizing the court. If the publication was intentional and if the words p
ublished risked undermining confidence in or the authority of the Court or of the ju}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5922333\charrsid5904234 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5922333\charrsid5904234 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 iary, there was no requirement to establish an additional element of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5922333\charrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 mens rea: see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 Ahnee v DPP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234  (supra) at page 1315. This p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5922333\charrsid5904234 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 
oposition had previously been adopted in this jurisdiction by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5922333\charrsid5904234 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 
haudhry v Attorney General of Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234  (supra)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5904234  ... ... }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5922333\charrsid5904234 
\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10780290\charrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14236154\charrsid5904234 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11828797 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9534906 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5922333 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5922333 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11828797 As to how a reader in Fiji would consider the article Justice Calanchini stated:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236154 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11828797 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11828797\charrsid5904234 \'93I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15876074\charrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11828797\charrsid5904234 am satisfied that a fair minded and reasonable person reading the story on page 30 of the Fiji Times on 7 November}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15876074\charrsid5904234  2011 would understand the words in the context of the published article to mean more than literally that there was \'93no judiciary there\'94. It i
s of no assistance to the Respondents to claim that readers knew that there was a judiciary in Fiji. Fair minded and reasonable readers of the Fiji Times may well be are that there were Judges performing judicial functions on a daily basis in Fiji. The fa
i
r minded and reasonable person would conclude that the Fiji Times also knows about the existence of those judges in Fiji since the paper reports on court proceedings. However it is reasonable to conclude that a reasonable and fair minded person would then
 ask himself why did the paper publish the words. The fair minded and reasonable person reading those words would conclude that the words must mean that those who claim to be performing judicial functions in Fiji are not in fact a judiciary at all.\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11828797\charrsid5904234  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15876074 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9534906 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13260712 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13260712 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15876074  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15876074 Calanchini J in his judgment also considered the suggestion that the words spoken of was by a person who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9534906 may have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15876074 mistaken as to the existence of the judiciary of Fiji and stated thus (at p.304 of HCR) 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15876074\charrsid5904234 \'93
The extent of the knowledge and the intention of the person who uttered the words is not relevant in these proceedings. It is the act of publication that is the gist of the present contempt. It is not the maker of the statement who is a party to these pro
ceedings. The parties who printed and published the words and the statement are before the Court for the act of printing and publishing. I do accept that it may not have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11490391\charrsid5904234 been }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15876074\charrsid5904234 the intention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11490391\charrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15876074\charrsid5904234 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11490391\charrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15876074\charrsid5904234 the Respondent to undermine public confidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11490391\charrsid5904234 
in the administrati
on of justice. However the only intention that is relevant is the intention to publish the story. The material before the Court indicates that there was no effort made by the Respondents to determine prior to publication whether the words might constitute
 contempt by scandalizing the court.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15876074\charrsid5904234  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15876074 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11490391 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 20}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11490391 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15876074 Arriving at the final conclusion regarding the effect of the words published}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595596 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15876074  C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13260712 alanchini J }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15876074 
(at p.304 of HCR) stated :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13260712 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 \'93
It is my judgment that the words published in the Fiji Times and thus understood by a fair
 minded and reasonable reader do represent a real risk to the administration of justice in Fiji by undermining the authority, integrity and impartiality of the Court and the judiciary. I am satisfied that publication of the words represents a real risk of
 
undermining the confidence of the people in the judiciary and in the judgments of the Courts since they have the effect of lowering the authority of the Court and its judiciary. The words generate misgiving as to integrity, ability and impartiality which 
are qualities fundamental to the judicial office and rule of laws. See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 R v Dunabin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13260712\charrsid5904234 
; ex parte Williams (1935) 53 CLR 434. I am satisfied that the offence of contempt scandalising the court has been established against the First Respondent, Fiji Times Limited.\'94 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13260712 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4459157 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4459157 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14236154 It is clear therefore that the High Court in convicting the Petitioners applied the real risk test as set out above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4459157 
 and also on the basis that mens rea was not a requirement.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4459157 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4459157 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 2}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4459157 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4459157 The Court of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4876334 
addressed the question relating to \lquote the nature of jurisdiction\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4459157 in their judgment dismissing the appeal of the Petitioners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4876334 
 and therefore it is incorrect for the Petitioners to argue that the Court of Appeal did not address this issue. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4876334 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4876334 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 3}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4876334 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4876334 At the time that the matter was argued before the Court of Appeal, the decision in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4876334\charrsid5904234 Dhooharika v Public Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4876334  [2014] 3 WLR 1081 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 decided}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4876334  and it was the contention of the Petitioners that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4876334\charrsid14904793 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4876334 
 had resiled from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4876334\charrsid14904793 Ahnee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4876334 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 
 Dhooharika was also an appeal from Mauritius to the Privy Council. The Court of Appeal having considered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6380092  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 the decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877  stated thus:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5904234\charrsid5904234 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5904234\charrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234 It would thus be seen that the \'93nature of jurisdiction
\'94 which was taken cognizance of by the Privy Council in the earlier decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234 Ahnee & Others}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234 
 (supra) had not be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12391505\charrsid5904234 en}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234  departed from in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234  (supra).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li720\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4459157\charrsid5904234  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16402358\charrsid5904234 [34] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5904234\charrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234 In fact, the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234  followed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234 Ahnee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234 
on that matter when it held that the offence of scandalising the Court, which was narrowly defined and existed solely to protect the administration of jus
tice rather than the feelings of Judges, was not incompatible with the right to freedom of expression provided that the restrictions on free speech were appropriate; that local conditions were relevant to the need of the offence; that, having regard to th
e conditions in Mauritius, the offence of scandalising the Court was \lquote 
reasonably justifiable in a democratic society within the meaning of Section 12 of the Constitution of Mauritius; and that, accordingly, the offence continued to exist in Mauritius and could only be abolished by statute.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4719023 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 4}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 ]  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 Although the Privy Council in its judgment allowed the appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 , the grounds on which the appeal was allowed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15955523 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877  on the question of the Appellant not being given an adequate hearing and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 if the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 Appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 had been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 given an opportunity to be heard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 
, the question of good faith on the part of the Appellant as a defence could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4719023 have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 determined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4719023  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 However,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 
 the Privy Council did not depart from the principles laid down in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8339877\charrsid5904234 Ahnee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877  relating to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15955523 co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8339877 ntempt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16467334 . 
\par [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16467334 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16467334 
There was no error committed either by the High Court or the Court of Appeal on the question of the nature of jurisdiction and the Petitioners contention on that score fails.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 The Petitioners also contended that the Court of Appeal erred in law in holding that the defence of truth was not part of the law relating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 criminal contempt as the Court of Appeal had in the earlier case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16402358\charrsid5904234 Chaudhry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 
 (supra) suggested that the defences of honest and fair comment and justification or truth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 may be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 available in Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 . It may be noted here, that the defence of honest and fair comment was considered not necessary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2231631 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12391505 
take a decision in that case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 
\par [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5863268 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 he offending part of the article in the present case was not truthful as the judiciary was in place in Fiji at the ti
me that the article was published. The Petitioners therefore could not have availed of truth as a defence in the present case in any event.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 8}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 
That being the case, except for laying down the principles that would apply in contempt cases the consideration of this ground is not relevant. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1511542  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16402358 However, the views expressed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16402358\charrsid5904234 Chaudhury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16402358  (supra) a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16516159 nd the Court of Appeal in the present}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15955523  case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16516159 
 regarding the position of whether truth is a defence is not relevant regarding the outcome of this case as it was not a defence taken up by the Petitioners, and would be best }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15955523 left }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16516159 to be dealt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042  with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16516159 in an appropriate case.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16516159 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16516159 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 9}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16516159 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 
The Petitioners contended that the Court of Appeal erred in law and in fact in holding that the reference to the Independent Legal Service Commission as \'93the Australian Judge\'94 which was \'93not a court per se\'94 was \'93
scornful, spiteful and derogatory if not insulting\'94 and was therefore contempt of scandalising the court punishable by the High Court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 30}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 The Independent Legal Services Commission had been esta
blished under the Legal Practitioners Decree, 2009 and was part of the judicial system in Fiji. Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 Connors, an Australian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315 , who had earlier served as a High Court Judge in Fiji, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 had been appointed as the Commissioner of the said Commission and the statement referred to him}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15955523 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436  as the Commis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 
ioner who had taken the decision regarding Dr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 Sahu Khan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10633436  No doubt, he was an Australian, but he was the appointed Commissioner of the said Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042  under the said Decree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436  

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 The statement had to be read as a whole a
nd in the context in which the entire article would be read. It could convey to a reader that the disciplinary decision had been given against Dr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid540640  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 Sahu Khan by an Australian Judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15955523 sitting in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 an Institution which was not a court as there was no judiciary in place. }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315 Even if one considers the Independent Legal Services Commission as a separate entity, nevertheless it is part of the system administering justice in Fiji.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9651042  Counsel argued citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9651042\charrsid5904234 Badry v DPP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486679 
[1982] 2 All}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042  ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486679 973, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042 that contempt would not apply to statem
ents regarding quasi-judicial bodies, considering the Independent Le}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486679 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042 al service Commission as a quasi-judicial body. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9651042\charrsid5904234 Badry\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042  case the Privy Council held that contempt was not applicable regarding statements made about a Commissioner appointed }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486679 under the Commissions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486679 of Inquiry Ordinance (Mauritius).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9651042     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906620 2}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042 The decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9651042\charrsid5904234 Badry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042  can be distinguished from the position in the present case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486679 
. In the present case although there was reference in the statement regarding the Commissioner appointed under the Legal Practitioners\rquote  Decree}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5376061 , w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11486679 hat the statement conveyed was that,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486679 
since there was no judiciary in Fiji an Australian had been appointed to inquire into the matter regarding Dr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486679 Sahu Khan.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042    
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 3}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042 Counsel\rquote 
s argument has been by taking the statement relating to the ILSC out of context of the entirety of the article which had to be read as a whole. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486679 
The impact of the statement was on the administration of justice in Fiji since }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966 it stated that there was no judic
iary in Fiji, which statement was in fact untrue as the judiciary was in place at that time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486679  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 4}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5904234 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315 What was necessary to be seen was what effect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5988950 such a statement would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315  have on a reasonable reader in Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9651042 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315 
 to cause a doubt in his mind regarding the existence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15955523 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315 judiciary, and the administration of justice in Fiji. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436 To my mind such }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315 a statement would undermine the administration of justice and the Court of Appeal too }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2059300 has}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315  considered it to be so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315 Therefore there was no error either in law or fact committed 
by the Court of Appeal in treating the statement as being contemptuous.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 5}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1008315 ]  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2059300 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14356562 
The Petitioners further contention was that the Court of Appeal erred in law in not finding that mens rea is now an essential element of the offence of contempt of court. In support of this con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1983690 t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14356562 ention the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1983690  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14356562 Petit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15955523 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14356562 oners relied on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1983690  the judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1983690\charrsid2059300 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2059300  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1983690 (supra).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10633436  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14356562 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14356562 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14356562 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 6}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14356562 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2059300 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1983690 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1983690\charrsid2059300 Ahnee
\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1983690  case (which was relied on by the learned High Court Judge) the element of mens rea was not considered to be a requirement in contempt of court matters. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1983690\charrsid2059300 Ahnee\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1983690  case on the issue of mens rea at p.1315 it was stated:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1983690 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1983690\charrsid2059300 \'93Counsel for the con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2427677\charrsid2059300 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1983690\charrsid2059300 emnors submitte
d that the Supreme Court was wrong to hold that mens rea was not an ingredient of the offence of scandalising the Court. The publication was intentional. If the article was calculated to undermine the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2427677\charrsid2059300  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1983690\charrsid2059300 authority of the court,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2427677\charrsid2059300  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1983690\charrsid2059300 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2427677\charrsid2059300  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1983690\charrsid2059300 if the de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2427677\charrsid2059300 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1983690\charrsid2059300 ence of fair criticism in good faith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7604694\charrsid2059300  was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1983690\charrsid2059300  inapplicable, the offence was established. There is no additional element of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2427677\charrsid2059300  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1983690\charrsid2059300 mens rea. The decision of the Supreme Court on this point of law was sound.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2427677 
\par [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2427677 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15499151 
The learned High Court J in the present case held (HCR p.303) that\'94
\par \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15499151\charrsid6504862 \'93
With the real risk test it is not necessary for the Applicant to establish that the Respondents in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid540640 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15499151\charrsid6504862 
ended to commit the offence of contempt of scandalizing the court. If the publication was intentional and if the words published risked undermining confiden
ce in the authority of the Court or of the judiciary, there was no requirement to establish an additional element of mens rea: See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15499151\charrsid540640 Ahnee v DPP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15499151\charrsid6504862  (supra) at page 1315. This proposition had previously been adopted in this jurisdiction by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15499151\charrsid6504862 
Chaudhry v Attorney General of Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15499151\charrsid6504862  (supra) at page 91\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6504862 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li2160\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15499151\charrsid6504862 \'93
An intention to interfere with the proper administration of justice was not seen as a necessary ingredient of the offence of contempt by scandalising the court ....\'94  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15499151 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15499151 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 8}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15499151 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6504862 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15499151 Therefore in Fiji up until the time that the High Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086 gave its decision in the present case mens rea was not an ingredient of the offence of contempt. Therefore o
n that score the judgment of the High Court could not be faulted as what was applied was the law that was applicable in Fiji at that time. The contention of the Petitioners is that the Court of Appeal erred in not considering mens rea to be an ingredient 
of the offence of contempt when it gave its decision as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12847086\charrsid7353470 Dhooharika\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086  case had resiled from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12847086\charrsid7353470 Ahnee\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086  case. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 9}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6504862 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086 The question then arises as to how did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12847086\charrsid6504862 Dhooharika\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086  case differ from the position in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12847086\charrsid6504862 Ahnee}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12847086\charrsid6504862 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 did not }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086 decide that mens rea was a necessary ingredient. A reading of the decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12847086\charrsid6504862 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12847086  would give the impression that the Privy Council had elaborated on the aspect of good faith spoken to by Lord Steyn in the judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12847086\charrsid6504862 Ahnee}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7604694 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7604694\charrsid6504862 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7604694 
, Lord Clarke stated at p.1096:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7604694 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7604694\charrsid7353470 \'9348. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7353470\charrsid7353470 ... ... }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7604694\charrsid7353470 As Lord Steyn made clear in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7604694\charrsid7353470 Ahnee\rquote s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7604694\charrsid7353470 
 case, if the defendant acted in good faith, he is not liable. Since the court is here concerned with a criminal offence, the burden must be on the prosecution to establish the relevant facts beyond reasonable dou
bt. There can be no legal burden on the defendant. Thus, at any rate once the defendant asserts that he acted in good faith, the prosecution must establish that he acted in bad faith. If the prosecution establish that he either intended to undermine publi
c
 confidence in the administration of justice or was subjectively reckless as to whether he did or not, that would in the opinion of the Board, be evidence of bad faith. It is perhaps for this reason that Lord Steyn expressed the view that the defendant ha
d to act otherwise than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11081452\charrsid7353470 in good faith, that is in bad faith, and that there was no further element of mens rea required.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11081452 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 40}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11081452 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7353470 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11081452 
It is on this basis that the Petitioners have professed the argument that the Court of Appeal erred in not considering mens rea as an ingredient when considering the position set out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11081452\charrsid7353470 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11081452 , and that even the High Court had not applied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11081452\charrsid540640 Ahnee\rquote s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11081452  decision in the manner that it should have been applied. In support of this contention the Petitioners have submitted that the thrust 
of their case before the High Court was that the Article in question was published in good faith.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11081452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11081452 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 4}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11081452 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7353470 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11081452 
The Petitioners in support of this argument have relied on the evidence of Rashneel Kumar (Sports Reporter) that he selected the article from the internet because it was about Dr. Sahu Khan and would be of local interest, and the evidence of Manoj Kumar }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13853384 (Sports Editor) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11081452 to the effect that he included the article for publication because of the focus on Dr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7353470  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11081452 Sahu Khan. That it was supported by the headline which he deposed that he inserted above t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid655544 
he story in substitution for the original New Zealand headline.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273  Dr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12928559  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 
Sahu Khan had been a Senior Practitioner in Fiji, and had been involved in soccer administration in Fiji and apparently been a prominent figure about whom the public would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9207767 have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9207767 en}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273  interested in reading about. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid655544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 Manoj Kumar had stated further that, h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid655544 e had not sought legal advice on the article because he believed that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 
it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid655544 had already undergone legal scrutiny in New Zealand. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 In his affidavit, he had also stated, that Tai Nicholas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7302542  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 (who had made the s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7015687 ement in the said newspaper article) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 was wrong in what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687  he had stated about the Fiji Judiciary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid655544 He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687 further stated that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid655544 
did not foresee any risk that the publication of the article might create a risk of undermining public confidence in the administration of justice. That he considered the question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12928559 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid655544  but thought that there was no risk.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2193273 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid655544 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid655544 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10421880 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid655544 
The above cited evidence is what the Petitioners are relying on to state that the article was published in good faith. The Petitioners have failed to state that Manoj Kumar had deposed in his affidavit that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6891262 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid655544  since he was pressed for time he read only the first six paragraphs of the article and skimmed through the rest of it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11683994 
, whereas he should have read through the whole article, not skimming through it, to see whether it would be offensive or not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966 
, specially when there was a mechanism in place to consider those matters which he was aware of. The belief on his part that the New Zealand newspapers would have scrutinised it legally was not good enough to see whether it was in order to publish }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6891262 it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966 in Fiji.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 3}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10421880 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687 In his affidavit, he had also stated, that Tai Nicholas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid540640  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687 (who had made the statement in the said newspaper article) was wrong in what he had stated about the Fiji Judiciary. The Editor, the 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid7015687\charrsid7015687 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687  Petitioner had stated in his affidavit to Court that Tai Nicholas was mistaken and was ignorant of the real situation, while the 2}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid7015687\charrsid7015687 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687  Petitioner in his affidavit to Court stated that Tai Nicholas had been ill-informed. Having said so, they continued }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5116003 with the case and up till the present appeal with the position that the statements in question were not contemptuous.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687    
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687 4}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10421880 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 
The evidence of Manoj Kumar was to the effect that he did not read through the entire article, that he did not go through the normal scrutiny process that was in place within his organisation, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7015687 and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 thought that if New Zealand papers had published it, it wou
ld have undergone legal scrutiny in New Zealand. This evidence spells of utter neglect of procedures and also not being concerned about what the article really contained. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13183682 
He should have foreseen the risk of the kind of harm that would be done by publishing such statements. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 
Such conduct to my mind would amount to recklessness which his organisation has to bear the brunt of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13183682 . The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 
affidavit of the Chief Editor (Fred Wesley) stat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13183682 ing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056  that it was a Sunday and that he was not at work and that he would not have see
n it until it was published}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13183682 , is nothing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1137280 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13183682 a weak excuse to absolve }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1137280 liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 . In such a situation, to say that the article was published in good faith is unacceptable.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966 4}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10421880 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 
Ironically, another newspaper in Fiji, the Fiji Sun reported the same matter relating to Dr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10421880  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056 
Sahu Khan taken from the New Zealand paper by omitting the references to the judiciary in Fiji. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11683994 
Both newspapers, Fiji Sun and Fiji Times had published the article in different ways and by publishing it they had endorsed what was being said in the article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2187139 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11683994  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 
This again shows that the Fiji Times, was opening itself to legal scrutiny by publishing the entirety of the article which had the effect of scandalising the administration of justice in Fiji. Therefore the argument that the article was pu
blished in good faith is unacceptable. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 6}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 ]  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10421880 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 
Then the question arises as to how this position of absence of good faith relates to mens rea, if mens rea is a requirement. As discussed above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16059751 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 
 absence of good faith }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11683994 would infer that there was bad faith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11683994 as referred to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8666972\charrsid6891262 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11683994 , and such bad faith was seen in the form of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 a reckless disregard of whether the statements were contemptuous or not in the present case in the circumstances above referred to.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 7}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10421880 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 
I dealt with this matter in the above manner as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1775995 there was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 much argument }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1775995 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 n the effect of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8666972\charrsid10421880 Dooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972  as having changed the position in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8666972\charrsid10421880 Ahnee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 . However, since }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8666972\charrsid10421880 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8666972  is a case from Mauritius which went up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10421880  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 
to the Privy Council and was decided in 2014 there is no binding effect of that decision in Fiji and I would rest my decision on the law that was applicable in Fiji prior to the High Court decision in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7086638 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972  which was that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 intention of the contemno
r was not a requirement to establish liability for contempt and what was necessary was whether there was a real risk of undermining the judiciary or the administration of justice by publishing such statements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1775995  In any event, it is well established that under the common law, mens rea is not an element of the offence of contempt of Court and that is the position in Fiji.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972      }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3676056   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid655544   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7604694   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12847086    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15499151  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15499151 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 8}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8666972 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10094959 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2187139 
It was not the case of the Petitioners that the article written by Mr. Tai Nicholas had not been endorsed by them. They
 could not take that stand as the Sports Editor had given a new heading to the Article, which he stated was to attract readers in Fiji, although it was an article that appeared in a New Zealand newspaper.  In that context as to whether Mr. Nicholas was in
 Fiji, or whether he was from Fiji, or whether his name was not a Fijian name and as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2187139 
whether he had his own agenda regarding the Oceanic Football Con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15140701 federation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2187139 
are not matters that are relevant in dealing with the liability of the contemnors in the present case. Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12543868  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2187139 Nicholas may have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966 wrong, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2187139 ignorant or mistaken to say it lightly in making the offending statements, but th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13183682 at}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2187139  would not absolve the liability of the contemnors if they had without proper scrutiny published his statemen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13183682 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2187139 s whic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13183682 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2187139  were contemptuous.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1775995 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1775995 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10094959 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1775995 Petitioners Counsel also argued that the principle of editorial responsibility had wrongly been applied in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369 convicting the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1775995 second and third petitioners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369  based on the argument that mens rea was an essential ingredient of the offence 
of contempt. It was shown earlier, that mens rea was not an essential ingredient of the offence of contempt, therefore this argument fails.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 50}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10094959 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369 However, since the question of editorial responsibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966  was argued with much vigour}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369 , I would discuss that aspect too for purposes of completeness. In instances where the Publisher and Editor have taken up the posit}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369 on that they were not aware of the publication, as in the present case, the Courts in England have held them responsible. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4857676 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14045288 51}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10094959 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369 In  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14361369\charrsid10094959 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10094959 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14361369\charrsid10094959  Odhams Press Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369  [1956] 3All ER 494 at 497, Lord Goddard CJ stated:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\tx9214\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14361369\charrsid10094959 \'93
These cases clearly show that lack of intention or knowledge is no excuse, though it may have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3880024\charrsid10094959 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14361369\charrsid10094959 
reat bearing on the punishment which the court will}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3880024\charrsid10094959  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14361369\charrsid10094959 inflict, and in our opinion they dispose of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3880024\charrsid10094959 the a
rgument that mens rea must be present to constitute a contempt of which the court will take cognisance and punish. The test is whether the matter complained of is calculated to interfere with the course of justice, not whether the authors and printers int
ended that result, just as it is no defence for the person responsible for the publication for a libel to plead that he did not know the matter was defamatory and had no intention to defame.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3880024 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3880024 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966 5}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12137643 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3880024 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10094959 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3880024 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3880024\charrsid10094959 Attorney General v Lingle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3880024  [1995] 1 SLR 698, the Supreme Court of Singapore at p.711 held that:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3880024 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3880024\charrsid10094959 \'93
As editor he was liable for contempt of court because he was the person who exercised ultimate and overall control }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14973126\charrsid10094959 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3880024\charrsid10094959 R v Evening Standard Co Ltd. Ex p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14973126\charrsid10094959  A-G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14973126\charrsid10094959  [1954] A}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12395288\charrsid10094959 ll}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14973126\charrsid10094959  ER 1026      ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3880024\charrsid10094959 The 
editor is liable even if he had no knowledge of the publication.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14973126\charrsid10094959  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14973126\charrsid10094959 R v Evening Standard, ex p DPP}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14973126\charrsid10094959  (1924) 40 TLR 833, Lord Hewart CJ said at p.836: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li720\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14973126\charrsid10094959 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li2160\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14973126\charrsid10094959 \'93
.....nobody who knew anything of the organization and management of a newspaper office
 could be ignorant of the fact that the work of newspapers was very often done in circumstances of great hurry by many different minds not always fully aware of what others might be doing. The result was a composite thing, but there must be central respon
sibility. It was impossible to say that men occupying responsible positions should be excused because they themselves were not personally aware of what was being done.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14361369\charrsid10094959   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14973126\charrsid10094959 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14973126 
\par [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12137643 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14973126 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14361369  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10094959 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12395288 In the same case, the Court in dealing with the position of a publisher stated at p.712, 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12395288\charrsid4857676 \'93
As publisher and chief executive, he equally bears responsibility for a publication which appears in his newspaper. He has the obligation to devise a system to avoid any contempt of court (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12395288\charrsid4857676 R v Thomson Newspapers Ltd & Ors, ex p A-G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12395288\charrsid4857676  [1968] 1 All ER 268.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1775995\charrsid4857676  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13183682\charrsid4857676 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12395288 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10094959 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12395288 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966 5}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12137643 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12395288 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10094959 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926 
Counsel for the Petitioners argued that Lingle\rquote s case was wrongly decided as far as the liability of a publisher was concerned on the basis that in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9793926\charrsid10094959 Thomson\rquote s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926  case which was cited as authority in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9793926\charrsid10094959 Lingle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926 , it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9793926\charrsid10094959 Times Newspapers Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926  that was imposed a fine and not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9793926\charrsid10094959 
Thomson Newspapers Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926 . The case there was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4857676 against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4857676\charrsid12609853 
Thomson Newspapers Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4857676  as Printer, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9793926\charrsid12609853 Times Newspapers Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926 
 as Publisher and the Editor. Court imposed the penalty on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9793926\charrsid12609853 Times Newspapers Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926  as the Publisher as being suffic
ient in the case, and considered it not necessary to impose any penalty on the Printer and the Editor. Therefore the reliance on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9793926\charrsid10094959 Thomson\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9793926  case in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9793926\charrsid10094959 Lingle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926  was correct.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10094959 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12137643 5}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10094959 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1854582 The learned High Court J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6126202 
ude referred to English authorities and also considered the New Zealand case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14962686\charrsid10094959 Solicitor General v Radio Avon Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 
 [1978] 1 NZLR 225.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6126202  In the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6126202\charrsid10094959 Radio Avon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6126202 
 case the Court discussed whether or not strict editorial liability that applied to newspapers would appl
y to broadcasting due to the difficulty in deciding where central responsibility lay in broadcasting, which therefore accepted that there was strict editorial liability regarding newspaper publishers and editors. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6126202 he Petitioners citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6126202\charrsid10094959 Radio Avon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6126202  argued th
at the position discussed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6126202 regarding broadcasting should apply to the present case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 
. That posit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1252475 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 on is clearly distinguishable from the present case as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1252475 
 it is regarding the liability of a publisher and editor of a newspaper and not regarding broadcasting.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1252475\charrsid10094959 Radio Avon}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1252475  case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6126202 clearly confirmed the position of strict editorial liability regarding newspaper publishers and editors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14962686  The High Court in convicting the 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid14962686\charrsid14962686 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686  and 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\super\insrsid14962686\charrsid14962686 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686  Petitioners applied the English }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 
ommon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 aw principles, which the Court of Appeal affirmed. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11931966 5}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1835049 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 
In view of this position the judgment of the High Court and the Court of Appeal regarding the conviction of the 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid14962686\charrsid14962686 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 
 and 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid14962686\charrsid14962686 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686  Respondents cannot be faulted. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 [57] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1835049 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 The other issues raise
d by the Petitioners related to the sentences imposed. The learned High Court Judge exercised his discretion in imposing the sentences on the Petitioners and considering the seriousness of the contempt, the sentences cannot be said to be unreasonable. Thi
s
 is so specially because this was the second occasion where the Fiji Times was involved in publishing a contemptuous statement. In those circumstances there is no merit in those grounds of appeal regarding sentence. Further, penalty should act as a deterr
ent to newspapers publishers and editors when publishing statements, specially regarding matters relating to the judiciary and the administration of justice for which the public has a high regard and respect.     
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9793926\charrsid1835049 Concluding Remarks
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 8}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14962686 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1835049 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 It would be rel
evant to state that the Petitioners had changed their stance that they took up before the High Court when the appeal came up before the High Court. Before the High Court they accepted the decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6633588\charrsid12609853 Ahnee\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588  case and the other authorities which had decided
 that mens rea was not an ingredient in the offence of contempt. The Petitioners maintained that the statements appearing in the newspapers did not amount to contempt as there was no real risk of undermining the court or the administration of justice.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6126202    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1854582  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\i\cf17\insrsid12395288\charrsid6126202 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 9}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1835049 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 Before the Court of Appeal the Petitioners relying on their interpretation of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6633588\charrsid9526995 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12609853 argued }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 that mens rea was an ingredient of the offence of contempt and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6633588\charrsid9526995 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 
 had resiled from the position in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6633588\charrsid9526995 Ahnee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 . The Court of Appeal however did not accept that position. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595596 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595596 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 60}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595596 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1835049 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595596 
Before this Court when arguing the appeal, Counsel for the Petitioners stated that the publication of the statements was not a serious contempt, that it appeared in page 30 of the newspaper, in the sports section and not in a prominent page }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12609853 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595596 ike the front page or the first few pages or the back page. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2760436 
He further submitted that, it was a Sunday when both the Publisher and the Chief Editor were not at work, that the Sports }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12609853 Editor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2760436 
was looking for material to complete the pages and so on. He also submitted that the publication had occurred inadvertently. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595596 
Obviously, Counsel was trying to play down the seriousness of the charge of contempt which was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2760436 in fact, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595596 
an indirect admission that the statements were contemptuous as there are no degrees of contempt like serious or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2760436 mild or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595596 not so serious.    

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1385045 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 61}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1835049 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 
The High Court judgment cannot be faulted on the basis of the interpretation given by the Petitioners in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6633588\charrsid9526995 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588 
 as, that judgment of the Privy Council had not been pronounced when the High Court gave its judgment. In fact the High Court applied the law that was applicable in Fiji at the time of the commission of the offence and adopted the decision in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6633588\charrsid9526995 Ahnee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6633588  as that decision too was in line with the law that was applied in Fiji.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11479925  On that basis, the fact that the Court of Appeal affirmed the judgment of the High Court cannot be faulted.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479925 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1385045 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479925 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 62}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479925 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1835049 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479925 Even if it is argued that the Courts can develop the Common Law and therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11479925\charrsid9526995 Dhooharika\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11479925  case should be made use of in Fiji, that case being a Privy Council case is not binding as far as Fiji is concerned and is only of persuasive value. Further, in my view }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11479925\charrsid9526995 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479925  did not set down the proposition that mens rea is an ingredient in the offence of contempt, it only elaborat
ed on the concept of good faith which was extended to mean lack of bad faith, being a possible defence where appropriate. I would rely on the law that was being followed in Fiji until the judgment in the High Court was delivered and refrain from applying 
the extended interpretation given to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11479925\charrsid9526995 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479925 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1385045 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479925 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9793926 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479925 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1835049 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479925 A further matter that would be relevant to set out is the fact that the Petitioners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15295813 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479925   either in the High Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15295813  or the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479925 
Court of Appeal or before us did not take up the position that the statements were not endorsed by them. They always took up the position that the statements in question were not contemptuous. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4875475 In }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11479925\charrsid1835049 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4875475  the defence taken up was different in that the ne
wspaper merely reported the views expressed in a report. The appeal was successful on the basis that the impugned statements were merely reported in the newspaper and that there was no endorsement of the statements by the newspaper. This was not the posit
ion of the Petitioners in the present case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16059751 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2760436 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1385045 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 [6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12137643 4}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14569149 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1835049 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3348444 
I would echo the views expressed in Singapore as being relevant to Fiji being a small country like Singapore. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3348444\charrsid1835049 Attorney-General v Dhee Soon Juan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3348444  [2006] 2 SLR 650 (at paragraph 25)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15295813  the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4813496  states that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15295813 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3348444 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1835049 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li2160\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3348444\charrsid1835049 \'93
Conditions unique to Singapore necessitate that we deal more firmly with attacks on the integrity and impartiality of our courts. To begin with, the geographical size of Singapore renders its courts more susceptible to unjustified attacks.\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14569149\charrsid1835049 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13316973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1310942 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 [6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12137643 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1835049\charrsid1310942 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 Dhee Soon Juan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942  (supra) at paragraph 27 The Supreme Court went on to state:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 \'93As rightly pointed out by Yon Pung How CJ in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14696222\charrsid9526995 Re Tan Khee Eng John}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942  [1997] 3 SLR 382 at [13 \endash  [14]:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li2160\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 \'93
The power to punish for contempt of court allows a court to deal with con
duct which would adversely affect the administration of justice. Clearly, courts in different jurisdictions may hold different ideas about the principles to be adhered to in their administration of justice, and correspondingly about the sort of conduct wh
ich may be inimical to the effective administration of justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9526995 .  ... ... }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10379363 ... }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 I do not think it would be useful or practicable in this case to adopt blindly the attitude evinced by the English courts. 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 We must ask ourselves what is important to us here}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10379363  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 in Singapore.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9526995   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3038583\charrsid1310942 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942 Emphasis added}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3038583\charrsid1310942 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14696222\charrsid1310942    
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14696222\charrsid9526995 Conclusion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3348444\charrsid9526995 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13316973\charrsid1310942 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11931966\charrsid1310942 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12137643 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13316973\charrsid1310942 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9526995 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13316973\charrsid1310942 As this appeal involved important questions of law I would grant leave but as far as the appeal is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6374480 concerned which I have considered, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13316973\charrsid1310942 I would dismiss the appeal with costs fixed at $5000 to be paid together by the Petitioners to the Respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2760436\charrsid1310942  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid11479925\charrsid1835049       
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3359655 Keith J
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid9508308 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3359655\charrsid3359655 [67]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3359655 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri720\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3359655 \'93
Scandalising the Court is undoubtedly the most controversial area of common law contempt.  Although not prosecuted in England since the 1930s, there have been reg
ular and recent convictions in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and Singapore, while a case was very recently brought in Scotland.  In the United States, in contrast, it long ago fell foul of the 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9508308\charrsid3359655 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3359655  Amendment and is dismissed as \lquote the English foolishness\rquote 
; in Canada, it also appears to be now considered an unconstitutional restriction on freedom of expression.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3359655\charrsid3359655 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3359655 (Borrie and Lowe: The Law of Contempt, 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid9508308\charrsid3359655 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3359655  ed, 2012, para 11.2)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid9508308\charrsid9197703 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3359655\charrsid3359655 [68]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3359655 The offence of scandalising the court was abolished in England in 2013, bu
t in the present case, it is accepted that the offence still exists in Fiji.  The principal legal issue which this appeal raises relates to what the ingredients of the offence are, given that the offence has not been underpinned in Fiji by statute, and it
s ambit is governed by the principles of the common law.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid9508308\charrsid9197703 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12985597\charrsid12985597 [69]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The case relates to an article which appeared in the 7 November 2011 issue of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 .  Proceedings for contempt were brought by the Attorney-General against the proprietor of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Fiji Times}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597  (Fiji Times Ltd), the general manager of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597  (Brian O\rquote Flaherty) who was also referred to as its publisher, and its editor-in-chief (Fred Wesley).  All three were found guilty of contempt by Calanchini J in the High Court.  He sent
enced them as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri720\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 
Fiji Times Ltd was fined $300,000.00
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Mr O\rquote Flaherty was fined $10,000.00
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Mr Wesley was sentenced to 6 months\rquote  imprisonment suspended for 2 years.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 They were also each ordered to pay $2,000.00 towards the Attorney-General\rquote s costs
.  They appealed to the Court of Appeal against both their conviction and sentence.  Apart from reducing Mr O\rquote Flaherty\rquote 
s fine to $7,500.00, the Court of Appeal dismissed their appeal.  They now apply for special leave to appeal against their conviction and sentence to the Supreme Court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3021741 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741 acts
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3021741\charrsid3021741 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3021741\charrsid3021741 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12985597 [70]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597  is Fiji\rquote s oldest newspaper.  It is in the English language.  It has been published for almost 150 years.  It is a significant part of national life in Fiji.  It is one of the ne
wspapers published by Fiji Times Ltd (\'93FTL\'94), which for many years was owned by Australian media interests.  In September 2010, ownership of the company changed, and it is now owned by Fijian business interests.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3021741\charrsid3021741 Mr O\rquote Flaherty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12985597\charrsid3021741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12985597 [71]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12985597 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 Mr O\rquote Flaherty comes from South Africa.  He has many years
\rquote  experience in the newspaper industry.  He worked as the general manager of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Fiji Times }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 in the 1990s, and became its general manager again in December 2010.  In that capacity
, he was not on the editorial side of the business.  His responsibilities related to management and the commercial side of the operation, other than was necessary for the editorial section of the newspaper to function effectively as part of the organisati
on.  Whether the fact that he was also called the publisher of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 
 meant that he had a wider role than he claimed was a moot point, not really resolved by the findings of the courts below.  However his post is to be characterised, though, he resi
gned from that post about a month before the publication of the article in question, and was serving out his notice period at the time.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3021741\charrsid3021741 Mr Wesley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3021741\charrsid3021741   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12985597\charrsid3021741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12985597 [72]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597      Mr Wesley has worked as a journalist for many years.  He has been with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597  since 2004 and has held a number of senior editorial posts.  He became editor-in-chief in October 2010, and in that post he was responsible not just for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597  but for FTL\rquote s other publications as well.  However, he performed the editorial function for }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597  only.  He had what he described as only \'93general direction\'94 over FTL\rquote 
s other publications.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3021741\charrsid3021741 The background to the publication}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3021741\charrsid12985597   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12985597 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12985597 [73]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597      The background to the publication appears from the affidavit of the newspaper\rquote 
s sports editor, Manoj Kumar, and the reporter who found the story.  The Attorney-General did not challenge their account.  On the afternoon of Sunday 6 November 2011, Mr Kumar realised that he needed another reporter to ensure that there were sufficient 
stories for the following day\rquote 
s edition.  He called a sports reporter who was not due to work that day, and asked him to come to work.  When the reporter arrived, Mr Kumar told him that he needed three or four stories urgently.  One of the stories the repor
ter found on browsing the internet was an article in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Sunday Star Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 
, a newspaper in New Zealand.  He only read the first three paragraphs of the article, but he realised that it was of local interest and he told Mr Kumar about it.  He said that it w
as about the former president of the Fiji Football Association, Dr Sahu Khan.  Mr Kumar told him to put the story into the sports folder in the newspaper\rquote s computer system, which the reporter did.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12985597 
\par [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12985597 4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12985597 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 Mr Kumar looked at the story.  He only read the fi
rst six paragraphs and skimmed through the rest of the article because he was pressed for time.  They were behind their schedule for an adequate number of sports stories.  He saw where it had previously been published, and that it was about an investigati
on by the Federation Internationale de Football Association, known throughout the world as FIFA, into Dr Khan in connection with his position as the deputy chairman of the disciplinary committee of the Oceania Football Confederation (\'93the OFC\'94
), given that he had recently been \'93disbarred\'94 by the Independent Legal Services Commission in Fiji from practising as a lawyer.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9513939 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9513939 [75]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 Mr Kumar decided that the article should be published, save that the heading should be changed to give the article a local angle.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 
The Sunday Star Times\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597  headline had been \'93Fifa probe as controversy whacks Oceania again\'94.  Mr Khan changed it to \'93FIFA probes Doc\'94
 in bold typeface on one line, followed by a sub-heading on the next line in less bold typeface \'93Former Fiji FA president Sahu Khan under scrutiny\'94.  He assumed that the story, which was to be published}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597  verbatim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 
, had been checked in New Zealand both for its accuracy and its compliance with legal requirements.  The article appeared in the most prominent position on page 30 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Fij
i Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597  on the following day in the newspaper\rquote s Sports Section.  The journalist and the newspaper whose names appeared in the byline were Simon Plumb and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Sunday Star Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 .  I assume that Mr Plumb was one of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Sunday Star Times\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 journalists.  Not tha
t that matters.  All that matters for present purposes is that he was not a journalist with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12985597 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3021741 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3021741\charrsid3021741 The article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3021741\charrsid3021741   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9513939\charrsid3021741 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9513939\charrsid9513939 [76]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 The article read:    
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri4\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 \'93
FIFA is probing the deputy chairman of its disciplinary committee and treasurer of the Oceania Football Confederation, Dr Muhammad Shamsud-Dean Sahu Khan.
\par Almost a year since former OFC boss and Fifa vice-president Reynald Temarii \endash  the target of a World Cup vote-rigging sting by Britain\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 Sunday Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939  \endash  controversy has returned to the Auckland-based confederation.
\par Former lawyer Sahu Khan has been disbarred by the Independent Legal Services Commission in Fiji and banned from holding a practising certificate for 10 years.
\par He is appealing the decision.
\par Article 58.1 of Fifa\rquote s Statutes declares senior disciplinary committee members must possess legal credentials: \lquote The Disciplinary Committee shall consist of a chairman, deputy chairman and the number of members d
eemed necessary.  The chairman and the deputy chairman shall have legal qualifications.\rquote 
\par In response to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 Sunday Star-Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 
 inquiries, Fifa stopped short of declaring a formal investigation, but over two emails sent to this newspaper, said it is \lquote awaiting further information\rquote  and \lquote will look at the situation\rquote  concerning Sahu Khan.
\par \lquote As was announced at the last executive committee meeting on 21 October, Fifa is currently reviewing the lists of all its standing committees.  This process will be conducted over th
e coming weeks and presented to the Executive Committee on 16-17 December,\rquote  said a Fifa statement.
\par \lquote In the meantime, Fifa will look at the situation of Dr Sahu Khan based on the information and the facts collected.\rquote 
\par In February Sahu Khan, a former Fijian Football Association president of almost 25 years, was elected OFC treasurer by the executive committee.
\par Tai Nicholas, OFC general secretary, denied Sahu Khan\rquote s status as an OFC executive committee member was in any way compromised by his professional position.
\par Nicholas, who said he had not discussed the situation with Fifa, said until all appeal options are exhausted, Sahu Khan will be considered innocent by both Fifa and the OFC.
\par \lquote He (Sahu Khan) has communicated the problems that he\rquote s been having regarding the court proceedings in Fiji,\rquote  Nicholas told the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 Star-Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 .
\par \lquote Sahu Khan is still a member of the disciplinary committee.  He only went to a disciplinary (meeting) two weeks ago and Fifa did nothing or said nothing.
\par \lquote Technically it\rquote s not (a breach of Fifa statutes) as he\rquote s still got a legal qualification, he\rquote s just debarred from Fiji.  I understand he\rquote 
s going to be admitted to the New Zealand Law Society, for example, or the Australian Law Society.
\par \lquote Obviously there\rquote s an appeal.  If we\rquote re honest, there\rquote s debate around the coup regime, who are ostracising lawyers who are involved with the constitutional reforms.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 \lquote You should be aware that with no judiciary there, his case has been reviewed by one Australian judge.  It\rquote s not a court per se.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 \lquote I think it makes sense to see out the appeal.  I think we\rquote ve got to give the benefit of the doubt until the time his appeal is exhausted.\rquote 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 The Star-Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 
 lodged a request with Nicholas to seek direct comment from Sahu Khan, but did not hear back.
\par Nicholas confirmed Fifa legal committee member and OFC legal consultant, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5510909 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 Shabina Sahu Khan, is a direct relative of Dr Sahu Khan.\'94 (Emphasis supplied)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid9513939 
The italicised words are the ones which the Attorney-General contended amounted to contempt of court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid9508308\charrsid13855311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13855311\charrsid13855311 The publication of the sto
ry elsewhere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13855311\charrsid3021741   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13855311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3021741\charrsid3021741 [77]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741  was not the only newspaper in Fiji to have picked up the story.  So too had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741 The Fiji Sun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741 .  It reproduced }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741 verbatim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741  the article in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741 The Sunday Star Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741  in the Sports Section of its issue of 7 November 2011 under the heading \'93
Dr Sahu Khan on FIFA radar\'94.  It also gave }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741 The Sunday Star Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741  as its source, though unlike }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741  it included a photograph of Dr Khan as well.  But crucially it did not in
clude the words complained of by the Attorney-General, nor the previous sentence beginning \'93If we\rquote re honest \'85\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13855311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13855311\charrsid13855311 The position of Mr O\rquote 
Flaherty and Mr Wesley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13855311\charrsid13855311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3021741\charrsid3021741 [78]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741 Neither Mr O\rquote 
Flaherty nor Mr Wesley had been aware of the story before it was published or the decision to reproduce the words attributed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741 The Sunday Star Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3021741  to Mr Nicholas in their entirety.  Mr O\rquote Flaherty had not been at work on the Sunday, and he would not have been shown a copy of the article even if he had been.  The same is true of Mr Wesl
ey.  He had not been on duty that weekend.  It was his deputy who had been.  Even if he had been on duty on the Sunday, it is unlikely that he would have read the article before it was published}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid9508308\charrsid9197703 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15739866 The meaning of the words complained of
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15739866\charrsid15739866 The test to be applied}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15739866\charrsid15739866 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3021741\charrsid15739866 [79]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15739866 A civiliz
ed community cannot survive without effective machinery for the enforcement of its laws.  The task of enforcing those laws falls on the courts and on the judges who preside over them.  It has always been recognised as vital to the rule of law for respect 
f
or the judiciary to be maintained and for their dignity to be upheld.  If it were otherwise, public confidence in the administration of justice would be undermined, and the law itself would fall into disrepute.  That is the rationale for the branch of the
 law of contempt known as \'93scandalising the court\'94.  As Richmond P said in delivering the judgment of the Court of Appeal in New Zealand in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15739866 
Solicitor-General v Radio Avon Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15739866  [1978] 1 NZLR 225 at p 230: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15739866 \'93
The justification for this branch of the law of contempt is that it is contrary to the public interest that public confidence in the administration of justice should be undermined.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489146 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15739866\charrsid10489146 [80]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 
However, the offence of scandalising the court does not exist simply to protect the judiciary.  It is not intended to vindicate the judge as a person.  It exists to maintain public confidence in the courts and the judges.  Accordingly, the law distinguish
es between criticism and scurrilous abuse of a judge.  That is why legitimate criticism, however trenchantly expressed, is always permissible, but scurrilous abuse of a judge \endash 
 in other words, a personal attack on a judge in abusive language which vilifies the judge rather than simply points out his errors \endash 
 is not.  The reason why such abuse constitutes a contempt of court is because of the effect it may have on public confidence in the administration of justice.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489146 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489146 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489146 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146    Since this branch of the law is all 
about how the public sees those responsible for the administration of justice, it is not what the speaker or writer meant by the words used that matters.  The test for what the words complained of meant has to be what \'93
any fair minded and reasonable man would understand\'94 the words to mean.  That is what the Court of Appeal said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 Vijaya Parmanandam v Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146  (1972) 18 FLR 90.  Both Calanchini J and the Court of Appeal adopted that test in the present case, and they were correct to do so, though to talk these days about the \'93reasonable man\'94
 is both a little old-fashioned as well as assuming that the views of women are of little consequence.  I prefer to say that the test is what the fair-minded and sensible observer would have thought had been meant.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13587325 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10489146\charrsid10489146 The application of that test}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10489146\charrsid10489146 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489146\charrsid10489146 [82]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 
The Court of Appeal had little doubt about the application of that test.  The only substantive judgment was given by Guneratne JA.  The other two judges agreed with his judgment.  Guneratne JA said at [61]:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 \'93
What then could have been the message that carried to \lquote the reasonable man\rquote  reading the article in question other than to leave his mind with doubt as to the \lquote administration of justice\rquote 
 in his country and the existence of a judiciary?\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 In other words, the \'93fair minded and reasonable
\'94 man would have thought that Mr Nicholas was saying that justice was not being administered in Fiji because there was no judiciary in place.  Calanchini J had taken a different view in the High Court.  Since there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146  a functioni
ng judiciary in Fiji at the time the article was published, he thought that Mr Nicholas must have meant something else.  So at page 11 of his judgment, Calanchini J said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 \'93
The fair minded and reasonable person reading those words would conclude that the words must mean that those who claim to be performing judicial functions in Fiji are not in fact a judiciary at all.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489146 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 I take Calanchini J to have meant by that that the 
\'93fair minded and reasonable man\'94 would have thought that Mr Nicholas was saying that Fiji\rquote s judges had not been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 validly appointed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 .  Indeed, there is a passage in the judgment he gave when passing sentence which suggests just that.  At [17] he said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri1138\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 \'93
So why would the Respondents publish the words if it were not to challenge the very existence of a judiciary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 duly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146  appointed according to law.  In other words, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 its legitimacy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 .\'94  (Emphasis supplied)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489146 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 
For reasons which I shall come to later, I think that it would have been more accurate for Calanchini J to have asked why Mr Nicholas would have said the words, rather than why }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146  would have published them, bearing in mind that the Attorney-General\rquote s case has never been that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid10489146  was purporting to endorse what Mr Nicholas had said.  But leaving that aside, Calanchini J
\rquote s view about what the \'93fair minded and reasonable man\'94 would have thought the words meant is clear.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568219\charrsid13568219 [83]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219 I agree with the Court of Appeal that the words \'93with no judiciary there\'94, ie in Fiji, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219 if taken literally}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219 , would have been understood to mean that there were no judges in place in Fiji.  That had been true for a short time in Fiji\rquote 
s recent turbulent constitutional history.  On 10 April 2009, the day after the Court of Appeal\rquote s seminal decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219 Qarase and ors v Bainimarama and ors}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219 
[2009] FJCA 67, the Revocation of Judicial Appointments Decree 2009 was promulgated.  Its effect, amongst other things, was to remove all judges from their posts.  Six days later, the Administration of Justice Decree 2009 was promulgated.  Amongst other 
things, it gave the President of Fiji responsibility for the appointment of judges.  The first appointment which the President made was to appoint Gates J (who had been the Acting Chief Justice of Fiji prior to 10 April 2009) as the Chief Justice of Fiji.
 
 That was on 22 May 2009.  Some of the judges who had been in post prior to 10 April 2009 were re-appointed within a short time after that, and many new judges were appointed in due course.  So although for a period of six weeks or so in 2009 there was no
 judiciary in Fiji, the fact is that this had long since ceased to be the position by November 2011 when the article in question was published, and there were by then many validly-appointed judges in post.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568219\charrsid13568219 
\par [84]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219 The fact that there were, and had for a long 
time been, validly-appointed judges in post presiding over the courts would have been known to any fair-minded and sensible reader of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219  on 7 November 2011.  They would have read about the cases which were reported in the press and occasionally mentioned in television broadcasts.  They would have realised that Mr Nicholas\rquote 
 words, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219 if taken literally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219 
, were nonsense.  Indeed, they might have thought that they were such nonsense that he must have meant something else.  What might that have been?  Pe
rhaps they would have thought that what he had really meant was not that there were no judges in Fiji, but that there were no judges in Fiji }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219 worthy to be called judges}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13568219 , because, for example, the judges who were in post were either incompetent or not indepe
ndent or both.  Or perhaps they would have thought what Calanchini J concluded they would have thought, namely that such judges as there were in Fiji had not been validly appointed.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid13568219 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13568219\charrsid3883123 [85]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 I might have concluded that the first of th
ese possibilities had been what a fair-minded and sensible reader would have thought Mr Nicholas had meant were it not for what Mr Nicholas went on to say.  That was that the Independent Legal Services Commission which had ordered Dr Khan to be \'93
disbarred\'94 was not a court, and that it had been presided over in Dr Khan\rquote s case by an Australian judge.  The only reason for Mr Nicholas to have referred to the nationality of the judge who had presided over Dr Khan\rquote 
s case was to reinforce the point that there were either no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 Fijian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 
 judges in post or none who had been validly appointed.  And the only reason for Mr Nicholas to have said that the Commission was not a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123  was to reinforce the point that there were no judges in Fiji, or at least no validly-appointed on
es, since, if the Commission had been a court, you would have expected it to be presided over by a judge.  So although what Mr Nicholas was saying about there being no, or no validly-appointed, judges in post was nonsense, it was what he also said which i
n my opinion would have led the fair-minded and sensible reader to think that that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 
 what Mr Nicholas had meant even though it was nonsense.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883123\charrsid3883123 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883123\charrsid3883123 [86]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 Having said that, there are a couple of passages on this topic in Guneratne JA\rquote s judgment which I ought to mention specifically.  At [52] when referring to Mr Nicholas\rquote 
 comments about an Australian judge having presided over Dr Khan\rquote s disciplinary proceedings and about the Commission not being a court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 , he said that the remarks were \'93scornful, spiteful and derogatory if not insulting\'94.  And at [130] he called the remarks \'93belittling\'94 of a \'93quasi judicial officer\'94
.  I do not think that fair-minded and sensible people would have read Mr Nicholas\rquote  remarks in that way.  They would not have thought that the Aust
ralian judge had been the subject of a personal attack by Mr Nicholas, or that the remarks had been offensive of him.  What they would have thought Mr Nicholas meant was that (a) the fact that Dr Khan\rquote 
s disciplinary proceedings had been presided over by a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123  judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123  did not mean that there were judges 
\endash  and validly-appointed judges at that \endash  in post in Fiji since the disciplinary proceedings had not taken place in a court, and (b) the fact that that the disciplinary proceedings had been presided over by an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 Australian }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 judge confirmed that there were no, or no validly-appointed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 Fijian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123  judges in place.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\cf6\insrsid3883123 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 The risk of confidence in the administration of justice being undermined
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883123\charrsid3883123 [87]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 Most jurisdictions (Canada being a notable exception in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 R v Kopyto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123  (1988) 47 DLR (4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 )
 213) require there to have been a real risk, and not just a remote possibility, that public confidence in the administration of justice will be undermined: see, for example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 Solicitor-General v Radio Avon Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123  [1978] 1 NZLR 225 at p 234 (Richmond P) in New Zealand, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 Ahnee v Director of Public Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123  [1999] 2 WLR 1305 at p 1314B (Lord Steyn) in the Privy Council on appeal from Mauritius, and 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 Secretary for Justice v The Oriental Press Group Ltd and ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 
 [1998] 2 HKC 627 at [54] (Chan CJHC and Keith J) in Hong Kong.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 Kopyto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 
, the court went further and held that in addition to the risk having to be a real one, it had to be substantial and immediate as well.  I still prefer the less rigorous test, though as we shall see, my view about the proper outcome of
 this appeal does not depend on which of these tests should be the appropriate one.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid3883123 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883123\charrsid3883123 [88]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 In this context, the view which you take about what the words complained of would have meant to the fair-minded a
nd sensible observer becomes critical. The answer to the question whether there was a real risk of public confidence in the administration of justice being undermined could well be different if Mr Nicholas\rquote 
 words had been understood to mean that there were
 no judges in Fiji worthy to be called judges rather than if they had been understood to mean simply that there were no, or no validly-appointed, judges in place in Fiji.  If I had concluded that Mr Nicholas\rquote 
 words had been understood to mean that there were no judges in Fiji worthy to be called judges, I might have agreed with Calanchini J (page 11 of his judgment) that 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 \'93 \'85
 publication of the words represents a real risk of undermining the confidence of the people in the judiciary and in the judgments of 
the Courts since they have the effect of lowering the authority of the Court and its judiciary.  The words generate misgivings as to integrity, ability and impartiality which are qualities fundamental to the judicial office and the rule of law.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3883123 But differ
ent considerations apply when the question is whether a real risk of public confidence in the administration of justice being undermined arose as a result of Mr Nicholas\rquote  words having been understood to mean that there were no, or no validly-}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid14160823 appointed, judges in place in Fiji.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13587325 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14160823\charrsid14160823 [89]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid14160823 The Court of Appeal did not discuss whether there had been a real risk that public confidence in the administration of justice would be undermined by Mr Nicholas\rquote  words, on the footing of 
how it thought those words would have been understood by the \'93fair minded and reasonable man\'94.  It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid14160823 assumed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid14160823  that there had been such a risk.  It is to that assumption that I now turn.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13587325 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14160823\charrsid14160823 [90]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid14160823 Two things would, or at any rate should, have been apparent to the readers of the article.  First, they would have thought that Mr Nicholas was not himself from Fiji:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9508308\charrsid14160823 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li835\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin835\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid14160823 
The article referred to him as the general secretary of the OFC, so he could have come from any of the states who were members of the OFC.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9508308\charrsid14160823 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}His name was not a Fijian one.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9508308\charrsid14160823 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}
He could not have been in Fiji when he spoke to the journalist: otherwise he would have said \'93with no judiciary here\'94 rather than \'93with no judiciary there\'94.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9508308\charrsid14160823 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}His remarks were made to a journalist based in New Zealand. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9508308\charrsid14160823 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Readers wo
uld, I think, have thought it unlikely that a Fijian would have said something so unpatriotic and so obviously wrong. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li709\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid14160823 Secondly, Mr Nicholas had his own agenda.  He was defending the fact that Dr Khan was still the deputy chairman of the OFC\rquote s disciplinary
 committee, even though he had had his practising certificate as a legal practitioner suspended for 10 years.  Readers of the article would therefore have realized that Mr Nicholas could well have said what had been attributed to him about the judiciary b
ecause he wished to play down the impact of Dr Khan\rquote s suspension.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12410866 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb240\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12410866\charrsid12410866 [91]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866 In those circumstances, what would the fair-minded and sensible readers of the article have thought?  In my opinion, they would have known that the claim that there were no, or no valid
ly-appointed, judges in post was nonsense, and they would have thought that Mr Nicholas\rquote  words were the comments of someone who had heard of the revocation of judicial posts at some time in Fiji\rquote 
s past but who was not familiar with what was going on in Fij
i at the time of the article and had no idea that there were judges back in post in Fiji.  Not only that.  The fair-minded and sensible readers of the article would also have thought that these were the comments of someone who was doing his best to lessen
 the impact of Mr Khan\rquote s suspension on his continuing to be the deputy chairman of the OFC\rquote 
s disciplinary committee.  In other words, they would, in my view, have been likely to treat what was being attributed to Mr Nicholas as the ill-informed remarks of a
 man who had an axe to grind.  In those circumstances, it is unlikely, I think, that they would have taken what Mr Nicholas had said seriously when he had his own interests to serve.  In the light of that, was it really open to the lower courts to conclud
e that the fair-minded and sensible reader of the article would have thought less of the judiciary?  I think not:  in view of the context in which the words complained of were used, it cannot sensibly be said that there was a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866 real}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866 
 risk that public confidence in the administration of justice in Fiji would be undermined by what Mr Nicholas had said.  A remote and fanciful risk possibly, but not a real one.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12410866 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12410866\charrsid12410866 [92]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866 A real risk of public confidence in the administration of justice being 
undermined by the words complained of is a necessary ingredient of the offence of scandalising the court.  That has to be proved beyond reasonable doubt.  For the reasons I have given, I do not think that it was reasonably open to the lower courts to be s
ure of that.  All the more so, if the proper test is whether there is, not just a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866 real}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866 
 risk that public confidence in the administration of justice will be undermined, but that this risk has to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866 substantial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866 immediate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866  as well.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12410866 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12410866\charrsid12410866 [93]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866 In reaching this conclusion, I have not overlooked the comment made by Lord Steyn in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866 Ahnee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid12410866  at p 1314A that \'93it is permissible to take into account that on a small island such as Mauritius the administration of justice is more vulnerable than in the United Kingdom\'94, so that the \'93
need for the offence of scandalising the court on a small island is greater\'94.  Lord Steyn did not say why, but he was presumably concerned that judges in a small country might be more likely to be influenced by uninformed attacks on 
their independence or competence than their counterparts in larger countries which are more likely to have more developed judicial systems. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid12410866 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12410866\charrsid3559702 [94]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3559702 I do not regard what Lord Steyn said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3559702 Ahnee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3559702  as helpful for present purposes.  I say that for two reasons.  First, the Privy Council has gone back on what he said.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3559702 
Dhooharika v Director of Public Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3559702  [2014] 3 WLR 1081, another appeal from Mauritius, Lord Clarke said at [41] that \'93
the Board would no longer distinguish between small islands and larger territories merely on grounds of size\'94, though \'93local conditions [would still be] relevant to the continued existence of the offence\'94
.  I agree with that approach.  Secondly, and more importantly, Lord Steyn\rquote s comments were made, as Lord Clarke recognised
, in the context of determining whether the offence of scandalising the court still existed in Mauritius.  That is to be contrasted with the present case where the question is whether the relatively small size of Fiji when compared with other countries ca
n
 or should be taken into account when deciding whether there was a real risk of public confidence in the administration of justice being undermined by the words said to constitute the offence.  That focuses, not on whether judges in Fiji are more likely t
o
 be influenced by adverse comments about them, but on whether members of the public are more likely to think any the less of judges in Fiji as a result of such comments than what members of the public in more developed countries might think about their ju
dges.  I do not believe that to be the case, and in any event it has not been suggested that there are \'93local conditions\'94 in Fiji which might support such a view.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3559702 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12410866\charrsid3559702 [95]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3559702    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12410866\charrsid3559702 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3559702 
My conclusion about the risk posed by the article to public confidence in the adminis
tration of justice makes it unnecessary for me to consider the other issues which the appeal has raised.  However, since Chandra and Chitrasiri JJ take a different view about the risk the article posed, I must briefly address the other critical issue on w
hich outcome of the appeal turns.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\cf6\insrsid3559702 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid14423585 The necessary mental element}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid14423585 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid25431\charrsid25431 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid25431\charrsid25431 6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431    There is no doubt that, to be conv
icted of the offence of scandalising the court, the defendant must have intended to do the acts which constitute the contempt.  In the present case, that is not an issue, at least so far as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431  is concerned.   Since }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431  intended to pu
blish the article about Dr Khan, and since that was the article in which the alleged contempt was included, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431  must be regarded as having intended to do the acts which constituted the contempt.  But does the offence require }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 mens rea}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431  in relation to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 consequences}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 
 of those acts?  In other words, does the offence require proof of an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 intention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 
 to undermine public confidence in the administration of justice?  It is argued on behalf of the Attorney-General that it does not.  The petitioners\rquote  legal team argues that it does.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid25431 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid25431\charrsid25431 [97]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 Calanchini J thought that it did not.  As he said on page 11 of his judgment,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 \'93
I do accept that it may not have been the intention of the Respondents to undermine public confidence in the administration of justice.  However the only intention that is relevant is the intention to publish the story.\'94 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 
Guneratne JA appears to have said much the same thing.  In the passage in his judgment under the heading \'93The defence of absence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 Mens Rea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 \'94, he expressly approved at [133] Calanchini J\rquote s thinking and reasoning on pages 10-13 of Calanchini J\rquote s judgment, having previously said at [107]:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 \'93
Although the publication of the impugned article was not intended to undermine \'85 the administration of justice prevalent at the time, if it had t
hat effect in the minds of an ordinary reader in Fiji causing a real risk on objective considerations, that was the test to be applied, which the High Court in effect applied and which I have no hesitation in condoning in the absence of any contrary autho
rity in the jurisprudence of Fiji.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid25431 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid25431 Indeed, the fact that Guneratne JA thought that the appeal had to be dismissed despite Calanchini J\rquote 
s express finding that an intention to undermine public confidence in the administration of justice had not been proved suggests that he too did not think that proof of that was necessary.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15222602\charrsid15222602 [98]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 However, it is possible that Guneratne JA thought otherwise.  At [134] he added: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 \'93If liability is to be hinged to \lquote 
the requirement of proof of intent\rquote  \'85, [that] would be [a] matter \'85 for the Fijian legislature based on policy which is not a matter for us to decide on \'85\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 
Similarly, having posed at [168(i)] the following question,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1418\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 \'93Should \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 mens rea\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 be regarded as an essential requirement for a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 
 publication that may affect the minds of an ordinary reasonable reader as constituting the undermining of confidence in regard to \lquote the judiciary\rquote  as an institution and in a broader sense, the administration of justice system?\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 Guneratne JA said at [172] t
hat this was one of the questions \'93to which this Court cannot provide answers being questions for the legislature to address\'94.  Indeed, the argument in the Court of Appeal turned on what the Privy Council had decided in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 Dhoohariha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 , but Guneratne JA did not analyse that the part of the judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602  where the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 mens rea}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602  of the offence of scandalising the court was discussed.  In the circumstances, it looks as if Guneratne JA and the other members of the court who agreed with his judgment may simply ha
ve thought that until Fiji\rquote s legislature considered the matter, the view reached by Calanchini J should not be departed from.   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid15222602 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15222602\charrsid15222602 [99]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 In the High Court, the petitioners\rquote  legal team accepted that an intention to undermine public confidence in the administr
ation of justice did not have to be proved.  In my view, they were right to do so.  In those jurisdictions in which the law relating to the offence of scandalising the court was governed by the common law, the view had always been taken (with one notable 
exception) that such an intention was not required: see, for example, the cases in England and Wales of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 
R v The Editor of The New Statesman ex p The Director of Public Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602  (1928) 44 TLR 301 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 R v Odhams Press Ltd ex p The Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602  [1956] 3 All ER 494 at p 497F-G, the case in Australia of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 The Attorney-General for New South Wales v Mundey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602  [1972] 2 NSWLR 887 at p 911F, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 Radio Avon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602  case in New Zealand at pp 232 and 233, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 Oriental Press Group}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602  case in Hong Kong at [58] and the decision of the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 Ahnee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602  at p 1315C-D.  The one exception has been the case in South Africa of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 S v Van Niekerk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602  1970 (3) SA 655 (T) at p 657, though that has never been followed elsewhere so far as I can tell.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid15222602 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15222602\charrsid15222602 [100]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 By the time the case got to the Court of Appeal, the Petitioners\rquote  stance had changed.  That was because the Privy Council had by then given judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 Dhooharika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 
.  The facts of that case need to be borne in mind in order to understand the context in which the Privy Council addressed the issue of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 mens rea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 
.  The editor of a newspaper in Mauritius interviewed DH, a disbarred barrister and former member of the National Assembly who was a director of a company which had been involved in litigation in which at times the Chief Justice had been the ju
dge.  In the interview DH accused the Chief Justice of misconduct and demanded an investigation into what he claimed was the Chief Justice\rquote s abuse of his authority.  The newspaper published an extensive account of this interview, setting out DH
\rquote s allegatio
ns, together with a photograph of the Chief Justice.  It also published an article and an editorial based on the interview.  The editorial conceded that the newspaper was not in a position to judge whether the Chief Justice had been guilty of misconduct, 
but it said that the allegation should be judged by a tribunal, and it concluded that \'93
in alleged cases of misconduct, it is incumbent on the accused judge to defend his integrity by agreeing to appear before a competent court named by the President of the Republic\'94
.  The editor was convicted by the Supreme Court of Mauritius of contempt, the offence being that of scandalising the court.  One of his grounds of appeal in his appeal to the Privy Council was that the prosecution had to prove that he had intende
d to undermine public confidence in the administration of justice, or had at least been reckless as to whether the publication of the articles in question would have that result.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid15222602 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15222602\charrsid15222602 [101]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 The judgment of the Privy Council was given by Lord Clarke.  He dealt 
with this issue at [43]-[49].  At [44] and [45] he referred to the many cases in which courts had concluded that an intention to undermine public confidence in the administration of justice did not have to be proved.  At [46] he noted that that view might
 
have to be revised in the light of a series of three cases in England and Wales in the 1980s and 1990s.  And at [47] he said that the editors of a respected textbook on the law of contempt had expressed the view (writing as they then were before the offen
ce of scandalising the court had been abolished in England and Wales) \'93that in England and Wales it would probably be necessary to prove an intention to interfere with the administration of justice\'94
.  He added that they had relied on what Lord Atkin had said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 Ambard v The Attorney-General for Trinidad and Tobago}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602  [1936] AC 322 at p 335:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid15222602 \'93
Provided that members of the public abstain from imputing improper motives to those taking part in the administration of justice, and are genuinely exercising a right of cr
iticism, and not acting in malice or attempting to impair the administration of justice, they are immune.\'94 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid10643753 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10643753\charrsid8876540 [102]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8876540\charrsid8876540 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 
ith that preamble, Lord Clarke went on to say at [48]:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri1138\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1138\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 \'93
The Board agrees.  As Lord Steyn made clear in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 Ahnee\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 
 case, if the defendant acts in good faith, he is not liable.  Since the court is here concerned with a criminal offence, the burden must be on the prosecution to establish the relevant facts beyond reasonable doubt.  There can be no legal burden on the d
e
fendant.  Thus, at any rate once the defendant asserts that he acted in good faith, the prosecution must establish that he acted in bad faith. If the prosecution establish that he either intended to undermine public confidence in the administration of jus
t
ice or was subjectively reckless as to whether he did or not, that would in the opinion of the Board, be evidence of bad faith.  It is perhaps for this reason that Lord Steyn expressed the view that the defendant had to act otherwise than in good faith, t
hat is in bad faith, and that there was no further element of mens rea required.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8876540\charrsid8876540 [103]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 As I have said, the Court of Appeal did not discuss these passages, but two points should be made about them.  First, the cases which have held that an intention to unde
rmine public confidence in the administration of justice need not be proved were all decided in jurisdictions in which the law of contempt was governed by the common law.  That is to be contrasted with the three cases decided in England and Wales in the 1
980s and 1990s.  They were all decided after the law of contempt had been underpinned by statute \endash 
 in the case of England and Wales, by the Contempt of Court Act 1981.  So those three cases are not a reliable guide as to what the requirements of the offence of scandalising the judiciary is under the common law.  Secondly, what Lord Steyn had said in }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 Ahnee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 
 about bad faith related to the right of people to comment on matters of public concern.  He accepted that there did not have to be an intention to undermin
e public confidence in the administration of justice for the offence of scandalising the judiciary to be proved.  But it would nevertheless be a defence to such a charge if the article complained of amounted to criticism of the judiciary in good faith: se
e the passages at pp 1314B-C and 1315C-D.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8876540 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8876540\charrsid8876540 [104]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 This, then, was what the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 Dhoorarika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 
 was agreeing with.  It was agreeing that under the common law an intention to undermine public confidence in the administration of justice did not have to be proved.  Instead what had to be proved \endash 
 at least in a case in which the defendant was asserting a right to comment on a matter of public concern \endash 
 was either that the defendant had not been acting in good faith, or that he had been reckless about the risk which the article complained of posed to public confidence in the administration of justice bein
g undermined.  That did not mean that the presence or absence of an intention to undermine public confidence in the administration of justice was no longer relevant in such a case.  The presence of such an intention was evidence from which bad faith might
 be inferred, whereas its absence was evidence from which a lack of bad faith might be inferred. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid8876540 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8876540\charrsid8876540 [105]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 The argument advanced on behalf of the Attorney-General was that the Privy Council must be regarded as having limited the requirement of bad faith to th
ose cases in which the defendant is asserting the right to comment on a matter of public concern, and the present case was not such a case.  I agree that if you simply look at what Lord Clarke said at [48], there may be some support for that contention.  
But here Mr Dhooharika\rquote s particular defence becomes critical.  His defence was that he was simply reporting the views of DH.  At no stage did he adopt DH\rquote 
s views as his own or as the views of the newspaper.  Indeed, the editorial showed that he was not equi
pped to adjudicate on them.  That reflects the position of the petitioners in the present case.  By publishing the article about Dr Khan which contained Mr Nicholas\rquote s comments about the legal system in Fiji, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540  was doing no more than reporting 
what Mr Nicholas had said.  There was no suggestion by Ms Mani for the Attorney-General that by reporting what Mr Nicholas had said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540  was in any way endorsing his views.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8876540 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8876540\charrsid8876540 [106]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 The Privy Council concluded at [54] and [55] that Mr Dhooharika ha
d not acted in bad faith at any time, and that was one of the reasons why his conviction for contempt of court was quashed.  There are two possibilities.  One is that the Privy Council did not think that the requirement of bad faith should be limited to c
ases in which the defendant was asserting the right to comment on matters of public concern.  The other is that it thought that Mr Dhooharika\rquote 
s case was such a case. The crucial point is that whichever of those two possibilities is the correct one, his case was in all relevant respects indistinguishable from the present one. If the Privy Council thought that Mr Dhooharika\rquote 
s conviction had to be quashed, they would inevitably have come to the same conclusion in respect of the petitioners in the present case.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid8876540 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8876540\charrsid8876540 [107]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 The only remaining question is whether the requirement of bad faith which the Privy Council identified in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 Dhooharika}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540  should be part of the law of Fiji.  Ms Mani did not argue that it should not be.  As I have said, she only argued that it was limite
d to cases in which the defendant was asserting the right to comment on a matter of public concern.  In my opinion, the requirement of bad faith should be part of the law of Fiji \endash 
 at any rate in a case such as the present where the words complained were s
aid, not by a reporter or journalist, but by someone else and where the newspaper reproduced those words simply as part of its mission to report the news.  If it had a particular agenda in reproducing words which could well undermine public confidence in 
the administration of justice, that would be a different matter altogether, and it would almost certainly lead to a finding of bad faith.  However, since there was no suggestion that the Fiji Times was endorsing Mr Nicholas\rquote 
 views, this was not a case in which a finding of bad faith could have been made.  I would have allowed the petitioners\rquote  appeal on this ground as well.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8876540\charrsid8876540 [108]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid8876540 
In the interests of completeness, I should add that Ms Mani contended that if we were minded to depart from established principles 
of the common law, the appropriate course for us to take was to decline to do so, but instead to leave it to the legislature to decide what the ingredients of this form of contempt should be.  In the event, the view I have formed does not involve any depa
r
ture from established principles of the common law.  In my opinion, it is still the case that an intention to undermine public confidence in the administration of justice does not need to be proved.  It is simply that, as hinted at in previous cases, bad 
faith has now expressly been held to be an ingredient of the offence \endash 
 at least in cases like the present one.  Although it is always open to the legislature to legislate in this area, there is no basis for saying that it is inappropriate for the common law in this area to continue to be developed by the courts
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\cf6\insrsid8876540 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013 The other issues on the appeal
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3409013 [109]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013 There are other issues which the appeal has raised.  They include the liability of Mr O\rquote Flaherty and Mr Wesley.  Should they have been held liable for contempt wh
en they had not known about the article until after it had been published?  In Mr O\rquote Flaherty\rquote s case, should he have been held liable for contempt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013 if}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013 
 his responsibilities had been limited to management and the commercial side of the operation?  And were the sentences passed on the three petitioners ones which could reasonably have been imposed on them?  However, in view of the conclusions I have reach
e
d on the two principal issues on which the liability of all the petitioners depended, it has been not been necessary for me to express my own view on these additional questions.  However, my disinclination to articulate where I stand on those issues shoul
d not be taken as amounting to my approval of the approach of the lower courts to them.   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3409013 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3409013 [110]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013 What I can say is this.  On any view, the real villain of the piece was Mr Nicholas.  He should not have told the journalist on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013 
The Sunday Star Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013  what he did.  Some people might criticise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013 The Fiji Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013 
 for publishing what he said, but for the reasons I have endeavoured to give, I believe that no offence was committed by them.  We were told at the hearing that Mr Nicholas himself had been prosecuted for cont
empt and had pleaded guilty.  The irony is that he, or at any rate his lawyers, must have thought that there was a real risk of the administration of justice being undermined by what he said.  My conclusion about the outcome of this appeal means, of cours
e, that I have not let that fact influence my approach to this appeal, but many people would say, I think, that if anyone had to be convicted, his conviction met the justice of the case.        }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013                                
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013 Conclusion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3409013 [111]  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013 For these r
easons, I would have given each of the petitioners special leave to appeal.  That is because the case raised a far-reaching question of law, namely whether an intention to undermine confidence in the administration of justice is required for the offence o
f scandalising the court.  In accordance with the Supreme Court\rquote 
s usual practice, I would have treated the hearing of the petition for special leave as the hearing of the appeal.  I would have allowed the appeal, I would have quashed the finding of guilt ma
de against all three petitioners, and I would have set aside the sentences imposed on each of them and the orders for costs made against each of them.  Finally, I would have ordered the Attorney-General to pay $5,000.00 to each of the petitioners towards 
their legal costs both here and below.  However, since Chandra and Chitrasiri JJ take a different view about the outcome of the appeal, the orders of the court have to be the ones which they propose.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1440\li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013           }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid13778990 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13778990\charrsid13778990 Kankani  J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri720\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13778990 [112]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7168689 I had the opportunity of reading the draft judgment of Chandra J.  Accordingly, I agree with the reasoning and conclusions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13778990\charrsid13778990 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid16609068 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16609068\charrsid16609068 Orders of Court:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16609068 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li720\ri260\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ls11\rin260\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16609068 The application for leave to appeal is allowed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16609068\charrsid16609068 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16609068 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16609068 
The appeal of the Petitioner against the Court of Appeal judgment is dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16609068\charrsid16609068 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16609068 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16609068 
The Petitioners shall jointly and severally pay a sum of $5000 as costs to the Respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16609068\charrsid16609068 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10106264\charrsid16609068 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13587325 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7234717\charrsid3409013 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li567\ri260\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin260\lin567\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7234717                                                                        
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li2880\ri260\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin260\lin2880\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10106264\charrsid2769007 Hon. Mr. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10106264 Suresh Chandra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10106264\charrsid2769007 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10106264\charrsid2769007 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid10106264\charrsid2769007 JUDGE OF THE SUPREME COURT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10106264\charrsid3409013 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li0\ri260\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin260\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2769962                                                                       }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13587325 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li2880\ri260\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin260\lin2880\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2769962\charrsid2769007 Hon. Mr. Justice Brian Keith
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2769962\charrsid2769007 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid2769962\charrsid2769007 JUDGE OF THE SUPREME COURT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9508308\charrsid3409013 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid9508308\charrsid9197703  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7234717                                                                        
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li2880\ri260\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin260\lin2880\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10106264\charrsid2769007 Hon. Mr. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10106264 Chitrasiri Kankani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10106264\charrsid2769007 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10106264 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\insrsid10106264\charrsid2769007 UDGE OF THE SUPREME COURT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10106264\charrsid3409013 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10106264\charrsid3409013 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid10106264\charrsid9197703 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri720\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid9508308\charrsid9197703 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid9508308\charrsid9197703 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1508703\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\ul\insrsid1508703 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\ul\insrsid1508703\charrsid342358 Solicitors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\insrsid1508703\charrsid342358 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\insrsid1508703 Munro Leys for the Petitioners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\insrsid1508703\charrsid342358 
\par Office of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\insrsid1508703  Attorney-General, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\insrsid1508703\charrsid342358 Suva for the Respondent
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5861291 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid2187139\charrsid1835049  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf6\insrsid15499151\charrsid1835049 
\par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb6ac3301045f785fe83d0b6d8
72ba28a5d8cea249777d2cd20f18e4b12d6a8f843409c9df77ecb850ba082d74231062ce997b55ae8fe3a00e1893f354e9555e6885647de3a8abf4fbee29bbd7
2a3150038327acf409935ed7d757e5ee14302999a654e99e393c18936c8f23a4dc072479697d1c81e51a3b13c07e4087e6b628ee8cf5c4489cf1c4d075f92a0b
44d7a07a83c82f308ac7b0a0f0fbf90c2480980b58abc733615aa2d210c2e02cb04430076a7ee833dfb6ce62e3ed7e14693e8317d8cd0433bf5c60f53fea2fe7
065bd80facb647e9e25c7fc421fd2ddb526b2e9373fed4bb902e182e97b7b461e6bfad3f010000ffff0300504b030414000600080000002100a5d6a7e7c00000
00360100000b0000005f72656c732f2e72656c73848fcf6ac3300c87ef85bd83d17d51d2c31825762fa590432fa37d00e1287f68221bdb1bebdb4fc7060abb08
84a4eff7a93dfeae8bf9e194e720169aaa06c3e2433fcb68e1763dbf7f82c985a4a725085b787086a37bdbb55fbc50d1a33ccd311ba548b63095120f88d94fbc
52ae4264d1c910d24a45db3462247fa791715fd71f989e19e0364cd3f51652d73760ae8fa8c9ffb3c330cc9e4fc17faf2ce545046e37944c69e462a1a82fe353
bd90a865aad41ed0b5b8f9d6fd010000ffff0300504b0304140006000800000021006b799616830000008a0000001c0000007468656d652f7468656d652f7468
656d654d616e616765722e786d6c0ccc4d0ac3201040e17da17790d93763bb284562b2cbaebbf600439c1a41c7a0d29fdbd7e5e38337cedf14d59b4b0d592c9c
070d8a65cd2e88b7f07c2ca71ba8da481cc52c6ce1c715e6e97818c9b48d13df49c873517d23d59085adb5dd20d6b52bd521ef2cdd5eb9246a3d8b4757e8d3f7
29e245eb2b260a0238fd010000ffff0300504b03041400060008000000210096b5ade296060000501b0000160000007468656d652f7468656d652f7468656d65
312e786d6cec594f6fdb3614bf0fd87720746f6327761a07758ad8b19b2d4d1bc46e871e698996d850a240d2497d1bdae38001c3ba618715d86d87615b8116d8
a5fb34d93a6c1dd0afb0475292c5585e9236d88aad3e2412f9e3fbff1e1fa9abd7eec70c1d1221294fda5efd72cd4324f1794093b0eddd1ef62fad79482a9c04
98f184b4bd2991deb58df7dfbb8ad755446282607d22d771db8b944ad79796a40fc3585ee62949606ecc458c15bc8a702910f808e8c66c69b9565b5d8a314d3c
94e018c8de1a8fa94fd05093f43672e23d06af89927ac06762a049136785c10607758d9053d965021d62d6f6804fc08f86e4bef210c352c144dbab999fb7b471
7509af678b985ab0b6b4ae6f7ed9ba6c4170b06c788a705430adf71bad2b5b057d03606a1ed7ebf5babd7a41cf00b0ef83a6569632cd467faddec9699640f671
9e76b7d6ac355c7c89feca9cccad4ea7d36c65b258a206641f1b73f8b5da6a6373d9c11b90c537e7f08dce66b7bbeae00dc8e257e7f0fd2badd5868b37a088d1
e4600ead1ddaef67d40bc898b3ed4af81ac0d76a197c86826828a24bb318f3442d8ab518dfe3a20f000d6458d104a9694ac6d88728eee2782428d60cf03ac1a5
193be4cbb921cd0b495fd054b5bd0f530c1931a3f7eaf9f7af9e3f45c70f9e1d3ff8e9f8e1c3e3073f5a42ceaa6d9c84e5552fbffdeccfc71fa33f9e7ef3f2d1
17d57859c6fffac327bffcfc793510d26726ce8b2f9ffcf6ecc98baf3efdfdbb4715f04d814765f890c644a29be408edf3181433567125272371be15c308d3f2
8acd249438c19a4b05fd9e8a1cf4cd296699771c393ac4b5e01d01e5a30a787d72cf1178108989a2159c77a2d801ee72ce3a5c545a6147f32a99793849c26ae6
6252c6ed637c58c5bb8b13c7bfbd490a75330f4b47f16e441c31f7184e140e494214d273fc80900aedee52ead87597fa824b3e56e82e451d4c2b4d32a423279a
668bb6690c7e9956e90cfe766cb37b077538abd27a8b1cba48c80acc2a841f12e698f13a9e281c57911ce298950d7e03aba84ac8c154f8655c4f2af074481847
bd804859b5e696007d4b4edfc150b12addbecba6b18b148a1e54d1bc81392f23b7f84137c2715a851dd0242a633f900710a218ed715505dfe56e86e877f0034e
16bafb0e258ebb4faf06b769e888340b103d3311da9750aa9d0a1cd3e4efca31a3508f6d0c5c5c398602f8e2ebc71591f5b616e24dd893aa3261fb44f95d843b
5974bb5c04f4edafb95b7892ec1108f3f98de75dc97d5772bdff7cc95d94cf672db4b3da0a6557f70db629362d72bcb0431e53c6066acac80d699a6409fb44d0
8741bdce9c0e4971624a2378cceaba830b05366b90e0ea23aaa241845368b0eb9e2612ca8c742851ca251ceccc70256d8d87265dd96361531f186c3d9058edf2
c00eafe8e1fc5c509031bb4d680e9f39a3154de0accc56ae644441edd76156d7429d995bdd88664a9dc3ad50197c38af1a0c16d684060441db02565e85f3b966
0d0713cc48a0ed6ef7dedc2dc60b17e92219e180643ed27acffba86e9c94c78ab90980d8a9f0913ee49d62b512b79626fb06dccee2a432bbc60276b9f7dec44b
7904cfbca4f3f6443ab2a49c9c2c41476dafd55c6e7ac8c769db1bc399161ee314bc2e75cf8759081743be1236ec4f4d6693e5336fb672c5dc24a8c33585b5fb
9cc24e1d4885545b58463634cc5416022cd19cacfccb4d30eb45296023fd35a458598360f8d7a4003bbaae25e331f155d9d9a5116d3bfb9a95523e51440ca2e0
088dd844ec6370bf0e55d027a012ae264c45d02f708fa6ad6da6dce29c255df9f6cae0ec38666984b372ab5334cf640b37795cc860de4ae2816e95b21be5ceaf
8a49f90b52a51cc6ff3355f47e0237052b81f6800fd7b802239daf6d8f0b1571a8426944fdbe80c6c1d40e8816b88b8569082ab84c36ff0539d4ff6dce591a26
ade1c0a7f669880485fd484582903d284b26fa4e2156cff62e4b9265844c4495c495a9157b440e091bea1ab8aaf7760f4510eaa69a6465c0e04ec69ffb9e65d0
28d44d4e39df9c1a52ecbd3607fee9cec7263328e5d661d3d0e4f62f44acd855ed7ab33cdf7bcb8ae889599bd5c8b3029895b6825696f6af29c239b75a5bb1e6
345e6ee6c28117e73586c1a2214ae1be07e93fb0ff51e133fb65426fa843be0fb515c187064d0cc206a2fa926d3c902e907670048d931db4c1a44959d366ad93
b65abe595f70a75bf03d616c2dd959fc7d4e6317cd99cbcec9c58b34766661c7d6766ca1a9c1b327531486c6f941c638c67cd22a7f75e2a37be0e82db8df9f30
254d30c1372581a1f51c983c80e4b71ccdd28dbf000000ffff0300504b0304140006000800000021000dd1909fb60000001b010000270000007468656d652f74
68656d652f5f72656c732f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c2e72656c73848f4d0ac2301484f78277086f6fd3ba109126dd88d0add40384e4350d363f24
51eced0dae2c082e8761be9969bb979dc9136332de3168aa1a083ae995719ac16db8ec8e4052164e89d93b64b060828e6f37ed1567914b284d262452282e3198
720e274a939cd08a54f980ae38a38f56e422a3a641c8bbd048f7757da0f19b017cc524bd62107bd5001996509affb3fd381a89672f1f165dfe514173d9850528
a2c6cce0239baa4c04ca5bbabac4df000000ffff0300504b01022d0014000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c0200001300000000000000000000000000
000000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6c504b01022d0014000600080000002100a5d6a7e7c0000000360100000b000000000000000000000000
002b0100005f72656c732f2e72656c73504b01022d00140006000800000021006b799616830000008a0000001c00000000000000000000000000140200007468
656d652f7468656d652f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c504b01022d001400060008000000210096b5ade296060000501b000016000000000000000000
00000000d10200007468656d652f7468656d652f7468656d65312e786d6c504b01022d00140006000800000021000dd1909fb60000001b010000270000000000
00000000000000009b0900007468656d652f7468656d652f5f72656c732f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c2e72656c73504b050600000000050005005d010000960a00000000}
{\*\colorschememapping 3c3f786d6c2076657273696f6e3d22312e302220656e636f64696e673d225554462d3822207374616e64616c6f6e653d22796573223f3e0d0a3c613a636c724d
617020786d6c6e733a613d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f64726177696e676d6c2f323030362f6d6169
6e22206267313d226c743122207478313d22646b3122206267323d226c743222207478323d22646b322220616363656e74313d22616363656e74312220616363
656e74323d22616363656e74322220616363656e74333d22616363656e74332220616363656e74343d22616363656e74342220616363656e74353d22616363656e74352220616363656e74363d22616363656e74362220686c696e6b3d22686c696e6b2220666f6c486c696e6b3d22666f6c486c696e6b222f3e}
{\*\latentstyles\lsdstimax267\lsdlockeddef0\lsdsemihiddendef1\lsdunhideuseddef1\lsdqformatdef0\lsdprioritydef99{\lsdlockedexcept \lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority0 \lsdlocked0 Normal;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 1;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 2;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 3;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 4;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 5;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 6;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 7;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 8;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 9;
\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 1;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 2;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 3;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 4;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 5;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 6;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 7;
\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 8;\lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 9;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority35 \lsdlocked0 caption;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority10 \lsdlocked0 Title;\lsdpriority1 \lsdlocked0 Default Paragraph Font;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority11 \lsdlocked0 Subtitle;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority22 \lsdlocked0 Strong;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority20 \lsdlocked0 Emphasis;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority59 \lsdlocked0 Table Grid;\lsdunhideused0 \lsdlocked0 Placeholder Text;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority1 \lsdlocked0 No Spacing;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 1;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 1;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 1;\lsdunhideused0 \lsdlocked0 Revision;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority34 \lsdlocked0 List Paragraph;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority29 \lsdlocked0 Quote;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority30 \lsdlocked0 Intense Quote;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 1;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 2;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 2;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 2;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 2;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 2;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 2;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 3;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 3;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 3;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 3;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 3;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 3;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 4;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 4;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 4;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 4;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 4;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 5;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 5;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 5;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 5;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 5;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 5;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 6;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 6;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 6;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 6;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 6;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 6;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority19 \lsdlocked0 Subtle Emphasis;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority21 \lsdlocked0 Intense Emphasis;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority31 \lsdlocked0 Subtle Reference;\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority32 \lsdlocked0 Intense Reference;
\lsdsemihidden0 \lsdunhideused0 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority33 \lsdlocked0 Book Title;\lsdpriority37 \lsdlocked0 Bibliography;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 TOC Heading;}}{\*\datastore 010500000200000018000000
4d73786d6c322e534158584d4c5265616465722e352e30000000000000000000000e0000
d0cf11e0a1b11ae1000000000000000000000000000000003e000300feff0900060000000000000000000000010000000100000000000000001000000200000001000000feffffff0000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
fffffffffffffffffdffffff04000000feffffff05000000fefffffffeffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff52006f006f007400200045006e00740072007900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000016000500ffffffffffffffff01000000ec69d9888b8b3d4c859eaf6cd158be0f0000000000000000000000004030
28e837f5d2010300000080020000000000004d0073006f004400610074006100530074006f0072006500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001a000101ffffffffffffffff020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000403028e837f5d201
403028e837f5d2010000000000000000000000004500c700cf00c5004a005000ce00d500c100450053004d004f0031005200d1005000cb00dd00da00430051003d003d000000000000000000000000000000000032000101ffffffffffffffff030000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000403028e837f5
d201403028e837f5d2010000000000000000000000004900740065006d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a000201ffffffff04000000ffffffff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000cd00000000000000010000000200000003000000feffffff0500000006000000070000000800000009000000feffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff3c623a536f757263657320786d6c6e733a623d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f6f6666696365446f63756d656e742f323030362f6269626c696f6772617068792220786d6c6e733d
22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f6f6666696365446f63756d656e742f323030362f6269626c696f677261706879222053656c65637465645374796c653d225c4150412e58534c22205374796c654e616d653d22415041222f3e000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003c3f786d6c2076657273696f6e3d22312e302220656e636f64696e673d225554462d3822207374616e64616c6f6e653d226e6f223f3e0d0a3c64733a6461746173746f72654974656d2064733a6974656d49443d227b32344535
374231322d423546422d343438342d384333392d4234373133454246374130397d2220786d6c6e733a64733d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f6f6666696365446f63756d656e742f323030362f637573746f6d586d6c223e3c64733a736368656d61526566733e3c
64733a736368656d615265662064733a7572693d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e500072006f007000650072007400690065007300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000016000200ffffffffffffffffffffffff000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000055010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff00000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff0000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f6f6666696365446f63756d656e742f323030362f6269626c696f677261706879222f3e3c2f64733a736368656d61526566733e3c2f64733a6461746173746f
72654974656d3e0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000105000000000000}}